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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Innovation and Public Policy'
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Li, Zi. "Essay on public policy for innovation and quality." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU10017/document.
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Cette thèse se compose de 3 chapitres indépendants s’attachant à analyser les politiques publiques de gestion et de contrôle de la qualité, ainsi que celles visant à stimuler l’innovation. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous nous intéressons au marché de la santé, et plus précisément à la concurrence entre différents plans de santé offrant des offres de soin de qualités différentes. Nous modélisons ce marché comme un marché biface avec des externalités de qualité. Nous examinons ce qui se passe lorsque les médecins de haute qualité, tels par exemple que les spécialistes, sont autorisés à s’enregistrer dans plusieurs plans de santé (« multi-homing ») et nous comparons cet équilibre à celui où ils ne peuvent s’enregistrer que dans un seul plan. Un enregistrement multiple des médecins de haute qualité donne des plans de santé de meilleure qualité, mais un enregistrement exclusif peut générer les meilleurs résultats pour le bien-être des assurés et de protection sociale. Le troisième chapitre s’intéresse à la gestion de la qualité dans le contexte de la production alimentaire. Il compare deux approches réglementaires de gestion de la qualité : inspection ex-post des produits par échantillonnage ou contrôle ex-ante du processus de production et certification de ce dernier. Ce chapitre analyse dans le cadre d’une compétition à la Cournot si la certification du processus de production doit être utilisée comme substitut ou complément à l'inspection ad-hoc des produits. Notre analyse révèle que la combinaison des deux approches n’est pas synonyme d’une amélioration de l'efficacité et que la certification du processus de production est préférable lorsque la compétition entre les producteurs est intense. Le quatrième chapitre est inspiré par l'hypothèse d’Heller et Eisenberg (1998) selon laquelle les activités de recherche et développement (R&D) pourraient être entravées par la protection des brevets (anti-communs). Cependant, des études récentes suggèrent que cet effet est surestimé. Ce chapitre examine une situation où la valeur d’une innovation est inconnue et commune à deux chercheurs: son évaluation par un scientifique dépend de l’évaluation que s’en fait l’autre. Cela donne lieu à surinvestissement en R&D qui peut masquer la présence d'anti-communs, en particulier lorsque l'évaluation commune dépend largement des informations privées des deux scientifiquesNumerous economics thoughts highlight the positive effect of innovations on economic growth and of quality on welfare of human beings. This thesis consists 3 independent chapters, which study public policies with purpose of encouraging innovations and improving quality provision. The second chapter studies what happens when high quality providers are allowed to patronize multiple health plans (multi-homing) and compare it to single-homing within a 2-sided framework. The results suggest that high quality providers’ multi-homing yields the highest quality of both plans. But single-homing may generate the best results for policyholders and social welfare. The third chapter compares two food quality regulatory approaches: sampling and testing products (product inspections) and controlling verifiable production process control (process certifications). It is debatable whether process certification is best used as substitute for, or supplement to product inspection. This chapter formally analyzes this issue under Cournot competition framework and suggests that combining these two approaches may not improve efficiency. Moreover, process certification should be used when competition is intense. The forth chapter is inspired by the anticommons hypothesis of Heller and Eisenberg (1998), which implies that research and development (R&D) activities could be hindered by patent protections. However, recent studies suggest that this effect is over-stated. This chapter considers a common-value situation: the scientists' valuation relies on each others' perspectives. It yields an over-investment outcome which may mask the presence of anticommons, especially when the common valuation largely depends on both scientists' private information
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Choi, Jane Jungeun. "Essays on innovation and public policy." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122103.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics, 2019Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 143-148).
Innovation is an important driver of economic growth, and public policy can affect many aspects of innovation. This thesis investigates the role of public policy in relation to two specific aspects of innovation: 1) who becomes an innovator and 2) where intellectual property is located once an innovation occurs. The first chapter analyzes how tax rates on patent- and trademark-related income affect where patents and trademarks are located internationally. I study how changes in patent and trademark tax rates in various countries altered the flow of patents and trademarks in and out of the countries. Using data on patent and trademark transfers from the US Patent & Trademark Office (USPTO), combined with market-based patent value estimates, I estimate the sensitivity of IP location to the changes in tax rates. I present suggestive evidence of income shifting and tax base erosion by showing that patents and trademarks tend to locate in countries with lower tax rates. The second chapter (jointly written with Carolyn Stein and Heidi Williams) investigates the role of gender in the evaluation of patent applications submitted to the USPTO. We document that patent examiner gender appears to have no effect on the evaluation of patent applications submitted by female inventors relative to male inventors, suggesting male examiners are not differentially biased in their evaluation of patent applications from female inventors. The third chapter (jointly written with Yosub Jung) investigates how the passage of US state laws granting married women the rights to own separate property and own their earnings affected patenting by female inventors. In the 1800s, before such laws were passed, the notion of coverture meant that married women's property and earnings were controlled by their husbands. We compare patenting by women before and after the acts and show that patenting by women increased after these laws.
by Jane Jungeun Choi.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics
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Ambashi, Masahito. "Essays on competition, innovation, and public policy." Thesis, University of Essex, 2017. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/19765/.
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Competition and innovation, which comprise the driving force of modern economies, have long been an issue in the economics literature. This thesis mainly highlights these two factors in relation to public policy as applied to various analytical frameworks: (i) technology transfer scheme including a grant-back clause when innovation is cumulative (Chapters 1 and 2); (ii) universities that conduct both research and teaching activities (Chapter 3); and (iii) the relationship between competition and productivity (Chapter 4). Chapter 1 considers desirable technology transfer in a stream of cumulative innovation. Technology competition is likely to generate social overincentives for innovation. It is demonstrated that a grant-back clause with an appropriate distribution of profits can mitigate social overinvestment in the initial and follow-on technologies. Chapter 2 analyzes the effect of a grant-back clause on incentives to innovate in accordance with the attributes of innovation: severable (non-infringing) and non-severable (infringing). It is illustrated that a grant-back clause under severable innovation can be socially beneficial because it increases the original licensor’s incentive to license. In Chapter 3, a higher education industry model is examined, where universities conduct research and teaching activities to generate research output and student enrollment. The paradoxical result is that when there is strong substitutability between these two activities, a reduction in not only student enrollment but also research output can occur in response to an increase in research funds. Additionally, this theoretical analysis is motivated by the empirical challenge using the U.S. higher educational institutions data. Chapter 4 investigates the causal relationship between the effect of competition and TFP growth based on the Japanese industry-level panel data. It finds that although a positive effect of competition is observable in manufacturing industries, such an effect in non-manufacturing industries may be negative in part of the sample period.
