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Books on the topic 'Inner variations'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Inter-regional variation in calorie intake. Trivandrum: Centre for Development Studies, 1985.

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2

Ghellinck, Elisabeth de. Inter-industry and inter-temporal variations in the effect of trade on industry performance. Southampton: Department of Economics, University of Southampton, 1986.

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3

Rajaraman, Indira. Inter-state variations in utilisation of the rural infrastructure development fund. Delhi: Institute of Economic Growth, 2003.

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4

Inter-state variations in rural non-agricultural employment: Some tentative results. Trivandrum: Centre for Development Studies, 1985.

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5

Kulkarni, P. M. Inter-state variations in human development differentials among social groups in India. New Delhi: National Council of Applied Economic Research, 2002.

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6

Barth, Fredrik. Cosmologies in the making: A generative approach to cultural variation in inner New Guinea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

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7

Onyeiwu, Steve. Inter-Country variations in digital technology in africa: Evidence, determinants, and policy applications. Helsinki: United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economic Research, 2002.

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8

Jeemol, Unni. Inter-regional variations in non-agricultural employment in rural India: An exploratory analysis. Ahmedabad: Gujarat Institute of Area Planning, 1990.

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9

Choudhury, Uma Datta Roy. Inter-state and intra-state variations in economic development and standard of living. New Delhi: National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, 1993.

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10

Choudhury, Uma Datta Roy. Inter-state and intra-state variations in economic development and standard of living. New Delhi: National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, 1993.

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11

K, Sikka B., ed. Inter-regional variations in agricultural development and distribution of gains in Himachal Pradesh. Shimla: Agro-Economic Research Centre, H.P. University, 1991.

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12

Dimensions of female sex-ratio inter state variations in India: Issues and challenges. New Delhi: Serials Publications, 2013.

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13

Walker, Marlene Rona. Inter-island genetic and cultural variation in the Thick-billed Vireo (Vireo crassirostris). Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1998.

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14

Renwick, Pamela Jean. Inter-individual variation in the molecular genetic architecture of the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase encoding region of man. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1996.

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15

Settlement and subsistence in early formative Soconusco: El Varal and the problem of inter-site assemblage variation. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, 2009.

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16

Lesure, Richard G. Settlement and subsistence in early formative Soconusco: El Varal and the problem of inter-site assemblage variation. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, 2009.

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17

Lesure, Richard G. Settlement and subsistence in early formative Soconusco: El Varal and the problem of inter-site assemblage variation. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, 2009.

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18

Inter-state variations in food consumption, nutritional adequacy, and levels of poverty: With 15 companion state food consumption profiles. [New Delhi]: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1987.

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19

Reddy, V. Ratna. Explaining the inter village variations in drinking water provision: Factors influencing costs and service levels in rural Andhra Pradesh. Hyderabad: WashCost (India) Project, Centre for Economic and Social Studies, 2012.

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20

The effect of agricultural production and prices on the incidence of rural poverty: A tentative analysis of inter state variations. Trivandrum: Centre for Development Studies, 1985.

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21

Olukosi, J. O. Inter-year variation in the level and distribution of income among farmers in Omu-Aran Area of Kwara State. Zaria, Nigeria: Dept. of Agricultural Economics & Rural Sociology, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, 1986.

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22

Økland, Rune Halvorsen. Hydromorphology and phytogeography of mires in inner Østfold and adjacent part of Akershus, SE Norway, in relation to regional variation in SE Fennoscandian mires. Copenhagen: Council for Nordic Publications in Botany, 1989.

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23

Okland, Rune Halvorsen. Hydromorphology and phytogeography of mires in inner Ostfold and adjacent part of Akershus, S.E. Norway, in relation to regional variation in S.E. Fennoscandian mires. Copenhagen: Council for Nordic Publications in Botany, 1989.

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24

Emerson, Sharon B. Convergence and morphological constraint in frogs: Variation in postcranial morphology ; a contribution in celebration of the distinguished scholarship of Robert F. Inger on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1988.

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25

Emerson, Sharon B. Covergence and morphological constraint in frogs: Variation in postcranial morphology : a contribution in celebration of the distinguished scholarship of Robert F. Inger on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday. Chicago, Ill: Field Museum of Natural History, 1988.

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26

Alvah, Traylor Melvin. Geographic variation and evolution in South American Cistothorus platensis (Aves, Troglodytidae): A contribution in celebration of the distinguished scholarship of Robert F. Inger on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday. Chicago, Ill: Field Museum of Natural History, 1988.

