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Journal articles on the topic 'Inhalation Aerosols'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Thomas, Richard, Carwyn Davies, Alejandro Nunez, Stephen Hibbs, Helen Flick-Smith, Lin Eastaugh, Sophie Smither, et al. "Influence of particle size on the pathology and efficacy of vaccination in a murine model of inhalational anthrax." Journal of Medical Microbiology 59, no. 12 (December 1, 2010): 1415–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.024117-0.

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Deposition of Bacillus anthracis endospores within either the lungs or nasal passages of A/J mice after aerosol exposure was influenced by different particle sized aerosols and resulted in different infection kinetics. The infection resulting from the inhalation of endospores within a 12 μm particle aerosol was prolonged compared to that from a 1 μm particle aerosol with a mean time-to-death of 161±16.1 h and 101.6±10.4 h, respectively. Inhalation of endospores within 1 μm or 12 μm particle aerosols resulted in a median lethal dose of 2432 and 7656 c.f.u., respectively. Initial involvement of the upper respiratory tract lymph nodes was observed in 75–83 % of mice exposed to either the 1 μm or 12 μm particle inhalational infections. Lung deposition was significantly greater after inhalation of the 1 μm particle aerosol with pronounced involvement of the mediastinal lymph node. Gastrointestinal involvement was observed only in mice exposed to 12 μm particle aerosols where bacteriological and histopathological analysis indicated primary gastritis (17 %), activation of the Peyer's patches (72 %) and colonization and necrosis of the mesenteric lymph nodes (67 %). Terminal disease was characterized by bacteraemia in both inhalational infections with preferential dissemination to spleen, liver, kidneys and thymus. Immunization with 1 μg recombinant protective antigen vaccine was equally efficacious against B. anthracis infections arising from the inhalation of 1 and 12 μm particle aerosols, providing 73–80 % survival under a suboptimum immunization schedule.

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2

Martí-Bonmatí, Ezequiel, Gustavo Juan, Luis Martí-Bonmatí, and Mercedes Ramon. "Effect of Low Temperatures on Drug-Delivery Efficacy of Aerosols." Journal of Pharmacy Technology 12, no. 5 (September 1996): 220–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/875512259601200508.

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Objective: To determine how low temperatures affect the pharmaceutical properties of oral inhalation aerosols pressurized with chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Design: Inhalation aerosols of the beta-adrenergic receptor agonist terbutaline sulfate were exposed at three different environmental temperatures [22, 0, and −10 °C; (±2)]. Three groups of 10 canisters each, at different drug loads (100%, 50%, and 20%), were studied at these temperatures. Canisters with mouthpieces were weighed before and after 40 actuations in order to study the mass propelled in each experimental condition. Photographs were also taken of the aerosol mist at each temperature. Results: A statistically significant decrease in the average mass of the aerosol discharged was evidenced at low temperatures. The temperature and aerosol output were linearly correlated. The weight loss at–10 °C was 35.4%. At this temperature the emitted doses were discharged as liquefied droplets. This effect was quickly manifested and proved reversible. Conclusions: Low temperatures modify the pharmaceutical properties of oral inhalation aerosols pressurized with CFCs. This technical information should be included as a note of caution in the prescribing information.

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3

Brambilla, G., D. Ganderton, R. Garzia, D. Lewis, B. Meakin, and P. Ventura. "Modulation of aerosol clouds produced by pressurised inhalation aerosols." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 186, no. 1 (September 1999): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5173(99)00137-4.

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4

Angel, A., J. Robson, T. L. Muchnick, R. C. Moretz, and R. B. Patel. "SEM evaluation of pharmaceutical inhalation aerosols deposited in an andersen cascade impactor." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (August 1992): 1328–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100131279.

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Particle size characterization is a critical parameter used for inhalation aerosol formulation development, batch control and product performance evaluation. Both the United States Pharmacopeia optical microscopy method and multistage cascade impaction methods are used for particle size evaluation and control of inhalation aerosols. Particle size determination based on aerodynamic properties is considered more relevant than other techniques for assessing product performance during patient-use. The cascade impaction technique for evaluation of inhalation aerosols is typically used with a suitable inlet to facilitate introduction of the aerosol spray into the impactor. The drug particles deposited on the impaction stages are extracted and analyzed by an appropriate method to relate drug mass to the aerodynamic cut-off size and thereby determine respirable fractions (particles of < 5.8 μm aerodynamic size). This approach does not provide information relating to the physical character of the formulation (aggregates, agglomerates, particle shapes and morphology) or its deposition characteristics both within and between stages.

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5

Leach, Chet L. "Inhalation Aspects of Therapeutic Aerosols." Toxicologic Pathology 35, no. 1 (January 2007): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926230601072335.

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6

Kwok, Philip Chi Lip, and Hak-Kim Chan. "Electrostatics of pharmaceutical inhalation aerosols." Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 61, no. 12 (December 2009): 1587–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/jpp.61.12.0002.

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7

Kwok, Philip Chi Lip, and Hak-Kim Chan. "Electrostatics of pharmaceutical inhalation aerosols." Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 61, no. 12 (December 1, 2009): 1587–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/jpp/61.12.0002.

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8

BURKE, GREGORY P., GUIRAG POOCHIKIAN, and PAULA BOTSTEIN. "Regulatory Science of Inhalation Aerosols." Journal of Aerosol Medicine 4, no. 3 (January 1991): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jam.1991.4.265.

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9

Thomas, Richard J., Daniel Webber, William Sellors, Aaron Collinge, Andrew Frost, Anthony J. Stagg, Stephen C. Bailey, et al. "Characterization and Deposition of Respirable Large- and Small-Particle Bioaerosols." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 20 (August 22, 2008): 6437–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01194-08.