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Souvorova, Janna. "State legislatures diversity, innovation, and policy adoption." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5043.
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Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is used to test the proposed model in five different policy areas: education, health care, criminal justice, economic development, and environmental policies. Results of the analysis indicate that, while state diversity is positively associated with state innovation and state policy adoption, inclusion of state socioeconomic and political variables in the analysis decreases the relative influence of state diversity on innovation and policy outcomes. Furthermore, the relative influence of diversity, socioeconomic, and political variables differs among the policy areas used in this study. Three major themes are noticed here: the overwhelming significance of state political characteristics to state innovation, the relatively moderate significance of state socioeconomic characteristics to state policy outcomes and state innovation, and the low significance of state diversity variables to state policy outcomes.; The question of policy origination is the very essence of state public policy analysis. This study provides an overview of the previous research on innovation, as defined by Rogers (1962, 2003) and Walker (1969), and determinants models of state policy formulation, as they relate to innovation and policy adoption on the state level. The literature review indicates that previous research mostly focused on the internal state characteristics such as political and socioeconomic variables to explain state differences in policy adoption. The literature also indicates a general lack of empirical research relating diversity to innovation and policy adoption. State governments have to deal with diversified populations and workforces whether they want to or not. The number of immigrants from other countries as well as migrants from other states is constantly growing. For instance, in just the five years from 2000 to 2005, we added almost 5.5 million immigrants, and that figure represents only those who are documented. These people are coming from all over the world. They speak different languages, are accustomed to different foods, and have different religious affiliations. It would be unrealistic to expect them to have social and political values similar to those of people born and raised in the United States. The impact and the overall influence of such diversity on state policy formulation have not yet been fully explained. The growing importance of diversity in the United States calls for its inclusion into state policy adoption models. This study proposes a new model including a construct of diversity as one of the determinants of state policy adoption. The reasoning for the new model is twofold: first, to determine the potential influence of diversity on innovation, and second, to determine whether diversity also influences state policy adoption.ID: 029810088; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 164-173).
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Public Affairs
Health and Public Affairs
Public Affairs
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Norrman, Charlotte. "Entrepreneurship Policy : Public Support for Technology-Based Ventures." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Projekt, innovationer och entreprenörskap, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-11739.
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The subject of this thesis is entrepreneurship policy and the focus is on public support programmes directed to early stages technology-based ventures. It advocates that a broad view should be taken with regard to the type of policies for entrepreneurship that aim at supporting the facilitation of the supported ventures’ ability to link to their surrounding innovation system, in which they can secure their access to crucial external resources. Taking the departure in the perspective that early stages technology-based ventures are vulnerable, this thesis shows that publicly financed entrepreneurship supporting programmes can be motivated because small and newly started ventures have got limited resources, and because the risks, with which they are associated, generally make them unattractive in the eyes of private actors. Among the practical implications of this thesis, the following findings are emphasised: Public support, directed to the very earliest stages of venture development benefits from broadness, for the latter stages, specialisation and a higher degree of selectiveness could be an advantage. Moreover, it is important that the support provided take into account the whole process of business development, i.e. both the issues concerned with product/service and the issues connected to the market. A long-term commitment, cooperation between different actors and information about what support is available, are other aspects that are important for policymakers to consider in their design of public policies to support entrepreneurship. Finally, the importance of evaluative awareness must be emphasised from the very start.Den här avhandlingen är en sammanläggning av 7 studier kring vilka en kappa med titeln ”Entreprenörskapspolicy: offentligt stöd för teknikbaserade företag” har skrivits. De inkluderade studierna beskrivs kortfattat i slutet av den här sammanfattningen. Syftet med avhandlingen är att analysera skälen till varför statliga interventioner kan vara berättigade, vidare att analysera målsättningar, design och resultat av offentliga program för stöd av nya teknikbaserade företag/projekt och slutligen att identifiera såväl praktiska som forskningsintressanta implikationer för utformningen av framtida stödaktiviteter. Avhandlingen baseras till största delen på olika typer av kvantitativa analyser av Stiftelsen Innovationscentrum (SIC) (studie 2-6). Förutom detta ingår en konceptuell studie där ett ramverk för att utvärdera inkubatorer, främst ur ett ”best practice” perspektiv, har tagits fram (studie 1). Slutligen har jag inkluderat en pågående uppföljningsstudie av Vinnovas program Vinn Nu (studie 7). Avhandlingen förespråkar en bred syn på begreppet entreprenörskapspolicy, där syftet med stödet är att underlätta för företag/projekt att koppla upp sig mot relevanta innovationssystem där de kan säkra sin tillgång på externa resurser. Med utgångspunkt i ett sårbarhetsperspektiv visar avhandlingen att offentligt finansierade program som stödjer entreprenörskap kan motiveras genom att de små och nystartade företagens resurser är begränsade och eftersom riskerna ofta gör att intresset från privata aktörer att gå in i dessa företag är lågt. Avhandlingens praktiska implikationer är bland annat att det stöd som riktas till de allra tidigaste utvecklingsfaserna i syfte att kvalificera idéer bör vara brett. Däremot kan ett mer selektivt urval vara fördelaktigt i något senare utvecklingsskeden och för mer specialiserade stöd. Vidare visar de inkluderade studierna på behovet av att se till hela företagets utvecklingsprocess. Det innebär bland annat att det är nödvändigt att kombinera hårt och mjukt stöd och att lika vikt läggs vid produkt- och marknadsutveckling. Offentligt stöd bör också vara långsiktigt, och samarbete mellan olika stödprogram är viktigt, inte minst med avseende på information om vilka stöd som finns och hur, var, när och av vem dessa kan sökas. Slutligen understryks vikten av att stödprogram redan från början bör ta hänsyn till utvärderingsaspekter.
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Daily, Alisia. "Social Innovation and Innovation Champions: An analysis of public and private processes." VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3461.