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27

Mann, Peter. Calculus of Variations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.003.0036.

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This chapter presents an introduction to linear algebra. Classical mechanics is best understood in the language of differential geometry, which itself requires a working knowledge of the key concepts in linear algebra. This chapter walks through the required knowledge from this broad discipline and guides the reader towards the goal of the next chapter, differential geometry. Topics discussed include vector spaces, linear maps, basis sets, cobases, inner products, tensors, wedge products and exterior algebra, as well as the axioms of vector space geometry. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of Grassmann variables, which tend to crop up when classical fermionic fields are defined.
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28

Dept.of Trade & Industry. Geographical Variations in Costs and Productivity (Inner Cities Research Programme Series). Stationery Office Books, 1988.

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29

Dept.of Trade & Industry. Geographical Variations in Costs and Productivity (Inner Cities Research Programme Series). Stationery Office Books, 1988.

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30

Wassermann, Eric M. Inter- and intra-individual variation in the response to TMS. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0026.

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The variable amplitude of motor cortex is a striking aspect of the muscle response to transcranial magnetic stimulation. It is easy to produce large motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in some healthy subjects, while others' cortico-muscular pathways seem barely excitable, even by the strongest available stimuli. MEP amplitude and other measures also vary widely within individuals over time. The factors of these differences among and within individuals are age, gross anatomy of the individuals, genetic factors, and physiological differences associated with behavioural and other traits such as personality, conditions like migraine. The MEP varies over time within individuals at rest under laboratory conditions. These variations can be short term or long term. Differences among neurologically normal individuals have important implications for research using TMS. These differences open doors to new fields of study to neurophysiologists in the treatment and etiology of brain disease.
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31

Sobolev, Martha. Inter-individual variations in genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in the human germline. 2006.

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32

Female status in India & Uttar Pradesh: A study of inter-state & inter-district variation in female education & workforce participation. Lucknow, India: Population Research Centre, Dept. of Economics, Lucknow University, 1988.

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33

Sousek, Alexandra, and Mehdi Tafti. The genetics of sleep. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0005.

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Although there is strong evidence for a genetic contribution to inter-individual variations in sleep, the underlying factors and their interaction remain largely elusive. Much effort has been expended in studying genetic variations contributing to circadian and sleep phenotypes, the individual pattern of the human sleep EEG, reactions to sleep loss, and the pathophysiology of sleep-related disorders. Certain sleep-related diseases may be caused by single genes, while the etiology of others seems to be variable and complex. This is especially the case when the immune system is involved. This chapter reports on twin and familial studies, genetic variations and mutations affecting neurotransmitters and other signaling pathways and thereby affecting sleep, and impacts of gene expression processes and the immune system on sleep. Although much knowledge has been gained, further research is needed to elucidate the all-embracing mechanisms and their interactions that regulate sleep.
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34

R, Divecha, and Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, eds. Assessing and characterizing inter- and intra-die variation using a statistical metrology framework: A CMP case study. Palo Alto, Calif: Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, Technical Publications Dept., 1997.

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35

Cosmologies in the Making: A Generative Approach to Cultural Variation in Inner New Guinea (Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology). Cambridge University Press, 1990.

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36

Milkman, Ruth. Union Responses to Workforce Feminization in the United States. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040320.003.0007.

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This chapter examines how labor unions responded to workforce feminization that began in the 1970s. It first places the relationship of women to unions in historical perspective before analyzing empirical data on inter-union variations in the extent of women's representation in union membership and leadership in the late twentieth century, as well as variations in the extent and nature of attention to “women's issues” on the part of unions. It then explores the dynamics of union organizing in the 1980s, showing that workplaces with large female majorities were the most readily organized in that period—as measured by the probability of winning National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) union representation elections. It also considers the growing commitment of some unions in the 1970s and 1980s to gender equality issues and to incorporating women into positions of leadership. Finally, it discusses the innovative gender politics that has emerged in unions least constrained by the forces of deunionization or patriarchal traditions.
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37

Kahn, Jennifer G. Colonization, Settlement, and Process in Central Eastern Polynesia. Edited by Ethan E. Cochrane and Terry L. Hunt. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199925070.013.020.

