Journal articles: 'Inner variations'

1

Lythgoe, K. H., A. Deuss, J. F. Rudge, and J. A. Neufeld. "Earthʼs inner core: Innermost inner core or hemispherical variations?" Earth and Planetary Science Letters 385 (January 2014): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.10.049.

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2

Edgar Bachor, Yookyung K. Selig, Kl. "Vascular Variations of the Inner Ear." Acta Oto-Laryngologica 121, no. 1 (January 2001): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/000164801300006245.

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3

Creager, Kenneth C. "Large-scale variations in inner core anisotropy." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 104, B10 (October 10, 1999): 23127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999jb900162.

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4

Ferrandiz, J. M., Yu V. Barkin, and J. Getino. "Tidal variations of the inner mantle potential coefficients." Astronomical & Astrophysical Transactions 19, no. 6 (March 2001): 845–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10556790108244096.

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5

Biggin, A. J., E. J. Piispa, L. J. Pesonen, R. Holme, G. A. Paterson, T. Veikkolainen, and L. Tauxe. "Palaeomagnetic field intensity variations suggest Mesoproterozoic inner-core nucleation." Nature 526, no. 7572 (October 2015): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature15523.

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6

Tong, Siqin, Jiquan Zhang, and Yuhai Bao. "Inter-decadal Spatiotemporal Variations of Aridity Based on Temperature and Precipitation in Inner Mongolia, China." Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 26, no. 2 (March 22, 2017): 819–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/65840.

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Wang, Yonghui, Xiaxia Niu, Liqing Zhao, Cunzhu Liang, Bailing Miao, Qing Zhang, Jinghui Zhang, Bernhard Schmid, and Wenhong Ma. "Biotic stability mechanisms in Inner Mongolian grassland." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1928 (June 3, 2020): 20200675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0675.

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Biotic mechanisms associated with species diversity are expected to stabilize communities in theoretical and experimental studies but may be difficult to detect in natural communities exposed to large environmental variation. We investigated biotic stability mechanisms in a multi-site study across Inner Mongolian grassland characterized by large spatial variations in species richness and composition and temporal fluctuations in precipitation. We used a new additive-partitioning method to separate species synchrony and population dynamics within communities into different species-abundance groups. Community stability was independent of species richness but was regulated by species synchrony and population dynamics, especially of abundant species. Precipitation fluctuations synchronized population dynamics within communities, reducing their stability. Our results indicate generality of biotic stability mechanisms in natural ecosystems and suggest that for accurate predictions of community stability in changing environments uneven species composition should be considered by partitioning stabilizing mechanisms into different species-abundance groups.

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Siwak, Michał, Maciej Winiarski, Waldemar Ogłoza, Marek Dróżdż, Stanisław Zoła, Anthony F. J. Moffat, Grzegorz Stachowski, et al. "Insights into the inner regions of the FU Orionis disc." Astronomy & Astrophysics 618 (October 2018): A79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833401.

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Context. We investigate small-amplitude light variations in FU Ori occurring in timescales of days and weeks. Aims. We seek to determine the mechanisms that lead to these light changes. Methods. The visual light curve of FU Ori gathered by the MOST satellite continuously for 55 d in the 2013–2014 winter season and simultaneously obtained ground-based multi-colour data were compared with the results from a disc and star light synthesis model. Results. Hotspots on the star are not responsible for the majority of observed light variations. Instead, we found that the long periodic family of 10.5–11.4 d (presumably) quasi-periods showing light variations up to 0.07 mag may arise owing to the rotational revolution of disc inhomogeneities located between 16 and 20 R⊙. The same distance is obtained by assuming that these light variations arise because of a purely Keplerian revolution of these inhomogeneities for a stellar mass of 0.7 M⊙. The short-periodic (∼3 – 1.38 d) small amplitude (∼0.01 mag) light variations show a clear sign of period shortening, similar to what was discovered in the first MOST observations of FU Ori. Our data indicate that these short-periodic oscillations may arise because of changing visibility of plasma tongues (not included in our model), revolving in the magnetospheric gap and/or likely related hotspots as well. Conclusions. Results obtained for the long-periodic 10–11 d family of light variations appear to be roughly in line with the colour-period relation, which assumes that longer periods are produced by more external and cooler parts of the disc. Coordinated observations in a broad spectral range are still necessary to fully understand the nature of the short-periodic 1–3 d family of light variations and their period changes.

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An, Qiang, Huaxiang He, Qianwen Nie, Yingjie Cui, Juanjuan Gao, Chuanjiang Wei, Xinmin Xie, and Jinjun You. "Spatial and Temporal Variations of Drought in Inner Mongolia, China." Water 12, no. 6 (June 16, 2020): 1715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061715.

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Drought has become an important natural disaster, affecting the development of Inner Mongolia, as an important animal husbandry region in China. In this study, the characteristics and trends of the Inner Mongolia drought are thoroughly analysed by calculating the standardised precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) at different time scales, based on monthly precipitation and temperature data from 40 national meteorological stations in Inner Mongolia from 1958 to 2019. Subsequently, the area drought intensity (ADI), which is a comprehensive evaluation indicator for evaluating drought intensity within the region, is proposed, taking into account the effects of the persistent drought on drought intensity. The results show that drought has increased during this period, with a remarkable increase in the frequency and the area of drought. The areas with stronger drought intensity are mainly located in the west, north central, and the western area of the east. Since 2000, March to October are identified as drought-prone months and April is characterised as the month with the highest frequency of drought. The inflection points of SPEI and climate conditions both appeared in 1990s and it is speculated that the increase in drought may have been caused by excessive temperature rise. The frequency, coverage area, and continuous duration of drought have increased greatly after climate mutation in this region. According to the changes in the spatial distribution of the ADI and frequency of drought occurrence, the drought-stricken areas shifted from the southeast to the northwest after climate mutations. The findings from this study provide a theoretical basis for the drought management of Inner Mongolia.