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This research intends to gain deeper insight into the social innovation processes within public and private organizations. The purpose of the study will be to determine if public and private organizations are influenced more by internal organizational factors or external organizational factors. Using Roger’s diffusion theory, Mohr’s internal determinants and Berry and Berry’s unified theory as a foundation, this research will endeavor to prove hypotheses which suggest that private organizations are influenced more by internal organizational factors and public organizations are influenced more by external organizational factors although not exclusively. The research method for this study will involve a mixed methods approach. A survey of innovation champions will be implemented online followed by a qualitative interview of a subset of those respondents. In addition to the research specific to internal and external organizational factors, this study will also seek to assess the importance of the use of innovation champions during the social innovation process. Social innovation is a new concept in the realm of innovation. This research will offer much needed insight into a process that is new and evolving.
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Davis, Christopher R. "Modeling the Co-Production of Public Sector Innovation: Strategic Dimensions of Organizational Innovation within the Public Maritime Ports of the Pacific Northwest." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4231.
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Innovation is vital to employing resources in times when the complexity and the demand for public goods and services strain organizational capacities. While innovation in the private sector is the subject of intense academic interest, the study of this phenomenon in the public sector pales in comparison. This is troubling because innovation is an important tool for overcoming resource limitations that plague the public sector. This dissertation's unique contribution to the field is the creation and empirical validation of a model that explains and predicts the co-production of public sector innovation. The model explains the causal mechanism of innovation and has predictive value.
No generally agreed upon or empirically tested theory exists for understanding or predicting the social interactions that lead to public sector innovation. This dissertation closes this gap by using prior research and empirical observations to build and validate a model that explains the co-production of public sector innovation at the nexus of leadership, the organization, and the customer or client of the organization. The findings, conclusions, and recommendations of this study bridge theory and practice to define the conditions that lead to co-production of public sector innovation.
This dissertation employed a deductive-inductive typological approach that used grounded theory to describe the conditions present when innovation occurs. These conditions exist as antecedents that include adaptive interest alignment, client-based prioritization, co-production readiness, organizational incentives, and organizational structure and culture. This study defined and then measured six independent variables that indicate the antecedents' presence. These antecedents served to predict the opening of a pathway to co-production of public sector innovation.
Empirical measurement of the six independent variables served to indicate the presence or absence of the antecedents that operate in three intersecting domains (leadership, organization, and clients or customers). The independent variables are present when the dependent variable of co-produced public sector innovation emerged. The creation of two unique indices provided an aggregate summary of the variables. The indices served as proxy measures of co-produced public sector innovation. Special districts served as the empirical setting for this research.
A case study approach served to validate the model using indices of the expected and actual measurement of co-production of innovation in the public sector. This dissertation validated the theoretical framework that served as a heuristic tool for conceptualizing the dynamics that moderate the co-production of public sector innovation within a defined political economy. The findings, conclusions, and recommendations that emerged from this research contribute to the ongoing dialogue about the conditions necessary for public sector innovation to occur.
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Prachomrat, Pattamaporn. "Public sector R&D and innovation in an emerging country : an analysis of knowledge flow between public and private sectors in the Thai National System of Innovation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33115.
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This thesis explores Thailand's efforts to pursue greater competitiveness in global markets by enhancing the effectiveness of its National System of Innovation. The concept of national system of innovation (NSI) has been employed widely to study and describe the development of science, technology and innovation in a national context. NSI studies seek to explain systematic differences between national economies in their innovation performance in terms of the flow of knowledge among actors/players and the impacts of institutions and factors on their relationships or interactions. The concept was formally introduced into Thai policies in 2001 and it was adopted widely by the organisations directed to build up a strong national innovation system. However, the Thai innovation system has been identified by previous studies as a weak and fragmented system. This study investigates the current situation of the Thai NSI by exploring the relationships and the patterns of knowledge flows among actors in the Thai innovation system; heavily focusing on exploitation of public sector research. A comparative study was undertaken of innovations arising as a result of initiatives arising through the Thai NSI policy. Eighteen case studies were undertaken including 6 that were seen as successful and 12 failures. The study was carried out using in-depth interviews with relevant staff in both public and private sectors together with secondary analysis of science and technology policy implementation in Thailand. The interviews show that there are still many problems hindering the attempt to build up an effective relationship between the public and private sectors; many of them fail to construct R&D collaboration and to conduct technology transfer. The influential factors are analysed and identified from the cases. Those found repeatedly among successes, but largely absent in the failure cases include technological readiness, R&D capability, good management skills, and positive attitude towards R&D while some external factors are found specific to the individual case. Some of them can be contingent factors for particular features of the case resulting in diversity among the cases especially successful ones. The analysis of science and technology policy implementation is also integrated to explore the case studies in order to investigate the impact of those policies on the pattern of the Thai innovation system. Particularly, the policy that has been implemented after the introduction of the NSI concept which was intended to fix the linear model of innovation in Thailand. However, the analysis from this research demonstrates that there is a shortcoming in the adoption of the NSI policy in Thailand as it still follows the 'linear plus' model of innovation (Tait and Williams, 1999) revolving around promoting knowledge flows from research. The development of ST&I is embedded in the advanced science (most in the public sector) not for building up the competitive firms. The centre of development is not on firm capability development to create learning economies but on a science push model. To summarise from the empirical findings, the concept of NSI adopted in Thailand is used as a tool to briefly analyse the big picture of science and technology development at the national level and to identify the problems facing the country. However, this concept alone is not enough to stimulate a country's innovation process. The NSI concept has been understood in two broad ways: the Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) mode and the Doing, Using and Interacting (DUI) mode. In Thailand the former has prevailed. Secondly, the concept itself is too broad and vague to be used as the main guideline for building up innovative capacity; it only tells what should be done not how to do it. The NSI helps Thailand to initiate change in its ST&I development process although greater attention should be given to the DUI mode. However, the process requires other frameworks to support and translate the NSI concept into the level of action plans. As a result this research suggests that the factors that determine the success of technology/knowledge transfer are not only from the policy level but also other factors from the bottom up level such as social factors determining the relationships among actors.
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Hannoyer, Frederic J. (Frederic Jean-Antoine) 1972. "Venture capital and innovation in information technology : evaluation of the French public policy." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9678.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Technology and Policy Program, 1999.Includes bibliographical references (p. 146-150).
