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Journal articles on the topic 'Inhibitory neurotransmitters'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 27 July 2025

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1

Kim, Dongshin, and Jang-Sik Lee. "Emulating Excitatory and Inhibitory Functions in Artificial Synaptic Devices." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 33 (2022): 2585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02332585mtgabs.

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Synaptic signals are controlled by neurotransmitters. The synaptic signals can be excited or inhibited depending on the types of neurotransmitters. The demonstration of the balancing between excitatory and inhibitory signals has important implications for the complex and efficient computing of the nervous system. Emulating the excitatory-inhibitory balancing behaviors of the nervous system is one way to establish neuromorphic computing. In this study, we demonstrate artificial synapses using PEDOT:PSS channel and neurotransmitter solutions to emulate the excitatory-inhibitory balancing behavio

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Huang, Chun-Ping, Yi-Wen Lin, Der-Yen Lee, and Ching-Liang Hsieh. "Electroacupuncture Relieves CCI-Induced Neuropathic Pain Involving Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurotransmitters." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2019 (October 20, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6784735.

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Neuropathic pain caused by peripheral tissue injuries to the higher brain regions still has no satisfactory therapy. Disruption of the balance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters is one of the underlying mechanisms that results in chronic neuropathic pain. Targeting neurotransmitters and related receptors may constitute a novel approach for treating neuropathic pain. We investigated the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on chronic constriction injury- (CCI-) induced neuropathic pain. The mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia pain behaviors were relieved by 15 Hz EA but not

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Foxx-Orenstein, A. E., and J. R. Grider. "Regulation of colonic propulsion by enteric excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 271, no. 3 (1996): G433—G437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1996.271.3.g433.

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The contribution of excitatory and inhibitory motor neurotransmitters to colonic propulsion was examined in isolated segments of guinea pig colon. Synthetic fecal pellets were inserted at the proximal end of the segment, and the velocity of pellet propulsion across a fixed distance was measured in the presence and absence of selective neurotransmitter antagonists. The control velocity (0.97 +/- 0.02 mm/s) was inhibited in a concentration-dependent fashion by atropine and the neurokinin (NK)-2a antagonist MEN-10,376 [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), 1 microM; maximal inhibition, 98

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4

Nilsson, G. E., and P. L. Lutz. "Release of inhibitory neurotransmitters in response to anoxia in turtle brain." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 261, no. 1 (1991): R32—R37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1991.261.1.r32.

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In mammals a massive release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, occurring within a few minutes of anoxia/ischemia, is thought to be a major mediator of anoxic brain damage. In contrast to the mammalian brain, the turtle brain is exceptionally anoxia tolerant. Using intracerebral microdialysis in turtle brain striatum, we have found a large increase in the extracellular level of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid during anoxia, reaching 90 times the normoxic level after 240 min, whereas no substantial release of glutamate occurred. Moreover, the inhibitory neurot

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Korpi, Esa R., Riikka Mäkelä, and Mikko Uusi-Oukari. "Ethanol: Novel Actions on Nerve Cell Physiology Explain Impaired Functions." Physiology 13, no. 4 (1998): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1998.13.4.164.

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Molecular biological tools have revealed receptor proteins for excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters on cell membranes as targets of ethanol action. Behavioral and pharmacogenetic assays using rodent lines have supported this neurotransmitter theory of ethanol action and given a firm basis for future identification of the relevant genes and the central physiological processes vulnerable to ethanol.

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6

Lammers, JW, PJ Barnes, and KF Chung. "Nonadrenergic, noncholinergic airway inhibitory nerves." European Respiratory Journal 5, no. 2 (1992): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.93.05020239.