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ABSTRACT The deposition patterns of large-particle microbiological aerosols within the respiratory tract are not well characterized. A novel system (the flow-focusing aerosol generator [FFAG]) which enables the generation of large (>10-μm) aerosol particles containing microorganisms under laboratory conditions was characterized to permit determination of deposition profiles within the murine respiratory tract. Unlike other systems for generating large aerosol particles, the FFAG is compatible with microbiological containment and the inhalational challenge of animals. By use of entrapped Escherichia coli cells, Bacillus atrophaeus spores, or FluoSphere beads, the properties of aerosols generated by the FFAG were compared with the properties of aerosols generated using the commonly available Collison nebulizer, which preferentially generates small (1- to 3-μm) aerosol particles. More entrapped particulates (15.9- to 19.2-fold) were incorporated into 9- to 17-μm particles generated by the FFAG than by the Collison nebulizer. The 1- to 3-μm particles generated by the Collison nebulizer were more likely to contain a particulate than those generated by the FFAG. E. coli cells aerosolized using the FFAG survived better than those aerosolized using the Collison nebulizer. Aerosols generated by the Collison nebulizer and the FFAG preferentially deposited in the lungs and nasal passages of the murine respiratory tract, respectively. However, significant deposition of material also occurred in the gastrointestinal tract after inhalation of both the small (89.7%)- and large (61.5%)-particle aerosols. The aerosols generated by the Collison nebulizer and the FFAG differ with respect to mass distribution, distribution of the entrapped particulates, bacterial survival, and deposition within the murine respiratory tract.

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10

Eninger, Robert M., Takeshi Honda, Atin Adhikari, Helvi Heinonen-Tanski, Tiina Reponen, and Sergey A. Grinshpun. "Filter Performance of N99 and N95 Facepiece Respirators Against Viruses and Ultrafine Particles." Annals of Occupational Hygiene 52, no. 5 (May 13, 2008): 385–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/men019.

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Abstract The performance of three filtering facepiece respirators (two models of N99 and one N95) challenged with an inert aerosol (NaCl) and three virus aerosols (enterobacteriophages MS2 and T4 and Bacillus subtilis phage)—all with significant ultrafine components—was examined using a manikin-based protocol with respirators sealed on manikins. Three inhalation flow rates, 30, 85, and 150 l min−1, were tested. The filter penetration and the quality factor were determined. Between-respirator and within-respirator comparisons of penetration values were performed. At the most penetrating particle size (MPPS), >3% of MS2 virions penetrated through filters of both N99 models at an inhalation flow rate of 85 l min−1. Inhalation airflow had a significant effect upon particle penetration through the tested respirator filters. The filter quality factor was found suitable for making relative performance comparisons. The MPPS for challenge aerosols was <0.1 μm in electrical mobility diameter for all tested respirators. Mean particle penetration (by count) was significantly increased when the size fraction of <0.1 μm was included as compared to particles >0.1 μm. The filtration performance of the N95 respirator approached that of the two models of N99 over the range of particle sizes tested (∼0.02 to 0.5 μm). Filter penetration of the tested biological aerosols did not exceed that of inert NaCl aerosol. The results suggest that inert NaCl aerosols may generally be appropriate for modeling filter penetration of similarly sized virions.

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11

McGrath, James A., Andrew O’Sullivan, Gavin Bennett, Ciarraí O’Toole, Mary Joyce, Miriam A. Byrne, and Ronan MacLoughlin. "Investigation of the Quantity of Exhaled Aerosols Released into the Environment during Nebulisation." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 2 (February 12, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11020075.

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Background: Secondary inhalation of medical aerosols is a significant occupational hazard in both clinical and homecare settings. Exposure to fugitive emissions generated during aerosol therapy increases the risk of the unnecessary inhalation of medication, as well as toxic side effects. Methods: This study examines fugitively-emitted aerosol emissions when nebulising albuterol sulphate, as a tracer aerosol, using two commercially available nebulisers in combination with an open or valved facemask or using a mouthpiece with and without a filter on the exhalation port. Each combination was connected to a breathing simulator during simulated adult breathing. The inhaled dose and residual mass were quantified using UV spectrophotometry. Time-varying fugitively-emitted aerosol concentrations and size distributions during nebulisation were recorded using aerodynamic particle sizers at two distances relative to the simulated patient. Different aerosol concentrations and size distributions were observed depending on the interface. Results: Within each nebuliser, the facemask combination had the highest time-averaged fugitively-emitted aerosol concentration, and values up to 0.072 ± 0.001 mg m−3 were recorded. The placement of a filter on the exhalation port of the mouthpiece yielded the lowest recorded concentrations. The mass median aerodynamic diameter of the fugitively-emitted aerosol was recorded as 0.890 ± 0.044 µm, lower the initially generated medical aerosol in the range of 2–5 µm. Conclusions: The results highlight the potential secondary inhalation of exhaled aerosols from commercially available nebuliser facemask/mouthpiece combinations. The results will aid in developing approaches to inform policy and best practices for risk mitigation from fugitive emissions.

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12

SMITH, C., and S. ANDERSON. "Inhalation provocation tests using nonisotonic aerosols." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 84, no. 5 (November 1989): 781–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-6749(89)90309-6.

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13

Wong, Jennifer, Hak-Kim Chan, and Philip Chi Lip Kwok. "Electrostatics in pharmaceutical aerosols for inhalation." Therapeutic Delivery 4, no. 8 (August 2013): 981–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/tde.13.70.

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14

Madsen, Anne Mette, Søren T. Larsen, Ismo K. Koponen, Kirsten I. Kling, Afnan Barooni, Dorina Gabriela Karottki, Kira Tendal, and Peder Wolkoff. "Generation and Characterization of Indoor Fungal Aerosols for Inhalation Studies." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 8 (February 26, 2016): 2479–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.04063-15.

