Academic literature on the topic 'Innate fear behavior'
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Journal articles on the topic "Innate fear behavior"
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Ishikawa, Akira, Marina Sakaguchi, Atsushi J. Nagano, and Sae Suzuki. "Genetic Architecture of Innate Fear Behavior in Chickens." Behavior Genetics 50, no. 6 (2020): 411–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10519-020-10012-0.
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Acharya, Sonu. "Behavior management in Pediatric Dentistry during and after Corona pandemic." Contemporary Pediatric Dentistry 1, no. 1 (2020): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.51463/cpd.2020.17.
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Children are not miniature adults. They should be treated as different entity and not just as adults who are shortened. Children have their own apprehensions and fear. The most commonly encountered is the fear of the unknown. Fear is something which is innate and inborn. Fear of dentistry is there in every individual, whether young or old. This is mostly subjective in nature. Children show exaggerated fear for dentistry as this is something new to them. The pediatric dentists are trained in behavior management for reducing fear. There have been many methods, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological for behavior management in children. The pediatric dentists were able to apply one or the other behavior management techniques till now. Sudden appearance of a pandemic caused by nCOV-2 (coronavirus) changed everything. The change in practice pattern is bound to effect all the dental patients, more so the children. Here we will discuss how the behavior management techniques will change for children and how we can get some newer methods to reduce the fear.
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Bernabe, Cristian S., Izabela F. Caliman, William A. Truitt, et al. "Using loss- and gain-of-function approaches to target amygdala-projecting serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus that enhance anxiety-related and conditioned fear behaviors." Journal of Psychopharmacology 34, no. 4 (2020): 400–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881119900981.
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Background: The central serotonergic system originating from the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) plays a critical role in anxiety and trauma-related disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder. Although many studies have investigated the role of serotonin (5-HT) within pro-fear brain regions such as the amygdala, the majority of these studies have utilized non-selective pharmacological approaches or poorly understood lesioning techniques which limit their interpretation. Aim: Here we investigated the role of amygdala-projecting 5-HT neurons in the DR in innate anxiety and conditioned fear behaviors. Methods: To achieve this goal, we utilized (1) selective lesion of 5-HT neurons projecting to the amygdala with saporin toxin conjugated to anti-serotonin transporter (SERT) injected into the amygdala, and (2) optogenetic excitation of amygdala-projecting DR cell bodies with a combination of a retrogradely transported canine adenovirus-expressing Cre-recombinase injected into the amygdala and a Cre-dependent-channelrhodopsin injected into the DR. Results: While saporin treatment lesioned both local amygdalar 5-HT fibers and neurons in the DR as well as reduced conditioned fear behavior, optical activation of amygdala-projecting DR neurons enhanced anxious behavior and conditioned fear response. Conclusion: Collectively, these studies support the hypothesis that amygdala-projecting 5-HT neurons in the DR represent an anxiety and fear-on network.
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Vincenz, Daniel, Kerstin E. A. Wernecke, Markus Fendt, and Jürgen Goldschmidt. "Habenula and interpeduncular nucleus differentially modulate predator odor-induced innate fear behavior in rats." Behavioural Brain Research 332 (August 2017): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2017.05.053.
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Lu, Botao, Penghui Fan, Yiding Wang, et al. "Neuronal Electrophysiological Activities Detection of Defense Behaviors Using an Implantable Microelectrode Array in the Dorsal Periaqueductal Gray." Biosensors 12, no. 4 (2022): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12040193.
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Defense is the basic survival mechanism of animals when facing dangers. Previous studies have shown that the midbrain periaqueduct gray (PAG) was essential for the production of defense responses. However, the correlation between the endogenous neuronal activities of the dorsal PAG (dPAG) and different defense behaviors was still unclear. In this article, we designed and manufactured microelectrode arrays (MEAs) whose detection sites were arranged to match the shape and position of dPAG in rats, and modified it with platinum-black nanoparticles to improve the detection performance. Subsequently, we successfully recorded the electrophysiological activities of dPAG neurons via designed MEAs in freely behaving rats before and after exposure to the potent analog of predator odor 2-methyl-2-thiazoline (2-MT). Results demonstrated that 2-MT could cause strong innate fear and a series of defensive behaviors, accompanied by the significantly increased average firing rate and local field potential (LFP) power of neurons in dPAG. We also observed that dPAG participated in different defense behaviors with different degrees of activation, which was significantly stronger in the flight stage. Further analysis showed that the neuronal activities of dPAG neurons were earlier than flight, and the intensity of activation was inversely proportional to the distance from predator odor. Overall, our results indicate that dPAG neuronal activities play a crucial role in controlling different types of predator odor-evoked innate fear/defensive behaviors, and provide some guidance for the prediction of defense behavior.
