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Journal articles on the topic 'Inner Mongolia (China) China'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Borjigin, Huhbator. "The History and the Political Character of the Name of ‘Nei Menggu’ (Inner Mongolia)." Inner Asia 6, no. 1 (2004): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/146481704793647207.

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AbstractAfter the independence of ‘Outer Mongolia’ in 1911, and especially after the founding of the Mongolian People's Republic in 1924, ‘Outer Mongolia’ (Wai Menggu in Chinese or Gadaad Mongol and Ar Mongol in Mongolian) became a historical term. Inner Mongolia, on the other hand, became the focal point of the so–called ‘Mongolian problem’, and its name Nei Menggu (C) or Dotood Mongol (M) remained sinocentric, denoting direct rule as it did in the Qing geographical– administrative demarcation of the Mongols. The question of naming Inner Mongolia in both Chinese and Mongolian has thus become significant not only for the Mongols in China, but also for Mongols in the independent state of Mongolia. The founding of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government in 1947 introduced a new name in Mongolian: instead of Dotood Mongol, it is now called Öbör (the sunny side of mountain) Mongol, thereby forming a geobody with Ar Mongol (formerly Outer Mongolia), and it no longer connotes internal administration within China. However, this change has not been reflected in Chinese translation, as Inner Mongolia continues to be called Nei Menggu and historicist Chinese continue to refer to Mongolia as Wai Menggu. In recent years, some Mongols began to call Inner Mongolia ‘Nan Menggu’, and with it came the change of English translation from Inner Mongolia to Southern Mongolia.

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2

Dai, Yu-Cheng, Bao-Kai Cui, and Ming-Yun Huang. "Polypores from eastern Inner Mongolia, northeastern China." Nova Hedwigia 84, no. 3-4 (May 1, 2007): 513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0029-5035/2007/0084-0513.

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3

Kuzmin, Sergey L. "Динамика правового статуса Монголии в XX в." Desertum Magnum: studia historica Великая степь: исторические исследования, no. 1 (December 18, 2020): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2712-8431-2020-9-1-58-67.

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This article is aimed at determining Mongolia’s status based on historical documents and contemporaries’ evaluation. It discusses the change in the legal status of Mongolia from the collapse of Qing Empire till the mid XX century. As it is shown, Mongolia was not part of China but was in vassal — suzerain relationship with the Manchu Dynasty of Qing Empire. Qing ‘new policy’ of Chinese colonization destroyed this relationship which led to national liberation movement of Mongols. Dynasty abdication and the formation of the Republic of China gave new legitimate ground for independence Mongolia. Declaration of independence of Mongolia on December 29, 1911 as the culmination of this movement was legitimate and was not a revolution. The treaty signed in 1912 between Russia and Mongolia may be considered as de jure recognition of the independence but not the autonomy of Mongolia. The rightful recognition of the autonomy was recorded in the agreement of 1915 between Russia, China and Mongolia. Outer Mongolia became the state under the formal suzerainty of China and the protectorate of Russia. The abolishment of autonomy and occupation of Outer Mongolia by China in 1919 was illegal. In 1921 baron R. F. Ungern reinstated the autonomy and in fact the independence of Outer Mongolia. From the take-over of the Mongolian People’s Party until adoption of constitution by the Mongolian People’s Republic in 1924 the country status was undefined. From 1924 until recognition by China in 1946 the Mongolian People’s Republic was de facto independent country with the implied (silent) recognition by the USSR. Reunion of Inner Mongolia and Barga with the Outer Mongolia / Mongolian People’s Republic was the historical choice of their peoples.

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4

Bulag, Uradyn E. "Hybridity and Nomadology in Inner Asia." Inner Asia 6, no. 1 (2004): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/146481704793647199.

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AbstractIdentity, especially modern national identity, entails ideas of authenticity and hybridity. For much of the history of Mongolian studies, authenticity has been a staple of scholarly concern, whereas hybridity or diversity is brushed aside. This is as much an Orientalist imperative as a nationalist quest for the homogeneity of the Mongolian nation/nationality. Every country which has a substantial number of Mongols – Mongolia, China, and the Soviet Union (Russia) – has set their own separate but often mutually conflicting standard of what Mongolness means and where its boundary should lie. In this issue, we publish several important studies about Mongols in China, concerning precisely the issue of hybridity, or Mongols who possess certain qualities or attributes, which are deemed un- Mongol. It is imperative that we realise that hybridity is not only an objective reality but also a product of modernist nationalism that is predicated on such governmentalities as standardisation and categorisation.

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5

Tsybenov, Bazar D. "Языки и диалекты национальных меньшинств Хулун-Буира как объект исследования." Монголоведение (Монгол судлал) 12, no. 4 (December 17, 2020): 615–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2020-4-615-624.

