Academic literature on the topic 'Innate imunity'

Lysozymes are crucial immune moleculars and play an important role in innate imunity. Here, a new lysozyme named Pmlyzi3 was found from the transcriptome data of Panaeus monodon. The Pmplyzi3 gene was 438bp in length, encoding a 146-residues peptide and the first 19 residues constituted a signal peptide. The mature peptide contained 10 cysteines and had 7 α-helixes in its N terminal. Moreover, it showed 88% identity with lysozyme-like protein from Penaeus vannamei. To express Pmlyzi3, pColdIV-SUMOPmlyzi3 plasmid was constructed by linked the Pmlyzi3 with SUMO tag, then transformed to Eschericha coli BL21 (DE3). By optimizing expression condition, SUMO-Pmlyzi3 was succeeded in expression in high level and purifing with Ni-NTA column. Following with SUMO protease excision, pure Pmlyzi3 was obtained by removing SUMO tag, which would be helped to study its function.

In all living species, the first line of defence against microbial aggressions is constituted by innate immunity. Toll-like receptors(TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors that are activated by specific components of microbes and certain host molecules.They constitute the first line of defense against many pathogens and play a crucial role in the function of the innate immune system.Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) by TLR, alone or heterodimerization with other TLR or non-TLR receptors,induces signals responsible for the activation of genes important for an effective host defense, especially proinflammatory cytokines, orinitiates signal transduction pathways, which trigger expression of genes. These gene products control innate immune responses andfurther instruct development of antigen-specific acquired immunity.

Guna menjaga integritas dan identitas individu diperlukan suatu sistem pertahanan tubuhyang adekuat. Mekanisme imunitas terhadap antigen yang berbahaya meliputi pertahananfisik dan kimiawi, simbiosis dengan bakteri flora normal, innate immunity serta imunitasspesifik yang didapat, terdiri dari imunitas humoral serta imunitas selular (cell mediatedimmunity). Antigen Major Histo Compatibility (MHC) berperan pada presentasi antigenoleh makrofag. Respons imun terhadap bakteri meliputi bakteri ekstra seluler dan intraselular. Pada infeksi bakteri yang berat dapat terjadi kelelahan respons imun (exchaustion),dalam keadaan ini pemberian terapi penunjang imunoglobulin intra vena dapatdipertimbangkan.

ABSTRACTBackground: The Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia has been running since March 2020. Efforts to break the chain of transmission of the disease caused by the new SARS-CoV 2 coronavirus are by avoiding contact by practicing social & physical distancing and improving personal hygiene, and increase immunity or body defense against the corona virus.Purpose: This article discusses the role of macro nutrients and micronutrients that have the potential to increase immunity such as omega-3 fatty acids, several water soluble vitamins such as vitamin B6, vitamin C, as well as fat soluble vitamins such as vitamin A, vitamin D and vitamin E. as well as several minerals such as Fe, Zn, Se. The mechanisms of innate immunity and adaptive immunity that involve these nutrients will be discussed in depth, as well as how the cellular mechanism fights the corona virus.Discussion: The mechanism for the entry of the corona virus into the cell is through a mechanism called endocytosis, in which the virus is captured by the receptors on the surface of the cell, then drawn into the cell. Spike protein (protein S) facilitates the entry of viruses into target cells, especially lung cells.Conclusion The body's defense mechanisms against the corona virus are: 1) strengthening the body's frontline defenses or innate immunity; 2) stimulates the production of IgM and IgG immunoglobulins in the circulation; 3) blocking the virus from binding to the ACE-2 receptor; 4) reduce the intensity of cytokine storms; 5) reduce the speed of virus replication. ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Pandemi Covid-19 di Indonesia telah berjalan sejak bulan Maret 2020. Upaya untuk memutus rantai penularan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus corona jenis baru SARS-CoV 2 adalah dengan menghidari kontak dengan cara mempraktekkan social & physical distancing dan meningkatkan kebersihan diri, serta meningkatkan imunitas atau pertahanan tubuh terhadap virus corona. Tujuan: Artikel ini membahas peran zat gizi makro dan zat gizi mikro yang berpotensi untuk meningkatkan imunitas seperti asam lemak omega-3, beberapa vitamin larut air seperti vitamin B6, vitamin C, juga vitamin larut lemak seperti vitamin A, vitamin D dan vitamin E, serta beberapa mineral seperti Fe, Zn, Se. Mekanisme innate immunity dan adaptive immunity yang melibatkan zat gizi tersebut akan dibahas secara mendalam, serta bagaimana mekanisme selular melawan virus corona. Ulasan: Mekanisme masuknya virus corona ke dalam sel adalah melalui mekanisme yang disebut endositosis, yaitu virus ditangkap oleh reseptor yang terdapat di permukaan sel, kemudian ditarik masuk ke dalam sel. Spike protein (protein S) bertugas memfasilitasi masuknya virus ke dalam sel target, terutama sel paru.Kesimpulan Mekanisme pertahanan tubuh melawan virus corona adalah: 1) menguatkan pertahanan tubuh garis depan atau innate immunity; 2) menstimulasi produksi immunoglobulin IgM dan IgG di dalam sirkulasi; 3) memblokir agar virus tidak terikat oleh receptor ACE-2; 4) menurunkan intensitas badai sitokin; 5) menurunkan kecepatan replikasi virus.