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Mederos, Sara, Patty Blakely, Nicole Vissers, Claudia Clopath, and Sonja B. Hofer. "Overwriting an instinct: Visual cortex instructs learning to suppress fear responses." Science 387, no. 6734 (2025): 682–88. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adr2247.
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Fast instinctive responses to environmental stimuli can be crucial for survival but are not always optimal. Animals can adapt their behavior and suppress instinctive reactions, but the neural pathways mediating such ethologically relevant forms of learning remain unclear. We found that posterolateral higher visual areas (plHVAs) are crucial for learning to suppress escapes from innate visual threats through a top-down pathway to the ventrolateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN). plHVAs are no longer necessary after learning; instead, the learned behavior relies on plasticity within vLGN populations that exert inhibitory control over escape responses. vLGN neurons receiving input from plHVAs enhance their responses to visual threat stimuli during learning through endocannabinoid-mediated long-term suppression of their inhibitory inputs. We thus reveal the detailed circuit, cellular, and synaptic mechanisms underlying experience-dependent suppression of fear responses.
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Kleiven, Alf Ring, Even Moland, and U. Rashid Sumaila. "No fear of bankruptcy: the innate self-subsidizing forces in recreational fishing." ICES Journal of Marine Science 77, no. 6 (2019): 2304–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz128.
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Abstract Recreational fishing, by both local residents and tourists, is a popular activity globally. The behaviour and motivation of recreational fishers is different from those of commercial fishers. Unlike the latter, the former are not dependent on making profits to continue fishing. Rather, the value of recreational fishing to those who engage in it is a combination of catches and experience values. The latter value implies that recreational fishers might continue fishing when they should not, analogous to the effect of subsidy in the commercial fishing sector. Hence, the term “self-subsidizing”: a fishery as one in which fishers subsidize themselves through an economic investment in gear and time from their non-fishery-based earnings. The consequence of which is that recreational fishers can continue fishing long after the commercial fishing industry has stopped fishing because their operations have become economically unviable. There is reason to argue that in many areas, recreational fishing effort, due to the self-subsidizing mechanism, is sustained at a high rate while stocks decrease. In this contribution, we describe the innate self-subsidizing forces in recreational fishing and discuss their implications.
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Abdulai-Saiku, Samira, Akshaya Hegde, Ajai Vyas, and Rupshi Mitra. "Effects of stress or infection on rat behavior show robust reversals due to environmental disturbance." F1000Research 6 (December 6, 2017): 2097. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.13171.1.
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Background: The behavior of animals is intricately linked to the environment; a relationship that is often studied in laboratory conditions by using environmental perturbations to study biological mechanisms underlying the behavioral change. Methods: This study pertains to two such well-studied and well-replicated perturbations, i.e., stress-induced anxiogenesis and Toxoplasma-induced loss of innate fear. Here, we demonstrate that behavioral outcomes of these experimental manipulations are contingent upon the ambient quality of the wider environment where animal facilities are situated. Results: During late 2014 and early 2015, a building construction project started adjacent to our animal facility. During this phase, we observed that maternal separation stress caused anxiolysis, rather than historically observed anxiogenesis, in laboratory rats. We also found that Toxoplasma infection caused an increase, rather than historically observed decrease, in innate aversion to predator odors in rats. Conclusion: These observations suggest that effects of stress and Toxoplasma are dependent on variables in the environment that often go unreported in the published literature.
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Abdulai-Saiku, Samira, Akshaya Hegde, Ajai Vyas, and Rupshi Mitra. "Effects of stress or infection on rat behavior show robust reversals due to environmental disturbance." F1000Research 6 (January 16, 2018): 2097. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.13171.2.