Today, there are hundreds of new ventures in Silicon valley, and on the route 128 in Massachusetts that were created by French people. However, in France, innovation in high-technology has stabilized and did not significantly take off. Aware of this issue, the French government has been undertaking an intense public program to initiate innovation in France. The following investigation comes from a request of individuals within the French Ministry of Finance. It will examine the specific aspects of the French public program, that promotes innovation in Information Technologies by the means of venture capitalists. Other countries will be evaluated with respect to their public policies. Another important concern is the establishment of accurate methods for evaluating public programs. In order to understand the reason for the shortage of entrepreneurs and venture capitalists in France, the investigation deals with an analysis of economic and social realities, it then proposes a recommendation for a future French public policy with respect to venture capitalists in Information Technologies.
by Frederic J. Hannoyer.
S.M.
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McAndrews, Kyra. "The Path to Social Innovation in the United States." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1083.
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The challenges we face as a nation are complex and recalcitrant; to address them, we need to be equipped with multifaceted and resilient solutions. Yet, substantial pressures – such as significant fiscal constraints, growing citizen expectations, and the rapid pace of technology – prevent the U.S. Government from efficiently and effectively solving the nation’s ills alone. The public, private, and nonprofit sectors must partner and collaborate to create lasting social change and the best solutions to address our nation’s most pressing social issues lie in the power of social innovation.
Drawing from nearly thirty years of scholarship, the views of leading experts in the field of social innovation, and three case studies of social innovation offices in the United States, this paper addresses the case for social innovation in the United States by answering four key questions: what is social innovation; why does the U.S. need it; what has the U.S. government done to support social innovation; and what is the future of social innovation in this United States.
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Miny, Marnie. "Evidenced based decision making in public policy for innovating firms." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/22769.
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Firms require policies that are supportive to their operating environment and competiveness. Few firms, however, interact with policy makers and it is suggested in the literature that they do so in a self-interested manner. Policy makers are faced with the challenge of ensuring positive sum outcomes in a highly politicised process. Innovative firms could possible request more value creating policies with noninnovative firms requesting value capturing policies. A firm that is more networked is more innovative, but this also increases the management complexity of the firm. The purpose of this study was to enable policy makers to make more informed political decisions in the public policy process. A secondary dataset focused on firms in the innovation context. Groups of firms were categorised by their innovativeness, involvement with policy and network richness through Chi-square tests, Exploratory Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis. The policy requests of these firms were analysed through the Kruskal-Wallis test, with post hoc analyses using Mann-Whitney U tests. The study found that firms could be categorised based on their innovativeness and involvement, but that network richness played an important role in increasing both. Innovative and non-innovative firms had similar needs in policies. It is suggested that richly networked firms are not independently rent seeking as they request policies that are to the benefit of the broader innovation network in order to sustain and grow the collaborative relationships. Policy makers are advised to ensure the inclusion of network rich firms in the policy process.Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted
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Thomas, Rhodri. "Public policy and business development in tourism, with particular reference to small firms." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/18705.
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The integrative chapter of this thesis explains how the nominated papers, when combined, meet the University of Exeter’s assessment criteria for the award of PhD by Publication. It argues that a coherent contribution to knowledge emerges from the three strands of research discussed, namely: (i) examinations of research and innovation policy, notably via the work of tourism academics and the knowledge exchange practices of practitioners; (ii) investigations into the practices of small businesses in tourism, particularly in relation to their articulation with public policy at a local level; (iii) an assessment of the professionalization of tourism, via the conceptual lens of corporate professionalization. Collectively, these publications explain important aspects of business, notably small business, dynamics in tourism; my contribution has been to provide new conceptualisations of tourism organisations and explanations for their behaviour that advance existing academic accounts. The theoretical contributions made offer public policy-makers greater scope for developing interventions to more effectively influence business behaviour than at present. The chapter also reviews, briefly, the range of methods of enquiry used in my research and my philosophical position in relation to knowledge construction. Finally, the limitations of my work and my current research agenda are discussed.
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Nahuis, Roel. "The politics of innovation in public transport : issues, settings and displacements /." Utrecht : Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, 2007. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0804/2008400372.html.
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Univ., Diss.--Utrecht, 2007.Introduction: displacements, public transport and democracy -- Where are the politics? perspectives on democracy and technology -- Theory and method: issues, settings and displacements -- Following the issues: the case of self-service in the Amsterdam trams -- Settings and framing: the case of a flexible public transport system -- Displacements and democratic quality: the case of high-quality public transport in Utrecht -- Displacements: dynamics and democratic quality.
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Mason, Brenda Gale. "Beauty is Precious, Knowledge is Power, and Innovation is Progress: Widely Held Beliefs in Policy Narratives about Oil Spills." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5736.
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Scholars from diverse perspectives have sought to understand the features and mechanisms that influence the design and implementation of public policy. Some (realists) have emphasized the role that material interests have played while others (idealists) have emphasized the influence of subjective ideas on ‘how policy means’ (Yanow 1996). Recently, observers in both camps have demonstrated curiosity in the influence of culture on policymaking and its consequences. Regrettably, this shared concern has not resulted in much collaboration across epistemological divides.
I argue that narrative analysis provides a way to bridge the divides by specifying an interpretive approach that identifies culture as encompassing both interests and ideas in policymaking processes. I draw from the works of scholars in phenomenology, narratology, cultural sociology, disaster studies and public policy to illustrate a systematic approach to investigating and interpreting congressional hearings as narratives that reveal cultural taken-for-granted assumptions about how the world should work (Loseke 2003). I argue that examining narratives of political actors can empirically delineate both objective interests as well as subjective ideas. In particular, I compare and contrast diverse stories about three U.S. oil spills (Santa Barbara, Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon) to illuminate taken-for-granted beliefs about our social and natural worlds. With this emphasis, I aim to contribute to understandings of how culture works in policymaking, which also sheds light on how culture may influence the wider social order more generally. I conclude with a discussion of potential implications regarding our shared natural resources.
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Handa, Rhea. "A Lesson in Learning: Improving Learning Outcomes in India Via Pedagogical Innovation." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1105.