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This chapter explores the long-term processes whereby settlers moving into Central Eastern Polynesia (CEP) adapted to new island environments and social landscapes. Over a thousand-year period, CEP societies instigated environmental change and subsistence intensification, in addition to developing localized styles of material culture and affecting great change in their sociopolitical complexity. In comparing the cultural sequences from three CEP archipelagoes (Society Islands, Marquesas Islands, Austral Islands), the chapter demonstrates shared patterns in demographic change and shifts in subsistence and exchange, while at the same time highlighting inter-archipelago variation in terms of pathways to emerging elite power. Trends in CEP regional variation provide broad support for models positing a relationship between the evolution of social complexity in CEP chiefdoms, and the effects of island size/age and the availability of natural resources.
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38

Morell-Ducos, Fausto. COMT and morphine use in cancer pain. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0082.

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The landmark paper discussed in this chapter is ‘Genetic variation in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene and morphine requirements in cancer patients with pain’, published by Rakvåg et al. in 2008. Genetic variation contributes to differences in pain sensitivity and response to analgesics. Catecholamines are involved in the modulation of pain and are metabolized by catchol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). Genetic variability in the COMT gene may therefore contribute to differences in pain sensitivity and response to analgesics. It has been shown that a polymorphism in the COMT gene, Rs4680 (val158met), influences pain sensitivity and efficacy for morphine in cancer pain treatment. This study investigated whether the variability in other regions in the COMT gene also contributes to the inter-individual variability of morphine efficacy by mapping 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms, constructing haplotypes from them, and then comparing genotypes and haplotypes against pharmacological, demographic, and patient symptom measurements in patients receiving morphine for cancer pain.
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39

Sherratt, Thomas N., and Changku Kang. Anti-predator behavior. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797500.003.0009.

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Insects have evolved a wide range of behavioral traits to avoid predation. Frequently, these behaviors are deployed to augment the effectiveness of a primary defence such as crypsis or mimicry, but they are also sometimes elicited as a secondary defence when a primary defence fails. Anti-predator behaviors in insects include adaptations to avoid being detected by predators, adaptations rendering the insect unattractive to consume, warning behaviors, and behaviors to enhance the effectiveness of mimicry. This chapter reviews many of these behavioral anti-predator adaptations, emphasizing when they are elicited and highlighting their adaptive significance. We argue that some of the inter-specific variation in behavioral defences can be explained in terms of defensive portfolios: if a physical defence is sufficient, then behaviour to augment or back-up this defence is unnecessary. As the use of comparative methods increases, researchers will be better placed to understand variation in the suites of defences that evolve.
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40

Troisi, Alfonso. Pleasure. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199393404.003.0002.

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Contemporary neurobiological research has greatly improved our understanding of brain mechanisms that regulate hedonic response and the environmental stimuli that trigger physical and mental pleasure. However, to explain what purpose pleasure serves, we need to look at the problem from the perspective of evolutionary biology. Focusing on a specific type of pleasure, sexual pleasure, this chapter introduces several evolutionary studies that show how the variation in pleasurable experiences becomes understandable when hedonic capacity is viewed as an inner navigator that evolved to guide individuals toward the most adaptive behavioral choices. As a case in point, the alternative hypotheses that have been advanced to explain the evolution of female orgasm (the adaptive versus the byproduct hypothesis) are discussed. The findings of recent studies exploring the complexity of human sexual response and the striking sex differences that distinguish male and female responses to sexual stimuli are also presented.
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41

Preißinger, Maria. Always Late? Stability and Change in Individuals’ Time of Vote Decisions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792130.003.0012.

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In contrast to assumptions in the literature, voters do not make up their mind about which party to vote for at around the same time relative to the election date in different campaigns. By using a unique intra- and inter-campaign panel survey of German voters in the 2009 and 2013 federal campaigns, this analysis demonstrates that voters arrived at their final voting decision at different points of time because they were subjected to different streams of political communication in these two campaigns. Thereby, this chapter makes a case for acknowledging more variation in campaigning by examining individuals’ decision-making in more than just a single campaign. Furthermore, it calls for future research to put analyses of campaign effects into context by studying non-campaign periods as well.
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42

Müller, Wolfgang C., and Paul W. Thurner, eds. Nuclear Energy in Western Europe. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747031.003.0001.

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The chapter introduces the main research questions of the present volume: Why do nations make different decisions on nuclear energy and why some of the decisions are upheld but others reversed. To illustrate the relevance of the research question, the chapter outlines the history of nuclear energy that has gone through ups and downs and displays great inter-country variation. It gives particular attention to the two most recent periods of ‘nuclear revival’ (beginning in the late 1990s/early 2000s) and then the post-Fukushima bifurcation of national nuclear energy policies in which many countries stick to their path whereas others make reversals. The chapter identifies the international drivers of nuclear energy policy—factors that influence all countries to varying degrees depending very much on context constellations. The chapter concludes with a plan of the book.
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43

Ghali, Sofiane, and Habib Zitouna. Labor Demand in Tunisia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799863.003.0002.

