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Journal articles on the topic 'Ingress of chloride ions'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Koenders, E. A. B. "Modelling of chloride ingress in concrete based on benchmarking field results." MATEC Web of Conferences 199 (2018): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819901005.

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Modelling the ingress of chloride ions into the cover of a concrete structure is a phenomenon that is gaining an increasing attention of the research community, but even more, from the engineering practice. As the mechanism that drives the ingress of chlorides is implicitly responsible for the service-life of concrete structures, its input parameters are a major issue whenever predicting the service-life of new concrete structures. In this paper most relevant parameters involved in the evaluation of chloride ingress models are discussed and related to the benchmark activities that currently ru

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2

Sohawon, Haris, and Hans Beushausen. "The effect of hydrophobic (silane) treatment on concrete durability characteristics." MATEC Web of Conferences 199 (2018): 07015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819907015.

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Hydrophobic (silane) impregnation represents a cost-effective way to increase the durability of concrete structures in cases where insufficient design cover quality and depth have been achieved. The water repellent product lines the internal capillary pore structure and provides a water-repellent concrete surface. Thus, the risk of reinforcement corrosion initiation and subsequent deterioration can be reduced as the ingress of water-dissolved aggressive species (chlorides) is minimised or prevented. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of silane impregnation on durability in

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3

Van Belleghem, Bjorn, Philip Van den Heede, Kim Van Tittelboom, and Nele De Belie. "Perpendicular-to-crack chloride ingress in cracked and autonomously healed concrete." MATEC Web of Conferences 199 (2018): 02011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819902011.

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Cracks in reinforced concrete structures exposed to a marine environment or de-icing salts can cause major durability issues due do accelerated ingress of chloride ions. In this study, the influence of autonomous crack healing by means of encapsulated polyurethane on the chloride ingress perpendicular to cracks was evaluated. This was done quantitatively by determining perpendicular-to-crack chloride profiles by means of profile grinding followed by potentiometric titration and qualitatively through visualization of the chloride penetration front by means of the AgNO3 spray method. The resulti

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4

Ngui Musyimi, Festus, Jackson Muthengia Wachira, Joseph Karanja Thiong’o, and Joseph Mwiti Marangu. "Performance of Ground Clay Brick Mortars in Simulated Chloride and Sulphate Media." Journal of Engineering 2019 (November 3, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6430868.

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The durability of cement-based structures majorly depends on their resistivity to the aggressive media in the construction environment. The most aggressive ions commonly encountered in construction environment are chloride (Cl−) and sulphate (SO42−). The interactions of these ions with hydrated cement influence their durability and ultimate service life. This paper reports the experimental findings on an investigation on the diffusivity of Cl− and SO42− ions into mortars made from two mixtures: one made from ground calcined clay bricks (GB) and commercial ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and the

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5

Yang, Zong Ming, Wei Hong Li, and Yi Han Wang. "Chloride Ion Erosion in Concrete under Sustained Axial Pressure." Key Engineering Materials 680 (February 2016): 402–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.680.402.

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As one of the leading causes of influencing the durability of concrete structure, reinforcement corrosion has been a central issue. Erosion of chloride ions on the concrete structure is influenced by many factors. This is not only concerned with its own structural properties, but also to its environment, to withstand the load and other factors. This article has carried on an experiment which researches on the rules of chloride ion penetration in the sustained axial compression after different corrosive time, when the concrete is corroded under the joint action of axial compression load and chl

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6

Broomfield, J. P., and N. R. Buenfeld. "Effect of Electrochemical Chloride Extraction on Concrete Properties: Investigation of Field Concrete." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1597, no. 1 (1997): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1597-10.

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An investigation to determine the suitability of electrochemical chloride extraction (ECE, also known as desalination) for the reinforced concrete substructure on a bridge in the north of England is reported. Part of a cross head was removed during demolition. After ECE treatment by the proprietary Norcure technique, cores were taken from the treated area. Representative cores were then taken from adjacent cross heads and subjected to a series of laboratory tests and examinations. These tests revealed that the treatment increased the concrete’s ability to resist the ingress of water, oxygen, a

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7

Hu, Yan Jun, and Yan Liang Du. "Effect of Pore Structure on the Chloride Permeability of Concrete with Mineral Admixture." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 835–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.835.