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When delivered well, education is key to addressing a host of individual and societal ills, from poverty and disease to crime and poor voter engagement. India has demonstrated considerable progress in improving various aspects of its primary education system, including infrastructure and buildings, teacher-student ratios, and school enrollment. However, student learning outcomes remain consistently low across the country. A review of the literature surrounding learning outcomes has highlighted gaps in school instruction and has shown the dire need for innovations in pedagogy and curriculum to improve student learning. This paper assesses the long-term impact of one such pedagogy, called Teaching at the Right Level (or TaRL), in the districts of five states of India via an ordered probit model and linear regressions. The quantitative model shows a positive and significant effect of TaRL exposure on learning levels and income, as hypothesized throughout this paper. Additionally, case studies of two students exposed to TaRL are explored to illustrate individual effects of the pedagogy.
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Li, Yanchao. "Public procurement as a demand-side innovation policy in China : an exploratory and evaluative study." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/public-procurement-as-a-demandside-innovation-policy-in-china--an-exploratory-and-evaluative-study(5b215cff-d548-4024-90fa-eb8c6ac34eb0).html.
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There has been increased interest internationally in using public procurement as an innovation policy. China too has employed innovation oriented public procurement (IOPP) to implement its ‘indigenous innovation’ strategy. This thesis explores China’s IOPP policy processes, evaluates the appropriateness of these policies, and explains key issues identified. Literature strands on innovation, policy, public procurement, and IOPP are drawn upon to analyse IOPP and related policies. IOPP processes are conceptualized as dynamics shaped by the institutions, actors and interactions of innovation and public procurement systems. IOPP policies are framed as horizontal mixes of cross-domain interventions, and vertical mixes of goals, rationales, instruments, designed implementation structures, actual implementation processes, and outcomes. A criterion for evaluating policy appropriateness is coherence between the various dimensions. Macro-level policies impact on micro-level processes which in turn provide evidence of implementation. A multi-level case study methodology is adopted to link up macro/national, meso/regional and micro/local levels of policy design, articulation and implementation. Implementation is characterized through three IOPP policy channels, a channel being a characteristic group of policies to promote IOPP. Channel 1 employed ‘innovation catalogues’, which was unexpectedly terminated in 2011 in response to concerns from other countries over China’s perceived protectionist tendency. Channel 1 was found to be a centralized mechanism to implement general IOPP across all regions, sectors and levels of governance. As a one-size-fits-all approach requiring cross-domain, cross-level coordination, it failed to achieve coherence with the institutional fragmentation of China’s innovation and procurement systems. The other two channels were implicit, strategic IOPP approaches i.e. commercialization projects for ‘major technological equipment’ with a rationale of pre-commercial procurement (Channel 2), and demonstration programmes for emerging technologies with a rationale of creating lead markets (Channel 3). These two channels realized better coherence with China’s systems as both were targeted at specific sectors and levels. Cross-case analysis suggests that micro-level IOPP processes were more frequently shaped by local contexts of stakeholders, interactions and informal institutions rather than IOPP policies. Interventionist local governments and proactive suppliers played stronger roles than procurers in initiating IOPP. IOPP cycles followed diverse and informal pathways not always competition-based, which might have breached de jure procurement regulations but China’s weak formal institutions allowed this flexibility. Informal institutions sometimes mitigated flaws of formal ones and facilitated IOPP, but could easily play competing roles (notably regional protectionism) that hinder policy implementation. This thesis contributes to IOPP knowledge by: offering a conceptual approach to IOPP policy analysis concerning implementation and appropriateness evaluation; uncovering China’s IOPP dynamics based on which the understanding of IOPP as a research subject is deepened. Policy implications include lessons for catching-up countries emphasizing institutional capacity and government capability, and more general issues highlighting policy differentiation and complementarity, and intermediation.
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Murdock, Karen A. "Public Policy for Entrepreneurship and Innovation: Trade-offs and Impacts in Managed and Entrepreneurial Economies." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3974.
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Esta tesis se centra en el estudio de las políticas públicas de algunos países de la Unión Europea en relación con el emprendimiento i la innovación. Se basa en la idea de que existe una divergencia entre algunas de las economías más avanzadas, entre dos estructuras económicas opuestas: unas siguen el mismo patrón de siempre y otras crean nuevas estructuras. Cambios tecnológicos en el corazón de dichos desarrollos han favorecido nuevas actividades económicas y cambios institucionales significativos han dado lugar a dichas estructuras económicas cambiantes. La falta de uniformidad de los cambios en diferentes países ha provocado dos mundos opuestos. Una de las diferencias fundamentales entre estas estructuras económicas opuestas tiene relación con las políticas públicas. Hay cuatro aspectos diferenciales de las políticas públicas que evidencian estos cambios que permiten distinguir entre las estructuras económicas antiguas y nuevas. Las políticas públicas en las economías antiguas favorecen la regulación, se crean a nivel nacional, se centran en el output y facilitan los métodos tradicionales de financiación. Por otro lado, las economías transformadas favorecen la estimulación, con políticas públicas desarrolladas regionalmente o localmente, centradas en los inputs i a favor de la financiación de riesgos. Estos aspectos de las políticas públicas, especialmente los que favorecen la innovación y el emprendimiento, han contribuido a la aparición de varios niveles de emprendimiento e innovación en cada escenario. La economía nueva estimula actividades de innovación y emprendimiento y, por lo tanto, se puede calificar de economía emprendedora. La economía antigua, es más reticente a dichas actividades y se suele llamar economía dirigida.
El análisis está basado en teoría institucional, desde el punto de vista de la cual se conciben las instituciones como restricciones que se imponen para reducir las incertidumbres implicadas en las interacciones humanas. Incluyen instituciones formales, como las leyes, los procedimientos y las políticas gubernamentales, y permiten definir el conjunto de oportunidades económicas disponibles en una economía. Una función importante de las instituciones es determinar el atractivo o los incentivos para aprovechar cada una de dichas oportunidades y, por tanto, que tengan consecuencias directas tanto para actividades de emprendimiento como de innovación. La tendencia general en muchos países es que el gobierno puede estimular las actividades de emprendimiento e innovación con iniciativas de política pública.