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Introduction. The article examines languages of some national minorities living in the Hulun Buir Urban District of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (PRC). The study is relevant since the Han majority subjects national minorities to strong linguistic assimilation. Timely study of the languages and dialects of this region is necessary for a comparative analysis with the languages of the Mongolic and Tungus-Manchu peoples living in Russia. Goals. The research primarily aims to examine some aspects of linguistic studies in publications of Inner Mongolia’s philologists. The work solves the following tasks: 1) review of languages and dialects of Hulun Buir ethnic groups, including in publications of Russian researchers; 2) research of some works dealing with the Old Barga dialect of the Mongolian language; 3) analysis of publications on the Dagur language and one scientific article about the Evenki language. Materials. The article analyzes scientific works of researchers from Inner Mongolia, such as Bousian, Enkhabatu, Tseberkhas, Urangua, Yu Shan, Serenbatu. Results. The existing division into languages and dialects has some differences in China and Russia. This unequal linguistic status requires the development of a single generally accepted standard. The Old Barga dialect has preserved a number of words from the language of medieval Mongols. This Barga dialect also borrowed some words from Manchu, Japanese and Russian. Philologists of Inner Mongolia actively study the Dagur language and dialects. They carry out comparative analyses of the latter and Mongolic languages, identify features of the Hailar and Buteha dialects of the Dagur language. So, scientists conducted a sociological survey on whether the Daur people know their native language, as well as Mongolian and Chinese. Professor Serenbat analyzed Evenki verb endings in comparison with Mongolian, Manchu and Dagur ones. Conclusions. The important issue is a standardization of languages and dialects of the region. It must be done in accordance with generally accepted standards in Russia and China. Russian philologists should begin comprehensive studies of the scientific developments of Inner Mongolia’s researchers. The study of the historiography of languages and dialects of Hulun Buir has great prospects.

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6

Cheng, Yunxiang, Takashi Kamijo, Mitsuru Tsubo, and Toru Nakamura. "Phytosociology of Hulunbeier grassland vegetation in Inner Mongolia, China." Phytocoenologia 43, no. 1-2 (June 1, 2013): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0340-269x/2013/0043-0540.

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7

Wang, Xiaoming, Helin Sheng, Junghui Bi, and Ming Li. "Recent history and status of the Mongolian gazelle in Inner Mongolia, China." Oryx 31, no. 2 (April 1997): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1997.d01-100.x.

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In 1994 and 1995 the authors studied Mongolian gazelle Procapra gutturosa populations in Inner Mongolia, China, conducting interviews and making field observations in eight counties along the national boundary between Mongolia and China. Mongolian gazelle distribution was estimated to cover approximately 73, 152 sq km, which was only 25.2 per cent of that in 1950–70. The adult malefemale sex ratio was 1: 4, and the average herd size 923.3 individuals in November/December 1994 and 23.1 in March/April 1995. The gazelles regularly migrate from Mongolia into China from October onwards and return to Mongolia in late February. Hunting is a major threat to the survival of the species.

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8

Lianbin, Zheng, Han Zaizhu, Lu Shunhua, Li Yonglan, and Li Shuyuan. "Morphological traits in peoples of Mongolian nationality of the Hulunbuir League, Inner Mongolia, China." Anthropologischer Anzeiger 60, no. 2 (July 10, 2002): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/60/2002/175.

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9

Bayar, Nasan. "Nation-building, Ethnicity and Natural Resources." Inner Asia 16, no. 2 (December 10, 2014): 377–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340024.

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The Mongolian economy has grown rapidly in recent years, thanks to a mining sector based on abundant resources like coal, copper, and gold. The mining boom has been stimulated by Mongolia’s energy-hungry southern neighbour China, which plays a significant role, not only through importing natural resources but also through capital investment in the growing economy. In recent decades some inland port towns, such as Chehee/Shiveehüree and Ganchmod/Gashuunsukhait have grown up along the border between the two countries. Scenes of trucks lining up at customs posts to transport Mongolian coal to China are common. The trade in natural resources clearly has significance not only for the economy but also for nation-building and ethnicity construction. This paper examines the role of ethnic Mongols from China in the economic cooperation between the two countries. It will focus on the story of an ethnic Mongolian trucker, formerly a herder in western Inner Mongolia, discussing the ways in which he has experienced interactions with Chinese and Mongolian nationals, as he identifies himself as a Chinese citizen and an ethnic Mongol.

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10

Chaolumenggerile. "Better understanding the state of Mongolian society under the Qing Dynasty in order to shed light on changes to the traditional nomadic lifestyle of Inner Mongolians." Impact 2021, no. 3 (March 29, 2021): 82–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2021.3.82.

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Inner Mongolia is an autonomous region of China. Nowadays, the traditional nomadic lifestyle of Inner Mongolians is increasingly difficult to maintain. Good and abundant pastures with water fields and soil with soda are key to this lifestyle as they are essential for livestock. In recent years, however, livestock numbers have decreased and, additionally, Inner Mongolians have experienced lifestyle changes such as remaining in one location instead of moving with the changing seasons. Furthermore, grasslands that once grew across the land have lost some of their regenerative power and now grow in patches and only to a relatively small height. Dr. Chaolumenggerile, Inner Mongolia University, China, is exploring historical materials in an effort to better understand these changes and in order to ascertain what can be done to preserve the traditional nomadic lifestyle of Inner Mongolians. She believes that understanding the state of Mongolian society under the Qing Dynasty 300 years ago would contribute to better understanding the current state of Mongolian society and is working to understand the rangeland demarcation policy that was implemented under the Qing Dynasty rule and how it penetrated Mongolian society. Part of the work involves investigating pasture conflicts in Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty and she has already succeeded in shedding light on the forms and patterns of rangeland conflicts that existed during that time.