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ABSTRACTIn the indoor environment, people are exposed to several fungal species. Evident dampness is associated with increased respiratory symptoms. To examine the immune responses associated with fungal exposure, mice are often exposed to a single species grown on an agar medium. The aim of this study was to develop an inhalation exposure system to be able to examine responses in mice exposed to mixed fungal species aerosolized from fungus-infested building materials. Indoor airborne fungi were sampled and cultivated on gypsum boards. Aerosols were characterized and compared with aerosols in homes. Aerosols containing 107CFU of fungi/m3air were generated repeatedly from fungus-infested gypsum boards in a mouse exposure chamber. Aerosols containedAspergillus nidulans,Aspergillus niger,Aspergillus ustus,Aspergillus versicolor,Chaetomium globosum,Cladosporiumherbarum,Penicillium brevicompactum,Penicillium camemberti,Penicillium chrysogenum,Penicillium commune,Penicillium glabrum,Penicillium olsonii,Penicillium rugulosum,Stachybotrys chartarum, andWallemia sebi. They were all among the most abundant airborne species identified in 28 homes. Nine species from gypsum boards and 11 species in the homes are associated with water damage. Most fungi were present as single spores, but chains and clusters of different species and fragments were also present. The variation in exposure level during the 60 min of aerosol generation was similar to the variation measured in homes. Through aerosolization of fungi from the indoor environment, cultured on gypsum boards, it was possible to generate realistic aerosols in terms of species composition, concentration, and particle sizes. The inhalation-exposure system can be used to study responses to indoor fungi associated with water damage and the importance of fungal species composition.

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15

Winning, A. J., R. D. Hamilton, S. A. Shea, C. Knott, and A. Guz. "The effect of Airway Anaesthesia on the Control of Breathing and the Sensation of Breathlessness in Man." Clinical Science 68, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0680215.

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1. The effect on ventilation of airway anaesthesia, produced by the inhalation of a 5% bupivacaine aerosol (aerodynamic mass median diameter = 4.77 μm), was studied in 12 normal subjects. 2. The dose and distribution of the aerosol were determined from lung scans after the addition to bupivacaine of 99mTc. Bupivacaine labelled in this way was deposited primarily in the central airways. The effectiveness and duration of airway anaesthesia were assessed by the absence of the cough reflex to the inhalation of three breaths of a 5% citric acid aerosol. Airway anaesthesia always lasted more than 20 min. 3. Resting ventilation was measured, by respiratory inductance plethysmography, before and after inhalation of saline and bupivacaine aerosols. The ventilatory response to maximal incremental exercise and, separately, to CO2 inhalation was studied after the inhalation of saline and bupivacaine aerosols. Breathlessness was quantified by using a visual analogue scale (VAS) during a study and by questioning on its completion. 4. At rest, airway anaesthesia had no effect on mean tidal volume (VT), inspiratory time (Ti), expiratory time (Te) or end-tidal Pco2, although the variability of tidal volume was increased. On exercise, slower deeper breathing was produced and breathlessness was reduced. The ventilatory response to CO2 was increased. 5. The results suggest that stretch receptors in the airways modulate the pattern of breathing in normal man when ventilation is stimulated by exercise; their activation may also be involved in the genesis of the associated breathlessness. 6. A hypothesis in terms of a differential airway/alveolar receptor block, is proposed to explain the exaggerated ventilatory response to CO2.

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16

Dragan, George C., Vesta Kohlmeier, Juergen Orasche, Juergen Schnelle-Kreis, Patricia B. C. Forbes, Dietmar Breuer, and Ralf Zimmermann. "Development of a Personal Aerosol Sampler for Monitoring the Particle–Vapour Fractionation of SVOCs in Workplaces." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 64, no. 8 (July 28, 2020): 903–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxaa059.

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Abstract Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), partitioned between particulates and vapours of an aerosol, require special attention. The toxicological effects caused by the inhalation of such aerosols may depend on the concentration and in which phase the organic compounds are found. A personal denuder-gas–particle separation aerosol sampler was developed to provide information about the partitioning of aerosols from organic compounds. The sampler was tested in a series of controlled laboratory experiments, which confirmed the capability and accuracy of the sampler to measure gas–particle mixtures. An average difference of 14.8 ± 4.8% was found between sampler and reference laboratory instruments. The obtained results showed that our sampler enables a more accurate measurement of the SVOC aerosols’ gas–particle fractionation, compared with that of conventional samplers.

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17

Brock, Tina Penick, and Dennis M. Williams. "Clinical Considerations in the Use of Inhalation Delivery Devices." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 14, no. 4 (August 2001): 277–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1106/ah8q-wwe4-qqj4-pgt5.

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Medications delivered through oral inhalation represent the cornerstone of pharmacotherapy for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Several options exist as methods of delivering aerosols to the lung, including metered-dose inhalers, metered-dose inhalers attached to spacers or valved holding chambers, dry powder inhalers, and nebulizers. Delivery of aerosols to the lung is affected by numerous factors including characteristics of aerosol particles, patients’ ventilatory patterns, and physical condition of the lung. It has become increasingly clear that the device used to deliver the medication is an important factor in the extent of deposition and the ultimate therapeutic effect. Further, the same therapeutic agent may exhibit differing effects depending on which delivery device is used. Each inhalation device has specific instructions for use, and the techniques for use vary significantly among the available products. In each case, patients should be instructed and observed to ensure that they have the proper technique of use to achieve an optimal effect.

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18

Mishra, Rosaline, Rama Prajith, Rajeswari Pradhan Rout, Jalaluddin Sriamirullah, and Balwinder Kaur Sapra. "EFFECT OF AIR VELOCITY ON INHALATION DOSES DUE TO RADON AND THORON PROGENY IN A TEST CHAMBER." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 189, no. 3 (May 2020): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncaa054.