<em>Advancement in health sciences and technologies gives positive impact to improve life expectancy, but the other hand it can increases elderly population with all consequences. Old age is associated with high morbidity and mortality due to their susceptibility to suffer several diseases caused by lacking immunity, especially infectious diseases. Moreover, the occurrence of multiple morbidities, such as heart disease and vulnerability to stress, are the main confounding factors that may impact to immune functions of elderly. Aging affects both cellular and humoral responses of the innate and adaptive immune systems and causes decreasing the number of immune cells, their viability, functional capacity and their responses against pathogens that entering the body. Strategies for preventing these diseases would have a clear impact on improving healthy aging. Thus, vaccination strategies for elderly population are needed. Vaccines should be developed to take into consideration the peculiar age-induced variations of immune responsiveness</em>

Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) berfungsi sebagai sistem pertahanan innate tubuh pada banyak organisme. Antimicrobial peptide ini memiliki peran dalam respon sistem imunitas dengan cara menjadi garis depan sistem pertahanan melawan infeksi. Ditemukan ada beberapa AMP pada manusia dan mamalia. Namun pada pembahasan makalah ini akan difokuskan pada cathelicidin (LL-37) dan human β-defensin-1 (HBD-1), HBD-2, HBD-3, yang merupakan AMP paling banyak pada manusia. Peran AMP penting terutama terhadap penyakit infeksi. Pada penelitian terbaru ditemukan berbagai peran AMP terhadap penyakit kusta. Antimicrobial peptides dapat juga mengaktifkan dan mengerahkan sel imun, sehingga mengakibatkan penghancuran mikroba dan/atau mengontrol inflamasi. Antimicrobial peptide berperan dalam membunuh mikobakteri pada lesi kusta dan sehingga dapat dihubungkan dengan bentuk klinis penyakit tersebut, namun mekanisme kerja AMP masih memerlukan penelitian lebih lanjut. Kusta ditandai dengan spektrum klinis luas berdasarkan respon imunitas seluler host. Manifestasi klinis dan klasifikasi kusta berhubungan dengan tipe respon imun yang terjadi. Pola ekspresi dan regulasi AMP spesifik pada setiap tipe sel pada masing-masing organ. Telah banyak penelitian mengenai AMP pada berbagai kondisi kulit. Pada keadaaan infeksi, sangat penting untuk mengaktifkan respon imun guna menarik sel imun lain dan juga mengontrol inflamasi.

Abstrak Latar Belakang. Imunitas memiliki peranan penting untuk melindungi host dari bacilli Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), bakteri Obligat intraseluler yang menyebabkan Tuberkulosis (TB) dan latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Sel T subset gamma-delta (T-γδ) adalah sel-sel potensial tersembunyi yang bermain peran di imunitas innate dan adaptive pada TB. Tetapi, hingga kini perananya di LTBI masih menjadi misteri. Bahan dan Metode. Penelitian dilakukan dengan melibatkan 10 penderita TB serta 10 orang dengan LTBI. Mereka didapatkan dari Rumah Sakit Paru Surabaya melalui suatu persetujuan kelaikan etik dari Universitas Airlangga. Sampel-sampel tersebut akan dihitung jumlah sel T-γδ menggunakan F A C S C a l i b u r. Hasil. Jumlah sel T-γδ meningkat pada TB (10,7%) dan LTBI (15, 4%). Jumlah dari kedua kelompok tersebut melebihi rerata normal di darah tepi (1% - 5%). Kesimpulan. Penigkatan jumlah sel T-γδ pada TB disebabkan melimpahnya kadar IL-12 yang dilepas oleh makrofag selama infeksi. Sementara, peningkatan jumlah sel T-γδ pada LTBI diasumsikan karena banyaknya heat shock protein (HSPs) yang dilepas oleh M.tb di bawah kondisi stres. ...Kata kunci: tuberkulosis, latent tuberculosis infection, Mycobacterium tuberclosis, sel T subset gamma-d e l t a.