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11

Zhang, Wen-Yi, Wei-Dong Guo, Shan-Hua Sun, Jia-Fu Jiang, Hai-Long Sun, Shen-Long Li, Wei Liu, and Wu-Chun Cao. "Human Brucellosis, Inner Mongolia, China." Emerging Infectious Diseases 16, no. 12 (December 2010): 2001–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.091081.

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12

Zhang, J., Y. Zheng, Z. Guo, J. Qiao, Q. Gesudu, Z. Sun, D. Huo, et al. "The diversity of intestinal microbiota of Mongolians living in Inner Mongolia, China." Beneficial Microbes 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2013.0028.

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The Mongolian nationality has developed their unique lifestyle and dietary habit for thousands of years. However, by now, little research has been focused on Mongolian gut microbiota and how it is related to different dietary habits. In this study, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) methods were applied to reveal the diversity of predominant gut bacteria of 48 healthy Mongolians recruited from Hohhot city and the Xilin Gol pasturing area in Inner Mongolia. Compared to similar studies of other nationalities, results from the present study have confirmed that the composition of Mongolian gut microbiota is highly similar at the phylum level (Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria) but variable at the genus level. Especially, the numbers of Phascolarctobacterium, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are rather high. DGGE profiles of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium revealed that Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis were predominant in the gut of the Mongolian subjects studied. On the contrary, Lactobacillus helveticus was detected in every pasturing area Mongolian, but not in any of the Hohhot city Mongolians. qPCR results revealed that the numbers of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium of Xilin Gol Mongolians were significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of Hohhot Mongolians, whereas the numbers of Enterobacterium were significantly lower (P<0.05). In addition, by partial least squares discriminate analysis and cluster analysis of data generated from DGGE and qPCR experiments, a striking difference in the composition of intestinal microbiota of Mongolians living in Hohhot city and the Xilin Gol pasturing area has been found. This study clearly shows that diet affects the microbiota composition of Mongolians living in different circumstances, i.e. urban versus rural.

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13

Puthuval, Sarala. "Stages of language shift in twentieth-century Inner Mongolia." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 2 (June 12, 2017): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v2i0.4083.

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Mongolian as a minority language in China is losing speakers, although several million remain in China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The case of 20th-century Inner Mongolia is an example of the long-term processes that may precede language endangerment. This paper takes Fishman’s (1991) notion of language shift as a decline in intergenerational mother tongue transmission and formalizes it for quantitative research, applying the methodology to a retrospective survey of intergenerational language transmission concerning over 600 Inner Mongolians born between 1922 and 2007. Results show that bilingualism with Chinese has penetrated the entire Mongolian-speaking population, but has not thus far precipitated massive language shift.

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14

Haiying, Yang. "Between Islam and Mongols: The Qotung People in Inner Mongolia, China." Inner Asia 6, no. 1 (2004): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/146481704793647252.

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AbstractChina's ‘minority nationalities’ came into being as a result of the ‘Nationality Identification Work’ carried out in the first decade of the People's Republic of China. The assumption of internal homogeneity of ‘nationality’ inherent in the state project has prevented study of the internal diversity within each nationality. This paper intends, on the basis of field research, to study the internal diversity of the Mongolian society. A preliminary investigation has been made of the ethnogenesis and social structure of the Qotung Mongols in the Alashan region of Inner Mongolia. Through analysis of the relationships between the Qotung and the Mongols and Islam, the author points out that Islam is a major element in the formation of the Qotung Mongols whose ancestors hailed from various groups in East Turkestan. This case study shows that Islam should not be ignored when we study the Mongols and it is imperative that we recognise diversity within the Mongols.

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15

Xiaoping, Yang. "Late Quaternary evolution and paleoclimates, western Alashan Plateau, Inner Mongolia, China." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 45, no. 1 (March 23, 2001): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/45/2001/1.

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16

Namsaraeva, Sayana. "Border Language." Inner Asia 16, no. 1 (August 19, 2014): 116–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340006.