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Abstract Inhalation doses due to radon and thoron are predominantly due to the inhalation of progeny of Radon and Thoron. The progeny/decay-products of radon and thoron are particulates unlike their parent gas and exhibit different physical properties like attachment to the aerosols and deposition on different surfaces. All these properties in turn depend on the environmental conditions such as air velocity, aerosol concentration, attachment rate, etc. The role of air velocity on deposition on surfaces decides the progeny particles left in the air for inhalation. Therefore, in the present work, we have studied the effect of air velocity on the inhalation dose due to radon and thoron progeny at the centre of a 0.5-m3 calibration chamber as well as on all surfaces. Hence, the studies were carried out at different air velocities, and inhalation doses were measured using deposition-based direct radon and thoron progeny sensors.

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19

Pillai, R. S., D. B. Yeates, M. Eljamal, I. F. Miller, and A. J. Hickey. "Generation of concentrated aerosols for inhalation studies." Journal of Aerosol Science 25, no. 1 (January 1994): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(94)90190-2.

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20

Veit, F., W. Martz, C. G. Birngruber, and R. B. Dettmeyer. "Fatal accidental inhalation of brake cleaner aerosols." Forensic Science International 288 (July 2018): e10-e14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.04.033.

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21

Chui, Yun-Cheung, Grace Poon, and Francis Law. "Toxicokinetics and Bioavailability of Paraquat in Rats following Different Routes of Administration." Toxicology and Industrial Health 4, no. 2 (April 1988): 203–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823378800400205.

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The toxicokinetics and bioavailability of[14C]paraquat were examined in rats which had received a single dose (11.6 μg/kg) of the herbicide by the iv, intragastric, dermal or pulmonary route. In the pulmonary route studies, rats were exposed to an aqueous solution or liquid aerosols of[14C]paraquat through a tracheal cannula or [14C]paraquat aerosols in a nose-only inhalation chamber. After intratracheal, intragastric, and dermal administration of[14C]paraquat to the rat, the average bioavailabilities were 0.45 ± 0.22, 0.12 ± 0.03, and 0.038 ± 0.027, which corresponded to 20.3 nmol, 5.4 nmol and 1.7 nmol of[14C]paraquat, respectively. Since the dose administered to the rat in the [14C]paraquat aerosol studies was unknown, the bioavailability for this exposure route could not be determined. However, about 27.5 nmol of[14C]paraquat was absorbed into the systemic circulation of the rat after inhaling [14C]paraquat aerosols through a tracheal cannula. [14C]paraquat administered to the rat iv was eliminated from the blood with a half-life of about 68 min. Urine and feces were the major excretion routes. The radioactivity absorbed into the systemic circulation of the rat was approximately equal to that excreted in the urine; about 23.8 nmol, 8.5 nmol and 1.5 nmol of[14C]paraquat were recovered from the urine of the rat after inhalation of[14C]paraquat aerosols in a nose-only exposure chamber, intragastric injection and dermal absorption of [14C]paraquat, respectively. Tissue distribution studies showed that the bulk of the [14C]paraquat administered to the rat by the inhalation and dermal routes remained at the sites of administration.

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22

Corley, Richard A., Andrew P. Kuprat, Sarah R. Suffield, Senthil Kabilan, Paul M. Hinderliter, Kevin Yugulis, and Tharacad S. Ramanarayanan. "New Approach Methodology for Assessing Inhalation Risks of a Contact Respiratory Cytotoxicant: Computational Fluid Dynamics-Based Aerosol Dosimetry Modeling for Cross-Species and In Vitro Comparisons." Toxicological Sciences 182, no. 2 (June 2, 2021): 243–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfab062.

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Abstract Regulatory agencies are considering alternative approaches to assessing inhalation toxicity that utilizes in vitro studies with human cells and in silico modeling in lieu of additional animal studies. In support of this goal, computational fluid-particle dynamics models were developed to estimate site-specific deposition of inhaled aerosols containing the fungicide, chlorothalonil, in the rat and human for comparisons to prior rat inhalation studies and new human in vitro studies. Under bioassay conditions, the deposition was predicted to be greatest at the front of the rat nose followed by the anterior transitional epithelium and larynx corresponding to regions most sensitive to local contact irritation and cytotoxicity. For humans, simulations of aerosol deposition covering potential occupational or residential exposures (1–50 µm diameter) were conducted using nasal and oral breathing. Aerosols in the 1–5 µm range readily penetrated the deep region of the human lung following both oral and nasal breathing. Under actual use conditions (aerosol formulations >10 µm), the majority of deposited doses were in the upper conducting airways. Beyond the nose or mouth, the greatest deposition in the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi was predicted for aerosols in the 10–20 µm size range. Only small amounts of aerosols >20 µm penetrated past the pharyngeal region. Using the ICRP clearance model, local retained tissue dose metrics including maximal concentrations and areas under the curve were calculated for each airway region following repeated occupational exposures. These results are directly comparable with benchmark doses from in vitro toxicity studies in human cells leading to estimated human equivalent concentrations that reduce the reliance on animals for risk assessments.

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23

Gaddipati, N., M. Graziosi, K. Ellway, M. Ganesan, and H. Schreier. "A novel aerosol inhalation device for pressurized metered dose inhalation aerosols: Gammascintigraphic evaluation of pulmonary deposition profiles and comparison with commercial inhalation devices." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 128, no. 1-2 (February 1996): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(95)04219-9.

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24

Kesavan, Jana, and Jose-Luis Sagripanti. "Evaluation criteria for bioaerosol samplers." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 17, no. 3 (2015): 638–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4em00510d.

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25

Radic, S., and E. Salonini. "Medical aerosols: ins and outs of inhalation therapy." Breathe 6, no. 4 (June 1, 2010): 372–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/18106838.0604.372.

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26

Noymer, Peter D., Dan J. Myers, James V. Cassella, and Ryan Timmons. "Assessing the Temperature of Thermally Generated Inhalation Aerosols." Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery 24, no. 1 (February 2011): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jamp.2010.0835.