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In this paper, the effect of pore structure on the chloride ions ingress into concrete was investigated. The most probable diameter was measured by Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and the total porosity was measured by evaporative water method (EWM). The results indicate that the most probable diameter by MIP has better linear relationship with chloride diffusion coefficient than the total porosity by EWM, the most probable diameter has significant influence on chloride diffusivity, and the smaller most probable diameter will lead to higher chloride penetration resistance.

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8

Munyao, Onesmus Mulwa, Joseph Karanja Thiong’o, Jackson Muthengia Wachira, Daniel Karanja Mutitu, Genson Murithi, and Romano Mwirichia. "Chloride Ingress in Cement Mortars Exposed to Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans Bacteria." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (November 23, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4191806.

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Concrete structures placed in aggressive aqueous environments are vulnerable to degradation. Majority of studies have linked structural failures to the ingress of deleterious ions into the cement matrix. Some microbial activities may accelerate the penetration of harmful materials into the cement matrix and hence cause pronounced deterioration. This work reports a laboratory-simulated study carried out to determine the extent of chloride ingress in cement mortars exposed to Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans. Test prisms were cast from Portland pozzolana cement (PPC) and ordinary Portland cement (O

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9

Saillio, Mickael, Véronique Baroghel-Bouny, and Sylvain Pradelle. "Effect of Carbonation and Sulphate on Chloride Ingress in Cement Pastes and Concretes with Supplementary Cementitious Materials." Key Engineering Materials 711 (September 2016): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.711.241.

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The main cause of premature deterioration of reinforced concrete structures is the corrosion of steel bars, induced by chloride ions (for example in marine environment) and/or by carbonation (atmospheric CO2). At the same time, environmental-induced degradations of concrete can also affect the structure, such as sulphate attack. This can lead to the formation of ettringite, inducing expansion inside the materials and finally degradation. Carbonation, chloride and sulphate ingress are usually studied separately in the literature. This is not representative of in-situ conditions since they can o

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10

Du, Hong Jian, and Sze Dai Pang. "Transport of Water and Chloride Ion in Cement Composites Modified with Graphene Nanoplatelet." Key Engineering Materials 629-630 (October 2014): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.629-630.162.

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Cement composites are vulnerable to harsh environments in which the chloride ions can ingress into concrete and thus cause corrosion of steel. In this study, the barrier effect of adding 2-D nanoparticles on the transport properties of cement-based materials was investigated. Graphene nanoplatelet (GNP), which comprises of a few layers of graphene stacked together, is chosen as a candidate in this study due to its impermeability and also its electrical conductivity which can be exploited for self-sensing functionality. Due to the large aspect ratio of the GNP, it is expected that the dispersio

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11

Lee, S. L., S. F. Wong, S. Swaddiwudhipong, T. H. Wee, and Y. H. Loo. "Accelerated test of ingress of chloride ions in concrete under pressure and concentration gradients." Magazine of Concrete Research 48, no. 174 (1996): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.1996.48.174.15.

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12

Wachira, Jackson Muthengia, and Joseph Mwiti Marangu. "Chloride Diffusivity in Blended Cement Made from Selected Industrial and Agrowastes." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (June 16, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2814320.

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This paper reports study findings on the diffusivity of chloride ions in potential blended cement. The cement, abbreviated as PCDC, was made from blending ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with dried calcium carbide residue and an incinerated mix of rice husks, spent bleaching earth, and broken bricks. The aim of the study was to investigate the ability of PCDC to withstand aggressive chloride environment. 10 cm × 10 cm mortar cubes were prepared using PCDC and cured for 28 days in saturated calcium hydroxide solution. The cured mortar cubes were subjected to aggressive chloride media in a labora

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13

Mir, Zahid M., Celestino Gomes, Alexandre C. Bastos, et al. "The Stability and Chloride Entrapping Capacity of ZnAl-NO2 LDH in High-Alkaline/Cementitious Environment." Corrosion and Materials Degradation 2, no. 1 (2021): 78–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cmd2010005.

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In this work, the ZnAl-NO2 LDH (layered double hydroxide) is investigated as a possible additive for mitigating the chloride-induced corrosion of steel in reinforced concrete. The investigation focused on the stability and chloride binding capacity of this LDH in the pH range typical of cementitious materials. Until pH = 12.5 the material was stable and effective in capturing chloride ions from the surrounding aqueous environment. For higher pH, precisely that of hydrated cement, the LDH was partially dissolved and OH− preferentially entrapped instead of Cl−. These results suggested that ZnAl-

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14

Wachira, Jackson Muthengia, Reginah Wangui Ngari, Joseph Karanja Thiong’o, and Joseph Mwiti Marangu. "Effect of Sulphate and Chloride Ingress on Selected Cements Mortar Prisms Immersed in Seawater and Leather Industry Effluent." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (August 21, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8191689.