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The conceptual framework of this paper is to view Mongolia as a ‘contact zone’ which geographically bridged the gap between two rapidly growing Eurasian empires—Russia and China. It allows a rethinking of the historical and social circumstances that led to the formation of Chinese Pidgin Russian (cpr)1 by highlighting the lexical and grammatical influence of the Mongolian language on contact languages in the China–Russia border area. In particular, it discusses Mongolian language in various encounters in Russian–Chinese interactions, such as the use of Mongolian as mediation language during the initial stage of Qing–Russian diplomatic relations and aslingua francain caravan trade and border relations between Russia and China, as well as its influence on the formation of Transbaikal dialect (orZabaikal’skoe narechie), which was widely spoken by Russians in Mongol-speaking colonial frontiers of Russia in Eastern Siberia. Moreover, the paper highlights the Mongolian elements in the firstcpr, questioning a common scholarly perception that Kiakhta (or Maimacheng)2 pidgin consisted primarily of Russian and Chinese borrowings. Therefore, unique language hybridisation of these three languages continues to be noticeable in Russia–China trade hubs in Inner Mongolia nowadays, where transborder ethnic and economic contacts between Russia, China and Mongolia are becoming more complicated and diverse.

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17

Sudesiqin. "“Toilet Revolution” in Inner-Mongolia, China." Quarterly Journal of Geography 70, no. 4 (2019): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.5190/tga.70.4_199.

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18

Borjigin, Burensain. "The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates around the ‘Jindandao Incident’ in 1891." Inner Asia 6, no. 1 (2004): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/146481704793647171.

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AbstractToward the end of the Qing dynasty, Inner Mongolia became the main destination for bankrupt Chinese peasants from interior China. With the increase in numbers of Chinese immigrants, conflicts between Mongols and Chinese intensified as Chinese struggled for more benefits and Mongols tried to maintain their traditional social order. In 1891 a Chinese secret society called Jindandao massacred tens of thousands of Mongols in the mixed Mongol–Chinese regions of eastern Inner Mongolia. The survivors fled to the pastoral areas south of the Hingan mountains, propelling the agriculturalisation of these regions and the refiguration of the local societies.

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19

Qi, Yongqing, Jiyuan Liu, Huading Shi, Dafang Zhuang, and Yunfeng Hu. "Estimation of wind erosion rates of Mongolian Plateau by using 137Cs tracing technique." Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Land Reclamation 42, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10060-008-0078-2.

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Estimation of wind erosion rates of Mongolian Plateau by using 137Cs tracing technique Wind erosion is one of the major environmental problems in semi-arid and arid regions. Here we established a transect from northwest (Tariat, Mongolia) to southeast (Xilingol, Inner Mongolia of China) across the Mongolian Plateau, and selected eight sampling sites along the transect. We then estimated the soil wind erosion rates by using the 137Cs tracing technique and examined their spatial dynamics. In the Mongolia section (from Tariat to Sainshand), the wind erosion rate increased gradually with vegetation type and climatic regimes; the wind erosion process was controlled by physical factors such as annual precipitation and vegetation coverage, etc. While in the China section (Inner Mongolia), the wind erosion rates of Xilinhot, Zhengxiangbai Banner and Taipusi Banner were thrice as much as those of Bayannur of Mongolia, although these four sites were all dominated by typical steppe. Besides the physical factors, higher population density and livestock carrying level should be responsible for the higher wind erosion rates in these regions of Inner Mongolia.

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20

Bedeski, Robert E. "Mongolia in Northeast Asia: Issues of Security Survival and Diplomacy: Mongolia’s Place in Asia Today." Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, no. 12 (September 2, 2013): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i12.92.

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With the collapse of the Soviet Union, Mongolia lost its twentieth century protector, and has had to navigate Asian and global politics at a time when China is becoming a dominant economic and military power. Chinese economic and demographic expansion will directly impact Mongolia and the precedent of the sinification of Inner Mongolia demonstrates new challenges to the isolated Mongolian Republic. Energy imports, military security, trade opportunities and investment climate are closely affected by China, and Mongolian diplomatic efforts must take the southern giant into primary consideration. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i12.92 Mongolian Journal of International Affairs No.12 2005: 28-39

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21

LI, HOUHUN, and OLEKSIY V. BIDZILYA. "Review of the genus Gnorimoschema Busck, 1900 (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) in China." Zootaxa 4365, no. 2 (December 17, 2017): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4365.2.4.

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Nine species of the genus Gnorimoschema are recorded from China. Five new species are described: G. cinerella sp. nov. (China: Yunnan), G. gilvella sp. nov. (China: Ningxia), G. fuscescens sp. nov. (China: Gansu, Inner Mongolia; Russia: Altai, Zabaikalskiy krai), G. rufomaculata sp. nov. (China: Ningxia and Inner Mongolia; Russia: Zabaikalskiy krai), G. piskunovi sp. nov. (China: Hebei, Shanxi). G. cinctipunctella (Erschoff, 1877) sp. rev. is removed from synonymy. Three new synonyms are established: G. mongolorum Povolný, 1969 syn. nov. of G. cinctipunctella (Erschoff, 1877), G. herbichii mongoliae Povolný, 1973 and G. herbichii kamchaticum Povolný, 1977 syn. nov. of G. herbichii herbichii (Nowicki, 1864). Data on species distribution in the Palaearctic region are supplemented with new records and revised in accordance with new taxonomic data proposed in the present contribution.