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Nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) nerves, which cause relaxation of airway smooth muscle, have been described in several species including man. Stimulation of efferent vagus nerves during cholinergic and adrenergic blockade induces a pronounced bronchodilation in the cat. In more recent studies in man, capsaicin inhalation or mechanical irritation of the larynx, under conditions of cholinergic and adrenergic blockade, have been shown to cause a transient bronchodilator response. There is some evidence that neuropeptides such as vasointestinal peptide (VIP) or peptide histidine methionine (P

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7

Neuray, Caroline, Reza Maroofian, Marcello Scala, et al. "Early-infantile onset epilepsy and developmental delay caused by bi-allelic GAD1 variants." Brain 143, no. 8 (2020): 2388–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa178.

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Abstract Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate are the most abundant amino acid neurotransmitters in the brain. GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, is synthesized by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Its predominant isoform GAD67, contributes up to ∼90% of base-level GABA in the CNS, and is encoded by the GAD1 gene. Disruption of GAD1 results in an imbalance of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters, and as Gad1−/− mice die neonatally of severe cleft palate, it has not been possible to determine any potential neurological dysfunction. Furthermore, little is known about the conse

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Chandana, Bandaru, G. Krishna Mohan, and M. Sandhya Rani. "Advanced Molecular Mechanisms of Epilepsy." Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance and Quality Control 5, no. 2 (2023): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/jqaqc.2023.v05i02.004.

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The Central Nervous System (CNS) is a complex network composed of the cerebral cortex and the vertebral column, orchestrating intricate processes through neural networks and chemical regulation. Neurotransmission in the CNS involves neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, neuromediators, and neurotropic factors, playing distinct roles in cellular activity and synaptic plasticity. Various neurotransmitters such as dopamine, glutamate, GABA, glycine, serotonin, and others exert diverse effects on the CNS through specific receptors, influencing synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability. GABA, t

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9

Hassan, Ahmed H. E., Hyeon Jeong Kim, Keontae Park, et al. "Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of O6-Aminoalkyl-Hispidol Analogs as Multifunctional Monoamine Oxidase-B Inhibitors towards Management of Neurodegenerative Diseases." Antioxidants 12, no. 5 (2023): 1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox12051033.

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Oxidative catabolism of monoamine neurotransmitters by monoamine oxidases (MAOs) produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), which contributes to neuronal cells’ death and also lowers monoamine neurotransmitter levels. In addition, acetylcholinesterase activity and neuroinflammation are involved in neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, we aim to achieve a multifunctional agent that inhibits the oxidative catabolism of monoamine neurotransmitters and, hence, the detrimental production of ROS while enhancing neurotransmitter levels. Such a multifunctional agent might also inhibit acetylcholinesterase

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Łażewska, Dorota, Paula Zaręba, Justyna Godyń, et al. "Biphenylalkoxyamine Derivatives–Histamine H3 Receptor Ligands with Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity." Molecules 26, no. 12 (2021): 3580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123580.

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Neurodegenerative diseases, e.g., Alzheimer’s disease (AD), are a key health problem in the aging population. The lack of effective therapy and diagnostics does not help to improve this situation. It is thought that ligands influencing multiple but interconnected targets can contribute to a desired pharmacological effect in these complex illnesses. Histamine H3 receptors (H3Rs) play an important role in the brain, influencing the release of important neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine. Compounds blocking their activity can increase the level of these neurotransmitters. Cholinesterases (a

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Kuang, Zhili, Zheng Chen, Shaoqin Tu та ін. "Dopamine Suppresses Osteogenic Differentiation of Rat Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells via AKT/GSK-3β/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway". Stem Cells International 2022 (29 червня 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4154440.

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Nervous system is critically involved in bone homeostasis and osteogenesis. Dopamine, a pivotal neurotransmitter, plays a crucial role in sympathetic regulation, hormone secretion, immune activation, and blood pressure regulation. However, the role of dopamine on osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) remains poorly understood. In this study, we firstly investigated the effect of dopamine on the apoptosis, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs. Dopamine did not, however, interfere with the apoptosis and proliferation of rBMSCs. I

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Tilan, Jason, and Joanna Kitlinska. "Sympathetic Neurotransmitters and Tumor Angiogenesis—Link between Stress and Cancer Progression." Journal of Oncology 2010 (2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/539706.