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Background: The behavior of animals is intricately linked to the environment; a relationship that is often studied in laboratory conditions by using environmental perturbations to study biological mechanisms underlying the behavioral change. Methods: This study pertains to two such well-studied and well-replicated perturbations, i.e., stress-induced anxiogenesis and Toxoplasma gondii -induced loss of innate fear. Here, we demonstrate that behavioral outcomes of these experimental manipulations are contingent upon the ambient quality of the wider environment where animal facilities are situated. Results: During late 2014 and early 2015, a building construction project started adjacent to our animal facility. During this phase, we observed that maternal separation stress caused anxiolysis, rather than historically observed anxiogenesis, in laboratory rats. We also found that Toxoplasma gondii infection caused an increase, rather than historically observed decrease, in innate aversion to predator odors in rats. Conclusion: These observations suggest that effects of stress and Toxoplasma gondii are dependent on variables in the environment that often go unreported in the published literature.
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Li, Yaxi, Zhi Yan, Ainuo Lin, Xiaodong Li, and Ke Li. "Non-Dose-Dependent Relationship between Antipredator Behavior and Conspecific Alarm Substance in Zebrafish." Fishes 8, no. 2 (2023): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020076.
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A series of behavioral detection paradigms have been developed for zebrafish (Danio rerio) to examine anxiety-like behavioral responses. Among them, the novel tank diving test is rapidly gaining popularity in translational neuroscience and behavioral research for the investigation of psychopharmacological activity focusing on stress. Zebrafish respond to conspecific epidermal-released alarm substances with antipredator reactions. Although the alarm responses of zebrafish were well characterized in a novel tank diving experiment, the relationship between the intensity of the alarm behavior and the concentration of the alarm substance needed to be understood more adequately. In the current paper, we investigated the behavioral phenotypes and potencies of zebrafish elicited by the serial dilution of an alarm substance in the novel tank diving test. Using a video-tracking assisted behavioral quantification approach, we demonstrated no linear concentration-dependent relationship between antipredator behavior and skin extracts, suggesting that an optimal concentration induced each typical behavioral response. The results showed that the freezing duration (%) significantly increased when stimulated with 104-fold times dilutions of skin extract (equivalent 5 × 10–5 fish/L), while erratic movements (%), time in the bottom half (%), and latency to the upper half (s) significantly elevated when stimulated with 103-fold times dilutions (equivalent 5 × 10–4 fish/L). Therefore, the concentration threshold for an alarm substance that elicited innate fear behavior in zebrafish was presumed to be an equivalent concentration of approximately 5 × 10–4 fish/L. The conclusions may fill a knowledge gap between the innate fear response triggered by injured skin and a novel tank diving paradigm that provides insights into the characterization of alarm substance, behavioral responses, and physiological response mechanisms in zebrafish.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Innate fear behavior"
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Bak, Célia. "Exploration du rôle du complexe répresseur transcriptionnel SIN3A-HDAC dans la consolidation de la mémoire et l'effet de l'âge sur la réponse de peur innée chez la souris." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSES114.