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Wang, Peng, James C. McWilliams, Yusuke Uchiyama, Mickaël D. Chekroun, and Daling Li Yi. "Effects of Wave Streaming and Wave Variations on Nearshore Wave-Driven Circulation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 50, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 3025–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-19-0304.1.

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AbstractWave streaming is a near-bottom mean current induced by the bottom drag on surface gravity waves. Wave variations include the variations in wave heights, periods, and directions. Here we use numerical simulations to study the effects of wave streaming and wave variations on the circulation that is driven by incident surface waves. Wave streaming induces an inner-shelf Lagrangian overturning circulation, which links the inner shelf with the surf zone. Wave variations cause alongshore-variable wave breaking that produces surf eddies; however, such eddies can be suppressed by wave streaming. Moreover, with passive tracers we show that wave streaming and wave variations together enhance the cross-shelf material transport.

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Tadokoro, H., F. Tsuchiya, Y. Miyoshi, Y. Katoh, A. Morioka, and H. Misawa. "Storm-time electron flux precipitation in the inner radiation belt caused by wave-particle interactions." Annales Geophysicae 27, no. 4 (April 7, 2009): 1669–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-1669-2009.

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Abstract. It has been believed that electrons in the inner belt do not show the dynamical variation during magnetic storms except for great magnetic storms. However, Tadokoro et al. (2007) recently disclosed that low-altitude electrons in the inner belt frequently show flux variations during storms (Storm Time inner belt Electron Enhancement at the Low altitude (STEEL)). This paper investigates a possible mechanism explaining STEEL during small and moderate storms, and shows that it is caused not by radial transport processes but by pitch angle scattering through wave-particle interactions. The waves related to wave-particle interactions are attributed to be banded whistler mode waves around 30 kHz observed in the inner magnetosphere by the Akebono satellite. The estimated pitch angle distribution based on a numerical calculation is roughly consistent with the observed results.

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12

Potter, I. C., P. N. Claridge, G. A. Hyndes, and K. R. Clarke. "Seasonal, annual and regional variations in ichthyofaunal composition in the inner Severn Estuary and inner Bristol Channel." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 77, no. 2 (May 1997): 507–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400071836.

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Monthly samples of fish from the intake screens of power stations at Oldbury and Berkeley in the inner Severn Estuary and Hinkley Point in the inner Bristol Channel, were used to analyse the community structures of the ichthyofauna in these regions. Marine species that use the estuary as a nursery area (marine estuarine-opportunists) were very abundant in the shallow inshore waters at Oldbury. Diadromous species were more abundant in the offshore and deeper waters at Berkeley than at Oldbury. Only one of the two species that complete their life cycles in the estuary was even moderately abundant in the inner estuary and the 15 freshwater species were relatively rare. Bass and particularly the sand goby complex were more numerous in the protected, inshore waters than the more offshore waters of the estuary. With the yellow and silver stages of the European eel, the reverse situation pertained. Seasonal changes in faunal composition were more pronounced in the inshore shallow than in more offshore deeper waters of the estuary. This largely reflected the sequential immigration of large numbers of the juveniles of marine estuarine-opportunist species into the former area for relatively short periods. Although the ichthyofaunal composition in the shallows at Oldbury underwent the same pattern of cyclical variation in each of five consecutive years, the degree of intra-annual variability differed, reflecting interannual differences in the recruitment strengths of the 0+ age classes of the different marine estuarine-opportunists. These cyclical changes were not correlated strongly with either salinity or water temperature. The faunal composition of the protected inshore, more marine waters of the inner Bristol Channel differed from those in both inshore and offshore regions of the inner estuary. The species which typified the fauna of the Channel were bib, poor cod, five-bearded rockling, sole and conger eel. Although the first four of these species were relatively more abundant in these waters than in the estuary, their juveniles often made extensive use of the shallows at Oldbury. This study emphasizes that, for some marine species, the protected inshore, and more marine, waters in the Bristol Channel can act as alternative nursery areas to those provided by the inshore shallows of the Severn Estuary.

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13

Xiao, Qiang, Yang Xiao, Ying Luo, Changsu Song, and Jiacheng Bi. "Effects of afforestation on water resource variations in the Inner Mongolian Plateau." PeerJ 7 (November 6, 2019): e7525. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7525.

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Afforestation is a key approach used to effectively prevent ecosystem degradation, which in itself is a key reason for the obstruction of sustainable societal development. In order to suppress sand and dust storms as a result of ecological environmental degradation in North China, the Government of China has sanctioned the planting of a large number of trees in Inner Mongolia. However, water resources in the Inner Mongolian Plateau are insufficient to sustain this effort because such a large number of trees consume a large amount of water, which also significantly increases evapotranspiration. This study uses spatiotemporal trend analyses and abrupt change analyses to determine the effects of afforestation on water resource variations in the Inner Mongolian Plateau. Results show that even though water resources in Inner Mongolia fluctuate, this resource has generally exhibited a declining trend from 1980 to 2015, corresponding to the NDVI trend. On spatial-temporal scales, water resources decreased significantly in the eastern section of the plateau, especially in the Horqin District and the Hulunbuir Plateau. By contrast, water resources increased as a whole in the western section of the plateau (Alxa Plateau). Driving analysis results show that water resource variation is mainly due to the contribution of change in precipitation (positive effect), which accounted for 39.35% of total changes in water resources, followed by the evapotranspiration (negative effect). In other words, afforestation with the primary aim of improving ecosystem has effectually upset the water resource balance of Inner Mongolia Plateau.