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Cement structures are major capital investments globally. However, exposure of cement-based materials to aggressive media such as chloride- and sulphate-laden environments such as coastal areas affects their performance. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is the main cement used in buildings and civil structures such as dams and bridges. This paper reports the findings of an experimental investigation on the effect of ingress of Cl− and SO42− on compressive strength development and the ions’ diffusivity in selected OPC brands in Kenya. The aggressive media used included seawater (SW) and wastewate

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15

HELENE, P., G. GUIGNONE, G. VIEIRA, L. RONCETTI, and F. MORONI. "Evaluation of the chloride penetration and service life of self-healing concretes activated by crystalline catalyst." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 11, no. 3 (2018): 544–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952018000300007.

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Abstract The main cause of concrete structures deterioration is related to the resistance against the penetration of aggressive agents. Aiming at increase the impermeability and reduce the diffusivity of concrete elements, making it less susceptible to the ingress of chloride ions, the use of crystalline catalyst emerges as a good alternative. Its mechanism of autogenous healing enhances the natural pore-filling process of concrete. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the use of crystalline catalyst on the chloride ions penetration and service life prediction of concrete.

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16

Melara, Everton K., Adriane Z. Mendes, Natália C. Andreczevecz, Mariana O. G. P. Bragança, Gilberto T. Carrera, and Ronaldo A. Medeiros-Junior. "Monitoring by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of mortars subjected to ingress and extraction of chloride ions." Construction and Building Materials 242 (May 2020): 118001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118001.

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17

Zhu, Xingji, Zhaozheng Meng, Yang Liu, Longjun Xu, and Zaixian Chen. "Entire Process Simulation of Corrosion due to the Ingress of Chloride Ions and CO2 in Concrete." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (August 13, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9254865.

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A comprehensive mathematical model which can simulate the entire corrosion process of reinforcement in concrete is proposed in this paper. The combined effect of carbonation and chloride ingress is also discussed in the mass transport module. Nonuniform corrosion distribution is employed for the study of mechanical damage in concrete. The link of ABAQUS with MATLAB is adopted for the numerical implementation of the developed model. The numerical results of an illustrative example indicate that the depassivation time of reinforcement, corrosion rate and expansion displacement, and cracking patt

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18

Imounga, Henriette Marlaine, Emilio Bastidas-Arteaga, Rostand Moutou Pitti, Serge Ekomy Ango, and Xiao-Hui Wang. "Bayesian Assessment of the Effects of Cyclic Loads on the Chloride Ingress Process into Reinforced Concrete." Applied Sciences 10, no. 6 (2020): 2040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10062040.

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Chloride-induced corrosion and load induced concrete cracking affect the serviceability and safety of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Once these phenomena occur simultaneously, the prediction of RC structures’ lifetimes becomes a major challenge. The objective of this paper is to propose a methodology to evaluate the effect of loading and cracking on the mechanism of chloride ion penetration in concrete. The proposed methodology will be based on Bayesian networks. Bayesian networks are useful to update the lifetime assessment based on experimental data as well as to characterize the uncer

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19

Hsieh, Shao Heng, Ran Huang, Mao Chieh Chi, and Pokuei Liang. "Corrosion Behavior of Steel Reinforcement in Simulated Concrete Pore Solutions with Various pH and Chloride Contents." Key Engineering Materials 629-630 (October 2014): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.629-630.168.

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Corrosion of rebar in reinforced concrete is a major problem affecting the integrity and loading capacity of the structures. Usually concrete pore solution provides high alkaline environment to protect steel from corrosion. However, the ingress of chloride ions or carbon dioxide would reduce the alkalinity and destroy the stable oxide film which could accelerate the corrosion process of rebar. This study was aimed to evaluate the combined effect of pH and chloride contents on corrosion behavior of rebar using simulated concrete pore solutions. Weight-loss measurement were performed to obtain t

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20

Al-Bahar, Suad Khalid, Safaa M. Abdul Salam, and Adel M. Husain. "Diffusivity Resistance of Concrete Systems in Chloride Rich Environment for Corrosion Protection of Embedded Steel Bars." Advanced Materials Research 831 (December 2013): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.831.3.

