Academic literature on the topic 'Initial conditions for the formation of a shadow'
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Journal articles on the topic "Initial conditions for the formation of a shadow"
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PREDBORSKIJ, V.A. "The spatial aspect of the functioning of «autonomous» shadow power." Market Relations Development in Ukraine №2(225)2020 131 (March 24, 2020): 7–14. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3726236.
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The subject of the study is theoretical aspects of one of the core elements of the theory of shadowing power – the spatial forms of formation of its shadowing, dual structure, long–term trend of dual power. The purpose of the study is to determine the content of the existence of a historical trend – the formation of a spatial network under the current conditions of illegitimate clan «autonomous» organization of shadow power in domestic conditions. Methods of research. The work uses a set of scientific methods and approaches, including system, structural, functional, historical, logical, which allowed to provide a conceptual unity of research regarding the initial conditions of the formation of shadow power. Results of the work. The article substantiates the need to search for forms of spatial organization of the shadowy dual power, to identify patterns of shadowing power mechanisms in Ukraine. Application of results. The system of sciences from the family of the field of public administration, a wide range of methodological aspects of social and economic, legal sciences on the problems of dysfunctional development of the research object, the investment aspect of the security policy. Conclusions. Basic results of research, their methodological results can be taken to the next conclusions: 1) the megaproblem of studying the functioning of shadowing power mechanisms is the initial shadow contradictions of power, in particular the formation of an «autonomous» dual power of power; 2) one of the principal conclusions of the study is the conclusion that the historical logic of the genesis and development of «autonomous» shadow diarchy, the modern sector of sharp asymmetry in income, institutional undemocratic, parasitic, systemic corruption, internal regulation of internal relations («internal autonomous customary law» forms an organizational network of shadow power adequate to its requirements).
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PREDBORSKIJ, V.A. "Initial conditions for the formation of «autonomous» shadow power and its modern danger." Market Relations Development in Ukraine №6(217)2019 136 (August 23, 2019): 17–25. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3375514.
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The subject of research is the theoretical aspects of one of the pivotal elements of the theory of shadowing of power – features of the formation of its genetic structure, long–term trend of power. The purpose of the study is to determine the content of the reasons for the presence of the historical trend – the formation in the present conditions of the illegitimate–clan, «autonomous» organization of shadow power as a kind of libertarian model of development in domestic conditions. Methods of research. The work uses a set of scientific methods and approaches, including system, structural, functional, historical, logical, which allowed to provide a conceptual unity of research regarding the initial conditions of the formation of shadow power. Results of the work. The article substantiates the need to search for the causes of the shadowing of power, the identification of patterns of shadowing of the power mechanisms in Ukraine through the presence of a trend of tendency for the origin of the form of power. Application of results. The system of sciences from the family of the field of public administration, a wide range of methodological aspects of social and economic, legal sciences on the problems of dysfunctional development of the research object, the investment aspect of the security policy. Conclusions. Basic results of research, their methodological results can be taken to the next conclusions: 1) the initial mega–problem of studying the functioning of shadowing power mechanisms are the initial shadow dysfunctions of power, in particular, the formation of autonomous power; 2) one of the principal conclusions of the study is the conclusion that the historical logic of the genesis and development of «autonomous» shadow power, the modern sector of sharp asymmetry in income, institutional undemocratic, parasitic, systemic corruption, post–regulatory regulation of internal relations («internal autonomous customary law», which adapts the «external» law of the official state to its requirements) – this is a heightening of the systemic threat of the aggravation of contradictions between the government and society.
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PREDBORSKIJ, V. A. "The principle of deconstruction in the study of the development of organized informal shadow centers of power in Ukraine." Market Relations Development in Ukraine №5(228)2020 132 (July 9, 2020): 7–17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3937188.
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The subject of the research is the theoretical aspects of one of the core elements of the theory of shadowing power – the causes and factors of its formation shadowing, dual structure, long–term trend of dual power based on the development of organized informal shadow centers of power. The purpose of the study is to determine the content of the reasons for the existence of a historical trend – the formation under the current conditions of illegitimate clan «autonomous» (informal) organization of shadow power. Methods of research. The work uses a set of scientific methods and approaches, including system, structural, functional, historical, logical, which allowed to provide a conceptual unity of research regarding the initial conditions of the formation of shadow power. Results of the work. Results of work. The article substantiates the need to search for the causes of the shadowy dual power, to identify patterns of development of non–systemic power mechanisms in Ukraine due to the presence of a shadowing trend of the origin of the form of power. Application of results. The system of sciences from the family of the field of public administration, a wide range of methodological aspects of social and economic, legal sciences on the problems of dysfunctional development of the research object, the investment aspect of the security policy. Conclusions. The main results of the study, their theoretical results should be summarized as follows: 1) The mega–problem of studying the functioning of informal shadowing power mechanisms is the initial shadow contradictions of power, in particular the formation of «autonomous dual power» power; 2) the main historical features of domestic society define it as a «small» clan society that exists together with the dominant imperial, has an unfinished nature of modernization, local, informal, non– institutional shadow nature of social organization.
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PREDBORSKIJ, V.A. "The expansion of external shadow management of national economic processes by global shadow formations." Market Relations Development in Ukraine №4(227)2020 113 (June 9, 2020): 7–16. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3886584.
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The subject of the study are the theoretical aspects of one of the core elements of the theory of power shadowing – the expansion of the external shadow management of national economic space, an algorithm for the formation of its shadowing, dual structure, connection with mechanisms of «dual power». The purpose of the study is to determine the content of the presence of a historical trend – the expansion of external shadow management of the national economic space in the modern conditions of illegitimate clan «autonomous» organization of shadow power in the domestic conditions.. Methods of research. The work uses a set of scientific methods and approaches, including system, structural, functional, historical, logical, which allowed to provide a conceptual unity of research regarding the initial conditions of the formation of shadow power. мегатініResults of the work. In article necessity of counteraction to powerful influence of external shadow management on internal processes of shadowing dual power, revealing of the general laws of external shadowing of power mechanisms in Ukraine is proved. Application of results. The system of sciences from the family of the field of public administration, a wide range of methodological aspects of social and economic, legal sciences on the problems of dysfunctional development of the research object, the investment aspect of the security policy. Conclusions. Basic results of research, their methodological results can be taken to the next conclusions: 1) the megaproblem of studying the functioning of shadow power mechanisms is the initial shadow contradictions of power, in particular the formation of «autonomous dual power» of power in combination with a system of powerful external shadow management; 2) one of the principal conclusions of the study is the conclusion that the historical logic of the genesis and development of the «autonomous» shadow «dual power», together with external shadow governance, actively contribute to the destruction of national statehood, the effectiveness of power, impoverishment of the general population of Ukraine, deindustrialization of the country, its increasing depopulation, adverb they conditioned accelerated downgrading of all social processes.
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PREDBORSKIJ, V.A. "Unfinished modernization of the state authority system: dangers of strengthening attractors of tenization influences of External management." Market Relations Development in Ukraine №7-8(230-231)2020 145 (November 4, 2020): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4244199.
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The subject of the study is the theoretical aspects of one of the core elements of the theory of shadowing power – expanding external shadow management of the national economic space, means of incomplete modernization (under–reform) of power, the algorithm for the formation of its shadow, dual structure, connection with the mechanisms of «dual power» of power. The purpose of the study is to determine the content of the presence of a historical trend – the expansion of the external shadow management of the national economic space in modern conditions by means of incomplete modernization of power. Methods of research. The work uses a set of scientific methods and approaches, including system, structural, functional, historical, logical, which allowed to provide a conceptual unity of research regarding the initial conditions of the formation of shadow power. Results of the work. In article necessity of counteraction to powerful influence of external shadow management on internal processes of shadowing dual power, revealing of the general laws of external shadowing of power mechanisms in Ukraine is proved. Application of results. The system of sciences from the family of the field of public administration, a wide range of methodological aspects of social and economic, legal sciences on the problems of dysfunctional development of the research object, the investment aspect of the security policy. Conclusions. Basic results of research, their methodological results can be taken to the next conclusions: 1) the megaproblem of studying the functioning of shadow power mechanisms is the initial shadow contradictions of power, in particular the formation of «autonomous dual power» of power in combination with a system of powerful external shadow management; 2) one of the principal conclusions of the study is the conclusion that the historical logic of the genesis and development of the «autonomous» shadow «dual power», together with external shadow governance, actively contribute to the destruction of national statehood, the effectiveness of power, impoverishment of the general population of Ukraine, deindustrialization of the country, its increasing depopulation, adverb they conditioned accelerated downgrading of all social processes.
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PREDBORSKIJ, V.A. "Hybrid power («dual power»): a shadow effect means of parallel reality." Market Relations Development in Ukraine №9(2209)2019 119 (November 3, 2019): 7–17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3526623.