Se separan los países entre economías dirigidas y emprendedoras, en función de la evidencia de transformación tecnológica y la adopción de la innovación en la economía. Sus políticas públicas para el emprendimiento e innovación se examinan para identificar los cuatro aspectos diferenciales. Se hace un análisis posterior para identificar el impacto que estas áreas específicas de las políticas públicas puede tener en los niveles actuales de actividades de emprendimiento e innovación en cada grupo. Los resultados empíricos muestran que los aspectos diferenciales de las políticas públicas de los grupos de economías es más fácil identificarlos en aquellos países que se sitúan en el extremo del abanico y son menos evidentes para los países que caen en medio. Los efectos de las políticas públicas en actividades de emprendimiento e innovación no son tan fáciles de identificar como se pensaba. Los efectos de las políticas públicas regionales es generalmente positivo y no se identifica ningún gran impacto para el financiamiento.
This thesis studies public policies for entrepreneurship and innovation in some European Union countries. It is based on the notion of a divergence of some of the more advanced economies into two polar economic structures with some continuing in the old ways and others creating new structures. Technological changes at the heart of these developments have facilitated new economic activities and significant institutional changes have given rise to these changing economic structures. The lack of uniformity in the changes across countries has created two polar worlds.
One of the fundamental differences between these polar economic structure is in public polices. Four trade-offs in public policy signal these changes that help to differentiate the old and the new economic structures. Public polices in the old economies favor regulations, public policies that are created at the national level, policies that target output and which facilitate traditional methods of financing. The transformed economies on the other hand favor stimulation, regionally/locally developed public policy, targeting of inputs, and policies that support risk financing. These trade-offs in public policies specifically those for innovation and entrepreneurship have contributed to the varying levels of entrepreneurship and innovation that each setting has experienced. Subsequently, the new economy stimulates activities in innovation and entrepreneurship and is therefore labeled the entrepreneurial economy. The old economy is more restrictive to such activities and is referred to as the managed economy.
The analysis is founded on Institutional Theory, which sees institutions as constraints that are imposed to reduce the uncertainties involved in human interactions. They include formal institutions such as laws, government procedures and policies and define the set of economic opportunities that are available in an economy. An important function of institutions is to determine the attractiveness or incentives for pursuing each of those opportunities and therefore have direct consequences for both entrepreneurship and innovation activities. The general trend across many countries is that government can stimulate both innovation and entrepreneurial activities by instituting public policy initiatives.
The group of countries is separated into managed and entrepreneurial economies based on evidence of technological transformation and the adaption of innovation in the economy. Their public policies for entrepreneurship and innovation are then examined to identify the four trade-offs. A subsequently analysis is done to identify the impact that these specific areas of public policy may have on the actual levels of entrepreneurship and innovation activities in each grouping. The empirical results shows that the public policy trade-offs between the two groupings of economies are most readily identified at the extreme end of a continuum and are less obvious for the countries that fall between the extremes. It is also most obvious in three trade-offs. The effects of public policy on entrepreneurship and innovation activity are not as clear cut as expected. The effect of regional public policy is mostly positive and no strong impact could be identified for finance.
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Galope, Reynold. "Public financing of risky early-stage technology." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45801.
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This dissertation examines the role of public investments in inducing small firms to develop risky, early-stage technologies. It contributes to expanding our understanding of the consequences of research, innovation, and entrepreneurship policies and programs by investigating in more depth the effect of the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program on the innovation effort, ability to attract external capital, and other metrics of post-entry performance of small business start-ups using a new sample and estimation approach.
Unlike prior R&D subsidy studies that concentrated almost exclusively on European countries, this dissertation focused on small business start-ups in the United States using a new scientific survey of new firms. It integrated the Kauffman Firm Survey (KFS) from the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation with the SBIR recipient dataset from the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) and used advances in statistical matching to achieve better comparability between the treated and control groups of small business start-ups. The integrated KFS-SBA dataset, which contains both recipient and non-recipient small firms, and statistical matching allowed us to empirically construct the counterfactual outcomes of SBIR recipients.
This dissertation balanced the pre-treatment characteristics of SBIR recipients and non-recipients through propensity score matching (PSM). It constructed the comparison sample by identifying non-recipients with nearly identical propensity scores as those of SBIR recipients. Consistent with the propensity score theorem, observations with the same distribution of propensity scores have the same distribution of observable characteristics. PSM made the comparison and treatment samples homogenous except in SBIR program exposure, making the fundamental assumption of ignorability of treatment assignment more plausible.
Using the realized outcomes of observationally similar non-recipient start-ups as the counterfactual outcomes of SBIR recipients, we found empirical evidence of the input additionality effect of the SBIR program. Had they not applied for and granted SBIR R&D subsidies, recipient start-ups would have spent only $185,000 in R&D, but with SBIR their R&D effort was significantly increased to $663,000, on average. The treatment effects analyses also found a significant positive effect of SBIR on innovation propensity and employment. However, it appears that public co-financing of commercial R&D has crowded-out privately financed R&D of small business start-ups in the United States. A dollar of SBIR subsidy decreased firm-financed R&D by about $0.16.
Contrary to prior SBIR studies, we did not find any significant "halo effect" or "certification effect" of receiving an SBIR award on attracting external capital. However, we discovered a different certification effect of the SBIR program: SBIR grantees are more likely to attract external patents. This finding also confirms that innovation requires a portfolio of internal and external knowledge assets as theorized by David Teece and his colleagues.
This dissertation's empirical results may be relevant to the Small Business Administration, SBIR participating agencies, the U.S. Congress, other federal, state and local policymakers, small high-tech start-ups, and scholars in the field of science, technology, and innovation policy.
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Young, Susan Caroline. "Factors Affecting the Adoption of New Technology: the case of 311 Government Call Centers." FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1795.
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Government call centers (311) were first created to reduce the volume of non-emergency calls that were being placed to emergency 911 call centers. The number of 311 call centers increased from 57 in 2008 to about 300 in 2013. Considering that there are over 2,700 municipal government units across the United States, the adoption rate of the 311 centers is arguably low in the country. This dissertation is an examination of the adoption of 311 call centers by municipal governments. My focus is specifically on why municipal governments adopt 311 and identifying which barriers result in the non-adoption of 311 call centers. This dissertation is possibly the first study to examine the adoption of 311 call centers in the United States. The dissertation study has identified several significant factors in the adoption and non-adoption of 311 government call centers. The following factors were significant in the adoption of 311 government call centers: managerial support, financial constraints, organizational responsiveness, strategic plan placement, and technology champion. The following factors were significant barriers that resulted in the non-adoption of a 311 government call center; no demand from citizens, start up costs, annual operating costs, unavailability of funding, and no obvious need for one.If local government entities that do not have a 311 government call center decide to adopt one, this study will help them identify the conditions that need to be in place for successful adoption to occur. Local government officials would first need to address the barriers in setting up the 311 call centers.