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Improving concrete performance and minimizing corrosion-induced deterioration of reinforced concrete structures are mandated Building Codes Practices and Specifications in arid regions such as the Arabian Gulf. Concrete structures resist corrosion due to the passivating properties of the hydrated cement around the steel reinforcement created by the high alkaline environment within the composite structure (pH > 12). However, the presence of chloride ions in the pore structure of the concrete destroys this passivating layer, which makes the steel reinforcement vulnerable to chloride-induced c

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21

Yoon, In Seok. "Theoretical Approach to Calculate Surface Chloride Content C_s of Submerged Concrete under Sea Water Laden Environment." Key Engineering Materials 385-387 (July 2008): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.385-387.181.

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The ingress of chloride ions plays a crucial role for service life design of reinforced concrete structures. In view of durability design of concrete structures under marine environment, one of the most essential parameters is the surface chloride content of concrete. With the social and technical backgrounds, the research approach of this study starts with the calculation of the amount of chloride ingredients in normal sea water. The capillary pore structure is modeled by numerical simulation model HYMOSTRUC and it is assumed to be completely saturated by the salt ingredients of seawater. In

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22

Abro, Fahad ul Rehman, Abdul Salam Buller, Tariq Ali, et al. "Autogenous Healing of Cracked Mortar Using Modified Steady-State Migration Test against Chloride Penetration." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (2021): 9519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179519.

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Concrete is a popular building material all over the world, but because of different physiochemical processes, it is susceptible to crack development. One of the primary deterioration processes of reinforced concrete buildings is corrosion of steel bars within the concrete through these cracks. In this regard, a self-healing technique for crack repair would be the best solution to reduce the penetration of chloride ions inside concrete mass. In this study, a rapid chloride migration (RCM) test was conducted to determine the self-healing capacity of cracked mortar. With the help of the RCM test

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23

Jang, Seung-Yup, Subbiah Karthick, and Seung-Jun Kwon. "Investigation on Durability Performance in Early Aged High-Performance Concrete Containing GGBFS and FA." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3214696.

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The significance of concrete durability increases since RC (Reinforced Concrete) structures undergo degradation due to aggressive environmental conditions, which affects structural safety and serviceability. Steel corrosion is the major cause for the unexpected failure of RC structures. The main cause for the corrosion initiation is the ingress of chloride ions prevailing in the environment. Hence quantitative evaluation of chloride diffusion becomes very important to obtain a chloride diffusion coefficient and resistance to chloride ion intrusion. In the present investigation, 15 mix proporti

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Chaudhary, Satish Kumar, and Ajay Kumar Sinha. "Effect of Silica Fume on Permeability and Microstructure of High Strength Concrete." Civil Engineering Journal 6, no. 9 (2020): 1697–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-03091575.

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The important concrete structure in the vicinity of industry, thermal power plant suffers deterioration by the acid rain cause due to combination of CO2, SOx and NOx with rain water. A combined attack that is from acid as well as sulphate can be observed under impact of sulphuric acid. It attacks on Calcium hydroxide and form Calcium sulphate, which can be leached out easily and make Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ) poor. The water retaining structure such as dam, weir should be impermeable and that can be achieved by binary cementitious blends, using Silica fume (SF). Silica fume a by produc

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Santarsiero, Giuseppe, Angelo Masi, and Valentina Picciano. "Durability of Gerber Saddles in RC Bridges: Analyses and Applications (Musmeci Bridge, Italy)." Infrastructures 6, no. 2 (2021): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6020025.

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Guaranteeing adequate safety levels in critical infrastructures such as bridges is essential to modern societies and their vital services. Bridges with reinforced concrete structures are subject to deterioration, especially due to corrosion effects. Gerber saddles are among the key components of bridges which are especially exposed to environmental actions due to their position and reduced possibility of inspection. In this paper, a framework for the durability analysis of these components is proposed, considering the simultaneous presence of permanent loads and environmental actions under the

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26

Cantero, Blas, Miguel Bravo, Jorge de Brito, Isabel Fuencisla Sáez del Bosque, and César Medina. "Assessment of the Permeability to Aggressive Agents of Concrete with Recycled Cement and Mixed Recycled Aggregate." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (2021): 3856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11093856.