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Recent evidence supports a longstanding hypothesis that chronic stress can influence tumor growth and progression. It has been shown that sympathetic neurotransmitters, such as catecholamines and neuropeptides, can affect both cancer cell growth and tumor vascularization. Depending on neurotransmitter and type of tumor, these effects can be both stimulatory and inhibitory. Norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) are potent stimulators of vascularization, acting both by inducing the release of angiogenic factors from tumor cells and directly on endothelial cell (EC) functions. As a result, acti

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Gao, Hong, Lucie D. Desmoulins, Andrea Zsombok, and Andrei V. Derbenev. "Co‐release of inhibitory neurotransmitters in the RVLM." FASEB Journal 34, S1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.04868.

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Smith, Anika K., Alex R. Wade, Kirsty EH Penkman, and Daniel H. Baker. "Dietary modulation of cortical excitation and inhibition." Journal of Psychopharmacology 31, no. 5 (2017): 632–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881117699613.

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The balance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain affects both neural responses and behaviour in humans and animals. Here we investigated whether dietary intervention aimed at increasing levels of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) can influence neural responses to basic sensory stimuli. Using a steady-state electroencephalography (EEG) paradigm, we found that the neural response to visual patterns was reduced in individuals who consumed a yeast extract product rich in substances associated with the production of GABA (glutamate and B vitamins)

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15

Belvisi, M. G., C. D. Stretton, M. Miura, et al. "Inhibitory NANC nerves in human tracheal smooth muscle: a quest for the neurotransmitter." Journal of Applied Physiology 73, no. 6 (1992): 2505–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.73.6.2505.

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Inhibitory nonadrenergic noncholinergic (i-NANC) nerves are the only neural bronchodilator pathway in human airways. Possible candidates for the neurotransmitter include vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and nitric oxide (NO) and purines such as ATP. We have investigated the potential role of these neurotransmitters. Phosphoramidon (10(-5) M) significantly potentiated relaxations to low doses of VIP with no effect on i-NANC responses. Relaxations induced by VIp were abolished with alpha-chymotrypsin (2 U/ml), but i-NANC responses were unaffected. Reactive blue 2 had no effect on i-NANC neura

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Bieda, Mark C., and David R. Copenhagen. "Sodium Action Potentials Are Not Required for Light-Evoked Release of GABA or Glycine From Retinal Amacrine Cells." Journal of Neurophysiology 81, no. 6 (1999): 3092–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.81.6.3092.

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Sodium action potentials are not required for light-evoked release of GABA or glycine from retinal amacrine cells. Although most CNS neurons require sodium action potentials (Na-APs) for normal stimulus-evoked release of classical neurotransmitters, many types of retinal and other sensory neurons instead use only graded potentials for neurotransmitter release. The physiological properties and information processing capacity of Na-AP–producing neurons appear significantly different from those of graded potential neurons. To classify amacrine cells in this dichotomy, we investigated whether Na-A

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Umaru, Isaac John, Nwofor Innocent, and Kerenhappuch Isaac Umaru. "Review: Neurochemical Aspects of Mental Health and Neurological Diseases." African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research 1, no. 1 (2024): 202–57. https://doi.org/10.58578/ajbmbr.v1i1.3473.

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Neurochemistry is the study of chemicals, including neurotransmitters, hormones, and other molecules, that influence the function and behavior of the nervous system. This field has evolved significantly since the early 20th century, driven by key discoveries and technological advancements such as Neurotransmitters and Mental Health, "Neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine are fundamental in regulating mood, cognition, and behavior. Disruptions in these systems are implicated in various psychiatric disorders". Also, Neurotransmitter Imbalances and Mental Disorders: this

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18

Saha, J. K., J. N. Sengupta, and R. K. Goyal. "Role of chloride ions in lower esophageal sphincter tone and relaxation." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 263, no. 1 (1992): G115—G126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1992.263.1.g115.