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The subject of study is the theoretical aspects of one of the core elements of the theory of shadowing power – the identification of the essence and peculiarities of formation, accentuation, closest connection with the use of means of shadow parallel reality. The purpose of the study is to determine the content of the reasons for the existence of a historical form – «dual power» – the formation under the current conditions of illegitimate clan «autonomous» organization of shadow power as a form of realization of the shadow capabilities of parallel reality. Methods of research. The work used a set of scientific methods and approaches, including systemic, structural, functional, historical, logical, which allowed to ensure the conceptual unity of research on the historical conditions of the formation of shadow power. Results of the work. The article substantiates the need to search for the causes of the shadowing of power, the identification of patterns of shadowing of the power mechanisms in Ukraine through the Application of results. The system of sciences from the family of public administration, a wide range of methodological aspects of socio–economic, legal sciences on the problems of dysfunctional development of power. Conclusions. Basic results of research, their methodological results can be taken to the next conclusions: 1) 1) the initial mega–problem of studying the functioning of the shadowing power mechanisms is the initial shadow dysfunctions of power, in particular the historical features of the formation of «autonomous» power; 2) one of the fundamental conclusions of the study is the conclusion that the historical logic of Genesis and the development of «autonomous» shadow power – the modern sector of sharp asymmetry in income, institutional undemocracy, parasitism, systemic corruption, systematic use of the means of formation of shadow parallel reality in power regulation of internal relations («intra–autonomous, narrow–law customary law», which adapts to its requirements the «external» law of an official state) is a high level of systemic threats of exacerbation of contradictions between government and society.
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PREDBORSKIJ, V.A. "Factors of external shadow «dual power» as global threat to national security." Market Relations Development in Ukraine №10(233)2020 148 (January 4, 2021): 7–17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4415345.
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The subject of the study is the theoretical aspects of one of the core elements of the theory of shadowing of power – the expansion of external shadow management of the national economic space, the algorithm for forming its shadowing, dual structure, the connection with the mechanisms of «dual power» of power. The purpose of the study is to determining the content of the forms and consequences of the expansion of external shadow management of the national economic space under modern conditions by means of shadow «dual power». Methods of research. The work uses a set of scientific methods and approaches, including system, structural, functional, historical, logical, which allowed to provide a conceptual unity of research regarding the initial conditions of the formation of shadow power. Results of the work. In article necessity of counteraction to powerful influence of external shadow management on internal processes of shadowing dual power, revealing of the general laws of external shadowing of power mechanisms in Ukraine is proved. Application of results. The system of sciences from the family of the field of public administration, a wide range of methodological aspects of social and economic, legal sciences on the problems of dysfunctional development of the research object, the investment aspect of the security policy. Conclusions. Basic results of research, their methodological results can be taken to the next conclusions: 1) the megaproblem of studying the functioning of shadow power mechanisms is the initial shadow contradictions of power, in particular the formation of «autonomous dual power» of power in combination with a system of powerful external shadow management; 2) one of the main conclusions of the study is that the historical logic of the genesis and development of «autonomous» shadow «dual power» of power, together with external shadow management, most actively contribute to the destruction of national statehood, efficiency, strengthening the exploitation of broad sections of Ukraine, deindustrialization of the country, its growing depopulation, ie they led to an accelerated downgrade of all social processes.
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PREDBORSKIJ, V.A. "«Autonomous» shadow dualty: genesis and development factors." Market Relations Development in Ukraine №7-8(218-219)2019 149 (September 19, 2019): 7–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3446575.
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The subject of research is the theoretical aspects of one of the pivotal elements of the theory of power shadowing – the causes and factors of the formation of its shadow, dual structure, long–term trend of the dual power of power. The purpose of the study is to determine the content of the reasons for the presence of the historical trend – the formation in the present conditions of the illegitimate–clan, «autonomous» organization of shadow power as a kind of libertarian model of development in domestic conditions. Methods of research. The work uses a set of scientific methods and approaches, including system, structural, functional, historical, logical, which allowed to provide a conceptual unity of research regarding the initial conditions of the formation of shadow power. Results of the work. The article substantiates the need to search for the causes of tenizational dual power, to identify patterns of shadowing of power mechanisms in Ukraine through the presence of a tenizational trend of the origin of the form of power. Application of results. The system of sciences from the family of the field of public administration, a wide range of methodological aspects of social and economic, legal sciences on the problems of dysfunctional development of the research object, the investment aspect of the security policy. Conclusions. Basic results of research, their methodological results can be taken to the next conclusions: 1) the megaproblem of studying the functioning of shadowing power mechanisms is the initial shadow contradictions of power, in particular the formation of an «autonomous» dual power of power; 2) one of the principal conclusions of the study is the conclusion that the historical logic of the genesis and development of «autonomous» shadow diarchy, the modern sector of sharp asymmetry in income, institutional undemocratic, parasitic, systemic corruption, internal regulation of internal relations («internal autonomous customary law», which adapts the «external» law of the official state to its requirements) – this is an intensification of the systemic threat of the aggravation of contradictions between the government and society.
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PREDBORSKIJ, V.A. "Methodological approaches to the structurization of the system of shadow power." Market Relations Development in Ukraine №9(232)2020 144 (November 24, 2020): 7–21. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4288581.
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The subject of the work is the theoretical aspects of one of the core elements of the theory of shadowing of power – the study of its structure as a complex of internal, stable shadow connections between subsystems and elements of a holistic shadow system of power. The purpose of the study is to determine the content of the concept of «shadow power structure» as a complex of shadow metasubsystems, subsystems, elements and components of power and their properties, the interaction between which and the external environment forms a system of shadow power as a new integrative non–transparent integrity. Methods of research. The work uses a set of scientific methods and approaches, including systemic, structural–functional, historical, logical, which allowed to ensure the conceptual unity of the study on the initial conditions for the formation of the structure of the shadow government. Results of work. The article substantiates the need to counteract the powerful influence of the shadow power structure, limit and localize public sources of the emergence and implementation of the goals of the shadow power, identify general patterns of development of the shadow structure of power mechanisms in Ukraine. Application of results. The system of sciences from the family of the field of public administration, a wide range of methodological aspects of social and economic, legal sciences on the problems of dysfunctional development of the research object, the investment aspect of the security policy. Conclusions. The main results of the study, their theoretical results should be summarized as follows: 1) mega–problem of studying the functioning of shadow power mechanisms, their structures are the initial shadow contradictions of power, in particular the formation of «autonomous shadow dual power» in combination 2) one of the main conclusions of the study is the conclusion that the historical logic of the genesis and development of the structure of the shadow «dual power», together with external shadow management, most actively contribute to the destruction of national statehood, government efficiency, impoverishment and even destruction country, its growing depopulation, that is, they led to an accelerated downgrade of all social processes.
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PREDBORSKIJ, V.A. "Social efficiency of shadow «autonomous» power: british experience of strategic action formation." Market Relations Development in Ukraine №9 (244)2021 122 (November 16, 2021): 7–14. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5704493.
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The subject of the study is the theoretical aspects of one of the important elements of the theory of de–shadowing of power – power relations to limit the shadow clan influence on the effectiveness of elite power, its consolidation through the introduction of strategic action (based on British experience). The purpose of the study is to determine the content of methods to limit the shadow clan influence on the effectiveness of elite power in the system of shadow «autonomous» state, the introduction in Ukraine of a modern model of power with the subject of strategic action. Methods of research. The work uses a set of scientific methods and approaches, including system, structural, functional, historical, logical, which allowed to provide a conceptual unity of research regarding the initial conditions of the formation of shadow power. Results of the work. The article substantiates the need to counteract the influence of elite, clan, shadow power in the form of shadow «autonomous» power on the internal processes of shadowing dual power, limiting their destructive influence by means of transition to a model of power with a consolidated subject of strategic action. Application of results. The system of sciences from the family of the field of public administration, a wide range of methodological aspects of social and economic, legal sciences on the problems of dysfunctional development of the research object, the investment aspect of the security policy. Conclusions. The main results of the study, their theoretical results should be reduced to the following main conclusions about the Great Britain experience in building an effective system of government: 1) elite Great Britain power, which operates in the form of shadow «autonomous» power, based on aristocratic clan roots; in domestic conditions the new elite shadow power is deprived of aristocratic roots of clans, is based, for the most part, on criminal experience of development of clans, criminogenic forms of activity; 2) Britain managed to ensure the consolidation of the interests of the ruling members through the formation of the subject of strategic action, which contributed to the extraordinary increase in the effectiveness of the power of the empire; 3) consolidation has ensured the effectiveness of government in the long run; 4) the formation of a consolidated subject of power allowed to overcome certain special interests of the constituent entities in terms of their dominance in the power structure.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Initial conditions for the formation of a shadow"
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Jessop, Nicholas Edgar. "The initial conditions of star formation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28303.