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbandingan serta gambaran hasil pemeriksaan hitung jenis leukosit pada bayi yang diberi ASI eksklusif dengan yang diberi susu formula. ASI merupakan nutrisi bagi bayi yang diperlukan selama masa pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bayi serta meningkatkan daya tahan dan mengandung anti bakteri serta anti virus yang melindungi bayi terhadap infeksi. Imunitas tubuh dapat diketahui melalui ketahanan tubuh innate (non spesifik) yang diwakili oleh eosinofil, basofil, neutrofil dan monosit, sedangkan ketahanan tubuh adaptif (spesifik) diwakili immunoglobulin yaitu IgG, IgM, dan limfosit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran hasil hitung jenis leukosit pada bayi yang diberi ASI dan susu formula. Penelitian ini dilaksankan di Laboratorium Patologi Analis Kesehatan Poltekkes Makassar pada bulan Mei sampai dengan September 2018. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian descriptive. Hasil penelitian menujukkan Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna pada kesan jenis lekosit pada bayi yang mengkonsumsi asi dan susu formula kecuali pada Monosit ada perbedaan secara bermakna.Adapun saran untuk penelitian selanjutnya agar parameter pemeriksaan laboratorium di perluas atau di perbanyak.

Latar Belakang : Paparan sinar matahari pada kulit merupakan cara terbaik untuk sintesis vitamin D. Kadar vitamin D yang adekuat dalam tubuh merupakan proteksi terhadap berbagai penyakit seperti penyakit degeneratif, kanker dan juga infeksi saluran napas. Beberapa penelitian menghubungkan kadar vitamin D yang rendah dengan morbiditas dan mortalitas COVID-19. Hal ini menyebabkan fenomena baru pada masyarakat yaitu kebiasaan berjemur. Tujuan : Artikel ini akan membahas tentang metabolisme vitamin D, peran sinar matahari dalam mengaktifkan vitamin D di dalam tubuh, dan peran vitamin D dalam berbagai penyakit, khususnya mekanisme imunitas untuk COVID-19. Diskusi : Vitamin D meningkatkan kekebalan alami seluler terutama dengan cara menginduksi peptida antimikroba, yang meliputi cathelicidin, LL-37, 1,25-dihdroxyvitamin D dan defensins. Selain itu vitamin D akan meningkatkan sekresi hidrogen peroksida pada sel monosit. Pemberian vitamin D dosis tinggi sebanyak 10.000 IU/hari selama beberapa minggu dilanjutkan 5000 IU/hari bermanfaat untuk mencegah COVID-19, walaupun hasilnya masih memerlukan penelitian lebih lanjut. Absorpsi sinar matahari ke dalam tubuh manusia dipengaruhi oleh warna kulit, penggunaan bahan pakaian dan tabir surya , dan luas pajanan. Paparan sinar matahari sebesar satu Minimal Erythemal Dose (MED) pada orang dewasa dapat meningkatkan konsentrasi vitamin D setara dengan suplementasi 10.000 – 25.000 IU. Penelitian pada bayi yang diberi paparan 3 kali seminggu @ 5 menit pada jam 10.00-14.00, dengan paparan 50% area tubuh selama 2 bulan, mendapatkan kenaikan 25(OH)D sebesar 8,9 ng/mL. Simpulan : Vitamin D yang diaktifkan oleh paparan sinar matahari sangat bermanfaat sebagai proteksi berbagai penyakit termasuk juga pada COVID-19, walaupun efektifitasnya masih memerlukan penelitian lebih lanjut. Kata Kunci : COVID-19, vitamin D, paparan sinar matahari Background : The exposured of sunlight on the skin is the best way for vitamin D synthesis. Adequate vitamin D levels are protection against various diseases such as degenerative diseases, cancer and also respiratory infections. Several studies have linked between low vitamin D levels with COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. This causes a new phenomenon in the community, namely sunbathing. Purpose : This review rearticle will discuss about vitamin D metabolism, the role of sunlight in activating vitamin D in the body, and the role of vitamin D in various diseases, specifically the immune mechanism for COVID-19.Discussion : Vitamin D increases cellular innate immunity mainly by inducing antimicrobial peptides, which include cathelicidin, LL-37, 1,25-dihdroxyvitamin D and defensins, and also increase the secretion of hydrogen peroxide in monocyte cells. The administration of high-dose vitamin D of 10,000 IU / day for several weeks followed by 5000 IU / day is useful to prevent COVID-19, although the results still require further research. The sun exposure to activated vitamin D body is affected by skin color, using of clothing and sunscreen, and area of ??exposure. Sun exposure of one Minimum Erythemal Dose (MED) in adults can increase vitamin D concentrations equivalent to 10,000 - 25,000 IU vitamin D supplementation. Study on infants who were given exposure 3 times a week @ 5 minutes at 10:00 to 14:00, with exposure 50% of body surface area for 2 months, increased 25(OH)D of 8.9 ng/mL. Conclusion : Vitamin D which is activated by sun exposure is very useful as protection for various diseases including COVID-19, although its effectiveness still requires further research. Keywords : vitamin D, sun exposure, COVID-19.