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La mémoire à long terme se forme au cours d'un processus de consolidation nécessitant une transcription de novo de gènes, régulée par des mécanismes épigénétiques. Les modifications épigénétiques, incluant les acétylations des histones qui structurent la chromatine, sont ajoutées ou retirées respectivement par des histones acétyltranférases (HATs) et des histones deacétylases (HDACs). Ces dernières sont recrutées aux gènes cibles par des complexes répresseurs transcriptionnels. Bien qu'encore peu étudiés, la littérature montre l'engagement de ces complexes répresseurs dans la formation de différents types de mémoire, mettant ainsi en exergue la question d'une implication importante de ces derniers dans les processus mnésiques. Ainsi, nous avons choisi d'étudier l'un de ces complexes, SIN3A-HDACs, dans le cadre de la consolidation d'une mémoire dépendante de l'hippocampe. En outre, un grand nombre d'études ont examiné la fonction des HDACs, en particulier les HDACs 1 et 2, dans les processus de la mémoire en utilisant des modèles de souris génétiquement modifiés pour ces enzymes. Cependant, leur rôle dans la phase de consolidation de la mémoire ne peut être mis en évidence que par leur inhibition ponctuelle comme par l'administration d'inhibiteurs pharmacologiques des HDACs. Ainsi, pour tester notre hypothèse selon laquelle le complexe SIN3A-HDACs participe à la formation de la mémoire à long terme, nous avons ciblé spécifiquement les deux entités de ce complexe en tentant d'établir un modèle murin déplété en SIN3A ou en inhibant spécifiquement les HDACs 1 et 2 par l'administration du composé 60 (Cpd-60) dans l'hippocampe dorsal. Les premiers résultats de ce travail de thèse ont montré un rôle de la protéine SIN3A, mais aucun effet du Cpd-60 sur la consolidation de la mémoire contextuelle générée en soumettant des souris adultes à un conditionnement de peur. La première partie de ce manuscrit présente les différentes approches que nous avons utilisées pour cibler SIN3A et les effets d'une injection de Cpd-60 au niveau moléculaire et comportemental. La seconde partie de ce travail de thèse concerne l'effet de l'âge sur la réponse comportementale et cérébrale des souris face à un stimulus de looming, mimant l'approche rapide d'un prédateur volant. Des comportements défensifs adaptés sont essentiels à la survie des espèces. Alors que ces comportements commencent à se développer tôt dans la vie d'un individu, les connaissances sur la façon dont ils évoluent chez les individus plus âgés sont encore peu nombreuses. Considérant que le vieillissement s'accompagne d'un déclin des fonctions cognitives et physiques, nous émettons l'hypothèse que les comportements de peur innée et les mécanismes cérébraux sous-jacents pourraient subir des modifications avec l'âge. Ce travail examine donc cette hypothèse en observant la réaction des souris âgées à un stimulus visuel menaçant, comparativement à des souris jeunes adultes. Nos résultats montrent que les souris âgées manifestent une réponse de peur différente de celle des souris jeunes lorsqu'elles sont confrontées au stimulus de looming. Contrairement aux souris jeunes, les souris âgées ont tendance à adopter un comportement de freezing, sans chercher à fuir vers un abri. Il est intéressant de noter que cette réponse comportementale altérée chez les souris âgées est liée à un profil de connectivité fonctionnelle cérébrale distinct de celui des jeunes souris, avec un déficit d'activation cellulaire dans certaines structures cérébrales clés qui régulent les comportements de peur innée<br>The long term memory is formed through a consolidation process requiring de novo gene transcription, regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetic modifications, including histone acetylations that structure chromatin, are added or removed respectively by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). The latter are recruited to targeted genes by transcriptional repressor complexes. Although still understudied, the literature shows the involvement of these repressor complexes in the formation of different types of memory, thus highlighting the question of their significant implication in mnemonic processes. Therefore, we chose to study one of these complexes, SIN3A-HDACs, in the context of hippocampus-dependent memory consolidation. Furthermore, numerous studies have investigated the function of HDACs, especially HDACs 1 and 2, in memory processes using genetically modified mice models for these enzymes. However, their role in the memory consolidation phase can only be demonstrated by their punctual inhibition, such as through acute administration of pharmacological HDAC inhibitors. Thus, to test our hypothesis that the SIN3A-HDAC complex participates in long term memory formation, we specifically targeted the two entities of this complex by attempting to establish a SIN3A-depleted mouse model or by specifically inhibiting HDACs 1 and 2 through the administration of Compound 60 (Cpd-60) in the dorsal hippocampus. The first results of this thesis work showed a role for SIN3A, but no effect of the Cpd-60 on the consolidation of contextual memory generated by subjecting adult mice to fear conditioning. The first part of this manuscript therefore presents the different approaches we used to target SIN3A and the effects of Cpd-60 injection at the molecular and behavioral levels. The second part of this thesis work addresses the effect of age on the behavioral and brain response of mice to a looming stimulus, mimicking the rapid approach of a flying predator. Adaptive defensive behaviors are essential for species survival. While these behaviors begin to develop early in an individual's life, there is still little knowledge about how they evolve in older individuals. Considering that aging is accompanied by a decline in cognitive and physical functions, we hypothesize that innate fear behaviors and underlying brain mechanisms may undergo modifications with age. This work thus examines this hypothesis by observing the reaction of old mice to a threatening visual stimulus compared to young ones. Our results show that aged mice exhibit a different fear response than younger mice when confronted with the looming stimulus. Unlike young mice, old mice tend to adopt a freezing behavior without seeking for a refuge. Interestingly, this altered behavioral response in aged mice is associated with a distinct pattern of brain functional connectivity compared to young mice, with a deficit in cellular activation in key brain structures that regulate innate fear behaviors
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Spinieli, Richard Leandro. "Avaliação do envolvimento de receptores específicos para o fator liberador de corticotropina CRF1 e CRF2 dos núcleos basolateral e central da amígdala no comportamento de imobilidade tônica em cobaias (Cavia porcellus)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59134/tde-26062014-140049/.