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This thesis is a study of the physical conditions typical in regions of the Inter Stellar Medium which are likely to go on to form stars. In recent years considerable progress has been made in the understanding of low mass star formation following various studies of opaque regions in near by parts of the Galaxy. The regions' high densities and high opacities make them favourable environments for star formation to occur. Using the IRAS Sky Survey Atlas a number of high latitude clouds are selected, and optical depths maps of these clouds are constructed. The most opaque regions in these clouds are identified and catalogued as a set of cloud cores. The column density and mass of each core are calculated. The majority of the cores are found to be gravitationally bound, and a small fraction are found to have signs of protostellar content; they contain IRAS point sources within them with spectral characteristics typical of Protostars or embedded Young Stellar Objects. An analysis of the typical properties of this set of cores and the typical properties found in previous studies of more opaque and more dense regions in the Inter Stellar Medium reveals that the timescale in which a cloud core forms a protostar decreases as both the opacity and density of the core increases. The results compare well with physical models of star formation in which the prestellar evolution is regulation by ambipolar diffusion, and the strong influence of various sources of ionizing on the star formation timescale is discussed. The very earliest protostars typically have a massive infalling envelope (visible in submillimetre continuum and molecular line observations), vigorous outflows, and radio emission due to shocks. The latter two processes are thought to be powered by the dynamically infalling envelope. Cores without any sign of protostellar content often contain dense regions similar in mass, but less dense, than the protostars' envelopes. Dense and massive enough to go on to form stars, these objects are precursors to the protostars; prestellar cores. A high resolution submillimetre study of a subset of these cores carried out with the JCMT in Hawaii is presented. Various isotopes of CO were detected towards the cores. One core in particular, L1689B, proved bright enough to map over a considerable region in both C<SUP>18</SUP>O(J=2→1) and C<SUP>18</SUP>O(J=3→2). All these observations are presented. In order to fully interpret the observations of L1689B, and to compare its properties with theoretical models of the early stages of star formation, a parameterised representation of L1689B is modelled with a radiative transfer code in order to produce predicted maps which can be compared with the observations. It is found that simple models of L1689B, assuming an isothermal gas temperature and constant abundance account for L1689B's appearance. Either a temperature drop or a drop in CO abundance towards its centre are needed to explain the observations. Neither however are uniquely implied by the C<SUP>18</SUP>O observations alone. A reanalysis of a submillimetre continuum maps of L1689B is made, and using these results the degeneracy is partly lifted. L1689B appears to have both a drop in temperature and a fall in abundance, both of which could be causally linked one to the other, or more likely, both of which are dependent on an external factor like the lack of ultra violet penetration towards the centre. Either way it is shown that the central region of L1689B is unsupported by pressure gradients, and susceptible to rapid free fall unless the existence of magnetic fields is assumed. This core therefore seems to be being supported by magnetic fields and evolving by ambipolar diffusion.
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Pillai, Thushara. "The Initial conditions of high mass star formation." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=98018763X.
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Lenfestey, Clare. "Clouds and filaments : the initial conditions of star formation." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/clouds-and-filaments-the-initial-conditions-of-star-formation(a63fdd11-ef0b-4eb7-b0a4-34481ac02280).html.
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Infrared dark clouds (IRDCs) are seen in absorption against the mid-infrared back-ground and are thought to represent likely sites of future massive star formation. We investigate these IRDCs to probe the conditions present when star formation begins. The Spitzer dark cloud (SDC) catalogue contains ∼11,000 IRDCs. We extend this catalogue to include the inner 20◦ of the Galactic plane, adding 4334 SDCs to the catalogue. Some of the objects in the catalogue are artefacts - ‘dips’ in the mid-infrared emission rather than regions where the emission is absorbed. With the advent of data from the Herschel satellite, we are able to construct column density maps of the objects in the SDC catalogue to identify which SDCs are true IRDCs and which are artefacts. We compare the properties of the IRDCs in the Galactic centre and in star forming regions with those in more quiescent regions. We find that the IRDCs towards star forming regions and the Galactic centre tend to have a higher column density and a slightly higher temperature, implying that the conditions within IRDCs are dependent on the environment in which they are found. Star formation has long been associated with filaments. Filaments containing longstrings of IRDCs have been observed in the Galactic plane. We apply a minimum spanning tree (MST) algorithm to the SDC catalogue to identify 88 filamentary candidates, 22 of which appear to be isolated, linear filaments similar to the Nessie nebula. Filaments tend to fragment into clumps regularly spaced along the length of the filaments. We compare theoretical predictions of this fragmentation with the clumps observed in the 22 linear filaments identified by the MST algorithm and find our results are consistent with those predicted by the sausage instability for filaments dominated by thermal pressure.
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Girichidis, Philipp [Verfasser], and Robi [Akademischer Betreuer] Banerjee. "Importance of the initial conditions for star formation / Philipp Girichidis ; Betreuer: Robi Banerjee." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/117978555X/34.
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Stone, Jordan Michael. "Constraining the Initial Conditions and Final Outcomes of Accretion Processes around Young Stars and Supermassive Black Holes." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/593497.
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In this thesis I discuss probes of small spatial scales around young stars and protostars and around the supermassive black hole at the galactic center. I begin by describing adaptive optics-fed infrared spectroscopic studies of nascent and newborn binary systems. Binary star formation is a significant mode of star formation that could be responsible for the production of a majority of the galactic stellar population. Better characterization of the binary formation mechanism is important for better understanding many facets of astronomy, from proper estimates of the content of unresolved populations, to stellar evolution and feedback, to planet formation. My work revealed episodic accretion onto the more massive component of the pre-main sequence binary system UY Aur. I also showed changes in the accretion onto the less massive component, revealing contradictory indications of the change in accretion rate when considering disk-based and shock-based tracers. I suggested two scenarios to explain the inconsistency. First, increased accretion should alter the disk structure, puffing it up. This change could obscure the accretion shock onto the central star if the disk is highly inclined. Second, if accretion through the disk is impeded before it makes it all the way onto the central star, then increased disk tracers of accretion would not be accompanied by increased shock tracers. In this case mass must be piling up at some radius in the disk, possibly supplying the material for planet formation or a future burst of accretion. My next project focused on characterizing the atmospheres of very low-mass companions to nearby young stars. Whether these objects form in an extension of the binary-star formation mechanism to very low masses or they form via a different process is an open question. Different accretion histories should result in different atmospheric composition, which can be constrained with spectroscopy. I showed that 3-4 μm spectra of a sample of these objects with effective temperatures greater than 1500 K are similar to the spectra of older more massive brown dwarfs at the same temperature, in contrast to objects at 1000 K that exhibit distinct L-band SEDs. The oldest object in my sample of young companions, 50 My old CD-35 2722 B, appears redder than field dwarfs with similar spectral type based on 1-2.5 μm spectra. This could indicate reduced cloud opacity compared to field dwarfs at the same temperature. I also present work to better understand the supermassive blackhole at the center of our Galaxy. Astrometric monitoring of stellar orbits about the blackhole have been used to sketch the gravitational potential, revealing 4 x 10⁶ M_⊙ within a radius of 40 AU. Further constraints on the gravitational potential, and the detection of post-Newtonian effects on the stellar orbits, will require improved astrometric precision. Currently confusion noise in the crowded central cluster limits astrometric precision. Increased spatial resolution can alleviate confusion noise. Dual field phase referencing on large-aperture infrared interferometers provides the sensitivity needed to observe the Galactic center, providing the fastest route to increased spatial resolution. I present simulations of dual-field phase referencing performance with the Keck Interferometer and with the VLTI GRAVITY instrument, to describe the potential contributions each could make to Galactic center stellar astrometry. I demonstrate that the near-future GRAVITY instrument at the VLTI will have a large impact on the ability to precisely track the paths of stars orbiting there, as long as a star with K-band apparent magnitude less than 20 exists within 70 milliarcseconds of the blackhole. Many of the stars orbiting the blackhole are in a post-main sequence wind phase. The wind from these stars is feeding an accretion flow falling onto the blackhole. This flow is radiatively inefficient, producing only 10⁻⁸ times the Eddington limit. Thus our relative proximity to the center of our own Galaxy, provides the opportunity to study a low-luminosity accretion mode that would be difficult or impossible to observe in more remote galaxies. Variable emission from the accretion flow arises from very deep within the flow and could be used to reveal the physics of the accretion process. Characterizing the variability is challenging because all wavelength regimes from radio through X-ray are affected by the process(es) that gives rise to the variations. I report observations of variability at wavelengths that are difficult or challenging to observe from the ground using the SPIRE instrument onboard the Herschel Space Observatory. My work provides the first constraints on the flux of the accretion flow at 250 μm. Variations at 500, 350, and 250 μm observed with Herschel exhibit typical amplitudes similar to the variations observed at 1300 μm from the ground, but the amplitude distribution of flux variations observe with Herschel does not exhibit a tail to large amplitudes that is seen at 1300 μm. This could suggest a connection between large-amplitude mm/submillimeter variations and X-ray activity, since no increased X-ray activity was observed during our Herschel monitoring.