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Studies were performed in strips of opossum lower esophageal sphincter (LES) muscle in vitro. External Cl(-)-free Krebs solution (0[Cl-]o) inhibited resting tone. Treatment with the Cl- channel blocker diphenylamine-2-carboxylate (DPC, 0.3-100 microM) caused a concentration-dependent relaxation of LES muscle, as did treatment with 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS, 1 microM-3 mM), a Cl(-)-HCO3- exchange blocker, and bumetanide (0.3-100 microM), a blocker of the Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl- cotransport. DIDS and bumetanide are also known to cause Cl- channel block. The calculated pD2

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Higashi, Eriko, Miki Nakajima, Miki Katoh, Shogo Tokudome, and Tsuyoshi Yokoi. "Inhibitory Effects of Neurotransmitters and Steroids on Human CYP2A6." Drug Metabolism and Disposition 35, no. 4 (2007): 508–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/dmd.106.014084.

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Moore, Lucille A., and Laurence O. Trussell. "Corelease of Inhibitory Neurotransmitters in the Mouse Auditory Midbrain." Journal of Neuroscience 37, no. 39 (2017): 9453–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1125-17.2017.

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Wen, Zhi-Hong, Nan-Fu Chen, Hao-Jung Cheng, et al. "Upregulated spinal histone deacetylases induce nociceptive sensitization by inhibiting the GABA system in chronic constriction injury–induced neuropathy in rats." PAIN Reports 9, no. 6 (2024): e1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pr9.0000000000001209.

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Abstract Introduction: Neuropathic pain (NP) affects countless people worldwide; however, few effective treatments are currently available. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) participate in epigenetic modifications in neuropathy-induced nociceptive sensitization. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter that can inhibit NP. The present study aimed to examine the role of spinal HDAC and its isoforms in neuropathy. Methods: Male Wistar Rat with chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced peripheral neuropathy and HDAC inhibitor, panobinostat, was administrated intrathecally.

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Terasawa, Ei, and David L. Fernandez. "Neurobiological Mechanisms of the Onset of Puberty in Primates*." Endocrine Reviews 22, no. 1 (2001): 111–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/edrv.22.1.0418.

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Abstract An increase in pulsatile release of LHRH is essential for the onset of puberty. However, the mechanism controlling the pubertal increase in LHRH release is still unclear. In primates the LHRH neurosecretory system is already active during the neonatal period but subsequently enters a dormant state in the juvenile/prepubertal period. Neither gonadal steroid hormones nor the absence of facilitatory neuronal inputs to LHRH neurons is responsible for the low levels of LHRH release before the onset of puberty in primates. Recent studies suggest that during the prepubertal period an inhibit

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Habibzadeh, Seyedeh Nasim. "Caffeine Components Empower the Brain Potentiality." Journal of Spine and Neuroscience 1, no. 1 (2020): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2694-1201.jsn-20-3523.

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The brain requires certain fuels to function in high level. Literally, nutritional components can modulate the brain productivity. One of the right nutrition to enhance the brain power is dietary component of caffeine. Caffeine as a component of coffee, tea and chocolate is very popular. Although, depending on the dietary demands or conventional habits some people do not consume caffeine-containing substances (i.e. foods or beverage). Nonetheless, caffeine constituents maximize the brain potential via promoting the central nervous system (CNS) through blocking an inhibitory neurotransmitter (a

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Vanden Berghe, Pieter, Sander Molhoek, Ludwig Missiaen, Jan Tack, and Jozef Janssens. "Differential Ca2+ signaling characteristics of inhibitory and excitatory myenteric motor neurons in culture." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 279, no. 5 (2000): G1121—G1127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2000.279.5.g1121.