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27

Byron, P. R. "Some Future Perspectives for Unit Dose Inhalation Aerosols." Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 12, no. 7 (January 1986): 993–1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03639048609048053.

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28

Greenspan, Bernard J., Michael D. Allen, Alan H. Rebar, and Bruce B. Boecker. "Inhalation toxicity of lithium combustion aerosols in rats." Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 18, no. 4 (January 1986): 627–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15287398609530899.

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29

Inkret, W. C. T., M. E. Schillaci, M. K. Boyce, Y. S. Cheng, D. W. Efurd, T. T. Little, G. Miller, J. A. Musgrave, and J. R. Wermer. "Internal Dosimetry for Inhalation of Hafnium Tritide Aerosols." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 93, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006413.

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30

Muir, D. C. F., and K. Cena. "Generation of Ultrafine Silver Aerosols for Inhalation Studies." Aerosol Science and Technology 6, no. 3 (January 1987): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786828708959141.

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31

Sahakijpijarn, Sawittree, Hugh D. C. Smyth, Danforth P. Miller, and Jeffry G. Weers. "Post-inhalation cough with therapeutic aerosols: Formulation considerations." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 165-166 (2020): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2020.05.003.

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32

Edwards, David A., Abdelaziz Ben-Jebria, and Robert Langer. "Recent advances in pulmonary drug delivery using large, porous inhaled particles." Journal of Applied Physiology 85, no. 2 (August 1, 1998): 379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.85.2.379.

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The ability to deliver proteins and peptides to the systemic circulation by inhalation has contributed to a rise in the number of inhalation therapies under investigation. For most of these therapies, aerosols are designed to comprise small spherical droplets or particles of mass density near 1 g/cm3 and mean geometric diameter between ∼1 and 3 μm, suitable for particle penetration into the airways or lung periphery. Studies performed primarily with liquid aerosols have shown that these characteristics of inhaled aerosols lead to optimal therapeutic effect, both for local and systemic therapeutic delivery. Inefficient drug delivery can still arise, owing to excessive particle aggregation in an inhaler, deposition in the mouth and throat, and overly rapid particle removal from the lungs by mucocilliary or phagocytic clearance mechanisms. To address these problems, particle surface chemistry and surface roughness are traditionally manipulated. Recent data indicate that major improvements in aerosol particle performance may also be achieved by lowering particle mass density and increasing particle size, since large, porous particles display less tendency to agglomerate than (conventional) small and nonporous particles. Also, large, porous particles inhaled into the lungs can potentially release therapeutic substances for long periods of time by escaping phagocytic clearance from the lung periphery, thus enabling therapeutic action for periods ranging from hours to many days.

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Hofer, Sabine, Norbert Hofstätter, Albert Duschl, and Martin Himly. "SARS-CoV-2-Laden Respiratory Aerosol Deposition in the Lung Alveolar-Interstitial Region Is a Potential Risk Factor for Severe Disease: A Modeling Study." Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm11050431.

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COVID-19, predominantly a mild disease, is associated with more severe clinical manifestation upon pulmonary involvement. Virion-laden aerosols and droplets target different anatomical sites for deposition. Compared to droplets, aerosols more readily advance into the peripheral lung. We performed in silico modeling to confirm the secondary pulmonary lobules as the primary site of disease initiation. By taking different anatomical aerosol origins into consideration and reflecting aerosols from exhalation maneuvers breathing and vocalization, the physicochemical properties of generated respiratory aerosol particles were defined upon conversion to droplet nuclei by evaporation at ambient air. To provide detailed, spatially-resolved information on particle deposition in the thoracic region of the lung, a top-down refinement approach was employed. Our study presents evidence for hot spots of aerosol deposition in lung generations beyond the terminal bronchiole, with a maximum in the secondary pulmonary lobules and a high preference to the lower lobes of both lungs. In vivo, initial chest CT anomalies, the ground glass opacities, resulting from partial alveolar filling and interstitial thickening in the secondary pulmonary lobules, are likewise localized in these lung generations, with the highest frequency in both lower lobes and in the early stage of disease. Hence, our results suggest a disease initiation right there upon inhalation of virion-laden respiratory aerosols, linking the aerosol transmission route to pathogenesis associated with higher disease burden and identifying aerosol transmission as a new independent risk factor for developing a pulmonary phase with a severe outcome.

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Montero, Angel, M. Elias Dueker, and Gregory D. O’Mullan. "Culturable bioaerosols along an urban waterfront are primarily associated with coarse particles." PeerJ 4 (December 22, 2016): e2827. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2827.

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The source, characteristics and transport of viable microbial aerosols in urban centers are topics of significant environmental and public health concern. Recent studies have identified adjacent waterways, and especially polluted waterways, as an important source of microbial aerosols to urban air. The size of these aerosols influences how far they travel, their resistance to environmental stress, and their inhalation potential. In this study, we utilize a cascade impactor and aerosol particle monitor to characterize the size distribution of particles and culturable bacterial and fungal aerosols along the waterfront of a New York City embayment. We seek to address the potential contribution of bacterial aerosols from local sources and to determine how their number, size distribution, and taxonomic identity are affected by wind speed and wind direction (onshore vs. offshore). Total culturable microbial counts were higher under offshore winds (average of 778 CFU/m3± 67), with bacteria comprising the majority of colonies (58.5%), as compared to onshore winds (580 CFU/m3± 110) where fungi were dominant (87.7%). The majority of cultured bacteria and fungi sampled during both offshore winds (88%) and onshore winds (72%) were associated with coarse aerosols (>2.1 µm), indicative of production from local sources. There was a significant correlation (p < 0.05) of wind speed with both total and coarse culturable microbial aerosol concentrations. Taxonomic analysis, based on DNA sequencing, showed that Actinobacteria was the dominant phylum among aerosol isolates. In particular,StreptomycesandBacillus, both spore forming genera that are often soil-associated, were abundant under both offshore and onshore wind conditions. Comparisons of bacterial communities present in the bioaerosol sequence libraries revealed that particle size played an important role in microbial aerosol taxonomy. Onshore and offshore coarse libraries were found to be most similar. This study demonstrates that the majority of culturable bacterial aerosols along a New York City waterfront were associated with coarse aerosol particles, highlighting the importance of local sources, and that the taxonomy of culturable aerosol bacteria differed by size fraction and wind direction.