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Arzoumanian, Doris. "Characterizing interstellar filaments as revealed by the Herschel Goult belt survey : insights into the initial conditions for star formation." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077177.
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Les amas de galaxies sont les objets en état d'équilibre les plus massifs dans notre Univers. Lis permettent de tester avec précision les modèles cosmologiques de formation des structures, apportant des contraintes complémentaires à celles déduites du rayonnement fossile, des supernovae et des galaxies, On les identifie grâce à l'émission en rayons X de leur gaz chaud, facilitant ainsi leur cartographie à différente époques de l'Univers. Cette thèse présente deux relevés d'amas de galaxies détectés en rayons X grâce au satellite XMM-Newton et propose une méthode dédiée à leur interprétation cosmologique. Grâce à une couverture de 10 degrés carrés en multiples longueurs d'ondes et fort d'une décennie d'exploitation, le XMM-LSS permet un recensement systématique des amas dans un large volume d'Univers. C'est dans le cadre de ce relevé que la première partie de ce rapport explicite les procédures mises en oeuvre dans le but de caractériser les amas détectés. Un accent particulier est mis sur les plus distants d'entre eux (z>l) via la complémentarité d'observations en bandes X, visibles et infrarouges. Par la suite est développée la description intégrale du relevé X-CLASS : reposant sur les observations d'archives de XMM, il donne lieu à un nouveau catalogue de 800 amas détectés en rayons X. L'analyse cosmologique de ce relevé est rendue possible grâce aux diagrammes CR-HR. Cette méthode inédite rassemble de manière cohérente les effets de sélection et les relations d'échelle et contourne le calcul des masses individuelles des amas. Des propositions sont formulées afin de l'appliquer aux futurs relevés que sont XMM--XXL et eRosita<br>This thesis aims to characterize the physical properties of interstellar filaments imaged in nearby molecular clouds with the Herschel Space Observatory as part of the Herschel Gould Belt survey. In order to get insight into the formation and evolution of interstellar filaments I analyzed, during my PhD work, a large sample of filaments detected in various nearby clouds. The observed density profiles of the filaments show a power law behavior at large radii and their dust temperature profiles show a drop towards the center. The filaments are characterized by a narrow distribution of deconvolved inner widths, centered around a typical value of ~ 0. 1 pc, while they span more than three orders of magnitude in central column density. This typical filament width corresponds to the sonic scale below which interstellar turbulence becomes subsonic in diffuse gas, which may suggest that the filaments form as a result of the dissipation of large-scale turbulence. While the turbulent fragmentation picture provides a plausible mechanism for forming interstellar filaments, the fact that prestellar cores tend to form in dense, gravitationally unstable filaments suggests that gravity is a major driver in the subsequent evolution of the dense supercritical filaments. The latter hypothesis is supported by molecular line observations with the IRAM 30m telescope, which show an increase in the non-thermal velocity dispersion of supercritical filaments as a function of their central column density, suggesting that self gravitating filaments grow in mass per unit length by accretion of background material while at the same time fragmenting into star-forming cores
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Körtgen, Bastian [Verfasser], and Robi [Akademischer Betreuer] Banerjee. "Formation and Evolution of Magnetised and Turbulent Molecular Clouds : Varying Initial Conditions and the Role of Stellar Feedback / Bastian Körtgen. Betreuer: Robi Banerjee." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1093411600/34.
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Körtgen, Bastian Verfasser], and Robi [Akademischer Betreuer] [Banerjee. "Formation and Evolution of Magnetised and Turbulent Molecular Clouds : Varying Initial Conditions and the Role of Stellar Feedback / Bastian Körtgen. Betreuer: Robi Banerjee." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:18-77743.
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Demoussa, Eugénie. "Le développement de l'expérience professionnelle dans la formation initiale des enseignants : une étude comparée des mécanismes et des conditions des enseignants débutants entre la France et l'Afrique Subsaharienne." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0535.
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Des nombreuses disparités et préoccupations communes dans la formation initiale des enseignants sont observées dans une étude menée avec des collectifs de débutants et de formateurs lors des stages pratiques dans le premier degré des pays de l’Afrique Subsaharienne, notamment au Gabon et au Sénégal, comparativement à celle de la France. Le regard croisé entre ces différents contextes semble révéler divers niveaux d’engagement des novices dans la mise en œuvre des outils « pour prendre et faire la classe » appris en formation initiale dans les situations de pratique de classe observées. Si tous les professeurs débutants sont préoccupés par la recherche de l’efficacité de leur propre activité en situation réelle de classe dans une visée de l’apprentissage des élèves, les entretiens d’autoconfrontations, alloconfrontations et confrontation collective révèlent des difficultés et prises de décision selon les pays dans la manière d’appréhender la relation entre ce qui est appris en formation et ce qui est nécessaire de comprendre du contexte pour pouvoir « faire la classe ». Cette étude propose une analyse des situations de formation des débutants lors des entretiens de conseils pédagogiques avec leurs encadrants, comparables au développement des situations des novices dans chacun des contextes des trois pays : par exemple la prise de conscience de l’objet ou des outils efficaces en vue d’une conceptualisation de l’action (Vergnaud, 1992) ou d’un développement efficace des connaissances voire des compétences<br>Many disparities and common concerns in initial formation teachers are observed in a study conducted with groups of beginners and trainers during practical courses in the first degree of Sub-Saharan African countries, particularly in Gabon and Senegal, compared to France.The cross-look between these different contexts seems to reveal various commitment levels of beginners in the implementation of tools "to take and do the class" learned in initial training in the practice situations observed in classroom. If all novice professors are concerned about researching the effectiveness of their own activity in a real classroom situation in a focus of student learning, the interviews self-confrontations, alloconfrontations and collective confrontation reveal difficulties and country-specific decision-making in how to grasp the relationship between what is learned in training and what is necessary to understand about the context in order to be able to "do the class ".This study proposes an analysis of the training situations of the beginners during the interviews educational advice with their supervisors, comparable to the novices’ situations’ development in each of the contexts of the three countries : for example, the awareness of the object or effective tools for a conceptualization of the action (Vergnaud, 1992) or effective development of knowledge or skills
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Sanja, Ružičić. "Dopustiva singularna rešenja sistema gasne dinamike sa nepozitivnim pritiskom." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2020. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=114114&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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Karakteristika hiperboličnih sistema zakona odrržanja je da čak i u slučaju glatkog po-četnog uslova rešenja uglavnom razvijaju prekide u konačnom vremena. Zbog toga se posmatraju slaba rešenja koja dati sistem zadovoljavaju u distributivnom smislu i mogu biti čak i neograničena što se ispoljava kroz pojavu Dirakove delta funkcije u rešenju. U ovoj disertaciji se akcenat stavlja na analizu protoka stišljivog neviskoznog fluida koji ne menja pravac prilikom kretanja. Protok je opisan Ojlerovim sistemom iz gasne dinamike koji se sastoji iz zakona održanja mase, količine kretanja i energije, dok su karakteristike fluida određene konstitutivnim relacijama. U slučaju izentropskog ili izotermnog protoka sistem se svodi na zakone održanja mase i količine kretanja. Glatka rešenja takvog sistema automatski zadovoljavaju zakon održanja energije, dok prelaskom na slabu formulaciju dolazi do gubitka energije. Za predstavnike sistema gasne dinamike sa nepozitivnim pritiskom su uzeti sistem gasne dinamike bez pritiska i model za Čapliginov gas i njegova uopštenja. Data su rešenja Rimanovih problema za te sisteme koja se mogu predstaviti kao kombinacija klasičnih elementarnih talasa i senka talasa koji aproksimiraju rešenja u obliku delta udarnih talasa i koji omogućavaju rešavanje početnog problema koji u početnom uslovu sadrži delta funkciju. Na primeru modela za uopšten Čapliginov gas dokazano je da uslov prekompresivnosti nije jači od entropijskog uslova, što je prvi takav rezultat u literaturi. Dalje su korišćena rešenja Rimanovih problema, kao i problema singularne interakcije i dat je algoritam za konstrukciju globalnog dopustivog približnog rešenja početnog problema za sistem gasne dinamike bez pritiska. Algoritam je univerzalan i ideja se može proširiti na veliki broj sistema zakona održanja i veliki broj početnih uslova. Diskutovane su promene energije u približnom rešenju i posle interakcija. Dobijeno približno rešenje slabo konvergira u prostoru Radonovih mera sa predznakom.<br> A solutions to hyperbolic conservation laws systems starting out as smooth often develop singularities in a finite time. As a consequence, we are forced to look for weak solutions that satisfy the system in distributional sense. Those solutions are often unbounded, which is expressed through the appearance of Dirac delta function. In this theses we study a one-dimensional, compressible and inviscid flow of a fluid. The process is described by compressible Euler gas dynamics system which consists of conservation laws of mass, linear momentum and energy, while the characteristics of the fluid are described using constitutive relations. In the case of isentropic or isothermal flow the system reduces to conservation laws of mass and linear momentum. The energy is conserved for smooth solutions to such systems, but while passing to the weak formulation the energy is being dissipated. As representatives, we consider pressureless gas dynamics system, as well as Chaplygin gas model and its generalizations. We give the solutions to Riemann problems which can be represented as a combinations of classical elementary waves and shadow waves that approximate the solutions in the form of delta shock and allow as to solve the problems with initial data containing delta function. We use generalized Chaplygin gas model as demonstration of the fact that overcompressibility condition is not stronger that entropy condition, which is the first result of that kind in the literature. Further, we use solutions to the Riemann problems, as well as singular interaction problems to give the algorithm for construction of global admissible approximate solution to the pressureless gas dynamics initial value problem. The algorithm is universal and idea can be applied to large number of conservation laws systems and large number of initial data. We discuss energy changes in approximate solution and after the interactions. The constructed approximate solution converges in the space of signed Radon measures.