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Physiological studies on functionally identified myenteric neurons are scarce because of technical limitations. We combined retrograde labeling, cell culturing, and fluorescent intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) signaling to study excitatory neurotransmitter responsiveness of myenteric motor neurons. 1,1-Didodecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl indocarbocyanine (DiI) was used to label circular muscle motor neurons of the guinea pig ileum. DiI-labeled neurons were easily detectable in cultures prepared from these segments. The excitatory neurotransmitters (10−5 M) acetylcholine, substance P, and

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Fazekas, Csilla Lea, Adrienn Szabó, Bibiána Török, et al. "A New Player in the Hippocampus: A Review on VGLUT3+ Neurons and Their Role in the Regulation of Hippocampal Activity and Behaviour." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 2 (2022): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020790.

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Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory amino acid in the central nervous system. Neurons using glutamate as a neurotransmitter can be characterised by vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs). Among the three subtypes, VGLUT3 is unique, co-localising with other “classical” neurotransmitters, such as the inhibitory GABA. Glutamate, manipulated by VGLUT3, can modulate the packaging as well as the release of other neurotransmitters and serve as a retrograde signal through its release from the somata and dendrites. Its contribution to sensory processes (including seeing, hearing, and mechanose

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Froudist-Walsh, Sean, Diana López-Barroso, María José Torres-Prioris, Paula L. Croxson, and Marcelo L. Berthier. "Plasticity in the Working Memory System: Life Span Changes and Response to Injury." Neuroscientist 24, no. 3 (2017): 261–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073858417717210.

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Working memory acts as a key bridge between perception, long-term memory, and action. The brain regions, connections, and neurotransmitters that underlie working memory undergo dramatic plastic changes during the life span, and in response to injury. Early life reliance on deep gray matter structures fades during adolescence as increasing reliance on prefrontal and parietal cortex accompanies the development of executive aspects of working memory. The rise and fall of working memory capacity and executive functions parallels the development and loss of neurotransmitter function in frontal cort

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Wang, Wenping, Ximing Wu, Chung S. Yang, and Jinsong Zhang. "An Unrecognized Fundamental Relationship between Neurotransmitters: Glutamate Protects against Catecholamine Oxidation." Antioxidants 10, no. 10 (2021): 1564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101564.

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Neurotransmitter catecholamines (dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine) are liable to undergo oxidation, which copper is deeply involved in. Catecholamine oxidation-derived neurotoxicity is recognized as a pivotal pathological mechanism in neurodegenerative diseases. Glutamate, as an excitatory neurotransmitter, is enriched in the brain at extremely high concentrations. However, the chemical biology relationship of these two classes of neurotransmitters remains largely unknown. In the present study, we assessed the influences of glutamate on the autoxidation of catecholamines, the copper-

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Lee, S. C., M. Collins, P. Vanguri, and M. L. Shin. "Glutamate differentially inhibits the expression of class II MHC antigens on astrocytes and microglia." Journal of Immunology 148, no. 11 (1992): 3391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.148.11.3391.

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Abstract MHC molecules are required for Ag recognition by T cells. Inasmuch as cells in the central nervous system do not express MHC constitutively, appearance of MHC, in inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the brain, may indicate local Ag presentation and subsequent immune response. Although both astrocytes and microglia are capable of class II MHC expression in vitro, in vivo studies failed to show the presence of significant amounts of class II on astrocytes compared to microglia. Our study is designed to clarify possible regulatory mechanisms that can explain the differences in indu

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Toljić, Đorđe, and Goran Angelovski. "A low-molecular-weight ditopic MRI probe for ratiometric sensing of zwitterionic amino acid neurotransmitters." Chemical Communications 55, no. 79 (2019): 11924–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc06463j.

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The capability for cooperative binding of a ditopic Gd-based responsive MRI probe was used to advance the sensitivity towards the major excitatory (Glu) and inhibitory (GABA) neurotransmitters over their physiological competitor hydrogencarbonate.