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14

Cui, Bu-Li, and Xiao-Yan Li. "The impact of climate changes on water level of Qinghai Lake in China over the past 50 years." Hydrology Research 47, no. 2 (November 9, 2015): 532–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2015.237.

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Understanding the variation regularity of lake level and the potential driver factors can provide insights into lake conservation and management. In this study, inter- and inner-annual variations of lake level in Qinghai Lake during the period 1961–2012 were analyzed to determine whether climatic factor or runoff factor were responsible for the variations. The results showed that lake level decreased significantly during the period 1961–2004 at a rate of −7.6 cm/yr, while increasing significantly during the period 2004–2012 at a rate of 14 cm/yr, and all were significant at a p value of <0.01. Lake level was most sensitive to climate and river runoff. Precipitation and river runoff had directly positive effects on lake level, but inverse evaporation and wind speed played a significantly negative role on lake level. The relative contributions of influencing factors in the Southeast Asian monsoon (SEAM) and the westerly circulation periods on annual lake level variations were approximately 49.8% and 27.8%, respectively. The relative contributions of temperature, precipitation, evaporation, and wind speed on lake level variation were approximately 13.8%, 36.3%, 27.1%, and 18.4%, respectively. In general, the annual lake level was primarily influenced by precipitation and evaporation of the SEAM period.

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15

Davies, Christopher J., and Jon E. Mound. "Mantle-induced temperature anomalies do not reach the inner core boundary." Geophysical Journal International 219, Supplement_1 (June 10, 2019): S21—S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz254.

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SUMMARY Temperature anomalies in Earth’s liquid core reflect the vigour of convection and the nature and extent of thermal core–mantle coupling. Numerical simulations suggest that longitudinal temperature anomalies forced by lateral heat flow variations at the core–mantle boundary (CMB) can greatly exceed the anomalies that arise in homogeneous convection (i.e. with no boundary forcing) and may even penetrate all the way to the inner core boundary. However, it is not clear whether these simulations access the relevant regime for convection in Earth’s core, which is characterized by rapid rotation (low Ekman number E) and strong driving (high Rayleigh number Ra). We access this regime using numerical simulations of non-magnetic rotating convection with imposed heat flow variations at the outer boundary (OB) and investigate the amplitude and spatial pattern of thermal anomalies, focusing on the inner and outer boundaries. The 108 simulations cover the parameter range 10−4 ≤ E ≤ 10−6 and Ra = 1−800 times the critical value. At each Ra and E we consider two heat flow patterns—one derived from seismic tomography and the hemispheric $Y_1^1$ spherical harmonic pattern—with amplitudes measured by the parameter q⋆ = 2.3, 5 as well as the case of homogeneous convection. At the OB the forcing produces strong longitudinal temperature variations that peak in the equatorial region. Scaling relations suggest that the longitudinal variations are weakly dependent on E and Ra and are much stronger than in homogeneous convection, reaching O(1) K at core conditions if q⋆ ≈ 35. At the inner boundary, latitudinal and longitudinal temperature variations depend weakly on Ra and q⋆ and decrease strongly with E, becoming practically indistinguishable between homogeneous and heterogeneous cases at E = 10−6. Interpreted at core conditions our results suggest that heat flow variations on the CMB are unlikely to explain the large-scale variations observed by seismology at the top of the inner core.

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Sreenivasan, Binod, and David Gubbins. "On mantle-induced heat flow variations at the inner core boundary." Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 187, no. 3-4 (August 2011): 336–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2011.06.006.

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Irving, J. C. E., and A. Deuss. "Regional seismic variations in the inner core under the North Pacific." Geophysical Journal International 203, no. 3 (November 5, 2015): 2189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggv435.

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Balman, Ş., and M. Revnivtsev. "X-ray variations in the inner accretion flow of dwarf novae." Astronomy & Astrophysics 546 (October 2012): A112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201219469.

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19

Wang, Pengcheng, Zhongjie He, Keith R. Thompson, and Jinyu Sheng. "Modulation of Near-Inertial Oscillations by Low-Frequency Current Variations on the Inner Scotian Shelf." Journal of Physical Oceanography 49, no. 2 (February 2019): 329–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-18-0047.1.

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AbstractNear-inertial oscillations (NIOs) on the inner Scotian shelf are studied using observations, a simple slab model, and two operational shelf circulation models. High-frequency radar and ADCP observations from December 2015 to February 2016 show that individual NIO events forced by time-varying wind stress typically lasted for three to four inertial periods. NIOs with speeds exceeding 0.25 m s−1 were observed in the offshore part of the study region, but their amplitudes decreased shoreward within ~40 km of the coast. The NIOs had spatial scales of ~80 and ~40 km in the alongshore and cross-shore directions, respectively. The NIO phases varied moving from west to east, consistent with the typical movement of winter storms across the study region. Evolving rotary spectral analysis reveals that the peak frequency fp of the NIOs varied with time by ~7% of the local inertial frequency. The variation in fp can be explained in part by local wind forcing as demonstrated by the slab model. The remaining variation in fp can be explained in part by variations in the background vorticity associated with changes in the strength and position of the Nova Scotia Current, an unstable baroclinic boundary current that runs along the coast to the southwest. Two operational shelf circulation models are used to examine the abovementioned features in the high-frequency-radar and ADCP observations. The models reproduce the spatial structure of the NIOs and, in a qualitative sense, the temporal variations of fp.