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22

Hürelbaatar, A. "Contemporary Mongolian sacrifice and social life in Inner Mongolia: the case of the Jargalt Oboo of Urad." Inner Asia 8, no. 2 (2006): 205–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/146481706793646701.

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AbstractThis article discusses the contemporary Mongolian sacrifice and social life1 in Inner Mongolia, China.2 Rather than discussing sacrifice itself, it will describe the contemporary social practice of traditional Mongolian sacrificial offerings in the wider context of the changing power structures of the Mongols and Han Chinese at the national level, and in the context of changing social authority and economic life at the local level.

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23

Baioud, Gegentuul. "Producing Authenticity: Ethnic Costumes in Contemporary Inner Mongolia." Inner Asia 23, no. 1 (May 26, 2021): 150–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340166.

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Abstract This article examines multivocal Mongolian costumes to shed light on the performance and representation of Mongolian identities in China. In particular, it explores the promotion of Mongolian costumes in online media spaces, in commercial cultural studios, and at state-sponsored heritage events. The article argues that the discursive construction of authenticity and cultural hegemony overshadows and hierarchises heterogenous Mongolian cultures and identities. The article also finds that the meanings taken on by Mongolian costumes contest and go beyond those inscribed by the state. The study aims to improve our understanding of minority cultural transformation in post-Mao China and the agency of minority Mongols who reshape their evolving cultural forms.

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Zhao, Honglin, Guiyan Wang, Mingzhi Zhang, Weijun Tong, and Yonghong Zhang. "Prehypertension and insulin resistance among Mongolian people, Inner Mongolia, China." Blood Pressure 20, no. 2 (November 24, 2010): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08037051.2010.532320.

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25

Sneath, David. "The Impact of the Cultural Revolution in China on the Mongolians of Inner Mongolia." Modern Asian Studies 28, no. 2 (May 1994): 409–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00012464.

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A number of papers have been written in the west on the subject of the Cultural Revolution in Inner Mongolia. Hyer and Heaton's (1968) account of the period in the China Quarterly deals with events up until 1968, and relies heavily upon an analysis of the news reports broadcast by Radio Inner Mongolia at that time. The paper focuses upon the fate of Ulanhu, the Chairman of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region who fell from power during the Cultural Revolution. Hyer and Heaton are concerned primarily with the power struggles within the political apparatus, and they include no first-hand or eyewitness accounts. The paper gives no indication of the effects of the Cultural Revolution upon the great bulk of the population of the I.M.A.R., either Mongolian or Han Chinese. However, the article does carefully document the rapidly changing tide of Inner Mongolian government policy and the emergence of populist groups which challenged the political establishment, over the period 1965 to 1968.

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LIU, MEIZHEN, GAOMING JIANG, LINGHAO LI, YONGGENG LI, LEIMING GAO, and SHULI NIU. "Control of sandstorms in Inner Mongolia, China." Environmental Conservation 31, no. 4 (December 2004): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892904001675.

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About one third of the world's land surface is covered with arid and semi-arid areas. It is predicted that global warming will increase desertification by 17% before 2050. At present, desertification is making approximately 12 million hectares every year useless for cultivation and grazing worldwide. Over 250 million people and one third of the earth's land surface are directly threatened by desertification (Diallo 2003). China is one of several countries severely affected by desertification; almost 90% of natural grassland has been affected to differing degrees (Lu & Yang 2001; State Environmental Protection Administration of the People's Republic of China 2002). The land desertification rate in China was 1560 km2 yr−1 in the 1970s. This rate had increased to 2100 km2 yr−1 by the 1980s, and was 2460 km2 yr−1 by 1995 and 3436 km2 yr−1 in 1999 (Zhu et al. 1999). Areas that have shown increased desertification are derived from degraded grassland or cultivated land (Zhang & Cheng 2001). One very serious direct consequence of grassland degradation is thought to be the frequent occurrence of sandstorms. Whereas China was hit by almost 70 sandstorms over the past century (Qing 2002), with an average frequency of one sandstorm every three years in the 1940s, this had increased to one every two years by the 1960s. By the 1990s, the sandstorms in north China took place several times a year and this increased further to 12 in 2000 and 18 in 2001 (Jiang 2002a). The frequency of sandstorms in north China appears to be a direct consequence of grassland degradation. Taking Hunshandak Sandland in Inner Mongolia as an example (Fig. 1), the proportion of sand dunes that are shifting rose from 2.3% in the 1950s to 50% in the 1990s, while available grasslands declined by some 40% between the 1950s and the 1990s. The economic cost of these sandstorms has prompted the Chinese government to commit substantial funds to meet this loss, but the degradation is ongoing in the area and the living standards of local people are still low (Liu et al. 2003). It is opportune to adjust strategies to reach two objectives simultaneously, namely to restore the degraded grassland, and improve the living conditions of local people. To illustrate this, we focus on Zhenglan Banner (county), which is representative of the whole Hunshandak Sandland in terms of climate (Ma et al. 1998), economy and ecology (Fig. 1). Zhenglan Banner has a total area of 100 600 km2, a human population of 78 730 and stock raising is the dominant industry, the average income per person per year being US$ 225 (Bureau of Stock Raising in Zhenglan Banner 2002).