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A resposta comportamental de Imobilidade Tônica (IT) ocorre em situações de perigo intenso, e em situações inescapáveis, como por exemplo,o ataque de um predador. Esta resposta caracteriza-se por perda do reflexo de endireitamento e relativa falta de responsividade aos estímulos ambientais. Estudos consistentes tem demonstrado o envolvimento de distintas áreas encefálicas na modulação desta resposta, entre elas a substância cinzenta periaquedutal, o hipotálamo e a amígdala. Considerando a amígdala em particular, estudos mostraram o envolvimento dos receptores para o fator liberador de corticotropina (CRF) dos núcleos basolateral (BLA) e central (CeA) na modulação da resposta de IT em cobaias. De fato, nas últimas décadas, várias evidências sugerem que o CRF está intimamente correlacionado com comportamento emocional associado ao medo e à ansiedade. Embora seja claro o envolvimento de receptores CRF na modulação do medo, e especificamente na modulação da IT em cobaias, ainda não está esclarecido o envolvimento dos diferentes subtipos de receptores para CRF na modulação emocional. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o envolvimento dos receptores específicos para o fator liberador de corticotropina, CRF1 e CRF2 dos núcleos basolateral (BLA) e central da amígdala (CeA) na modulação da resposta de IT em cobaias.Para atingir estes objetivos, grupos independentes de cobaias, com implante de cânulas-guias dirigidas para o BLA ou para o CeA foram avaliadas no teste de imobilidade tônica, antes e depois da administração dos antagonistas específicos para receptores CRF1 (CP-376395) ou para receptores CRF2 (Astressin 2B), ou depois da administração de CRF precedido ou não dos antagonistas CRF1 ou CRF2. Em adição, para avaliar se as drogas utilizadas alteraram a atividade locomotora, foi realizado o teste do campo aberto, por 5 minutos, após a administração dos antagonistas para receptores CRF1 (CP-376395) e CRF2 (Astressin 2B), em doses capazes de alterar a resposta de IT em cobaias, e de CRF precedido por antagonista CRF1 ou CRF2. Os resultados deste trabalho mostram que o bloqueio dos receptores CRF1 e CRF2 no BLA e no CeA reduziram a duração da resposta defensiva de imobilidade tônica (IT) em cobaias. Inversamente, a ativação destes receptores no BLA e no CeA aumentou o tempo de IT, demonstrado pela administração de CRF nestas regiões amigdalóides. Ainda, os antagonistas específicos para receptores CRF1 e CRF2 foram capazes de bloquear o aumento da duração da IT induzida pelo CRF administrado no mesmo sítio. Estes resultados sugerem que o efeito promovido pelo CRF no BLA e no CeA ocorre por atuação conjunta em receptores CRF1 e CRF2. Em adição, é importante ressaltar que as drogas, nas doses utilizadas neste estudo, não promoveram alteração da resposta motora, desde que não alteraram a atividade no teste do campo aberto, o que por si só, poderia alterar a resposta de IT. Assim, é possível que sugerir que o bloqueio específico de receptores CRF1 e CRF2 do BLA e do CeA promovem redução do medo e/ou da ansiedade, resultando em redução da resposta de IT em cobaias.<br>The tonic immobility response (TI ) occurs in inescapable situations of intense danger, such as the predator attack. This response is characterized by loss of righting reflex and the relative lack of responsiveness to environmental stimuli. Consistent studies have demonstrated the involvement of different brain areas to modulate this defensive behavior, including the periaqueductal gray matter, hypothalamus and amygdala. Whereas the amygdala in particular, studies have shown the involvement of receptors for corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) of the central (CeA) and basolateral (BLA) nuclei os amygdala in TI modulating in guinea pigs. Indeed, in recent decades, several evidences suggest that CRF is closely correlated with emotional behavior associated with fear and anxiety. While it is clear the involvement of CRF receptors in the modulation of fear, and specifically in the modulation of TI, it is still unclear the involvement of different subtypes of CRF receptors in the emotional modulation. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of specific receptors for corticotropin-releasing factor, CRF1 and CRF2of BLA and of CeA in modulating the TI response in guinea pigs. To achieve these objectives, independent groups of guinea pigs were implanted with guide cannulae aimed for BLA or CeA were evaluated in the test of tonic immobility before and after the administration of specific antagonists of CRF1 receptors (CP- 376395) or CRF2 receptors (Astressin 2B), or after the administration of CRF preceded by CRF1or CRF2 antagonists, or CRF per se. In addition, to assess whether the drugs used altered locomotor activity, the open field test, for 5 minutes was performed after administration of antagonists for CRF1 receptors (CP- 376395) and CRF2 (Astressin 2B), at doses that alter the TI response in guinea pigs, and the CRF agonist preceded by CRF1 or CRF2. These results show that blockade of CRF1 and CRF2 receptors in the BLA and CeA reduced the duration of the defensive response of tonic immobility (TI) in guinea pigs. In contrast, activation of these receptors in the BLA and CeA increased the TI duration, demonstrated by administration of CRF in these amygdaloid regions. Also, specific antagonists for CRF1 and CRF2 receptors were able to block the increase in the TI response induced by CRF administered in the same structure. These results suggest that the effect promoted by CRF in the BLA and CeA is by joint performance of CRF1 and CRF2 receptors. Additionally, it is important to note that the drugs, in the doses used in this study, did not promote change in the motor response, since it did not alter the activity in the open field test, which by itself could alter the TI response. Thus, it is possible to suggest that the specific blockade of CRF1 and CRF2 receptors in the BLA and CeA promote reduction of fear and/or anxiety, resulting in reduced TI response in guinea pigs.
Book chapters on the topic "Innate fear behavior"
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Dolan, Raymond J., and John S. Morris. "The Functional Anatomy of Innate and Acquired Fear: Perspectives from Neuroimaging." In Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotion. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195118889.003.0010.
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Abstract Understanding the neurobiology of emotion has historically depended on studies carried out in animals or the careful documentation of patients with brain lesions that result in disorders of emotional behavior. These approaches are ultimately limited. Animal models, although informative, cannot provide adequate descriptions of phenomena as complex as human emotion whose differentiation depends on conscious experience. Likewise, inferences from patients with discrete brain insults are constrained either by the fact that lesions are seldom restricted to a single anatomical locus or their functional effects are unlikely to be bounded by anatomical locus. Physiological measures of in vivo human brain function, derived from positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance (fMRI), are now standard tools in cognitive neuroscience. Their ability to study the intact human brain gives them special appeal in cognitive science in general but even more so when applied in studies of human emotion where the database remains inadequate.
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Panksepp, Jaak. "Emotional Operating Systems and Subjectivity Methodological Problems and a Conceptual Framework for the Neurobiological Analysis of Affect." In Affective Neuroscience. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195096736.003.0002.