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Li, L., Z. Han, and F. Zhang. "The Later Evolution of the Contact Binaries AP Leo, AK Her, AB And and AM Leo." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 187 (2002): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100001573.

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AbstractA detailed study of the periods and light curves of binaries AK Her, AP Leo, AB And and AM Leo is presented. Based on the study of the O – C curves, we find that the period variation of each system contains several components with different frequencies, and we suggest that the periodical variations in the periods are likely influenced by different mechanisms. Based on the study of the light curve changes, we find that the light curves exhibit two kinds of variations: rapid variations and long-term variations. We investigate the physical mechanisms which may underlie the variations of the period and the light curve of each system and obtain some new conclusions. According to the characteristics of the rapid light variation in these systems, we suggest that the rapid change in the light curve is probably caused by pulsation of the common envelope, and that the mechanism(s) causing the pulsation may be mass transfer through the inner Lagrangian point L1 or its variation. Finally, the evolutionary trends of these systems are discussed, and we suggest that these systems may be progenitors of cataclysmic variables.

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21

Dietrich, M., and W. Kollatschny. "Emission Line Variations of BLRG." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 159 (1994): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900176259.

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In late 1989 we started a monitoring campaign of the line profile variations of more than 40 Broad-Line Radio Galaxies (BLRG) at Calar Alto Observatory/Spain. BLRG are the most extreme species of AGN regarding line width and structure of their optical emission line profiles showing FWZI up to 35000 km s−1, eg. 3C332 or Arp102B. Quite often the broad emission line profiles are characterized by a double hump structure. The analysis of the broad emission lines provides information about fundamental parameters of the inner part of the AGN like size, structure and kinematics of the line emitting region. In the following we present line profile variations of a BLRG we are studying.

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Brett, Henry, and Arwen Deuss. "Inner core anisotropy measured using new ultra-polar PKIKP paths." Geophysical Journal International 223, no. 2 (September 21, 2020): 1230–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa348.

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SUMMARY We measure the seismic anisotropy of the inner core using PKPbc-PKPdf and PKPab-PKPdf differential traveltimes, as a function of the angle ζ between the Earth’s rotation axis and the ray path in the inner core. Previous research relied heavily on body waves originating in the South Sandwich Islands (SSI) and travelling to seismic stations in Alaska to sample inner core velocities with low ζ (polar paths). These SSI polar paths are problematic because they have anomalous travel time anomalies, there are no ultra-polar SSI paths with ζ < 20° and they only cover a small part of the inner core. Here we improve constraints on inner core anisotropy using recently installed seismic stations at high latitudes, especially in the Antarctic, allowing us to measure ultra-polar paths with ζ ranging from 20°–5°. Our new data show that the SSI’s polar events are fast but still within the range of velocities measured from ray paths originating elsewhere. We further investigate the effect of mantle structure on our data set finding that the SSI data are particularly affected by fast velocities underneath the SSI originating from the subducted South Georgia slab, which is currently located just above the core mantle boundary. This fast velocity region results in mantle structure being misinterpreted as inner core structure and we correct for this using a P-wave tomographic model. We also analyse the effect of velocity changes on the ray paths within the inner core and find that faster velocities significantly change the ray path resulting in the ray travelling deeper into the inner core and spending more time in the inner core. To remove this effect, we propose a simple but effective method to correct each event-station pair for the velocity-dependent ray path changes in the inner core, producing a more reliable fractional traveltime measurement. Combining the new ultra-polar data with mantle and ray path corrections results in a more reliable inner core anisotropy measurement and an overall measured anisotropy of 1.9–2.3 per cent for the whole inner core. This is lower than previous body wave studies (3 per cent anisotropy) and in better agreement with the value of inner core anisotropy measured by normal modes (2 per cent anisotropy). We also identify regional variation of anisotropic structure in the top 500 km of the inner core, which appears to be more complex than simple hemispherical variations. These regional variations are independent of the SSI data and are still present when these data are excluded. We also find a potential innermost inner core with a radius of 690 km and stronger anisotropy.

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Leahy, Denis. "Analysis of spectrum variations in Hercules X-1." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 14, S346 (August 2018): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174392131800772x.

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Abstract. Hercules X-1 (Her X-1) was observed extensively by the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) over its 17 year lifetime. Here, the archival RXTE/PCA observations of Her X-1 are analyzed with emphasis on the 35-day cycle dependence. Spectral fits are carried out and the 35-day phase dependences are characterized. The regular behaviours of the changes are interpreted in terms of the precessing accretion disk. We find that the most important variation is caused by the changing illumination of the inner edge of the disk, but other variations with different causes are also seen.

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Lion, Marryanna, Siti Aisah Shamsuddin, and Wan Mohd Shukri Wan Ahmad Wan Ahmad. "Water Use Variations of Tectona grandis." Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) 3, no. 1 (August 4, 2015): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v3i1.701.