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Zhou, Zhiqiang, Derek J. Siveter, and Robert M. Owens. "Devonian proetid trilobites from Inner Mongolia, China." Senckenbergiana lethaea 79, no. 2 (March 2000): 459–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03043650.

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28

Shimazaki, Hidehiko, Ritsuro Miyawaki, Kazumi Yokoyama, Satoshi Matsubara, and Zhuming Yang. "Zhangpeishanite, BaFCl, a new mineral in fluorite from Bayan Obo, Inner Mongolia, China." European Journal of Mineralogy 20, no. 6 (December 15, 2008): 1141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2009/0021-1888.

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Zhou, Yannan, Jixia Huang, Mingxiang Huang, and Yicheng Lin. "The Driving Forces of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent Emissions Have Spatial Spillover Effects in Inner Mongolia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10 (May 16, 2019): 1735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101735.

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To spatially analyze the effects of the major drivers on carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq) emissions in Inner Mongolia, a typical area with high CO2eq emissions in China, this paper quantitatively investigates the factors that affect county-level CO2eq emissions and the corresponding spatial mechanisms. Based on a spatial panel econometric model with related energy and economic data from 101 counties in Inner Mongolia between 2007 and 2012, four main results are obtained: (a) The CO2eq emissions in Inner Mongolia rapidly increased at an average annual growth rate of 7.27% from 2007 to 2012, increasing from 287.69 million tons to 510.47 million tons. (b) The county-level CO2eq emissions in Inner Mongolia increased, but the growth rate decreased annually. Additionally, CO2eq emissions are highly heterogeneous in the region. (c) Geographic factors were the main cause of the spatial spillover effects related to county-level CO2eq emissions. Specifically, the levels of urbanization and technological progress were conducive to CO2eq emission reductions, and the economic growth and industrial structure had the opposite effect in Inner Mongolian counties. (d) Technological progress had a significant spatial spillover effect in Inner Mongolian counties, and the effects of other factors were not significant. Implementing relevant strategies that focus on the inter-county interactions among the driving forces of CO2eq emissions could promote energy savings and emission reductions in Inner Mongolia.

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Zhang, Shaoyan, Weijun Tong, Tan Xu, Burenbatu Wu, and Yonghong Zhang. "Diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in Mongolian population, Inner Mongolia, China." Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 86, no. 2 (November 2009): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2009.07.013.

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Radchenko, Sergey. "Choibalsan's Great Mongolia Dream." Inner Asia 11, no. 2 (2009): 231–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000000009793066532.

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AbstractThis article is an account of Soviet and Mongolian efforts to manipulate a nationalist insurrection in Chinese Altai in 1944–45. For the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin this insurrection, led by a Kazakh nationalist, Osman Batyr, offered an excellent opportunity to attend to Soviet security interests in Xinjiang. For the Prime Minister of the Mongolian People's Republic (MPR), Khorloogiin Choibalsan, Osman represented an important investment in the process of expanding the MPR's regional influence and prestige. Choibalsan intended to co-opt Osman in an expanded Great Mongolia, which he hoped to build up at China's expense by winning the loyalty of the Kazakhs in Xinjiang and the Mongol banners of what is now Inner Mongolia. Stalin supported Choibalsan's vision for a time, until he reached a broader accommodation with China, ending Soviet support for anti-Chinese nationalist movements and putting an end to Choibalsan's Great Mongolia Dream.

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Wang, Yun Shan, Shi Jing Wang, Yuan Yu, and Juan Ping Li. "Inner Mongolia Wind Power Development Mode and Policy Discussion." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 1369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.1369.

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Wind power generation has made great development in China in recent years. The paper researches on development course of wind power in Inner Mongolia region, where wind power resources is richest in China and the installed capacity of wind power is largest, and proposes the suggestions of the related development mode and policy. China wind power represented by Inner Mongolia has just experienced rapid growth. The rapid growth of the scale also brings some problems. China government shall refer to development mode and current situation of the countries with a higher development degree of wind power, consider the specific situation of China, timely adjust development mode of wind power, and improve wind power planning and related policies to guide China wind power to continue fast healthy development. Thus, improve the utilization level and sustainable development ability of renewable energy in China.

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Varenov, Andrey V. "In Memoriam Gai Shanlin (1935–2020) – A Prominent Chinese Rock Art Researcher." Oriental Studies 19, no. 10 (2020): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-10-162-166.

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Gai Shanlin (盖山林), of Manchu origin, was a native of Xingtang County, Hebei Province in China. He was born on 10 September 1935, and received higher education in Lanzhou city in 1960. Since 1962, Gai Shanlin was employed at the Inner Mongolian Archaeology of Cultural Heritage Research Institute. He was a prominent rock art researcher, considered to be No. 1 in China. Gai Shanlin was the first who discovered, described and published materials of the rock art sites of Inner Mongolia in the Yinshan mountains, the Wulanchabu grassland and the Badain Jaran Desert. During his life, he wrote about a dozen books and several hundred articles on the subject. Since 1988, Gai Shanlin was also a member of the China Association for Promoting Democracy. He was elected Vice-Chairman of the 9th CPPCC Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regional Committee in 2003 and held that post until 2008. Gai Shanlin aged 85 passed away on 9 February 2020, in Hoh-hot city.