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This chapter explores the employment performance and capacities of the Tunisian private sector. The analysis relies mainly on data from the annual enterprise surveys and on the TLMPS 2014 data. The size and the structure of the Tunisian labor market are analyzed, showing that the creation of more jobs requires the private sector to invest more, especially in new technologies. The private sector must increase its share in the economy and improve its competitiveness internationally. The intra- and inter-sectoral allocation of employment and variation of labor productivity are described, analyzing the capacity of the economy to improve the quality of labor demand and absorb highly educated young people. The link between firm size and labor demand is also analyzed, showing the need for a new industrial structure with a bigger share of larger and more dynamic enterprises.
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44

Spies, Dennis C. The New Progressive Dilemma through the Lens of Comparative Welfare State and Party Research. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812906.003.0002.

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The chapter summarizes the New Progressive Dilemma (NPD) debate, identifying three arguments from comparative welfare state and party research likely to be relevant to the relationship between immigration and welfare state retrenchment: public opinion, welfare institutions, and political parties. Alignment of anti-immigrant sentiments and welfare support varies considerably between countries, especially between the US and Europe, leading to different party incentives vis-à-vis welfare state retrenchment. The chapter introduces insights from comparative welfare state and party research to the debate, discussing inter alia, political parties in terms of welfare retrenchment, immigrants as a voter group, and cross-national variation of existing welfare institutions. It addresses the complex debates around attitudinal change caused by immigration, levels of welfare support, voting behavior, and social expenditures. Combining these strands of literature, a common theoretical framework is developed that is subsequently applied to both the US and Western European context.
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45

Floyd-Wilson, Mary, and Garrett A. Sullivan, eds. Geographies of Embodiment in Early Modern England. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852742.001.0001.

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Geographies of Embodiment in Early Modern England gathers essays from prominent scholars of English Renaissance literature and history who have made substantial contributions to the field’s discussions of early modern embodiment, environment, affect, cognition, memory, and natural philosophy. The essays in this collection provide new interpretations of the geographic dimensions of early modern embodiment, emphasizing understandings of the relationship between the body and world as transactional and dynamic rather than static or fixed. The geographies of embodiment encompass both cognitive processes and cosmic environments; inner emotional states and affective landscapes. Rather than always being territorialized onto individual bodies, ideas about early modern embodiment are varied both in their scope and in terms of their representation. Reflecting this variation, this volume offers up a range of inquiries into how early modern writers accounted for the exchanges between the microcosm and macrocosm: essays consider, for example, the epistemologies of navigation and cartography, the implications of geohumoralism, the ethics of self-mastery, theories of early modern cosmology, the construction of place memory, and the perceived influences of an animate spirit world. Throughout the volume, scholars engage with Gail Kern Paster’s groundbreaking and influential scholarship on embodiment, humoralism, the passions, and historical phenomenology. Moreover, contributors offer new readings of early modern literary authors, including Edmund Spenser, William Shakespeare, Thomas Nashe, and John Milton.
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46

van Craenenbroeck, Jeroen, and Tanja Temmerman, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Ellipsis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198712398.001.0001.

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This handbook is the first volume to provide a comprehensive, in-depth, and balanced discussion of ellipsis phenomena, whereby a perceived interpretation is fuller than would be expected based solely on the presence of linguistic forms. Natural language abounds in these apparently incomplete expressions, such as I laughed but Ed didn’t, in which the final portion of the sentence, the verb ‘laugh’, remains unpronounced but is still understood. The range of phenomena involved raise general and fundamental questions about the workings of grammar, but also constitute a treasure trove of fine-grained points of inter- and intralinguistic variation. The volume is divided into four parts. In the first, the authors examine the role that ellipsis plays and how it is analyzed in different theoretical frameworks and linguistic subdisciplines, such as HPSG, construction grammar, inquisitive semantics, and computational linguistics. Chapters in the second part highlight the usefulness of ellipsis as a diagnostic tool for other linguistic phenomena including movement and islands and codeswitching, while Part III focuses instead on the types of elliptical constructions found in natural language, such as sluicing, gapping, and null complement anaphora. Finally, the last part of the book contains case studies that investigate elliptical phenomena in a wide variety of languages, including Dutch, Japanese, Persian, and Finnish Sign Language.
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47

Brown, David. Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Migration in Southeast Asia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.388.