Books on the topic "Initial conditions for the formation of a shadow"
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Asian Indigenous & Tribal Peoples Network., ed. Indonesia, piecemeal approaches to systemic and institutionalised discrimination: A shadow report to the initial to third periodic reports (CERD/C/IDN/3) to the CERD Committee. Asian Indigenous & Tribal Peoples Network, 2007.
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Dadalko, Vasiliy, Vladimir Avdiyskiy, and Nikolay Sinyavskiy. The shadow economy and economic security of the state. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/24758.
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The manual is prepared according to the program of the same name. The origins and conditions of formation of the shadow economy structures, the reasons for their widespread prevalence in the current economic conditions are considered. Methods for assessing the scale of this phenomenon are given,
 Complex methods of control over the shadow economy and its control.
 The appendices contain data on the state of crime in recent years, a number of normative documents, as well as materials for practical exercises.
 It meets the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education of the latest generation.
 For students of higher educational institutions, studying in the direction of &#34;Economics&#34;. It is of interest to specialists in the field of economic security of the state.
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Barbera, Filippo, Roberto Paladini, and Marco Vedovato. Venice Original E-commerce dell’artigianato artistico e tradizionale veneziano. Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-615-2.
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In the last few years, many researchers have highlighted the economic and cultural impact that crafts have on the development of territories, enhancing local identities and traditions. Various researches also point to the close relationship between trade (sometimes called ‘neighbourhood’ trade), crafts and historic centres, in terms of quality of life, and socio-economic and identity development of territories, showing their new centrality to processes of urban development and regeneration and the formation of social capital. It is evident how enterprise contributes to local development through social interactions based on negotiated and open collaborations between microenterprises, community and network. It was well argued how small business (commerce, crafts and neighbourhood stores) has always played an important role as a social garrison in sparsely populated areas, allowing cities and particularly urban centres to become more lively or livable, being able to give or take away quality from the city and the territory, attributing peculiarity, security and specificity to places or trivialising them in a homogenised landscape. Among the services of social utility recognised to the artisan workshop are: the guarantee of services useful to the livability of the place, the garrisoning of territories and the development of social relations, the promotion of local identity and its know-how, and the creation of employment opportunities through modest initial availability of capital. At the same time, the worsening recessionary dynamics that have occurred in the global economy over the past two decades and the disruptive digital transition have exposed such enterprises to increasing difficulties, disruptively accentuating the decline in competitiveness and propensity to innovate of a large proportion of craft SMEs, of which the socioeconomic literature does not see significant adaptations to the changed environment, such as reconfiguring the business model, adopting a totally new strategic plan adapting to the digital transition, generational transition, and adopting innovative organisational or system behaviours. This volume presents the Venice Original E-Commerce case – a project carried out by the Venice Metropolitan CNA thanks to the support of J.P. Morgan, the support of the Venice Rovigo Chamber of Commerce and the sponsorship of the City of Venice and Ca’ Foscari University of Venice – as a reference project intervention to focus on a possible model of intervention to support culturally-valued artisan micro-enterprises, intervening on the process of strategic renewal and the conditions to foster generational turnover, understood as an opportunity to fill the gap on the digitisation of the artisan sector.
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Zeitlin, Vladimir. RSW Modons and their Surprising Properties: RSW Turbulence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804338.003.0009.
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By using quasi-geostrophic modons constructed in Chapter 6 as initial conditions, rotating-shallow-water modons are obtained through the process of ageostrophic adjustment, both in one- and in two-layer configurations. Scatter plots show that they are solutions of the rotating shallow-water equations. A special class of modons with an internal front (shock) is shown to exist. A panorama of collision processes of the modons, leading to formation of tripoles, nonlinear modons, or elastic scattering is presented. The modon solutions are then used for initialisations of numerical simulations of decaying rotating shallow-water turbulence. The results are analysed and compared to those obtained with standard in 2D turbulence initializations, and differences are detected, showing non-universality of decaying 2D turbulence. The obtained energy spectra are steeper than theoretical predictions for ‘pure’ 2D turbulence, and pronounced cyclone–anticyclone asymmetry and dynamical separation of waves and vortices are observed.
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Sielepin, Adelajda. Ku nowemu życiu : teologia i znaczenie chrześcijańskiej inicjacji dla życia wiarą. Uniwersytet Papieski Jana Pawła II w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15633/9788374388047.
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TOWARDS THE NEW LIFE Theology and Importance of Christian Initiation for the Life of Faith The book is in equal parts a presentation and an invitation. The subject matter of both is the mystagogical initiation leading to the personal encounter with God and eventually to the union within the Church in Christ, which happens initially and particualry in the sacramental liturgy. Mystagogy was the essential experience of life in the early Church and now is being so intensely discussed and postulated by the ecclesial Magisterium and through the teaching of the recent popes and synods. Within the ten chapters of this book the reader proceeds through the aspects strictly associated with Christian initiation, noticeable in catechumenate and suggestive for further Christian life. It is not surprising then, that the study begins with answering the question about the sense of dealing with catechumenate at all. The response developed in the first chapter covers four key points: the contemporary state of our faith, the need for dialogue in evangelization, the importance of liturgy in the renewal of faith and the obvious requirement of follo- wing the Church’s Magisterium, quite explicit in the subject undertaken within this book. The introductory chapter is meant to evoke interest in catechumenate as such and encourage comprehension of its essence, in order to keep it in mind while planning contemporary evangelization. For doing this with success and avoiding pastoral archeology, we need a competent insight into the main message and goal of Christian initiation. Catechumenate is the first and most venerable model of formation and growth in faith and therefore worth knowing. The second chapter tries to cope with the reasons and ways of the present return to the sources of catechumenate with respect to Christian initiation understood to be the building of the relationship with God. The example of catechumenate helps us to discover, how to learn wisely from the history. This would definitely mean to keep the structure and liturgy of catechumenate as a vehicle of God’s message, which must be interpreted and adapted always anew and with careful and intelligent consideration of the historical flavour on particular stages within the history of salvation and cultural conditions of the recipients. For that reason we refer to the Biblical resources and to the historical examples of catechumenate including its flourishing and declining periods, after which we are slowly approaching the present reinterpretation of the catechumenal process enhanced by the official teaching of the Church. As the result of the latter, particularly owing to the Vatican Council II, we are now dealing with the renewed liturgy of baptism displayed in two liturgical books: The Rite of Baptism for Children and the Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults (RCIA). This version for adults is the subjectmatter of the whole chapter, in which a reader can find theological analyses of the particular rites as well as numerous indications for improving one’s life with Christ in the Church. You can find interesting associations among the rites of initiation themselves and astounding coherence between those rites and the sacraments of the Eucharist, penance and other sacraments, which simply means the ordinary life of faith. Deep and convincing theology of the process of initiation proves the inspiring spiritual power of the initial and constitutive sacraments of baptism and confirmation, which may seem attractive not only for catechumens but also for the faithful baptized in their infancy, and even more, since they might have not yet had a chance to see what a plausible treasure they have been conveying in their baptismal personality. How much challenge for further and constant realization in life may offer these introductory events of Christian initiation, yet not sufficiently appreciated by those who have already been baptized and confirmed! We all should submit to permanent re-evangelization according to this primary pattern, which always remains essential and fundamental. Very typical and very post-conciliar approach to Christian formation appears in the communal dimension, which guards and guarantees the ecclesial profile of initiation and prepares a person to be a living member of the Church. The sixth chapter of the book is dealing with ecclesial issues in liturgy. They refer to comprehending the word of God, especially in the context of liturgy, which brings about a peculiar theological sense to it and giving a special character to proclaiming the Gospel, which the Pope Francis calls “liturgical proclamation”. The ecclesial premises influence the responsibility for the fact of accompanying the candidates, who aim at becoming Christ’s disciples. As the Church is teaching also in the theological and pastoral introduction to the RCIA, this is the duty of all Christians, which means: priests, religious and the lay, because the Church is one organism in whose