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Acceptance by the construction industry of recycled concrete as a sustainable alternative material is contingent upon a reliable assessment of its permeability to corrosive agents. This study analyses the transport mechanisms associated with chloride (Cl−), oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) ions in concrete with cement made with 10% or 25% ground recycled concrete (GRC) separately or in combination with 50% mixed recycled aggregate (MRA). The findings show that, irrespective of aggregate type, concrete with GRC exhibited lower resistance to ingress than conventional concrete due to its grea

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27

Troconis de Rincón, O., M. Sánchez, V. Millano, J. Bravo, and S. Delgado. "Enseñanzas de casos de inspección en sótanos." Revista ALCONPAT 2, no. 2 (2012): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21041/ra.v2i2.31.

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RESUMENEste trabajo muestra las enseñanzas obtenidas al evaluar y diagnosticar problemas por corrosión y estructurales en varios sótanos de diferentes tipos de edificaciones, ubicadas cerca y lejos de la costa. En este se reportan los resultados obtenidos de esta inspección, de los cuales se encuentran: levantamiento de daños, ensayos físico-químicos, mecánicos y electroquímicos que permitieron caracterizar el concreto y los daños por corrosión que puedan comprometer a las estructuras evaluadas. Dado que en la mayoría de los casos los sótanos se utilizan como estacionamientos, los problemas de

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28

Lu, Jin Ping, and Sherly Wijaya. "A Study of Effectiveness of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) System on the Performance of Concrete Beams and Columns." Advanced Materials Research 687 (April 2013): 409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.687.409.

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The durability of marine concrete structures has long been a concern of many countries, especially in the island country of Singapore, where many structures are constructed along coastal areas. Currently, the durability of concrete under marine conditions can be enhanced by the addition of admixtures, and using high grade concrete. The FRP system can also be used to increase the durability of the concrete structures under marine conditions, by preventing the ingress of chloride ions into the structures, thereby preventing the corrosion of the steel reinforcements. In addition, the FRP system h

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29

Khadra, Mahdi, Elisabeth Marie-Victoire, Myriam Bouichou, Christian Crémona, and Stéphanie Vildaer. "New warning sensors to detect corrosion risk in reinforced concrete." MATEC Web of Conferences 289 (2019): 06002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928906002.

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Corrosion is the most frequent but also the most deleterious deterioration mechanism affecting reinforced concrete. In addition to the economic impact of the repair works, for historical concrete structures, corrosion can generate irreversible losses of original material of great cultural value. If the usual non-destructive electrochemical methods have highlighted their efficiency in evaluating on-going corrosion activity, they also have pointed out their drawbacks for accurate extrapolation and prevention. To prevent the corrosion phenomenon, by detecting the penetration of aggressive agents,

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30

Núñez-Jaquez, R. E., J. E. Buelna-Rodríguez, C. P. Barrios-Durstewitz, C. Gaona-Tiburcio, and F. Almeraya-Calderón. "Corrosion of Modified Concrete with Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash." International Journal of Corrosion 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/451864.

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Concrete is a porous material and the ingress of water, oxygen, and aggressive ions, such as chlorides, can cause the passive layer on reinforced steel to break down. Additives, such as fly ash, microsilica, rice husk ash, and cane sugar bagasse ash, have a size breakdown that allows the reduction of concrete pore size and, consequently, may reduce the corrosion process. The objective of this work is to determine the corrosion rate of steel in reinforced concrete by the addition of 20% sugar cane bagasse ash by weight of cement. Six prismatic specimens (7×7×10 cm) with an embedded steel rod we

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Azari, M. M., P. S. Mangat, and S. C. Tu. "Chloride ingress in microsilica concrete." Cement and Concrete Composites 15, no. 4 (1993): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0958-9465(93)90024-4.

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Van Mullem, Tim, Robby Caspeele, and Nele De Belie. "The influence of SAPs on chloride ingress in cracked concrete." MATEC Web of Conferences 289 (2019): 08007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928908007.

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Super Absorbent Polymers (SAPs) have proven to be effective as a self-healing agent for regaining the liquid tightness of cracked concrete. This is due to their large swelling capacity which allows them to (partially) block cracks which are in contact with water or moisture. Additionally, they are able to release this water when the climate becomes drier, thereby promoting the autogenous healing capacity of the concrete matrix. The effect SAPs have on chloride migration into cracked concrete is still unknown. The swelling capacity of the SAPs might partially block the crack, but this does not

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33

Otieno, Mike, and Ze Zakka. "Strength and ductility performance of corroded steel bars in concrete exposed to 2D chloride ingress." MRS Advances 5, no. 54-55 (2020): 2817–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.328.