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In southeast Asia, ethnic tensions and conflicts stem in large part from economic or power rivalries rather than cultural differences. The political relationships between ethnic identities and nation-state identities in southeast Asia can be analyzed based on three different frameworks, each offering important insights into the region’s complexities and variations. The first is the plural society approach, which points to cultural pluralism as the source of political tensions in southeast Asia. The implication of this view is that ethnic violence will tend to take the form of rioting between people of different cultures as they compete for state resources or power. The second framework is a state legitimacy approach, which argues that the national identity strategies adopted by the state elites are the key factor influencing the structure of ethnic politics. In this context, the strategy of state legitimation is employed to promote the migration of highland ethnic minorities out of their ancestral homeland areas so as to facilitate their economic development, but also their assimilation into the ethnic core. The third framework is a globalized disruption approach, which suggests that globalization has three negative impacts relating to economic disparities, the problematical politics of democratization, and fears of international or domestic terrorism. It can be said that the politics of ethnicity and nationalism in southeast Asia arises from the enhanced appeal of ethnic and national stereotypes for people experiencing diverse insecurities, giving rise to inter-ethnic distrust as well as intra-ethnic factionalism.
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48

A, Good David, Wurst Gloria Z, Wake David B, and Field Museum of Natural History., eds. Patterns of geographic variation in allozymes of the Olympic salamander, Rhyacotriton Olympicus (Caudata: Dicamptodontidae): A contribution in celebration of the distinguished scholarship of Robert F. Inger on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday. Chicago, Ill: Field Museum of Natural History, 1987.

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49

von Wangenheim, Georg. Evolutionary Law and Economics. Edited by Francesco Parisi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684267.013.011.

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This article examines the use of evolutionary theories in law and economics. It begins with a discussion of the concept of evolution. It then explains the central ideas of three central evolutionary approaches in law and economics: the neo-institutional approach, microeconomic models, and the idea of competing jurisdictions. Neo-institutionalist approaches provide a bouquet of arguments which may be used to explain the evolution of law. Microeconomic approaches driven by demand for, and supply of legal rules as well as their interactions with social norms and technological evolution may provide such models, but, since these models are based on Markov processes and thus on stochasticity, they may only describe and predict expected values of legal change. As a consequence, explanations of specific legal variations cannot be traced back to specific elements of these evolutionary theories in law and economics. This caveat persists even if one would extend the models to allow for co-evolution of jurisdictions partly driven by comparative lawyers' research. Nevertheless, the said microeconomic approaches may still be useful for normative evaluations of differences in the law: If the frameworks of legal evolution in jurisdictions differ, the theory may offer arguments for why the evolution in one or the other will tend towards a more desirable outcome (for example efficiency). One should however always be aware that these theories can only make statements on tendencies of evolution, not on specific legal changes. The same caveats apply in an even stronger way to the use of (evolutionary) theories of inter-jurisdictional competition.
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50

Huntington, Yumi Park, Dean E. Arnold, and Johanna Minich, eds. Ceramics of Ancient America. University Press of Florida, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056067.001.0001.

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Ceramics of Ancient America analyzes ceramics specifically from ancient America to add new layers to our understanding by emphasizing new perspectives and a multidisciplinary approach from the fields of archaeology, art history, and anthropology. Scholars have studied ceramic objects in these disciplines using various methodologies. So far, however, no publication has combined these different scholarly approaches to analyze Pre-Columbian ceramics to understand aspects of many different ancient societies across the Americas. This book thus will provide a much-needed compendium, survey, and synthesis of current scholarship of New World ceramics by drawing on a combination of three different disciplines. This volume will help students and scholars alike better understand and appreciate ceramics as one of the vital forms of communication within small social units, and across cultural and political boundaries. Although three different disciplines have approached the study of ceramics using different methodologies, this book will be the first to utilize them in a cross-cultural and cross-disciplinary way to contribute to a more complete picture of Pre-Columbian ceramics and their place in society. The study of ceramics has already been recognized as a fundamental tool for understanding Pre-Columbian beliefs about daily life, reconstructing social systems, and assessing inter- and intra- cultural political relationships. The contributors to this book, however, explore social implications, iconography, trade, variations of regional style, innovation, ritual, and political meanings from numerous cultures in North, Central, and South America that are relevant to the study of ceramics anywhere, but particularly in ancient America.
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