womb the new members are conceived and raised. As this fact is strongly claimed by the Church the method of initiation arises to great importance. The seventh chapter is dedicated to the analysis of the catechumenal method stemming from Christ’s pedagogy and His mystery of Incarnation introducing a very important issue of implementing the Divine into the human. The chapter concerning this method opens a more practical part of the book. The crucial message of it is to make mystagogy a natural and obvious method which is the way of building bonds with Christ in the community of the people who already have these bonds and who are eager to tighten them and are aware of the beauty and necessity of closeness with Christ. Christian initiation is the process of entering the Kingdom of God and meeting Christ up to the union with Him – not so much learning dogmas and moral requirements. This is a special time when candidates-catechumens-elected mature in love and in their attitude to Christ and people, which results in prayer and new way of life. As in the past catechumenate nowadays inspires the faithful in their imagination of love and mercy as well as reminds us about various important details of the paschal way of life, which constitute our baptismal vocation, but may be forgotten and now with the help of catechumenate can be recognized anew, while accompanying adults on their catechumenal way. The book is meant for those who are already involved in catechumenal process and are responsible for the rites and formation as well as for those who are interested in what the Church is offering to all who consciously decide to know and follow Christ. You can learn from this book, what is the nature and specificity of the method suggested by the Rite itself for guiding people to God the Saviour and to the community of His people. The aim of the study is to present the universal way of evangelization, which was suggested and revealed by God in His pedagogy, particularly through Jesus Christ and smoothly adopted by the early Church. This way, which can be called a method, is so complete, substantial and clear that it deserves rediscovery, description and promotion, which has already started in the Church’s teaching by making direct references to such categories as: initiation, catechumenate, liturgical formation, the rereading the Mystery of Christ, the living participation in the Mystery and faith nourished by the Mystery. The most engaging point with Christian initiation is the fact, that this seems to be the most effective way of reviving the parish, taking place on the solid and safe ground of liturgy with the most convincing and objective fact that is our baptism and our new identity born in baptismal regenerating bath. On the grounds of our personal relationship with God and our Christian vocation we can become active apostles of Christ. Evangelization begins with ourselves and in our hearts. Thinking about the Church’s mission, we should have in mind our personal mission within the Church and we should refer to it’s roots – first to our immersion into Christ’s death and resurrection and to the anointment with the Holy Spirit. In this Spirit we have all been sent to follow Christ wherever He goes, not necessarily where we would like to direct our steps, but He would. Let us cling to Him and follow Him! Together with the constantly transforming and growing Church! Towards the new life!
Book chapters on the topic "Initial conditions for the formation of a shadow"
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Mardones, Diego. "The Initial Conditions for Star Formation." In Open Issues in Local Star Formation. Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2600-5_42.
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Zhang, Huidong, and Carlos Guedes Soares. "Effect of Initial Conditions on Extreme Wave Formation." In Synthesis Lectures on Ocean Systems Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-77084-5_8.
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Ward-Thompson, D., and N. E. Jessop. "Pre-Stellar Cores and the Initial Conditions for Star Formation." In New Extragalactic Perspectives in the New South Africa. Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0335-7_59.
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Labini, Francesco Sylos, Thierry Baertschiger, Andrea Gabrielli, and Michael Joyce. "Initial Conditions, Discreteness and Non-Linear Structure Formation in Cosmology." In The Early Universe and the Cosmic Microwave Background: Theory and Observations. Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1058-0_14.
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Duarte-Cabral, Ana, Nicolas Peretto, Gary A. Fuller, and Clare L. Dobbs. "Unraveling the Initial Conditions of Star Formation in Serpens North." In Star Clusters in the Era of Large Surveys. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22113-2_20.
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Hjalmarson, Åke, and Per Friberg. "Radio and (Sub)Millimeter Observations of the Initial Conditions for Star Formation." In Formation and Evolution of Low Mass Stars. Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3037-7_4.
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André, Philippe, Jeroen Bouwman, Arnaud Belloche, and Patrick Hennebelle. "Submillimeter Studies of Prestellar Cores and Protostars: Probing the Initial Conditions for Protostellar Collapse." In Magnetic Fields and Star Formation. Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0491-5_25.
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Papadopoulos, Padelis P., and Wing-Fai Thi. "The Initial Conditions of Star Formation: Cosmic Rays as the Fundamental Regulators." In Cosmic Rays in Star-Forming Environments. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35410-6_5.
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Giroux, Mark L., and Paul R. Shapiro. "The Intergalactic Medium: Initial and Boundary Conditions for Galaxy and Primeval Star Formation." In Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0605-1_7.
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Platnieks, I., and S. F. Seluto. "The Effect of Initial and Boundary Conditions upon the Formation and Development of MHD Turbulence Structure." In Liquid Metal Magnetohydrodynamics. Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0999-1_53.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Initial conditions for the formation of a shadow"
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Fischer, K. P., William H. Thomason, and Svein Eliassen. "CP in Deep Water: The Importance of Calcareous Deposits and the Environmental Conditions." In CORROSION 1996. NACE International, 1996. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1996-96548.
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Abstract To achieve an optimal cathodic protection (CP) design for a bare steel structure, a high initial current density is required to give a rapid polarisation and a subsequent formation of a calcareous deposit. The formation of the calcareous deposit will lead to low maintenance and final current density demand. Today, field experience or field testing at the given location and depth are the only way the CP design current densities can be accurately established. Obviously, for the deepwater installations inadequate or over conservative design can lead to serious economic ramifications. It is therefore important to establish the actual requirements for design of CP systems for deep water well in advance of a field development. The present paper presents the results of testing in the Barents Sea area at depths down to about 500 m. The results show that very high initial current densities are required to give polarisation to a potential more negative than -0.80 V (Ag/AgCl). In these areas adequate CP can be achieved only if high initial current densities are applied (ii'&gt;0.3A/m2). The current demand is highest close to the surface and will decrease with depth. The formation of the calcareous deposit on the steel reduces the CP current demand. To establish if such deposits are stable in the deep water areas a review of the characteristics of the calcareous deposits in the deep oceans is presented. The dominant calcareous deposit in cold waters is calcite, CaCO3. It is the kinetics which control the precipitation and dissolution of CaCO3 in the sea. Calcite which is the dominant CaCO3 mineral formed in deep cold water will not dissolve before the degree of saturation is less than 0.6. For most ocean areas the CaCO3 saturation (Ω) will be higher than 0.6. However, for some ocean areas (e.g. off West Africa) the saturation will be less than 0.6. In such areas the design of the CP system will require special considerations.
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Tanji, Yasunori, Hirofumi Kawai, Ryosuke Terashi, and Kazuhiko Miyanaga. "Effect of Cathodic Protection on Biofilm Formation and Maturation." In CORROSION 2007. NACE International, 2007. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2007-07513.
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Abstract Cathodic protection (CP) is known as a reliable method to protect steel from corrosion. However, the influence of CP on biofilm formation and maturation is not well known. There are three possible effects of CP on biofilm formation and maturation. Those are: 1) deprivation of anchorage sites for bacterial adhesion, 2) increase of electrostatic repulsion between the steel surface and negatively charged bacteria, 3) elimination of bacteria in the biofilm by increasing pH. To investigate these possible effects of CP on biofilm, carbon steel coupons were immersed in artificial seawater with and without CP. CP retarded steel corrosion, as a consequence of inhibition of biofilm formation. CP also inhibited initial attachment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, a strain well known for its negative charge and pioneering adhesive characteristics. Since the inhibitive effect of cell adhesion was greater in low ionic conditions than in high ionic conditions, CP increased electrical repulsion between the steel surface and bacteria. The increase of pH in an artificial biofilm composed of 0.5% agar and 0.9% NaCl was also investigated theoretically and experimentally. The pH profile in the artificial biofilm was analyzed using a capillary pH electrode. After three hours of CP, the biofilm pH increased and as a consequence sterilized P. aeruginosa PAO1 imbedded in the film. However, pH at the edge of the biofilm decreased sharply and reached the same value as that in the bulk-water. Therefore, bacteria located at the edge of the biofilm survived during the application of CP.
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Gunawardana, P. V. D. S., J. C. Walmsley, and H. J. Venvik. "Investigation of the Initial Stage of Metal Dusting Corrosion in the Conversion of Natural Gas to Synthesis Gas." In CORROSION 2013. NACE International, 2013. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2013-02769.