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AbstractThis paper presents the residual tensile strength test results of corroded high yield steel bars. Single steel bars were embedded at a cover depth of 20 mm in 150 × 150 × 625 mm long cracked concrete beam specimens made with 70/30 PC/FA and 50/50 PC/SL binders with a constant w/b ratio of 0.40. The steel bars were placed in the cross-section centre and near the orthogonal edge of the beams, and selected beam faces epoxy-coated in order to simulate, respectively, 1D and 2D chloride ingress. The beams were subjected to 2-week wetting (with 5% NaCl) and 2-week air-drying cycles in the lab

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34

Elgalhud, Abdurrahman A., Ravindra K. Dhir, and Gurmel Ghataora. "Chloride ingress in concrete: limestone addition effects." Magazine of Concrete Research 70, no. 6 (2018): 292–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.17.00177.

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35

Jensen, O. Mejlhede, P. Freiesleben Hansen, A. M. Coats, and F. P. Glasser. "Chloride ingress in cement paste and mortar." Cement and Concrete Research 29, no. 9 (1999): 1497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-8846(99)00131-3.

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36

Mangat, P. S., and Olalekan O. Ojedokun. "Bound chloride ingress in alkali activated concrete." Construction and Building Materials 212 (July 2019): 375–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.302.

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37

Duprat, Frédéric. "Reliability of RC beams under chloride-ingress." Construction and Building Materials 21, no. 8 (2007): 1605–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.08.002.

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38

Danner, Tobias, and Mette Rica Geiker. "Long-term Influence of Concrete Surface and Crack Orientation on Self-healing and Ingress in Cracks – Field Observations." Nordic Concrete Research 58, no. 1 (2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ncr-2018-0001.

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Abstract This paper presents results from investigations on the long-term influence of concrete surface and crack orientation on ingress in cracks. Five reinforced concrete structures from Norway exposed to either de-icing salts or seawater have been investigated. Concrete cores were taken with and without cracks from surfaces with vertical and horizontal orientation. Carbonation in cracks was found on all de-iced structures, and a crack on a completely horizontal surface appeared to facilitate chloride ingress. Ingress of substances from seawater was found in all cracks from marine exposure.

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Nakamura, Eisuke, Yuki Kurihara, and Hirohisa Koga. "Outdoor Exposure Test of Concrete Containing Supplementary Cementitious Materials." Key Engineering Materials 711 (September 2016): 1076–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.711.1076.

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An outdoor exposure test was conducted to investigate the resistances of concrete containing supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) to carbonation and chloride ingress at three outdoor exposure testing sites in Japan. The test results indicated that concrete specimens containing larger amounts of SCMs exhibited larger carbonation depths but the carbonation rates decreased as the testing period was extended. Additionally, the resistance to chloride ingress was improved by the use of SCMs in cases where the carbonation depths were negligible. Concrete specimens containing high-volume SCMs,

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Pan, Yang Yang, Jun Huang, Jun Zhi Zhang, Han Yang Jin, and Xue Mei Zhou. "The Simulation Experiment and the Similarity of Chloride Ion Erosion in Concrete under the Tidal Zone in the Marine Environment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 2724–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.2724.

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To obtain the similarity relationship between the simulation experiment and the field experiment of chloride ion erosion in the concrete under the marine environment, on the basis of chloride ion ingress concrete under the onsite marine environment in Zhou Shan, a series of field corrosion tests involving the chloride ion ingression in the costal tidal zone are carried out. By simulating the environmental parameters of the tidal zone, the onsite environmental elements are simulated and modified in order to accelerate the ingress of chloride ion in the concrete. And the accelerated experiment i

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Zakka, Ze Gyang, and Mike Otieno. "Corrosion of steel in concrete due to one and two dimensional chloride ingress." MATEC Web of Conferences 199 (2018): 04004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819904004.