Buku teks imunologi sudah cukup banyak beredar di tanah air. Buku-buku tersebutmenguraikan tentang sistem dan mekanisme pertahanan tubuh dalam interaksinya denganlingkungan di luar tubuh yang penuh akan mikroba dan patogen penyebab infeksi.Pengetahuan imunologi tubuh manusia terus berkembang dengan cepat, luas, dan mendasar.Hal ini disebabkan karena dukungan pengetahuan lain yang terkait, baik aspek teoritismaupun teknik-teknik laboratoris canggih yang menyentuh aras selular dan molekular.Kemudian memunculkan temuan-temuan baru yang spektakuler, bahkan tidak jarangdengan bukti terbaru telah menggugurkan teori-teori lama. Setiap makluk hidup, khususnyamammalia termasuk manusia, sudah dilengkapi dengan sistem pertahanan tubuh sejak lahir,bahkan komponen-komponen penyusun dalam sistem imun tersebut sebagian sudah ada dandisiapkan sejak kehidupan intra-uterin. Imunitas seperti ini masuk dalam ranah ‘alamiah’atau ‘innate’, sementara imunitas tubuh yang terus berkembang mulai lahir sampai dewasadipengaruhi langsung oleh lingkungan sekelilingnya. Imunitas yang didapat ini termasukdalam ranah ‘adaptif’