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Water use pattern of Tectona grandis planted at lowland forest assessed. The assessmentwas made for a different tree size of Tectona grandis. Two sizes selected were 16cm and 38 cm in diameter at breast height (dbh). Sapflow meter used to assess the sap velocityrates within 24 hours. Diurnal sapflow of Tect ona grandis shows that mean velocity ishigh during day time compared night time. Small diameter has high sapflow comparedto that of bigger diameter. A flow rates was high at the inner layer and less at outer layerfor smaller tree. The variation was vice versa when the tree getting bigger.

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Chen, Shiping, Yongfei Bai, Guanghui Lin, Jianhui Huang, and Xingguo Han. "Variations in δ13C values among major plant community types in the Xilin River Basin, Inner Mongolia, China." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 1 (2007): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06053.

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The δ13C values of 51 plant species selected from eight plant communities along a moisture gradient were measured. Our results showed that all the community types that we investigated are dominated by C3 species in the Xilin River Basin. Large variations in the average 13C natural abundance of different communities were detected, and the magnitude of δ13C values showed the following trend: typical steppe (–23.0‰) > degraded steppe (–23.5‰) > sand dune (–25.0‰) > restoring degraded steppe (–25.8‰) > meadow steppe (–26.4‰) ≥ saline meadow (–26.5‰) > swamp meadow (–28.2‰). The major determinants of the biomass-weighted δ13C values in a given community were the presence or absence of C4 plants, the intrinsic variation among species and the variation of the same species growing in different habitats with different soil-moisture regimes and disturbance history. These results suggested that different habitats support dominant species with different water-use efficiencies and a trend in the community-level δ13C values was observed, as ascribed by the contribution of C4 plants and/or the variations among species or the response of water-use efficiency of the same species to different soil moisture conditions.

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Guo, Linghui, Liyuan Zuo, Jiangbo Gao, Yuan Jiang, Yongling Zhang, Shouchen Ma, Youfeng Zou, and Shaohong Wu. "Revealing the Fingerprint of Climate Change in Interannual NDVI Variability among Biomes in Inner Mongolia, China." Remote Sensing 12, no. 8 (April 23, 2020): 1332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12081332.

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An understanding of the response of interannual vegetation variations to climate change is critical for the future projection of ecosystem processes and developing effective coping strategies. In this study, the spatial pattern of interannual variability in the growing season normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for different biomes and its relationships with climate variables were investigated in Inner Mongolia during 1982–2015 by jointly using linear regression, geographical detector, and geographically weighted regression methodologies. The result showed that the greatest variability of the growing season NDVI occurred in typical steppe and desert steppe, with forest and desert most stable. The interannual variability of NDVI differed monthly among biomes, showing a time gradient of the largest variation from northeast to southwest. NDVI interannual variability was significantly related to that of the corresponding temperature and precipitation for each biome, characterized by an obvious spatial heterogeneity and time lag effect marked in the later period of the growing season. Additionally, the large slope of NDVI variation to temperature for desert implied that desert tended to amplify temperature variations, whereas other biomes displayed a capacity to buffer climate fluctuations. These findings highlight the relationships between vegetation variability and climate variability, which could be used to support the adaptive management of vegetation resources in the context of climate change.

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Du, Rui, Daren Lu, and Gengchen Wang. "Diurnal, seasonal, and inter-annual variations of N2O fluxes from native semi-arid grassland soils of inner Mongolia." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 38, no. 12 (December 2006): 3474–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.06.012.

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Didlake, Anthony C., and Robert A. Houze. "Convective-Scale Variations in the Inner-Core Rainbands of a Tropical Cyclone." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 70, no. 2 (February 1, 2013): 504–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-12-0134.1.

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Abstract Airborne Doppler radar documented a variety of convective-scale structures within the inner-core rainbands of Hurricane Rita (2005). As predicted by past studies, wind shear determined azimuthal variations in the convection. All convective-scale circulations had radial inflow at low levels, upward motion, and outflow in the midtroposphere. Convective cells at smaller radii contained a low-level tangential jet determined largely by tangential acceleration due to angular momentum conservation (uυ/r term), while cells at larger radii contained a low-level and/or midlevel jet determined jointly by the uυ/r and vertical advection terms. The outflow was at a higher (lower) altitude for the outer (inner) cells. Radial variations in the convective cells are attributable to differences in buoyancy and vertical shear of the radial wind (∂u/∂z). More buoyant updrafts at larger radii enhance vertical advection of υ, creating local tangential jets at midlevels. At smaller radii the stronger low-level radial inflow contributes to a greater ∂u/∂z, confining convectively generated jets to low levels. The low-level tangential jet and convectively generated pressure gradients produce outward-pointing supergradient acceleration that decelerates the boundary layer inflow. Consequently, this supergradient flow will enhance convergence and convection at the radius of inner rainband cells, increasing the likelihood of secondary eyewall formation. It is hypothesized that a critical zone for secondary eyewall formation exists where sufficiently high ∂u/∂z consistently constrains the altitudes of convectively generated supergradient flow so that convection in this radial zone leads to a newly developed eyewall. Once an incipient secondary eyewall forms at a certain radius, subsidence occurring along its inner edge separates it from the primary eyewall.

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Wang, Zhen, Qing Zhang, Xiaoping Xin, Yong Ding, Xiangyang Hou, Sarula, Xiliang Li, et al. "Response of the annual biomass production of a typical steppe plant community to precipitation fluctuations." Rangeland Journal 36, no. 6 (2014): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj14065.