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Nurse, Colin A., Erin M. Leonard, and Shaima Salman. "Role of glial-like type II cells as paracrine modulators of carotid body chemoreception." Physiological Genomics 50, no. 4 (2018): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00142.2017.

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Mammalian carotid bodies (CB) are chemosensory organs that mediate compensatory cardiorespiratory reflexes in response to low blood PO2 (hypoxemia) and elevated CO2/H+ (acid hypercapnia). The chemoreceptors are glomus or type I cells that occur in clusters enveloped by neighboring glial-like type II cells. During chemoexcitation type I cells depolarize, leading to Ca2+-dependent release of several neurotransmitters, some excitatory and others inhibitory, that help shape the afferent carotid sinus nerve (CSN) discharge. Among the predominantly excitatory neurotransmitters are the purines ATP an

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Shuba, M. F., I. A. Vladimirova, and I. B. Philyppov. "Mechanisms of the Inhibitory Action of Neurotransmitters on Smooth Muscles." Neurophysiology 35, no. 3/4 (2003): 224–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:neph.0000008783.45729.d5.

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Gao, Hong-Feng, Gang-Yi Wu, Barrie J. Frost, and Shu-Rong Wang. "Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the nucleus rotundus of pigeons." Visual Neuroscience 12, no. 5 (1995): 819–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095252380000938x.

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AbstractRotundal neurons in pigeons (Columba livia) were examined for the effects of glutamate and its agonists NMDA and AMPA, antagonists CPP and CNQX, as well as of GABA and its antagonist bicuculline, on visual and tectal stimulation-evoked responses. Glutamate applied by iontophoresis excited all 48 rotundal cells tested, and this excitation was blocked by CNQX but not by CPP in 98% of cases, with 2% of cells being blocked by either CNQX or CPP. Out of 21 cells excited by AMPA, 20 were also excited by NMDA, indicating that AMPA and NMDA receptors may coexist in most rotundal cells. Action

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Lekomtseva, Y., G. Gubina-Vakulik, T. Gorbach, and A. Vincent. "Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters with interleukins correlations in neurodegenerative encephalopathies." Journal of the Neurological Sciences 333 (October 2013): e32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2013.07.121.

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SPENCER, ROBERT F., and ROBERT BAKER. "GABA and Glycine as Inhibitory Neurotransmitters in the Vestibuloocular Reflex." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 656, no. 1 Sensing and C (1992): 602–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb25239.x.

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VENTRIGLIA, F., and A. RADDI. "SYNAPTIC ACTIVITY IN A KINETIC THEORY OF NEURAL SYSTEMS." Journal of Biological Systems 02, no. 02 (1994): 229–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339094000167.

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In this article we attempt to extend a kinetic model of neural systems presented earlier, with the introduction of elements related to the dynamics of neurotransmitters. We emphasize the importance of neurotransmitters inducing slow inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) to smoothen the neural system activity obtained in computer simulations. Some kinetic equations are formulated to describe the activity of complex neural systems constituted of several possible subfields. The results of some computational experiments performed with a model of simple feed-forward neural system are described

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CONNAUGHTON, V. P., T. N. BEHAR, W. L. S. LIU, and S. C. MASSEY. "Immunocytochemical localization of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the zebrafish retina." Visual Neuroscience 16, no. 3 (1999): 483–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523899163090.

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The patterns of glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glycine distribution in the zebrafish retina were determined using immunocytochemical localization of antisera at the light-microscope level. The observed GABA immunoreactivity (GABA-IR) patterns were further characterized using antibodies to both isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65 and GAD67), the synthetic enzyme for GABA. Glutamate-IR was observed in all retinal layers with photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells prominently labeled. Bipolar cells displayed the most intense glutamate-IR and bipolar cell axon ter

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Delogu, G. L., F. Pintus, L. Mayán, et al. "MAO inhibitory activity of bromo-2-phenylbenzofurans: synthesis, in vitro study, and docking calculations." MedChemComm 8, no. 9 (2017): 1788–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7md00311k.