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Abstract Ultimately the emotional systems of the brain create mixtures of innate and learned action tendencies in humans, as well as in the other creatures we must study in order to fully understand the neural substrates of affective processes. As we now know, there are no credible, routine ways to unambiguously separate the influences of nature and nurture in the control of behavior that will apply across different environments. To understand the aspects of behavior that derive their organizational essence mainly from nature, we must first identify how instinctual behaviors emerge from the intrinsic potentials of the nervous system. For instance, animals do not learn to search their environment for items needed for survival, although they surely need to learn exactly when and how precisely to search. In other words, the “seeking potential” is built into the brain, but each animal must learn to direct its behaviors toward the opportunities that are available in the environment. In addition, animals do not need to learn to experience and express fear, anger, pain, pleasure, and joy, nor to play in simple rough-and-tumble ways, even though all of these processes come to modify and be modified by learning. Evidence suggests that evolution has imprinted many spontaneous psychobehavioral potentials within the inherited neurodynamics of the mammalian brain; these systems help generate internally experienced emotional feelings. Indeed, affective experience appears to be closely linked to brain programs that generate emotional behaviors, as well as the incoming sensory experiences that result from emotive behaviors. The function of subjectively experienced feeling states may be to sustain ongoing behavior patterns and to augment simple and effective learning strategies. Accordingly, in order to understand the neural nature of emotional feelings in humans, we must first seek to decode how brain circuits control the basic, genetically encoded emotional behavioral tendencies we share with other mammals. Then we must try to determine how subjective experience emerges from or is linked to those brain systems. Progress on these issues has been meager. In general, both psychology and modern neuro-science have failed to give sufficient credence to the fact that organisms are born with a variety of innate affective tendencies that emerge from the ancient organizational structure of the mammalian brain.
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Goubert, Liesbet, Geert Crombez,, and Madelon Peters. "Pain-Related Fear and Avoidance: A Conditioning Perspective." In Understanding and Treating Fear of Pain. Oxford University PressOxford, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198525141.003.0002.
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Abstract Pain is more than an unpleasant perceptual and emotional experience. It elicits innate responses and action tendencies that prepare and facilitate escape from pain. Par excellence, pain is an experience that drives learning. We learn about the circumstances of everyday pain. We discover the events or actions that precede the experience of pain, and find out what predicts and causes pain. We learn to fear impending pain, and learn which actions should be undertaken to minimize pain, and to avoid it on future occasions. The same applies for the experience of clinical and chronic pain. The relevance of learning in chronic pain has been recognized early on in the field of pain (Fordyce 1976), and continues to play a role in more recent biopsychosocial accounts of chronic pain. For example, fear-avoidance models have elaborated the role of fear and avoidance behavior in the development of chronic pain problems (for an overview, see Vlaeyen and Linton 2000). At present, the concepts of “pain-related fear” and “avoidance” have become established in the pain literature. However, the precise mechanisms by which learning takes place are often taken for granted or left unspecified.
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Moreira, Paulo Cesar, Polyanne Junqueira Silva Andresen Strini, Paulinne Junqueira Silva Andresen Strini, et al. "A dive into the human mind – From perception to emotions." In Eyes on Health Sciences V.02. Seven Editora, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/sevened2024.001-005.
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Perception is the ability to associate sensory information with memory and cognition in order to form concepts about the world, ourselves and guide our behavior. From this concept, we understand that perception is a factor that depends on the senses, memory, cognition and behavior. Understanding the location of an object requires the coordination of sensory and motor information. Knowledge of auditory perception is less extensive than that of visual perception. This is due to the ease of studying visual perception and the difficulty in studying auditory perception, given that it doesn't exactly reflect sound reality from a physical point of view, i.e. there is a variation between the sound emitted by the sound source, the individual's perception and also the variation between different people. Attention is the process of focusing consciousness, concentrating mental processes on a single main task and leaving the others in the background. This process is only possible through our ability to selectively sensitize a set of neurons in certain brain regions responsible for carrying out the main task, inhibiting the others. In order to understand the study of emotions and reason, we must start from the assumption that both are mental operations accompanied by an inner experience and are capable of guiding behavior and making the necessary physiological adjustments. Both reason and emotion are aspects of the same continuous organism, called the mind. Fear is a feeling initiated by various stimuli. The manifestations of fear are linked to preparing the body for an intense physical effort that could result in a fight or flight. Emotions are autonomic occurrences, however, they can be modulated by the use of reason, that is, by the action of the prefrontal cortex, which can alter behavior to favor the situation. Anger is the emotion that determines the behavior of aggression, whether it is defensive (related to fear) or offensive. Like fear, the region responsible for the initial trigger of aggression is the amygdala, which is connected to the hypothalamus. The study of pleasure relationships is extremely limited. Human beings have various forms of communication. They all involve two individuals: a sender of the signal (which must be standardized among the community) and a receiver of the signal. All languages have spoken communication and only a few have written communication. This characteristic stems from the fact that speech has a large innate neurological basis, while writing is a cultural construction whose learning depends on teaching. Writing is a means of communication restricted to a few languages and is the result of learning certain motor patterns of the hands in order to produce certain symbols that represent phonemes. This text seeks to delve into the human mind and highlight the main global and specific mechanisms that lead from perception to emotions in the light of current discussions on learning, teaching and the apprehension of knowledge.