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Abstract Nickel-based industrial alloy samples were pre-oxidized at different temperatures (540/760/ 980 °C) in pure or diluted (0.5% O2 in Ar) oxygen, followed by exposure to a high carbon activity gaseous mixture (10% CO in Ar) at 550 °C, in order to reveal factors critical to the initial carbon-formation preceding metal dusting corrosion. Fresh and treated samples were studied via optical-microscopy, EPMA, SEM/EDS, and depth profile analysis by Auger electron spectroscopy under Ar-ion sputtering. The resulting oxide layers strongly differ in thickness, ranging from 1 μm for the highest to less than 30 nm for the lowest temperature. Systematic compositional variations were also found, with the high oxidation temperature being associated with chromium saturation and nickel/iron depletion of the oxide, as well as aluminium enrichment at the oxide-bulk metal transition. Increasing oxidation temperature was found to result in a surface oxide layer with better resistance to carbon formation, irrespective of the oxygen concentration of the pretreatment, although composition plays a role under otherwise equal conditions. The carbon formation appears to be associated with inclusion of nickel and iron species in the oxide layer, which subsequently reduce to promote the kinetics of the process.
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Ashcraft, Richard, Gerhard Bohnsack, Reimer Holm, Roland Kleinstueck, and Siegfried Storp. "The Mechanism of Corrosion Inhibition and Transition to Underdeposit Corrosion." In CORROSION 1987. NACE International, 1987. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1987-87328.
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Abstract Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel by 2-phosphono-butane-l,2,4-tricarboxylic acid is based on the formation of an inhibiting film. Changes in the water composition in contact with this film during formation influence its growth rate and thickness. The initial state of the steel surface is also important in film formation. Certain chemical parameters create conditions where the film grows to a greater thickness, resembling scale formation. This disturbed film is then a good model for underdeposit corrosion mechanism studies. Surface methods (ESCA, Auger spectroscopy, and SEM) have been used to investigate the structure and composition of this transitional film.
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Chen, Tao, Qiwei Wang, Mohammed Bataweel, and Salem Balharth. "Understanding of the Co-deposition of Calcium Sulphate and Calcium Carbonate Deposition in ESP." In CORROSION 2021. AMPP, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2021-16296.
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Abstract Electric Submersible Pump (ESP) in oilfield is prone to scale deposition, largely due to temperature increases by motor heating, and turbulent flow and high shear inside of pump. In this work, the formation of calcium sulphate and calcium carbonate were studied under a range of conditions that could possibly be encountered in ESPs. The produced water chemistry changes from 100% formation water to mixed formation water and injected seawater over time. The scaling tendency and potential mass deposition are simulated using a thermodynamic prediction model. Dynamic scale loop tests were carried out to study the calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate and co-deposition under field conditions. The results indicate that the risk of calcium carbonate scale at the initial stage of production in both downhole and ESP. With the breakthrough of seawater, the risk of calcium sulphate scale increases, and harsh calcium sulphate scale could form in ESP. This study also suggests that the interference between CaSO4 and CaCO3 formation is minor under the test conditions. These findings will be used to develop the scale mitigation strategies.
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Chen, Tao, Anne Neville, Ken Sorbie, and Zhong Zhong. "Using Synchrotron Radiation Wide Angle X-Ray Scattering (WAXS) to Study the Inhibiting Effect of Polyphosphonocarboxylic Acid (PPCA) on CaCO3 Scale Formation." In CORROSION 2006. NACE International, 2006. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2006-06386.
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Abstract The aim of this paper is to further the understanding of scale formation and inhibition by in-situ probing of crystal growth by synchrotron radiation Wide Angle X-Ray Scattering (WAXS) in the absence and presence of Polyphosphinocarboxylic acid (PPCA) scale inhibitor at elevated temperature and high pressure. It has been shown that the nucleation and growth of various calcareous polymorphs and their individual crystal planes can be followed in real time and from this the following conclusions are reached. ❖The process of scale deposited on the surface can be divided into an unstable phase and a stable phase. The initial phase of crystallization of calcium carbonate is characterized by instability with individual planes from various vaterite and aragonite polymorphs emerging and subsequently disappearing under the hydrodynamic conditions. After the initial unstable phase, various calcium carbonate crystal planes adhere on the surface and then grow on the surface.❖PPCA inhibits surface deposition. It suppresses calcite formation and results in vaterite-dominated scale. This is the first time that crystallization of mineral scale and its inhibition have been followed in-situ and as such, information on the nucleation and growth processes is accessible. This technique offers an exciting prospect for the study of scaling.
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Li, Huixin, Jiancang Liu, Lei Zhang, Zhu Wang, Fengxian Shi, and Minxu Lu. "The Effect of Corrosion Product Formation Mode at the Early Stage of Sour Corrosion of Pipeline Steel." In CORROSION 2018. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-11090.
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Abstract The rapid process at the initial stage of sour corrosion on carbon steels and the relatively low uniform corrosion rate show the change of corrosion mechanism and the effect of corrosion products over time. In this paper, the scaling mode at the early stage of carbon steel exposed to H2S environments with short exposure time were investigated. Corrosion exposure tests and linear polarization resistance (LPR) techniques were performed. The corrosion products of pipeline steel formed under sour corrosion conditions were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Based on corrosion rate and the parameters of water chemistry, solubility limits of iron sulfide (FeS) were calculated. A preferred orientation of mackinawite appeared after 30 min of immersion. After exposure for one hour, the solution supersaturated and the corrosion product began to precipitate on the steel surface. Assuming the corrosion film covered the matrix layer by layer, the thickness of FeS were calculated based on water chemistry input. There was a significant difference between the calculated result and the film thickness of the cross-section. The corrosion product layers were loose and covered the matrix incompletely at the early stage of H2S corrosion. The rapidly scaling mode derived by the experiment and theoretical works is expected to improve the understanding of the mechanism of H2S corrosion at early stage and the possibility of the nucleation of the pitting under sour conditions.
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Xu, Minghe, Yoon-Seok Choi, and Srdjan Nesic. "Influence of Impurity Adsorption and Condensation on the Initial Corrosion Mechanism of CO2 Transport Pipeline Steel." In CONFERENCE 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2023-19066.
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Abstract The present study was designed to study the role of impurity adsorption and condensation behaviors in the corrosion mechanism of CO2 transport pipeline steel, based on the hypothesis that the impurity adsorption and condensation play a critical role in inducing the formation of aqueous electrolyte in the initial stage of the corrosion processes. The impurity adsorption and condensation behaviors including water adsorption, adsorption of sulfurous species (SO2/H2SO3), and H2SO3 condensation onto the Fe-coated quartz crystals were measured by the Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) technique in water-unsaturated CO2/H2O flow and CO2/H2O/H2SO3/SO2 flow at 45°C and 1 bar. The connections between the water adsorption and acid condensation behavior onto Fe-coated quartz crystals with Fe corrosion were also studied by utilizing SEM and EDS techniques. The results showed that Fe suffered no corrosion in the water-unsaturated CO2/H2O gas flow but suffered localized corrosion in the water-unsaturated CO2/H2O/H2SO3/SO2 gas flow. It was suggested that the acid condensation initiated the Fe corrosion at water-unsaturated conditions with impurities instead of the pure water adsorption behavior.
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Schäfer, Dominik, Fabian Hampp, Oliver Lammel, and Manfred Aigner. "Investigation of Spray Formation and Turbulent Droplet Transport in High Momentum Jet Stabilized Combustor Injection Systems." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-15231.
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Abstract This work investigates the influence of coaxial air flow on droplet distribution, velocity, and size generated by a pressure-swirl atomizer. The experiments were performed inside a generic test section with large optical access at atmospheric conditions. The flow conditions replicate the mixing duct sections of high momentum jet stabilized combustors for gas turbines, e.g. high axial air velocities without swirl generation and high preheat temperatures. High momentum jet stabilized combustors based on the FLOX® burner concept are used successfully in gas turbines due to its fuel and load flexibility and very low pollutant emissions. In previous and ongoing studies, different model combustors have been under investigation mainly with the focus of broadening fuel flexibility and operational limits. Operation with different liquid fuel injection systems in high pressure experiments showed a significant impact from the injector shape and injection strategy on the fuel air mixing behavior, the flame position and stability, and thus NOx emissions. This experiment will give a more detailed understanding of the turbulent mixing and interaction of primary and secondary atomization with the surrounding air in such burners. The setup will also allow for the testing of different injection systems for various burner configurations by the variation of injection type, location, fuel, and air flow properties. In the present experiments a pressure-swirl atomizer was set to a constant pressure drop and mass flow. Liquid fuel was replaced by deionized water due to safety concerns. The coaxial air mass flow was preheated up to 473 K and set to bulk velocities of 20 m/s, 50 m/s, and 80 m/s. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was used to characterize the flow field downstream of the point of injection. The droplet size and velocity distributions were quantified by double frame shadow imaging combined with a long-distance microscope with a resolution below 1 μm per pixel. Moreover, the formation of ligaments as well as primary spray break-up was visualized. The results show a significant change of the spatial droplet distribution with increasing co-flow velocity for a given atomizer geometry. The spray cone angle widens at high co-flow velocities due to the formation of a pronounced recirculation zone behind the backward facing step of the injector near the nozzle orifice. This also leads to a change in the initial droplet momentum and the spatial distribution of large droplets. Smaller droplets are concentrated to the center of the spray due to turbulent transport. These findings assist the ongoing developments of liquid fuel injection systems for high momentum jet based combustors and provide validation data for numerical simulations of primary and secondary atomization.