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Understanding the relationship between the aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and annual precipitation in arid and semiarid grasslands is crucial for assessing the effects of climate change on grassland ecosystems. The temporal pattern of ANPP, based on long-term data on a semiarid ecosystem in Inner Mongolia, was investigated. The biomass of perennial grasses, perennial forbs and Stipa grandis P. Smirn., showed a positive relationship with annual precipitation. The amount of annual precipitation also changed the annual biomass of 13 other dominant species and consequently the ANPP. The coefficient of variation of the ANPP of the plant community was lower than the coefficient of variation of annual precipitation. Irrespective of the strong inter-annual variation in annual precipitation, the positive relationship found between ANPP and annual precipitation suggests the dependence of ANPP upon hydrological variations in typical steppe. Our findings highlight the importance of dominant perennial species and functional groups in mediating the responses of ANPP to annual precipitation in the typical steppe in northern China.

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Wu, Qiaoyan, Zhenxin Ruan, Dake Chen, and Tao Lian. "Diurnal variations of tropical cyclone precipitation in the inner and outer rainbands." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 120, no. 1 (January 8, 2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014jd022190.

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Qin, Murong, Xianguo Zhang, Binbin Ni, Hongqiang Song, Hong Zou, and Yueqiang Sun. "Solar cycle variations of trapped proton flux in the inner radiation belt." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 119, no. 12 (December 2014): 9658–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014ja020300.

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CHEN, Hong-Fei, and Wen-Yao XU. "Variations of Inner Magnetospheric Currents During the Magnetic Storm of May 1998." Chinese Journal of Geophysics 44, no. 4 (July 2001): 488–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjg2.166.

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Dumberry, Mathieu. "Decadal variations in gravity caused by a tilt of the inner core." Geophysical Journal International 172, no. 3 (March 2008): 921–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2007.03624.x.

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Orlando, Luis, Ines Pereyra, Laura Paesch, and Walter Norbis. "Size and sex composition of two species of the genus Atlantoraja (Elasmobranchii, Rajidae) caught by the bottom trawl fisheries operating on the Uruguayan continental shelf (southwestern Atlantic Ocean)." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 59, no. 4 (December 2011): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592011000400006.

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In this work we analyzed the spatial and seasonal variation of length distribution, sexual proportion and mature dominance for Atlantoraja cyclophora and A. castelnaui, at the Uruguayan continental shelf. There were significant differences in total length (TL) composition between sexes, being females bigger than males for both species. Atlantoraja cyclophora showed a relatively uniform length distribution between inner and outer shelf. There were no major variations in the sex compositions and in the mature dominance between seasons, suggesting no temporal variation. Atlantoraja castelnaui showed a significant variation in its spatial and seasonal distribution. Individuals were smaller in inner shelf, pointing out the existence of juvenile zone in areas up to 50 m depth. A tendency to capture smaller individuals towards the end of the year was observed. In all seasons over 50% of females were caught below the estimated size at maturity, suggesting that this species is highly susceptible to exploitation.

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REDDY, P. VENKATA, G. S. V. L. NARASIMHAM, S. V. RAGHURAMA RAO, T. JOHNY, and K. V. KASIVISWANATHAN. "CFD ANALYSIS OF CONJUGATE NATURAL CONVECTION IN A VERTICAL ANNULUS." International Journal of Computational Methods 05, no. 01 (March 2008): 63–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021987620800139x.

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Conjugate natural convection in a vertical annulus with a centrally located vertical heat generating rod is studied numerically. The governing equations are discretized on a staggered mesh and are solved using a pressure-correction algorithm. A parametric study is performed by varying the Grashof number, aspect ratio, and the solid-to-fluid thermal conductivity ratio over wide ranges with the Prandtl number fixed at 0.7. Results are presented for the variation of several quantities of interest such as the local Nusselt numbers on the inner and outer boundaries, the axial variation of the centerline and interface temperatures, maximum solid, average solid and average interface temperature variations with Grashof number, and the average Nusselt number variation for the inner and outer boundaries with Grashof number. The average Nusselt number from the conjugate analysis is found to be between the Nusselt numbers of the isothermal and the isoflux cases. The average Nusselt numbers on the inner and outer boundaries show an increasing trend with the Grashof number. Correlations are presented for the Nusselt number and the dimensionless temperatures of interest in terms of the parameters of the problem.

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Duman, Şuayip Burak, Mehmet Seyrek, Yasin Yaşa, İsmail Gümüşsoy, Numan Dedeoğlu, and İbrahim Şevki Bayrakdar. "Morphologic Evaluations of Hypoglossal Canal using Cone Beam Computed Tomography." Sains Malaysiana 50, no. 5 (May 31, 2021): 1467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5005-25.

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Hypoglossal canal (HC) which begins from very slightly above the inner part of the anterolateral portion of the foramen magnum and is located above the occipital condyle of the occipital bone. The aim of this study is to examine HC morphology and variations using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The morphology and types of HC were investigated with 303 CBCT images (606 side). Type 1 variation in 606 HC examined becomes the most commonly observed type (57.3%) while type 5 variation was the least common type of variation (0.8%). Type 1 HC was statistically higher in males (p=0.004). Because of HC, which is an anthropologically important point and enters the field of images in CBCT scan, it is recommended that dental radiologists should be aware of their variations and be wary of the pathologies that may occur in this region.

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Tokatlidis, K., S. Vial, P. Luciano, M. Vergnolle, and S. Clémence. "Membrane protein import in yeast mitochondria." Biochemical Society Transactions 28, no. 4 (August 1, 2000): 495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0280495.