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Davis, Michael. "The role of the amygdala in conditioned and unconditioned fear and anxiety." In The Amygdala. Oxford University PressOxford, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198505013.003.0006.
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Abstract Evidence from many different laboratories using a variety of experimental techniques and animal species indicates that the amygdala plays a crucial role in conditioned fear, anxiety, and attention. Many amygdaloid projection areas are critically involved in specific signs used to measure fear and anxiety. Electrical stimulation of the amygdala elicits a pattern of behaviours that mimic natural or conditioned fear. Lesions of the amygdala block innate or conditioned fear, as well as various measures of attention, and local infusion of drugs into the amygdala have anxiolytic or anti-stress effects in several behavioural tests. N-MethylD-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the amygdala are important in the acquisition of conditioned fear, whereas NMDA or non-NMDA receptors are important for the expression of conditioned fear. The peptide, corticotropin-releasing hormone, appears to be especially important in fear or anxiety and may act within the amygdala, or parts of the extended amygdala, to orchestrate parts of the fear reaction.
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Graudiņa, Elīna. "Cilvēka dabiskais stāvoklis Hobsa, Loka un Ruso skatījumā." In Filosofiskā antropoloģija III: Rakstu krājums. Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/rsu_filos-antrop-iii_2024_isbn-9789934618390.025-054.
Full textAbstract:
Elīna Graudiņa in her article “The Natural State of Human According to Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau” examines the views and visions of Enlightenment thinkers on the position of an individual and society in relation to the State, society and each other. Hobbes describes the natural human condition as a selfish desire for self-preservation, characterised by a spirit of competition, distrust and fear. It is the development of “natural law” according to which a man is free to do whatever they like, and “the state of war of all against all” begins. In his natural state, man has both external freedom of action and internal freedom of will, and therefore a natural right to everything. A state where duties and rights are based on contract is a system in which the individual’s selfishness is overridden by his duty to himself, to his neighbour and to the state at large. John Locke argues that there is no innate knowledge in the individual and that man is born as a “blank slate”. He believed that an individual’s personality, knowledge and character are formed as a result of the influences of the world around him. All human beings are free, equal and independent by nature. Thomas Hobbes’s social contract theory was further developed and simultaneously criticized by Jean Jacque Rousseau. He describes transition from the state of nature to the state of citizenship. This transition brings about a remarkable change in man, replacing instinct with justice in their behaviour, giving their actions a moral meaning. What man loses with the social contract is their natural freedom, limited only by the forces of an individual. It must be distinguished from civil liberty, which is limited by the general will and property. Rousseau defends the thesis that man is good by nature and only society corrupts them morally. The philosopher cites a faulty education as one of the reasons for this, and therefore calls for an immediate reform of pedagogy, replacing traditional methods of education with “natural education”. The reform in question is based on precise knowledge of the nature of the child. Several centuries have passed since Hobbes’s conclusions on the selfishness of human nature, but this does not change the fact that the “natural state” of man has not really changed, emphasises Elīna Graudiņa. / Elīna Graudiņa rakstā “Cilvēka dabiskais stāvoklis T. Hobsa, Dž. Loka un Ž. Ž. Ruso skatījumā” aplūko apgaismības laika domātāju redzējumu un uzskatus par indivīda un sabiedrības stāvokli attiecībā pret valsti, sabiedrību, citam pret citu. Atslēgvārdi: Cilvēka dabiskais stāvoklis; valsts; sabiedrība; T. Hobss; Dž. Loks; Ž. Ž. Ruso; apgaismība; vara.