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Joulin, C., T. Le Blevec, W. Kostorz, M. Perez-Fernandez, F. Bourgeois, and M. O. Benmesbah. "THMC Cement Initial State of Stress Model and its Numerical Implementation for CO2 Storage Well Integrity Simulations." In 58th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2024-0252.
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ABSTRACT: This paper focuses on the development of numerical models and simulation software to predict the integrity of wells, from their construction to abandonment. The manuscript presents different numerical modelling equations and techniques to capture the construction of a well, the curing process of well cements, the accumulation of post-curing initial state of stress, debonding between the different components of the well and their fracturing. Key results are presented for standard well conditions and materials, they highlights the complexity of well integrity simulations; particularly regarding the curing of the cement. Cement curing is captured by leveraging existing chemical and volumetric models and by developing a new stress model. The limitations of such models are discussed and it is argued that they should not be used without extensive validation and calibration work and that the large, impactful uncertainties of well conditions should always be considered when drawing conclusions from their outputs. 1 INTRODUCTION Ensuring the integrity of active and abandoned wells is paramount to minimize the risk of leaks to the atmosphere and prevent shallow aquifer contamination. Structurally sound wells are particularly important for subsurface applications which involve greenhouse gases and/or valuable resources, such as oil & gas, gas fuel storage (CH4 and H2) and CO2 storage which is the focus of this research paper. The well's permanent subsurface structure is composed of imbricated cylindrical sections made of one or more cement annulus and steel casings; surrounded by the rock formation. The integrity of the well can be lost upon fracturing of the casing, cement or formation, the debonding between these different components and microscopic changes inside materials resulting from THMC (thermo-hydro-mechanical and chemical) processes. To make an assessment on the integrity of wells, there are three categories of methods. First field measurements, by collecting data downhole they provide the most direct assessment of integrity. Their drawback is cost, availability at scale and technical limitations on the data that can be acquired. For instance, well logging tools can difficulty acquire data relating to the cement sheath and formation when measurements need to be made through the thickness of one or more casings. Second, experimental methods which provide extremely valuable insights and data on the mechanisms of well integrity loss. Experiments reproduce the well behaviour in a simplified environment where the quality and the possibilities for different types of measurements is much greater than in the field. Their drawback is the complexity of the experimental endeavour, the simplifications made with respect to the field conditions and the limitations on the number of experimental runs that are practically possible to perform. The third type of assessment is numerical and mathematical methods which enable predictions of the THMC behaviour of the well. Provided that they are correctly validated and/or calibrated with field and experimental data, they make fast, cheap and reliable predictions. The reliability of such predictions is however tightly linked to the uncertainty of the model input parameters. When the input is uncertain, numerical methods can still provide a range of possible behaviours based on a reasonable uncertainty range on the input data.
Reports on the topic "Initial conditions for the formation of a shadow"
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Савосько, Василь Миколайович, Юлія Бєлик, and Юрій Васильович Лихолат. Ecological and Geological Determination of the Initial Pedogenesis on Devastated Lands in the Kryvyi Rih Iron Mining & Metallurgical District (Ukraine). Journ. Geol. Geograph. Geoecology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3643.
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In our time, a very urgent problem is the cessation of negative impacts on the environment and the return to the practical use of the territories of devastated lands. In this regard, it is important to find out the basic laws of primary soil formation in the area of these man-made neoplasms. The initial soil formation conditions were analyzed on 19 experimental sites which represent the main varieties of devastated land in the Kryvyi Rih Iron Mining and Metallurgical District (Central Ukraine): (i) waste rock dumps of old iron mines (old name “Forges”), (ii) tailing storage facility of underground iron mines, (iii) waste rock dumps of the Iron Ore Mining and Dressing Plant, (iv) waste rock dumps of the Granite Quarry Plant. It was established that on the devastated lands in Kryvyi Rih District, the initial soil formation occurs in very difficult conditions. Therefore, over 25- 100 years only very primitive soils were formed. The following features are inherent to them: (1) primitive soil profile (thickness 10-100 mm), (2) low levels of soil organic substance content (9.5-11.5 %), (3) alkaline indicators of the soil solution (pHH2O – 8.08-8.92, pHKCl – 7.42-8.23), (4) low levels of cation exchange capacity (6.34-8.47 mMol /100 g). By results of correlation calculations, among the factors of soil formation time (duration of soil formation) and input of plant ash elements’ fall are characterized by the maximum number of statistically significant correlation coefficients and their numerical values. In terms of chemical composition of the technosol, the values of organic matter content and exchangeable acidity (pHKCl) were the most predictable soil formation factors. Generally physical / chemical characteristics of geological rocks (as parent material) and time were the two most important factors in determining the initial pedogenesis on devastated lands in the Kryvyi Rih Iron Mining & Metallurgical District (Ukraine).
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Alifia, Ulfah, Rezanti Putri Pramana, and Shintia Revina. A Policy Lens on Becoming a Teacher: A Longitudinal Diary Study of Novice Teacher Professional Identity Formation in Indonesia. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/096.
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The early years of a teacher’s career are crucial to the formation of their professional identity—a complex process of reconciling their personal attributes with the demands of the profession. This study explores the identity formation of novice teachers in Indonesia and seeks to identify the various aspects that shape this process. Specifically, we examine how Indonesia’s current teacher policy landscape affects novice teachers’ perspectives on teaching and their profession. Through a longitudinal bimonthly diary study conducted over two years, we find that the novice teachers’ stories about their identity development revolve around five themes: initial motivation to enter the profession, beliefs about teaching and the teaching profession, satisfaction with working conditions, perceptions about major challenges during the early years, and commitment to the teaching profession and career aspiration. Our findings show that individual teachers’ personal attributes do influence the formation of their identities as teachers, but teacher policies and working conditions influence this process to a greater extent. Without support, novice teachers struggle to navigate the tension between their ideals, limited resources, and inconsistent teacher policies. These findings suggest it is necessary to redefine what it means to be a teacher by characterising the observable qualities of good teaching, linking them to student learning, and rectifying teacher policies in the Indonesian education system to be coherent with these characteristics.
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Flandin, Simon, Germain Poizat, and Romuald Perinet. Proactivité et réactivité: deux orientations pour concevoir des dispositifs visant le développement de la sécurité industrielle par la formation. Fondation pour une culture de sécurité industrielle, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.57071/948rpn.
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In a world exposed to uncertainty and upsets, the development of organizational resilience is often proposed to improve performance. Intended as a complement – but also sometimes as a counterpoint – to management approaches based on anticipation and preparedness, resilience-based approaches aim to improve the ability of professionals to react in an opportune manner to extraordinary and unexpected situations. Despite increasing interest for this change in paradigm, few concrete case studies have been documented. The work presented in this document explores the possibilities offered by new training modalities, for and using resilience, which aim to improve the ability of professionals to produce safety in work situations. The work is part of a research project called FOResilience, led by Simon Flandin and Germain Poizat at the University of Geneva, which was partially funded by the FonCSI. Three characteristics of the authors’ approach are worth emphasizing: - They adopt a broad definition of “training”, which includes professional development activities and organizational interventions, with a particular interest for methods that differ from classical classroom-based training, such as crisis exercises, discussion forums, coaching, and collective analysis of work situations. - They are more interested in activities and methods that develop professionals’ ability to interpret ambiguous situations and to act and cooperate in unexpected or critical situations, than in activities that promote a quasi-mechanical execution of a procedure or deployment of a pre-established plan. - They see safety as resulting as much from the daily work activities that develop professionals’ ability to act in appropriate ways in a constantly evolving context, as from the initial safe system design and careful implementation of operating procedures that cover all possible situations. Two families of training/intervention methods are analyzed: - Methods that develop proactivity in routine situations, the daily activities that create conditions which are favourable to safe operations. These include different forms of discussion between professionals that aim to improve the shared understanding of goal conflicts, of the decisions and compromises made, the difficulties encountered (such as procedures that are inappropriate in certain situations) and improvement opportunities. - Methods that encourage reactivity in extraordinary or critical situations and the ability to bounce back after a critical organizational upset. These include various simulation-based methods, such as crisis exercises, though designed to improve the ability of professionals to make sense of and react in appropriate ways to unexpected events, rather than the classical objective of exercises to check correct execution of a predefined plan.