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The protein import pathway that targets proteins to the mitochondrial matrix has been extensively characterized in the past 15 years. Variations of this import pathway account for the sorting of proteins to other compartments as well, but the insertion of integral inner membrane proteins lacking a presequence is mediated by distinct translocation machinery. This consists of a complex of Tim9 and Tim10, two homologous, Zn2+-binding proteins that chaperone the passage of the hydrophobic precursor across the aqueous inter-membrane space. The precursor is then targeted to another, inner-membrane-bound, complex of at least five subunits that facilitates insertion. Biochemical and genetic experiments have identified the key components of this process; we are now starting to understand the molecular mechanism. This review highlights recent advances in this new membrane protein insertion pathway.

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Hamdani ; Nancy Yusnita Nugroho, Natalia. "EFFECT OF BUILDING FORM WITH INNER COURT AND HEIGHT VARIATIONS ON THERMAL COMFORT OUTDOOR SPACE IN SUDIRMAN SUITES APARTMENT BANDUNG." Riset Arsitektur (RISA) 3, no. 04 (October 5, 2019): 414–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/risa.v3i04.3523.414-431.

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Abstract- Designing apartment as a vertical residence should not only pay attention to aesthetics value but also aspects comfort aspects, such as thermal comfort. Apartment thermal comfort is not only limited to indoor units but also outdoor space as residents’ communal area. Sudirman Suites Apartment built in the center of Bandung City with limited land availability is selected as the research object because of the uniqueness of the building form with inner court and height variation that allows the availability of outdoor space on the floor above. Sudirman Suite Apartments’ building form and height can affect the site’s microclimate and outdoor space thermal comfort. This study aims to determine the effect of building form with inner court and height variation to thermal comfort of apartment outdoor space as well as the right solution to improve it. This study used quantitative method, with descriptive evaluative type of research. Measurements were taken on the Sudirman Suite Apartment outdoor space such as ground floor parking area, terrace, and aisle, 1st floor inner court, 2nd floor roof garden, and sky garden on 9th and 11th floor. The measurement data then calculated into thermal comfort perception and analyzed based on theories of literature study result to reach conclusion. Influence of the building form and height to outdoor space thermal comfort the thermal comfort of Sudirman Suites Apartment analysis divided into: outdoor space on the main mass with inner court and height variations, pilotis on the ground floor of the main mass, and supporting mass addition. Besides of the building form and height, environmental factors also affect the outdoor space thermal comfort such as wind and radiative temperatures in each outdoor space. Based on this study, it is known that there is significant effect of the apartment’s form with inner court, where the comparison between blocking tower height and comparable distance between towers makes inner court area air flow tend to be low. Pilotis on the ground floor increases the speed of air flow on the ground floor. Sun radiation reduction occurs in the sky garden area overshadowed by building form with height variation. Outdoor space elements optimization is considered less optimal in supporting thermal comfort, such as the lack of plants and rooftop surface area dominated by hardscape. Key Words: apartment, outdoor space, thermal comfort, Bandung Sudirman Suites

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Tsai, Y. T., and K. H. Lin. "Dynamic Analysis and Reliability Evaluation for an Eccentric Speed Reducer Based on Fem." Journal of Mechanics 36, no. 3 (January 17, 2020): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmech.2019.52.

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ABSTRACTThis paper reported the designed approaches of cycloidal mechanisms, studied its dynamic forces and failure characteristics using finite element methods (FEM). A simplified cycloidal mechanism (CM) is constructed to fulfill dynamic analysis and reliability evaluation. The studied results show that the loads of the mechanism are shared mainly by a half of the outer rollers and the inner pins. The possible failures of the mechanism will occur at the inner pins caused by the bending stress, and at the cycloid disc induced by the contacting stress. The failure of the inner pins will dominate the damage of the mechanism. A method of evaluating stress variation is proposed for fulfilling reliability design. The stress variations are derived according to the data in dynamic analysis by regression analysis. The methods of design modification are reported for improve the reliabilities. The allowable loads of the CM can be decided accordingly based on the analyzed information.

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Zhang, Cheng, and Lin Zha. "Development of One Dimensional Numerical Model on Large Water Diversion System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 744-746 (March 2015): 1062–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.744-746.1062.

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A one-dimensional numerical model was developed for unsteady-flow in a large-scale conveyance channel with complex inner boundary conditions. Using Taylor expansion and finite difference method, this model incorporated three types of inner boundary conditions, including regulators, inverted siphons, and flumes with parallel connections. It can facilitate continuous simulation with large-amplitude variations in water level and flow discharge during the flow transitions. Transition flows were simulated by this model, which were caused by the operation of a single gate of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. The discharges of simulation were consistent with the discharges of formulas calculation, and the water level variations accords with hydraulic law. The results indicate its efficiency and applicability on simulating hydraulic response of large-scale conveyance channels with complex inner boundary conditions.

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Midhun Krishnan, P., Sanil Hari, E. Jayakumar, T. P. D. Rajan, and K. Narayan Prabhu. "Centrifugal Casting and Characterisation of Primary Silicon and Mg₂Si Dispersed Aluminium Functionally Graded Materials." Materials Science Forum 830-831 (September 2015): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.830-831.11.

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Aluminium based FGM rings, reinforced by in-situ primary Si and primary Si/ Mg2Si hybrid reinforcement were successfully fabricated by centrifugal casting and micro structural, chemical, hardness and corrosion characteristics were evaluated. It was observed that in Al-20Si ring the primary Si particles were present mostly in inner region and few in outer region where as in Al-20Si-3Mg ring both the primary silicon and Mg2Si were completely found in the inner region only resulting in a graded FGM structure. The hardness values were measured along radial direction of samples and variations corresponding to micro structural variation were analysed. Optical Emission spectroscopic studies have revealed the remarkable compositional changes along radial direction. Corrosion characteristics were also evaluated both in particle rich and depleted regions.