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Siemon, Noel. "Public policy planning and global technology dependence : strategic factors for a national space-related innovation system /." View thesis, 2003. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20031217.163703/index.html.
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Akers, Eugene Jeff Grafton Carl. "A study of the adoption of digital government technology as public policy innovation in the American States." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Summer/Dissertations/AKERS_EUGENE_17.pdf.
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Mabrouk, Rania. "Essays on environmental innovation : the role of vertical relations and public policies." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAE005/document.
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L’innovation du 21ème siècle n’a plus comme simple objectif la survie des entreprises sur le marché et la relance de la croissance des pays. Désormais, elle doit, en plus, préserver l’environnement pour assurer le développement des générations actuelles et futures. Cette nouvelle tâche la place au centre des recherches d’innombrables travaux mobilisant les champs de l’économie de l’innovation et de l’économie environnementale. L’ambition de cette thèse est, dans un premier temps, d’examiner comment ‐à un niveau micro‐économique‐, l’émergence et la diffusion des innovations environnementales sont impactées par les relations stratégiques inter‐firmes au sein des chaînes de valeur. Pour ce faire le premier chapitre montre qu’un monopole est prêt à maintenir sur un marché un produit de moins bonne qualité pour augmenter son pouvoir de négociation face à un fournisseur offrant une innovation drastique –un produit de meilleur qualité sans coûts additionnels‐. Le second chapitre explique comment les pouvoirs de négociation entre les firmes verticalement liées peuvent influencer le choix de l’adoption de la technologie environnementale engendrant un niveau de dépollution ou de bien‐être sous‐optimal. Pour faire face à une telle situation, le régulateur doit adapter sa politique de régulation –une taxe en l’occurrence‐ pour modifier le choix de la firme polluante. Or son intervention peut se révéler insuffisante sous certaines conditions. Dans un deuxième temps, le troisième chapitre cette thèse identifie, théoriquement et empiriquement les déterminants macro‐économiques des innovations environnementales afin d’aider le régulateur à mieux cibler ses interventionsThe innovation of the 21st century has no longer as a mere objective the survival of companies in the market and the stimulation of the growth at the country level. From now on, there is an urgent need to preserve the environment to ensure the development of present and future generations. Therefore, several empirical studies and theoretical accounts place the matter at the heart of innovation and economics fields of research. The first objective of this dissertation is to examine how ‐at a microeconomic level‐ the emergence and diffusion of environmental innovations is impacted by strategic inter‐firm relationships within supply‐chains. In order to achieve this goal, the first chapter shows that a monopoly maintains on the market a low‐quality product in the sole intention to increase his bargaining power against a supplier offering a drastic innovation ‐a costless high‐quality product‐. The second chapter explains how bargaining powers between vertically related firms can influence the adoption choice of environmental technology leading to a sub‐optimal level of depollution or welfare. To deal with this situation, the regulator must adapt its regulatory policy ‐a tax in this case‐ to modify the choice of the polluting firm. However, its intervention may prove insufficient under certain conditions. The second objective of the dissertation is developed in the third chapter which identifies theoretically and empirically the macroeconomic determinants of environmental innovations in order to help the regulator to better target its interventions
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Chicot, Julien. "Strategic use of public procurement for innovation : rationales, instruments and practices." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAE012/document.
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Un nombre croissant de pays de l’OCDE encourage l’utilisation des achats publics en soutien à l’innovation, mais les discours ont été peu suivis d’effets. L’ambition de cette thèse est d’aider l’élaboration des initiatives d’achat public d’innovation (API), en identifiant les obstacles à l’innovation qu’ils peuvent résoudre, ainsi que les instruments et les pratiques les plus à mêmes de les aider dans cet objectif. Nous identifions huit idéo-types d’API selon les défaillances de marché ou de système (niveau méso) auxquelles ils tentent de répondre pour stimuler l’innovation. Ces défaillances affectent soit les utilisateurs, soit les producteurs ou touchent leurs interactions. Nous les comparons à celles de niveau macro et déterminons ainsi la contribution potentielle de chacun de ces idéo-types d’API aux politiques tournées vers de grandes missions. Notre typologie constitue un cadre théorique unifié associant défaillances et modalités de mise en œuvre des API. Elle en aide ainsi l’élaboration, l’évaluation et l’analyse. Certains de nos idéo-types doivent soutenir la création de marché pour encourager l’innovation. Nous nous appuyons sur les théories économiques évolutionnistes et une série d’études de cas pour comprendre comment les API peuvent y parvenir. Nous identifions leurs rôles, à différentes étapes de la procédure d’achat public, dans la coordination de connaissances et d’informations pour la création et le développement de marché. Les API doivent notamment permettre aux utilisateurs d’interagir avec les fournisseurs de manière appropriée et suffisamment tôt dans la procédure d’achat. Les recherches sur les achats privés ont néanmoins montré qu’une telle implication précoce des fournisseurs est source de problèmes de niveau micro. Une série d’entretiens avec des acheteurs publics et des fournisseurs permet de mieux identifier les problèmes affectant leur collaboration au cours d’une procédure standard d’API ou d’un dialogue compétitif. La nature de ces défaillances diffère selon la procédure d’achat public, du même que leur moment d’apparition. Les entretiens révèlent également que les acheteurs et fournisseurs perçoivent différemment les pratiques à l’origine de ces défaillances. Nos résultats appellent enfin à reconsidérer l’influence du cadre juridique sur les API, et soulignent l’existence de procédures et stratégies alternatives qui sont plus ou moins privilégiées par les fournisseurs. En somme, notre travail de recherche identifie différents niveaux d’obstacles à l’innovation que les API peuvent résoudre, ainsi que les mesures les plus appropriées pour les aider dans cet objectif. Il plaide en faveur d’une approche dynamique de la décision politique, qui définit problèmes, instruments de politique et pratiques à chacune des étapes des procédures d’achat public, de formation des marchés, et de collaboration entre acheteurs public et fournisseursAn increasing number of OECD countries has adopted measures to encourage the use of public procurement to foster innovation. However, implementation of public procurement of innovation (PPI) is lagging behind policy discourse. The ambition of this dissertation is to address this discrepancy by assisting in the design of PPI initiatives, that is, by identifying the innovation-related failures that PPI can overcome, and the most appropriate policy instruments and practices for achieving this objective. We define eight PPI ideal-types according to the type of meso-level market of system failures they address. These failures can relate to users, producers or to their mutual interactions. We confront them with macro-level failures, and determine accordingly the contribution of each PPI ideal-type to distinct mission-oriented policies. Our typology provides a unified PPI framework associating their rationales with their design. Therefore, it contributes to policymaking, and to policy evaluation and analysis. Some PPI categories aim to spur innovation by stimulating the formation of markets. We employ an evolutionary approach to analyse the influence of PPI at the different stages of the dynamic process of market formation