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Northcott, Carrie A., Scott Billecke, Teresa Craig, et al. "Nitric oxide synthase, ADMA, SDMA, and nitric oxide activity in the paraventricular nucleus throughout the etiology of renal wrap hypertension." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 302, no. 11 (2012): H2276—H2284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00562.2011.

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Within the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), there is a balance between the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters that regulate blood pressure; in hypertension, the balance shifts to enhanced excitation. Nitric oxide (NO) is an atypical neurotransmitter that elicits inhibitory effects on cardiovascular function. We hypothesized that reduced PVN NO led to elevations in blood pressure during both the onset and sustained phases of hypertension due to decreased NO synthase (NOS) and increased asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA; an endogenous NOS inhibitor) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA)

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Greene, R. W., and D. O. Carpenter. "Actions of neurotransmitters on pontine medical reticular formation neurons of the cat." Journal of Neurophysiology 54, no. 3 (1985): 520–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1985.54.3.520.

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The actions of several neurotransmitters were determined on 43 antidromically identified reticulospinal neurons and 72 unidentified neurons in the paraabducens reticular formation of the anesthetized cat. All neurons were excited by glutamate and aspartate, both of which caused brief, high-frequency responses. In 80% of the reticulospinal neurons glutamate was more potent than aspartate, whereas in 61% of the unidentified neurons aspartate was more potent. Glutamate responses were reversibly antagonized by curare applied by pressure injection. Fast inhibitory responses were obtained on all neu

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Hadjighassem, Mahmoudreza. "Role of Ion Channelopathy in Neurological Diseases; Role of Gabaergic System Connectivity and Dysfunction in Neurological Disorders." International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews 16, no. 1 (2024): 01–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-4861/371.

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The inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is produced by GABAergic neurons and is essential in human neurodevelopmental stage. It has a variety of functions in the CNS and exerts its functions by binding to several GABA receptors including ionotropic and ligand-gated chloride channels. The CNS neurotransmitters endorphin, dopamine, serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and acetylcholine (ACh) are all regulated by GABA. Additionally, GABA has a role in the pathogenesis of some CNS-related diseases. This study discusses the function of GABA in human neuro

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Palmer, J. B., F. M. Cuss, and P. J. Barnes. "VIP and PHM and their role in nonadrenergic inhibitory responses in isolated human airways." Journal of Applied Physiology 61, no. 4 (1986): 1322–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.61.4.1322.

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There is increasing evidence in many species that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) may be a neurotransmitter in nonadrenergic inhibitory nerves. We have studied the effect of electrical field stimulation (EFS), exogenous VIP, and isoproterenol (Iso) on human airways in vitro. We have also studied a related peptide, peptide histidine methionine (PHM), which coexists with VIP in human airway nerves, and in separate experiments studied fragments of the VIP amino acid sequence (VIP1–10 and VIP16–28) for agonist and antagonist activity. Human airways were obtained at thoracotomy and studied in a

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Xia, Zihao. "Pathological Research and Target Exploration of Anxiety Disorders." International Journal of Biology and Life Sciences 10, no. 3 (2025): 97–103. https://doi.org/10.54097/80n0er58.

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Anxiety disorders are widespread mental health problems, impacting around 4% of the global population and showing a 7.57% lifetime prevalence among Chinese adults. These conditions are mainly marked by intense worry and tension without actual threats, presenting in various forms and symptoms. Abnormalities in the structure and function of certain brain areas, along with dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, have been linked to the development of anxiety disorders. For instance, changes in brain structures like the amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus can disrupt the reg

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Gobbur, R. H., P. Jagruthi, Anilkumar Sajjan, and S. S. Kalyanshettar. "An unusual cause for neck rigidity?" IP International Journal of Medical Paediatrics and Oncology 7, no. 3 (2021): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijmpo.2021.031.