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Sumaruk, T. P., and P. V. Sumaruk. "Dependence of the velocity changes of secular variations on the position of observatory and time." Geofizicheskiy Zhurnal 43, no. 3 (July 28, 2021): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24028/gzh.v43i3.236388.

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According to the data of world observatories net secular variations of geomagnetic fields from internal and outer sources have been studied. Averaged 3-year data have been used for this purpose. Procedure of calculations of secular variations from internal and outer sources according to observatories data has been submitted. 1979 has been chosen as a zero level for accounting secular variations from outer sources because the sign of the large-scale magnetic field has changed this year. It has been shown that the value of secular variations from outer sources is different for different regions and increases with the growth of the latitude of magnetic observatory. Maximal values of secular variations are observed in the northern polar cap as well as at the longitudes of the eastern focus of secular variation. It has been shown that at the DIK, CSS, TIK observatories secular variations have maximal values. Groups of observatories have been segregated with symmetric and asymmetric changes of secular variation comparing to 1979. Symmetric changes of secular variation during two Hail’s cycles are observed at the observatories in circumpolar area (ALE, NAL, BJN), in auroral and middle latitudes. Maximal asymmetry of secular variation is observed at the observatories GDH, BLC, FCC, as well as at certain subauroral observatories and the regions with raised seismic activity. Secular variation from outer sources depends on the value of the large scale magnetic field of the Sun. The value of secular variation from the inner sources has been modulated by the outer sources and depends on special features of underlying surfaces of the observatories, induction currents in particular.

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Vaillant, T., J. Laskar, N. Rambaux, and M. Gastineau. "Long-term orbital and rotational motions of Ceres and Vesta." Astronomy & Astrophysics 622 (February 2019): A95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833342.

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Context. The dwarf planet Ceres and the asteroid Vesta have been studied by the Dawn space mission. They are the two heaviest bodies of the main asteroid belt and have different characteristics. Notably, Vesta appears to be dry and inactive with two large basins at its south pole. Ceres is an ice-rich body with signs of cryovolcanic activity. Aims. The aim of this paper is to determine the obliquity variations of Ceres and Vesta and to study their rotational stability. Methods. The orbital and rotational motions have been integrated by symplectic integration. The rotational stability has been studied by integrating secular equations and by computing the diffusion of the precession frequency. Results. The obliquity variations of Ceres over [−20 : 0] Myr are between 2° and 20° and the obliquity variations of Vesta are between 21° and 45°. The two giant impacts suffered by Vesta modified the precession constant and could have put Vesta closer to the resonance with the orbital frequency 2s6 − sV. Given the uncertainty on the polar moment of inertia, the present Vesta could be in this resonance where the obliquity variations can vary between 17° and 48°. Conclusions. Although Ceres and Vesta have precession frequencies close to the secular orbital frequencies of the inner planets, their long-term rotations are relatively stable. The perturbations of Jupiter and Saturn dominate the secular orbital dynamics of Ceres and Vesta and the perturbations of the inner planets are much weaker. The secular resonances with the inner planets also have smaller widths and do not overlap, contrary to the case of the inner planets.

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Sung, Hyun-il, and Sang-gak Lee. "Time variations of IR spectra and dust properties in carbon-rich Mira variables." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 193 (2004): 336–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100010897.

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AbstractWe have studied variations of physical parameters in the circumstellar envelopes of carbon-rich Mira variables at different pulsation phases. After comparing the ISO/SWS spectra of these stars with spectral energy distributions calculated from models, we could find the best-fitted parameters for the physical state of the dust envelope at each phase. The variations of the parameters effective temperature, fraction of SiC grains, mass-loss rates, and inner radius of shell, are found to have nearly the same trend as that of the light curve. The other parameters grain size, optical depth, radius of central star and dust temperature at the inner boundary of envelope, are inversely varying to the light curve.

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Wen-Duan, Su. "Properties of Solvent Molecules and the Characteristic Variations of Inner Layer Differential Capacity." Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica 10, no. 12 (1994): 1066–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3866/pku.whxb19941203.

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Niu, Fenglin, and Lianxing Wen. "Hemispherical variations in seismic velocity at the top of the Earth's inner core." Nature 410, no. 6832 (April 2001): 1081–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35074073.

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Xu, Su, David Crossley, and A. M. K. Szeto. "Variations in length of day and inner core differential rotation from gravitational coupling." Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 117, no. 1-4 (January 2000): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9201(99)00090-4.

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Deng, Xiaohong, Hans-Joachim Wagner, and Arthur N. Popper. "Interspecific Variations of Inner Ear Structure in the Deep-Sea Fish Family Melamphaidae." Anatomical Record 296, no. 7 (April 27, 2013): 1064–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.22703.

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Zou, Hong, Chenfang Li, Qiugang Zong, George K. Parks, Zuyin Pu, Hongfei Chen, Lun Xie, and Xianguo Zhang. "Short‐term variations of the inner radiation belt in the South Atlantic anomaly." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 120, no. 6 (June 2015): 4475–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015ja021312.

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Avsyuk, Yu N., and I. I. Suvorova. "Latitude variations and their relation to forced movements of the inner solid core." Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth 42, no. 7 (July 2006): 598–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1069351306070068.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Inner variations'

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