L'huître creuse C. gigas a connu des épisodes récurrents de mortalités estivales. En 2009, l'ostréiculture a connu la plus grave crise écologique et économique jamais observée depuis l'introduction de cette espèce sur les côtes françaises. Les études réalisées précédemment dans le but de comprendre les causes de ces mortalités, attribuent une origine multifactorielle faisant intervenir, de manière concomitante, des paramètres environnementaux, des conditions physiologiques particulières de l'huître, en association à la présence de microorganismes pathogènes tels que les vibrions appartenant aux espèces V. aestuarianus, V. splendidus et le virus OsHV-1. Ainsi, l'ensemble des travaux menés au cours de cette thèse représentent une contribution à l'étude d'une réponse immunitaire efficace de l'huître creuse Crassostrea gigas aux infections vibrions pathogènes.Le travail de thèse qui vous a été présenté a été réalisé dans le but de progresser encore sur la compréhension de la réponse immunitaire de l'huître creuse. Ce travail nous a permis d'établir une cartographie des modifications transcriptionnelles par la technique DGE (Digital Gene Expression) et notamment par l'identification d'effecteurs ou mécanismes entrant en jeu dans une réponse efficace vis-à-vis des agents infectieux et conduisant à son élimination. Le modèle (Crassostrea gigas – V. aestuarianus/V. splendidus) s'est avéré adapté à cette étude. Les mécanismes identifiés au cours de cette thèse, devront être étudiés plus précisément, puisque la plupart des gènes surreprésentés chez les huîtres survivantes ont des fonctions putatives. Nous avons suggéré l'implication de ces gènes dans le processus de survie des huîtres au cours d'une réponse efficace aux infections bactériennes. Il est apparu nécessaire de développer des recherches autour des défenses de l'huître creuse C. gigas avec pour objectif le développement de stratégies destinées à limiter l'impact des maladies. A long terme, ces stratégies seront applicables soit en prophylaxie afin de détecter des déficiences et prévenir le développement de maladies, soit en sélection génétique pour le criblage de géniteurs présentant des capacités de défenses optimales
Aquatic organisms and particularly marine invertebrates, such as the oyster Crassostrea gigas, harbour an abundant and diverse microflora on their surface (epibiosis) or inside their tissues (endobiosis) where Vibrio splendidus is found as a dominant culturable Vibrio. With Evolution, oysters have developed effective systems for maintaining their homeostasis and discriminating the bacteria beneficial for their physiological fitness from the potentially harmful and pathogenic ones. However, for decades, the cultivated Pacific oyster C. gigas is suffering large scale summer mortality phenomenon that is reported in all areas of the world where this species is cultivated. Considerable effort has been invested in advanced genomic technologies to understand and characterize the major traits that govern the tolerance of oysters to stressful culture conditions and to pathogenic bacteria. In particular, immune-related genes have been characterized from C. giga. Briefly, a variety of antimicrobials have been fully characterized. Whereas most of these immune genes were shown to be modulated during infections, the molecular mechanisms by which the oyster can survive virulent Vibrio infections remained totally unknown. Here, our objective was to develop a better understanding of the genetic-level responses of oysters to pathogenic versus non pathogenic bacteria and to identify genes that are involved in physiological and immune responsiveness to circumvent the infections. In this attempt, we have performed a comprehensive analysis of the transcriptome of oyster immunity (hemocytes), using Digital Gene Expression (DGE). The study aimed to compare the expression profiles of the two libraries and, beyond gene identification and functional annotation, to explore the putative functions involved in the capability of oysters to circumvent and to survive infections. This is the first report on genome-wide transcriptional analysis of oyster survival-responsiveness

Transduction of melanoma cells with the aim to induce avidine expression on tumor cell surface was studied. Subsequently the method enabling quantification of binding of ligands to the cell surface was developed.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a polygenic disease and its development is influenced to some extent by environmental factors as well. Innate immunity triggers nonspecifically first defense reactions after penetration of the pathogen into the body, while overstimulation components of innate immunity may give rise to autoimmune diseases, including diabetes type 1. The components of innate immunity are, among others, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belonging to a group of the structures recognizing preserved molecular structures characteristic of pathogens. Toll-like receptors are abundantly expressed by monocytes which produce prolactin (PRL) having an immunostimulatory function. To clarify the role of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of diabetes, we focused on the expression of mRNA and protein expression of TLR2 and TLR4. The expression of PRL was studied only at the level of mRNA. Monocytes were separated by flow cytometry into classical (CD14++) and nonclassical (CD14+). We monitored their percentages and the degree of expression of CD14 antigen on their surface.The operational objective of this dissertation was to optimize the stimulation of monocytes for the planned study of the function of non-pituitary prolactin in vitro and determine the appropriateness of the use of healthy donors' buffy...

Adaptation of host receptor system to optimal detection of infection-related structures is one of the key evolutionary challenges of immunity in host-pathogen interactions. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are genetically variable molecules of vertebrate innate immunity that recognise danger signals, e.g. pathogenic molecules. Examination of genetic variation in TLRs may reveal mechanisms of host immunity adaptation to pathogenic pressure at molecular level. Trans-species polymorphism (TSP) is a phenomenon which assumes that several identical alleles or allelic lineages are inherited from ascendant to descendant species and these may be subsequently maintained over a long period of time in a polymorphic state. Whereas in adaptive immune genes the concept of TSP is well understood, little is presently known about TSP in innate immune genes such as TLRs. In this thesis I describe genetic polymorphism in functionally-relevant regions of TLR4 and TLR5 in 192 individuals representing 20 species Paridae family (tits, chickadees and titmice). These two receptors bind mainly bacterial ligands (TLR4 detects lipopolysaccharide and TLR5 detects flagellin), being among the first ones to trigger immune response to bacterial pathogens. To differentiate presumed TSP from gene flow among species, intron sequences of six...