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Verbanck, S., C. Darquenne, G. K. Prisk, W. Vincken, and M. Paiva. "A source of experimental underestimation of aerosol bolus deposition." Journal of Applied Physiology 86, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 1067–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.86.3.1067.

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We examined the measurement error in inhaled and exhaled aerosol concentration resulting from the bolus delivery system when small volumes of monodisperse aerosols are inspired to different lung depths. A laser photometer that illuminated ∼75% of the breathing path cross section recorded low inhaled bolus half-widths (42 ml) and negative deposition values for shallow bolus inhalation when the inhalation path of a 60-ml aerosol was straight and unobstructed. We attributed these results to incomplete mixing of the inhaled aerosol bolus over the breathing path cross section, on the basis of simultaneous recordings of the photometer with a particle-counter sampling from either the center or the edge of the breathing path. Inserting a 90° bend into the inhaled bolus path increased the photometer measurement of inhaled bolus half-width to 57 ml and yielded positive deposition values. Dispersion, which is predominantly affected by exhaled bolus half-width, was not significantly altered by the 90° bend. We conclude that aerosol bolus-delivery systems should ensure adequate mixing of the inhaled bolus to avoid error in measurement of bolus deposition.

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Hussein, Tareq, Jakob Löndahl, Sara Thuresson, Malin Alsved, Afnan Al-Hunaiti, Kalle Saksela, Hazem Aqel, Heikki Junninen, Alexander Mahura, and Markku Kulmala. "Indoor Model Simulation for COVID-19 Transport and Exposure." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (March 12, 2021): 2927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062927.

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Transmission of respiratory viruses is a complex process involving emission, deposition in the airways, and infection. Inhalation is often the most relevant transmission mode in indoor environments. For severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the risk of inhalation transmission is not yet fully understood. Here, we used an indoor aerosol model combined with a regional inhaled deposited dose model to examine the indoor transport of aerosols from an infected person with novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) to a susceptible person and assess the potential inhaled dose rate of particles. Two scenarios with different ventilation rates were compared, as well as adult female versus male recipients. Assuming a source strength of 10 viruses/s, in a tightly closed room with poor ventilation (0.5 h−1), the respiratory tract deposited dose rate was 140–350 and 100–260 inhaled viruses/hour for males and females; respectively. With ventilation at 3 h−1 the dose rate was only 30–90 viruses/hour. Correcting for the half-life of SARS-CoV-2 in air, these numbers are reduced by a factor of 1.2–2.2 for poorly ventilated rooms and 1.1–1.4 for well-ventilated rooms. Combined with future determinations of virus emission rates, the size distribution of aerosols containing the virus, and the infectious dose, these results could play an important role in understanding the full picture of potential inhalation transmission in indoor environments.

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Oh, Hyeon-Ju, Yoohan Ma, and Jongbok Kim. "Human Inhalation Exposure to Aerosol and Health Effect: Aerosol Monitoring and Modelling Regional Deposited Doses." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6 (March 16, 2020): 1923. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061923.

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Since poor air quality affects human health in the short and long term, much research has been performed on indoor and outdoor aerosol exposure; however, there is a lack of specific data on the exposure and health risks of inhalable aerosols that contain bioaerosol in different environments of human life. To investigate the potential exposure to inhalable aerosols (in the monitoring of particulate matter (PM) based on R modeling, variations of PM depend on the ventilation system and bioaerosols based on size distribution) in various environments, the special viability and culturability of bioaerosols and their deposition doses in the respiratory system were evaluated. We conducted exposure assessments on inhalable aerosols in various indoor environments (childcare facilities, schools, commercial buildings, elderly and homes). The fractions of PM (PM10, PM4 and PM2.5) were investigated and, for the bioaerosol, the viability, culturability, inhalation daily dose and the deposited dose of the aerosol in the respiratory system were calculated to evaluate the human health effects. For two years, the distribution of the indoor PM concentration was high in all PM fractions in schools and commercial buildings, and low in the elderly and at homes. For airborne bacteria, the highest concentrations were shown in the childcare facility during the four seasons, while airborne fungi showed high concentrations in the buildings during the spring and summer, which showed significant differences from other investigated environments (between the buildings and elderly and homes: p < 0.05). The viability and culturability for the bioaerosol showed no significant difference in all environments, and the correlation between inhalable PM and bioaerosol obtained from the six-stage impactor showed that the coefficient of determination (R2) between coarse particles (PM10–2.5, the size of stage 2–3) and cultivable airborne bacteria ranged from 0.70 (elderly and homes) to 0.84 (school) during the summer season.

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Pearce, Kaitlin M., Imoh Okon, and Christa Watson-Wright. "Induction of Oxidative DNA Damage and Epithelial Mesenchymal Transitions in Small Airway Epithelial Cells Exposed to Cosmetic Aerosols." Toxicological Sciences 177, no. 1 (June 18, 2020): 248–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfaa089.