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Yin, Jun Feng, and Rui Bai. "The Investigation of Environment and Behavior Transition under the Influence of “Zou Xikou” Immigration in Inner Mongolia." Applied Mechanics and Materials 357-360 (August 2013): 372–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.357-360.372.

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From the beginning in the Ming and Qing dynasties until the end of the republic of China, “Zou Xikou” immigration movement lasted more than three hundred years, and has changed the environment of Inner Mongolia. The migrants to the han nationality and the local Mongolian’ behavior all changed accordingly, their way of life and production, way of living has also changed accordingly. This change promoted the formation of the village and the city in Inner Mongolia, which is the miniature of current Inner Mongolia. This article discusses the environment and behavior transition under the influence of “Zou Xikou” immigration in Inner Mongolia. We study this transition from the historical background, production mode, population structure, and city building four angles. We also do the restitutive description, which is mainly aimed at grassland agriculture, population of localization, living centralization and regional architecture, in order to better explore the regionalism of Inner Mongolia.

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Ma, Wenjing, Gang Feng, and Qing Zhang. "Status of Nature Reserves in Inner Mongolia, China." Sustainability 8, no. 9 (September 2, 2016): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su8090889.

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36

Sudesiqin. "Reexamining Land-use Policies in Inner Mongolia, China." Kikan Chirigaku 68, no. 1 (2016): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5190/tga.68.1_3.

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37

Chang, I.-Shin, Ji Zhao, Xuefeng Yin, Jing Wu, Zhibin Jia, and Lixin Wang. "Comprehensive utilizations of biogas in Inner Mongolia, China." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15, no. 3 (April 2011): 1442–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.11.013.

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38

Li, Lin. "Renewable energy utilization in Inner Mongolia of China." Renewable Energy 16, no. 1-4 (January 1999): 1129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-1481(98)00441-8.

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39

Sun, Chunlin, David L. Dilcher, Hongshan Wang, Ge Sun, and Yuhui Ge. "Czekanowskia from the Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China." International Journal of Plant Sciences 170, no. 9 (November 2009): 1183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/605869.

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40

Yang, S. M. "Pathogens of Leafy Spurge in Inner Mongolia, China." Plant Disease 77, no. 3 (1993): 319D. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-77-0319d.

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Chen, X. Y., Y. F. Zhang, and Q. Zhou. "Analysis of Lignite Character in Inner Mongolia China." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 342 (October 29, 2019): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/342/1/012020.

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42

Jia, Liguo, Yonglin Qin, Yang Chen, and Mingshou Fan. "Fertigation improves potato production in Inner Mongolia (China)." Journal of Crop Improvement 32, no. 5 (June 27, 2018): 648–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2018.1486932.

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43

Le Bas, M. J., J. Kellere, Tao Kejie, F. Wall, C. T. William, and Zhang Peishan. "Carbonatite dykes at bayan Obo, inner Mongolia, China." Mineralogy and Petrology 46, no. 3 (September 1992): 195–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01164647.

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44

Wu, Bingren, Lijuan Nan, Jun Wang, Saiwen Guo, Hailing Wang, Ge Jin, Li Bai, and Limin Ren. "Seroprevalence of viral hepatitis in Inner Mongolia, China." Clinical and Diagnostic Virology 6, no. 1 (June 1996): 77–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0928-0197(95)00151-4.

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45

KRÁL, DAVID, LUCIE HRŮZOVÁ, YUANYUAN LU, and MING BAI. "First records of Glaresidae (Coleoptera) in China, with the description of a new species from Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi." Zootaxa 4306, no. 1 (August 15, 2017): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4306.1.11.

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Two species of Glaresis Erichson, 1848 (Coleoptera: Glaresidae) are reported from China. Glaresis ordosensis new species from Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi is described and compared with the similar species G. orientalis Medvedev, 1976 and G. oxiana Semenov, 1892. Glaresis orientalis, previously known only from Mongolia, is recorded from China (Inner Mongolia), for the first time. A key for the identification of Middle and Central Asian species of Glaresis is provided.

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46

BIDZILYA, OLEKSIY, and HOUHUN LI. "The genus Scrobipalpa Janse (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) in China, with descriptions of 13 new species." Zootaxa 2513, no. 1 (June 21, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2513.1.1.