This study examines the role of innate and adaptive immunity in the immunotherapy based on the combination of the ligands stimulating phagocytosis anchored in the tumour cells membrane and the mixture of TLR agonists. This immunotherapy is primarily focused on the innate immunity activation and induces strong inflammatory infiltration, which neutrophils and NK cells are part of. Therefore, the next aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-tumour activity of neutrophils and NK cells. For examination malignant melanoma and pancreatic adenocarcinoma mouse tumour models were used.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important receptor family of innate immunity. They enable fast recognition of infection through so called pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). In this thesis, we studied interaction of mouse polyomavirus (MPyV) with TLRs of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF cells). We observed that inhibition of TLR4 signaling abolished response of MEF cells to MPyV. This suggested that TLR4 plays a role in MEF cells recognition of MPyV. To detect response of MEF cell to MPyV, we measured IL-6 production by ELISA. Next, we investigated effect of TLR4 signalization on MPyV infection. Inhibition of TLR4 signaling with CLI-095 inhibitor did not affect number of infected cells. Presence of TLR4 antagonist, LPS-RS, led to significant decrease in quantity of infected cells 20 hours post infection. Decrease in number of infected cells was also observed in presence of LPS. Viral infection was also inhibited by TLR9 antagonist ODN 2088. We also investigated role of MAP kinases in MPyV infection. We tested, whether inhibition of selected MAP kinases would affect number of infected cells. Inhibition of kinase p38 did not affect infection. On the other hand, inhibition of MEK kinase or JNK resulted in decrease of number of cells infected by MPyV.

Saliva of Ixodid ticks contains a whole array of pharmacologically active molecules with vasodilatory, antihemostatic, and immunomodulatory activities. This thesis focuses on two types of salivary proteins, serpins and cystatins, and their role in immunomodulation. These protease inhibitors are known to affect many biological functions. To better understand their role in tick saliva we examined their effect on dendritic cells and their ability to modulate the immune response after pathogen infection. As model pathogens, Borrelia spirochetes and tick-borne encephalitis virus were used.

The aim of this thesis was to obtain some insights into mechanisms by which the immune system affects melanoma cells after anchoring agonists of phagocytic receptors (laminarin and f-MLF) to their surface. To verify the hypothesis that innate immune system plays a critical role, in vivo experiments were performed on SCID mice. To elucidate the importance of CR3, CD11b-deficient mice were used. In in vitro experiments production of inflammatory cytokines in tumor tissue was examined as well as the release of myeloperoxidase from neutrophil granules after incubation with malignant cells.

Host-parasite co-evolution belongs to the most important evolutionary relationships that shape natural and sexual selection. Parasites pose permanent selective pressure on their hosts. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as a part of innate immunity are involved in mechanisms of a first immunological barrier which has to be overcome by parasites. These receptors play a key role in primary detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and, hence, are responsible for early triggering of effector immunological mechanisms and for co- activating adaptive immunity. Several studies revealed that TLR4 may represent a suitable model molecule for host-parasite co-evolution studies. TLR4 interacts directly with several PAMPs and structural variability in this receptor was shown to affect host resistance to various diseases. Thus, there is potential for occurrence of parasite-mediated natural and sexual selection. Contrary to the number of fish and mammalian TLRs described, avian inter- and intraspecific TLR variability is only very insufficiently explored. This is especially true for passerine birds. In my diploma thesis I therefore provide the first description of the complete Tlr4 translated region in a non-model free-living bird, great tit (Parus major), predict structure of the protein product of...

- 4 - Abstract Introduction: Periodic fever syndromes are clinical entities classified as autoinflammatory diseases. The most of the periodic fever syndromes have genetic predisposition (monogenic periodic fever syndromes). PFAPA (Periodic Fever, Aphtous stomatitis, Pharyngitis a Adenitis) syndrome is an idiopathic disease with unknown aetiology. Results: In our study, we described the largest clinical series of patients with PFAPA syndrome from a single center. The laboratory results have confirmed uncomplicated course of PFAPA syndrome. In our measurements we observed significantly higher levels of serum cytokines (IL-1β and IFN-γ) during episodes of fever in PFAPA patients compared to the control group. Our measurements showed increased numbers of plasma cells in the peripheral blood of PFAPA patients. We have found increased levels of naïve CD4 and CD8 T cells and approximately 2-fold higher proportion of CD8 T cells in tonsils of PFAPA patients. Significant differences were also present at levels of IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in stimulated supernatants compared to supernatants from unstimulated peripheral blood from patients with PFAPA syndrome. Measurements of bacterial profile showed individual microbial profile in patients. Conclusion: Removal of the tonsillar tissue with the potential...