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Abstract Engineered metal nanoparticles (ENPs) are frequently incorporated into aerosolized consumer products, known as nano-enabled products (NEPs). Concern for consumer pulmonary exposures grows as NEPs produce high concentrations of chemically modified ENPs. A significant knowledge gap still exists surrounding NEP aerosol respiratory effects as previous research focuses on pristine/unmodified ENPs. Our research evaluated metal-containing aerosols emitted from nano-enabled cosmetics and their induction of oxidative stress and DNA damage, which may contribute to epithelial mesenchymal transitions (EMT) within primary human small airway epithelial cells. We utilized an automated NEP generation system to monitor and gravimetrically collect aerosols from two aerosolized cosmetic lines. Aerosol monitoring data were inputted into modeling software to determine potential inhaled dose and in vitro concentrations. Toxicological profiles of aerosols and comparable pristine ENPs (TiO2 and Fe2O3) were used to assess reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress by fluorescent-based assays. Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) damage and 8-oxoguanine were detected using the CometChip assay after 24-h exposure. Western blots were conducted after 21-day exposure to evaluate modulation of EMT markers. Results indicated aerosols possessed primarily ultrafine particles largely depositing in tracheobronchial lung regions. Significant increases in oxidative stress, ssDNA damage, and 8-oxoguanine were detected post-exposure to aerosols versus pristine ENPs. Western blots revealed statistically significant decreases in E-cadherin and increases in vimentin, fascin, and CD44 for two aerosols, indicating EMT. This work suggests certain prolonged NEP inhalation exposures cause oxidative DNA damage, which may play a role in cellular changes associated with reduced respiratory function and should be of concern.

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Rajic, Dusan, Negovan Ivankovic, Natasa Ivankovic, Marina Ilic, Zeljko Senic, and Natasa Pajic. "Testing the protective efficiency of personal respiratory protection devices in radiologically contaminated environments." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 28, no. 1 (2013): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp1301102r.

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The use of ammunition primed with depleted uranium is one of the hallmarks of modern combat operations, resulting in environmental contamination by particles of depleted uranium and uranium oxide, scattered around in the form of submicron-scale aerosols. This paper examined the protective effectiveness of the Serbian military's M3 protective face mask in relation to the presence of airborne depleted uranium and its by-products. Sodium chloride in solid aerosol form was used as a test substance and adequate physical simulator of such radioactive aerosols because its granulometric (particle) size distribution met the requirements of suitability as a simulator. Determination of aerosol concentration was carried out by flame photometry method, whilst granulometric distribution was determined by an electric particles analyzer. It was established that the total internal leakage of the M3 protective mask was as much a function of the penetration of particles through the combined M3 filter as of the leaks along the fitting line of the user's face mask and the inhalation valve. In terms of its protective effect against aerosols of depleted uranium and associated oxides, the Serbian M3 protective mask was determined to be of high efficiency and physiological suitability.

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Groeben, Harald, Marie-Theres Silvanus, Mechthild Beste, and Jurgen Peters. "Combined Intravenous Lidocaine and Inhaled Salbutamol Protect against Bronchial Hyperreactivity More Effectively than Lidocaine or Salbutamol Alone." Anesthesiology 89, no. 4 (October 1, 1998): 862–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199810000-00010.

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Background Airway instrumentation in persons with asthma is linked to the risk of life-threatening bronchospasm. To attenuate the response to airway irritation, intravenous lidocaine is recommended (based on animal experiments) and mitigates the response to histamine inhalation in asthmatic volunteers. However, the effects of lidocaine have not been compared with standard prophylaxis with beta-sympathomimetic aerosols. Therefore, the effect of lidocaine, salbutamol, combined treatment, and placebo control were tested in awake volunteers with bronchial hyperreactivity. Methods After approval from the local ethics committee, 15 persons, who were selected because they showed a decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) more than 20% of baseline in response to inhaled histamine in a concentration less than 18 mg/ml (PC20), were enrolled in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, and randomized study. The challenge was repeated on four different days and the volunteers were pretreated with either intravenous lidocaine, inhalation of salbutamol, inhalation of salbutamol plus intravenous lidocaine, or placebo. Lidocaine plasma concentrations were also measured. Statistical analyses included the Friedman test and Wilcoxon's rank sum. Results The baseline PC20 was 6.4 +/- 4.3 mg/ml. Intravenous lidocaine and salbutamol aerosol both significantly increased the histamine threshold to 14.2 +/- 9.5 mg/ml and 16.8 +/- 10.9 mg/ml, respectively (mean +/- SD). However, the combination of lidocaine and salbutamol significantly increased the PC20 even further to 30.7 +/- 15.7 mg/ml than did salbutamol or lidocaine alone. Conclusions In volunteers with bronchial hyperreactivity, both lidocaine and salbutamol attenuate the response to an inhalational histamine challenge, and their combined administration has much greater effects than does either drug alone. Accordingly, pretreatment of patients with bronchial hyperreactivity with both beta-mimetic aerosol and intravenous lidocaine is recommended before airway irritation.

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LARENAS, D., and J. HUERTA. "311 Aerosols: How to improve inhalation technique in children." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 97, no. 1 (January 1996): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0091-6749(96)80529-x.

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REBAR, A. H., B. J. GREENSPAN, and M. D. ALLEN. "Acute Inhalation Toxicopathology of Lithium Combustion Aerosols in Rats." Toxicological Sciences 7, no. 1 (1986): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/7.1.58.

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Schieferdecker, Horst, Horst Dilger, Hans Doerfel, Werner Rudolph, and Rudolf Anton. "Inhalation of U Aerosols from UO2 Fuel Element Fabrication." Health Physics 48, no. 1 (January 1985): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-198501000-00003.

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Allen, Michael D., Bernard J. Greenspan, James K. Briant, and Mark D. Hoover. "Generation of Li Combustion Aerosols for Animal Inhalation Studies." Health Physics 51, no. 1 (July 1986): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-198607000-00010.

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Newman, S. P., P. G. D. Pellow, and S. W. Clarke. "Droplet size distributions of nebulised aerosols for inhalation therapy." Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 7, no. 2 (May 1986): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0143-0815/7/2/004.

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Dalbey, W. E. "Subchronic Inhalation Exposures to Aerosols of Three Petroleum Lubricants." AIHAJ - American Industrial Hygiene Association 62, no. 1 (January 2001): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298660108984609.