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Otogenic tetanus is a subtype of cephalic tetanus, limited to the head & neck, but can progress to a more generalized form. Caused by the spore-forming bacillus, Clostridium tetani, It produces a potent toxin, tetanospasmin, preventing inhibitory neurotransmitters' release, hence causing rigidity.

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Xu, Huaying, Patrick J. Whelan, and Peter Wenner. "Development of an Inhibitory Interneuronal Circuit in the Embryonic Spinal Cord." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 5 (2005): 2922–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01091.2004.

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Locally projecting inhibitory interneurons play a crucial role in the patterning and timing of network activity. However, because of their relative inaccessibility, little is known about their development or incorporation into circuits. In this study, we characterized the functional onset, neurotransmitters, rostrocaudal spread, and funicular distribution of one such spinal interneuronal circuit during development. The R-interneuron is the avian homologue of the mammalian Renshaw cell. Both cell types receive input from motoneuron recurrent collaterals and make direct connections back onto mot

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K S, Usha, and Gurdip Singh. "MAHA PANCHAGAVYA GHRITA IN APASMARA (EPILEPSY) – A KETOSIS PERSPECTIVE." International Ayurvedic Medical Journal 8, no. 9 (2020): 4569–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.46607/iamj4508092020.

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Epileptic seizures are caused due to imbalance in the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Serum electrolytes like sodium, potassium and calcium play a key role in maintaining the epileptic threshold. In the quest of effective treatment in epilepsy ketogenic diet has been promising. It is found to increase the inhibitory Gamma amino butyric acid and thus increase the epileptic threshold. In this context Maha Panvhagavya Ghrita recommended in the treatment of Apasmara seems to be the drug of choice.

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TAKANAGA, Hitomi, Kazuhiro TETSUKA, Hiroshi ASABA, Sumio OHTSUKI, Ken-ichi HOSOYA, and Tetsuya TERASAKI. "TRANSPORTS OF EXCITATORY AND INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS ACROSS THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER." Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 15, supplement (2000): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2133/dmpk.15.supplement_102.

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Ellenberger, Claudia, Meike Mevissen, Marcus Doherr, Gunter Scholtysik, and Andre Jaggy. "Inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters in the cerebrospinal fluid of epileptic dogs." American Journal of Veterinary Research 65, no. 8 (2004): 1108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.1108.

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Cooke, Helen J. "“Enteric Tears”: Chloride Secretion and Its Neural Regulation." Physiology 13, no. 6 (1998): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1998.13.6.269.

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Neural reflex circuits within the submucosal plexus and axon reflexes via extrinsic primary afferents control chloride secretion by intestinal epithelial cells. The regulation of chloride secretion is a complex interplay between excitatory and inhibitory influences from neurotransmitters and chemical messengers released from epithelial, endocrine, and immune cells.

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Al-Wadei, H. A. N., H. K. Plummer, and H. M. Schuller. "Nicotine stimulates pancreatic cancer xenografts by systemic increase in stress neurotransmitters and suppression of the inhibitory neurotransmitter -aminobutyric acid." Carcinogenesis 30, no. 3 (2009): 506–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgp010.

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Kai, Y., Y. Oomura, and N. Shimizu. "Responses of rat lateral hypothalamic neuron activity to dorsal raphe nuclei stimulation." Journal of Neurophysiology 60, no. 2 (1988): 524–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1988.60.2.524.

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1. The effects of dorsal raphe (DR) stimulation on neural activity in the rat lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), including specific glucose-sensitive neurons, were investigated by extracellular and intracellular recording in vivo, and the neurotransmitters involved were determined. 2. In 67 adult male anesthetized rats, 287 extracellular and 49 intracellular recordings of LHA responses to electrical stimulation of the DR were examined. 3. To determine neurotransmitter candidates, the effects of serotonin and the serotonin antagonists methysergide, lisuride, and (-)-propranolol were investigated

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