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This paper presents results of an ongoing research of the effect of 1D and 2D chloride ingress on concrete resistivity and corrosion rate of steel reinforcement. 12 concrete beams made with concrete of binder blend PC(50)/GGBS(50), w/b = 0.40, 10 mm steel reinforcement rods at concrete cover of 20 mm were used in this laboratory based experiment. The steel reinforcement bars were placed at the middle or at an orthogonal corner of the concrete beams subjected to 1D and 2D chloride ingress respectively. A single crack was induced using 3-point bending on one-half of the beams. The beams were exp

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Shen, Bei, Yinghua Ye, Bo Diao, and Xiaoning Zheng. "Mechanical Performance and Chloride Diffusivity of Cracked RC Specimens Exposed to Freeze-Thaw Cycles and Intermittent Immersion in Seawater." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5973467.

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The effects of crack width on chloride ingress and mechanical behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) specimens were experimentally studied after exposure to 300 cycles of freeze-thaw and seawater immersion (75 times). Cracks were induced prior to exposure by an eccentric compression load which was sustained until the end of the exposure period. The maximum cracks widths induced in the four column specimens were 0, 0.06, 0.11, and 0.15 mm, respectively. Results show that when the crack width was less than 0.06 mm, the effect of cracks on chloride ingress could be neglected. However, when the crac

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Li, Tianhua, Zichao Pan, Wenying Bai, and Kejia Zhang. "Numerical simulation of chloride diffusion in cementitious materials by lattice type model." MATEC Web of Conferences 275 (2019): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927502008.

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The chloride ingress is one of the most significant problems to reinforced concrete structures in coastal areas and cold regions where the de-icing salt is commonly used. In this paper, the lattice type model which has been widely used in fracture analysis of brittle materials is applied to simulate the chloride diffusion process in cementitious materials. The theoretical background of the lattice type model in solving the mass transport problem is briefly presented. The analytical solution of the Fick’s law is adopted to theoretically validate the developed lattice type model. After that, two

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Koo, Hyun-Bon, Eui-Tae Kim, and Kwang-Myong Lee. "Modeling of Chloride Ingress in Reinforced Concrete Structures." Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute 15, no. 1 (2003): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4334/jkci.2003.15.1.025.

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TANAKA, Yoshiki, Hirotaka KAWANO, and Hiroshi WATANABE. "CHLORIDE INGRESS INTO CRACKING IN EXISTING CONCRETE STRUCTURES." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshuu E 62, no. 1 (2006): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jsceje.62.38.

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Hillier, S. R., C. M. Sangha, B. A. Plunkett, and P. J. Walden. "Effect of concrete curing on chloride ion ingress." Magazine of Concrete Research 52, no. 5 (2000): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.2000.52.5.321.

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Shin, Chee Burm, and Eun Kyum Kim. "Modeling of chloride ion ingress in coastal concrete." Cement and Concrete Research 32, no. 5 (2002): 757–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-8846(01)00756-6.

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Dhir, R. K., M. R. Jones, and M. J. McCarthy. "Binder content influences on chloride ingress in concrete." Cement and Concrete Research 26, no. 12 (1996): 1761–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-8846(96)00179-2.

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Sosdean, Corina, Liviu Marsavina, and Geert De Schutter. "Experimental and Numerical Investigations of the Influence of Real Cracks on Chloride Ingress in Concrete." Transactions of the VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, Civil Engineering Series. 16, no. 2 (2016): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tvsb-2016-0026.

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Abstract Experimental and numerical results of a chloride ingress study conducted on samples drilled from different locations of a reinforced concrete slab, previously loaded until failure, are presented. The experimental part was carried on following the NT Build 492 standard for the non-steady state migration test, then a 3D model was developed using the Abaqus/Standard software based on the FEM in order to simulate chloride ingress in both uncracked and cracked concrete.

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Albuquerque, António, João Pacheco, and Jorge Brito. "Eurocode Design of Recycled Aggregate Concrete for Chloride Environments: Stochastic Modeling of Chloride Migration and Reliability-Based Calibration of Cover." Crystals 11, no. 3 (2021): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11030284.

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Recycled aggregate concrete is a solution used to minimize the environmental impact of the concrete industry. Notwithstanding research worldwide validating structural applications of recycled aggregate concrete, specific design guidelines are lacking and are needed to address reservations of construction agents. Design guidelines should be based on reliability concepts, including the stochastic modeling of material properties and the calibration of design clauses through reliability methods. This paper concerns the concrete cover design of recycled aggregate concrete elements exposed to chlori

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