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Pillai, Raviraj S., Donovan B. Yeates, Irving F. Miller, and Anthony J. Hickey. "Controlled dissolution from wax-coated aerosol particles in canine lungs." Journal of Applied Physiology 84, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 717–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.84.2.717.

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Pillai, Raviraj S., Donovan B. Yeates, Irving F. Miller, and Anthony J. Hickey. Controlled dissolution from wax-coated aerosol particles in canine lungs. J. Appl. Physiol. 84(2): 717–725, 1998.—Treatment of pulmonary and systemic diseases may be improved and toxicity reduced by pulmonary deposition of drug-containing aerosols exhibiting delayed dissolution. Aqueous disodium fluorescein and pentamidine aerosols were dried, concentrated, and condensation coated with paraffin wax. The apparent mass median aerodynamic diameters of the coated fluorescein particles were 2.8–4.0 μm. Wax-to-fluorescein ratios were 0.38–1.05. The dissolution half times determined using a single-pass flow system were 1.5 min for uncoated fluorescein and 0.8 min for uncoated pentamidine. These increased over threefold when the aerosols were coated with paraffin wax to maxima of 5.3 and 2.6 min, respectively. Wax-coated aerosols generated from fluorescein mixed with99mTc-labeled iron oxide colloid delivered to the canine lungs demonstrated a 3.4-fold increase in the absorption half time of disodium fluorescein compared with uncoated fluorescein (11.2 vs. 38.4 min). The absence of changes in pulmonary function on inhalation of these wax-coated aerosols, together with a high drug load and delayed release, establishes a foundation for future therapeutic applications.

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Turdybekova, Yasminur G., Irina L. Kopobayeva, Berikbay Zh Kultanov, Roza Zh Yesimova, and Galina V. Fedotovskikh. "Morphology of the Ovaries in Condition of Inhalation Intoxication with Dust-Saline Aerosols of the Aral Sea in Female White Rats." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 6, no. 6 (June 16, 2018): 997–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2018.240.

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BACKGROUND: After some clinical studies of the reproductive health of the female population of the Aral Sea region, we concluded that it is necessary to confirm by experiment the theory of the direct influence of dust-saline aerosols of the Aral Sea on the reproductive system of female individuals.AIM: The purpose of this work is to study the effect of dust-saline aerosols of the Aral Sea on the folliculogenesis process in rats at inhalation intoxication.METHODS: Inhalation in rats was carried out for 30 days for 4 hours a day for 5 days a week in special inoculating cylindrical chambers with the extra-chamber placement of animals in individual boxes and dynamic aerosol delivery. Morphological changes were assessed using electron microscopy.RESULTS: Ultrastructural changes in the ovaries of the experimental study group were characterised by the pathology of all structures of the cortical substance of the organ. The accumulation of lutein pigment, the utilisation of lipid inclusions and the destruction of the complete cell reflected the pathology of estrogen production-an important factor in the postovulatory phase of the ovarian cycle.CONCLUSIONS: Taking into account the proven effect of dust-saline aerosols on the production of estrogen, the violation of the postovulatory phase of the ovarian cycle, we trace the mechanism of folliculogenesis disturbance. This confirms the data of our previous studies on primary and secondary infertility in women living in the Aral Sea region and the necessity of creation and development of preventive measures for the inhabitants of the region.

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Kim, Chong S., and Shu-Chieh Hu. "Total respiratory tract deposition of fine micrometer-sized particles in healthy adults: empirical equations for sex and breathing pattern." Journal of Applied Physiology 101, no. 2 (August 2006): 401–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00026.2006.

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Accurate dose estimation under various inhalation conditions is important for assessing both the potential health effects of pollutant particles and the therapeutic efficacy of medicinal aerosols. We measured total deposition fraction (TDF) of monodisperse micrometer-sized particles [particle diameter (Dp) = 1, 3, and 5 μm in diameter] in healthy adults (8 men and 7 women) in a wide range of breathing patterns; tidal volumes (Vt) of 350–1500 ml and respiratory flow rates (Q̇) of 175–1,000 ml/s. The subject inhaled test aerosols for 10–20 breaths with each of the prescribed breathing patterns, and TDF was obtained by monitoring inhaled and exhaled aerosols breath by breath by a laser aerosol photometer. Results show that TDF varied from 0.12–0.25, 0.26–0.68, and 0.45–0.83 for Dp = 1, 3, and 5 μm, respectively, depending on the breathing pattern used. TDF was comparable between men and women for Dp = 1 μm but was greater in women than men for Dp = 3 and 5 μm for all breathing patterns used ( P < 0.05). TDF increased with an increase in Vt regardless of Dp and Q̇ used. At a fixed Vt TDF decreased with an increase in Q̇ for Dp = 1 and 3 μm but did not show any significant changes for Dp = 5 μm. The varying TDF values, however, could be consolidated by a single composite parameter (ω) consisting of Dp, Vt, and Q̇. The results indicate that unifying empirical formulas provide a convenient means of assessing deposition dose of particles under varying inhalation conditions.

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Misik, Ondrej, Frantisek Lizal, Vahid Farhikhteh Asl, Miloslav Belka, Jan Jedelsky, Jakub Elcner, and Miroslav Jicha. "Inhalers and nebulizers: basic principles and preliminary measurements." EPJ Web of Conferences 180 (2018): 02068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818002068.

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Inhalers are hand-held devices which are used for administration of therapeutic aerosols via inhalation. Nebulizers are larger devices serving for home and hospital care using inhaled medication. This contribution describes the basic principles of dispersion of aerosol particles used in various types of inhalers and nebulizers, and lists the basic physical mechanisms contributing to the deposition of inhaled particles in the human airways. The second part of this article presents experimental setup, methodology and preliminary results of particle size distributions produced by several selected inhalers and nebulizers.

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