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Fifty-six Scrobipalpa species are recorded for China, with supplementary material from some other countries. A checklist of all the species and distribution data are given, with special notes on some known species. Thirteen new species are described: S. distincta sp. n. (Ningxia, Henan), S. erichiodes sp. n. (Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Xinjiang), S. flavidinigra sp. n. (Ningxia, Inner Mongolia), S. flavimaculata sp. n. (Qinghai), S. flavinerva sp. n. (Inner Mongolia; Mongolia: East Aimak), Scrobipalpa fusca sp. n. (Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang; Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, SE Kazakhstan), S. hoenei sp. n. (Yunnan), S. latiuncella sp. n. (Ningxia), S. nigrigrisea sp. n. (Tibet), S. nigripuncta sp. n. (Henan), S. ochrostigma sp. n. (Gansu), S. sinica sp. n. (Inner Mongolia; Mongolia) and S. strictella sp. n. (Hebei). 32 species are recorded for China for the first time. Hitherto unknown males of S. sattleri Lvovsky & Piskunov, 1989 and S. caryocoloides Povolný, 1977 are described. The lack of signum in the female genitalia of S. ochrostigma is recorded for the first time for the genus Scrobipalpa. Images of the adults and illustration of the genital structures of the new species and some known species are provided.

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Bolaev, Valerii, Kermen Bolaeva, Lyudmila Moiseikina, Myagmarsuren Purevdorj, and Zhang Peiyuan. "Genetic diversity in maternal lines of cognate Mongolian horses of Mongolia, China and Russia." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127302005.

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Analysis of D-loop of mitochondrial DNA of 4 populations of Mongolian horses from different origin was conducted. Nowadays Mongolian horses massive is divided to several countries. Among them there are Mongolia, Inner Mongolia part of China, and Kalmyk Republic of Russia. D-loop of mitochondrial DNA gives an inside into the maternal lines of population of horses. I was stated, that maternal lines of 4 populations from different territories have their similarities, as well as differences. More investigations are in need to understand, if similarities can be explained by the same origin of the populations, or due to other horse breeds, involved into the breed’s genesis.

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Wang, Xiaoming, Helin Sheng, Junghui Bi, and Ming Li. "Recent history and status of the Mongolian gazelle in Inner Mongolia, China." Oryx 31, no. 02 (April 1997): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300022006.

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Alatengaoqier, Na, and Baazr A. Bicheev. "Семь десятилетий ойратоведения в КНР (1949‒2019 гг.)." Oriental Studies 13, no. 6 (December 30, 2020): 1524–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-52-6-1524-1536.

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Introduction. Historically, the Oirats of China mainly live in the territory of Xinjiang, in the provinces of Qinghai, Gansu, and in the Western part of Inner Mongolia. Some of the Olets (descendants of Dzungars) live in the steppe part of the Emin Gol of the Hulun Buir Aimag of Inner Mongolia, in Fuyu County of Heilongjiang Province, and in Chengdu, Hebei Province. In the modern historical science of China, until the mid-20th century the Oirats were not distinguished from the bulk of China’s Mongols, and, consequently, their history, culture and language were not subjects of individual studies. Only after its formation in 1949, Chinese Oirat studies started gaining visible features as an important part of Mongolian studies and the historical science of China as a whole. At the same time, Oirat studies as a historical direction were created by several generations of scientists of different nationalities (Han Chinese, Mongols, and Oirats themselves). Goals. The article aims to provide a general overview and scientific analysis of the formation and development of Oirat studies in China over the past seven decades (1949–2019), and to identify the historical paradigm of conducted researches and prospects of further development. Methods. The main research method is historical and chronological analysis. Despite Oirat studies have been existing as an integral part of Mongolian science for seven decades, no analysis of its historical development was ever carried out. Results. This work fills the gap and highlights the most important achievements in the study of China-based Oirats’ history and culture. A prominent attention in this study is given to the materials of ten scientific conferences that have the status of ‘all-China’ ones and were devoted to the study of the history and culture of the Oirats, as well as the scientific journal ‘Barayun mongyol sudul’ (‘Journal of Western Mongolian Studies’), which plays an important role in the development and determination of promising areas of Oirat studies. Conclusion. The analysis of Oiratological research over the past seven decades has revealed the historical paradigm of Oirat studies and prospects for their further development.

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Guo, l. d., L. J. Yang, and G. Ch Huo. "Cholesterol removal by Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from homemade fermented cream in Inner Mongolia of China." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 29, No. 3 (May 13, 2011): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/224/2009-cjfs.

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A total of 38 strains were initially isolated from Jiaoke, a homemade traditional fermented cream, which was sourced from Inner Mongolia, China, and 6 strains were selected after screening, which was based on their cholesterol removal abilities. The Lactobacillus plantarum with the highest level of cholesterol removal from the media was identified using phenotypical characteristics and 16S rRNA sequences, and was named L. plantarum KLDS 1.0344. The mechanisms for cholesterol removal involved co-precipitation, assimilation, and degradation of cholesterol by L. plantarum KLDS 1.0344. At a level of 8.56 log cfu/ml, L. plantarum KLDS 1.0344 survived in pH 2.5 MRS broth for 2 h and exhibited excellent tolerance to 0.3% (w/v) bile. This strain has the most potential in applications as a dietary supplement for lowering human serum cholesterol. A series of tests on animal model and/or clinical tests will be conducted before it can be used in a pharmaceutical application.

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