through a series of selected existing case studies. We demonstrate that PPI can underpin the different phases of knowledge coordination for market formation, by ensuring appropriate interactions between users and producers early in the public procurement procedure. The literature on private procurement nevertheless shows that early supplier involvement is subject to a number of micro-level failures having their root in procurement practices. Based on interviews with public procurers and suppliers, we identify relevant collaboration failures related to the standard PPI and competitive dialogue procedures. We highlight differences in these failures and their loci between the two procedures. Furthermore, public procurers and suppliers appear to have different perception of the causes of the failures they have encountered. Finally, our findings discuss the influence of the legal framework on PPI and suggest additional PPI procedures and strategies that are favoured by suppliers to varying extents. In sum, our research identifies innovation-related failures at different levels that PPI can resolve, and relevant instruments to help PPI initiative to achieve their objectives. Furthermore, it advocates a dynamic approach considering failures, instruments, and practices at different stages of public procurement procedures, and market formation and public procurer-supplier collaboration processes
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Van, Der Boor Paul E. W. "Three Studies on Innovation and Diffusion: Evidence from Mobile Banking in Developing Countries and a User Innovation Survey in Portugal." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2014. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/385.
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This dissertation explores the conditions and the extent to which innovations, by both users and by firms, can originate in developing countries and diffuse to the rest of the world. The primary setting for these studies is the mobile financial services industry. Additionally, this dissertation looks at the overall significance of user innovation at the country level in order to discern drivers of user innovation diffusion. Finally, it investigates implications for innovation policy. These topics are addressed in three studies. The first study examines two main research questions. First, to what extent can users play a role in innovation in developing countries? Second, what is the global relevance and diffusion of innovations that originate in developing countries? This study finds that users pioneered over half of mobile financial services and that 85% of the services originated in developing countries. A comparison between all innovations in this industry shows that user innovations diffuse at more than double the rate of firm innovations. Additionally, three-quarters of the innovations that originated in developing countries diffused to OECD countries. This study also proposes a new methodology to analyze the sources of service innovations, which can be used in future research. The second study tries to answer the following research question: Under what conditions can industries emerge in the economic ‘South’? In addition, what firms are successful at entering in the South? This study uses a hand-collected dataset from the mobile financial services industry. We find that latent demand is an important driver for firm entry in developing countries, as is market share. Furthermore, previous entry in the industry leads to industry-specific knowledge accumulation, which spills over within firms and increases the likelihood of subsequent entry into other countries. The third study examines the characteristics of diffusion of user innovations using data from a large-scale national survey conducted in Portugal. It looks at differences between market and non-market channels of diffusion for professional-user innovators as well as end-user innovators. The main findings are that although most user innovators are willing to share their innovations for free, they do not actively inform other people about their solutions, which negatively affects diffusion. Furthermore, this research concludes that professional-user innovators are significantly more likely to protect their intellectual property than end-user innovators, which increases the likelihood of commercialization of the innovation.
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Siemon, Noel, University of Western Sydney, and School of Management. "Public policy planning and global technology dependence : strategic factors for a national space-related innovation system." THESIS_XXX_MAN_Siemon_N.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/355.
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Australia's space activities since the early sixties have been science-oriented and uncoordinated. As a result, Australia has been unable to develop a long-term sustainable domestic technological capability; with industry being dependent on government funding for its involvement in the nation's space plan. This thesis examines public policy aspects focussing on technology independence that is the building of competencies for the sustainable development of an industry. It compares national technological development by relating Australia's recent space-related successes and failures to those of other nations (especially selected Asian countries and Israel). The overarching research problem addressed within this thesis examined the Australian national space policy and strategy since 1984.It investigated why the Australian Space Industry Development Strategy was not a successful influence on the development of a long-term sustainable national technological base or on the establishment of a viable commercial space-related industry in Australia. The research included the development of a strategic multilevel planning system involving a network innovation model into a nation's space science and technology policy development. The outcomes of the research reported in the thesis are discussed. The level of technological capability and capacity is a direct, inversely related factor to an increase in the degree in technology dependency. Australia needs a change of philosophy by accepting the global challenge through defining and supporting, within a national strategic planning, a national space strategy that incorporates network innovation concepts: a concept that must involve a balanced supply (science) and demand (commercial) characteristics of an innovation network system.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) (Management)
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Haukka, Sandra, and s. haukka@qut edu au. "Research training and national innovation systems in Australia, Finland and the United States: a policy and systems study supported by 30 case studies of research students in the fields of geospatial science, wireless communication, biosciences, and materials science and engineering." RMIT University. Education, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20061109.120913.
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Reforms to the national research and research training system by the Commonwealth Government of Australia sought to effectively connect research conducted in universities to Australia's national innovation system. Research training has a key role in ensuring an adequate supply of highly skilled people for the national innovation system. During their studies, research students produce and disseminate a massive amount of new knowledge. Prior to this study, there was no research that examined the contribution of research training to Australia's national innovation system despite the existence of policy initiatives aiming to enhance this contribution. Given Australia's below average (but improving) innovation performance compared to other OECD countries, the inclusion of Finland and the United States provided further insights into the key research question. This study examined three obvious ways that research training contributes to the national innovation systems in the three countries: the international mobility and migration of research students and graduates, knowledge production and distribution by research students, and the impact of research training as advanced human capital formation on economic growth. Findings have informed the concept of a research training culture of innovation that aims to enhance the contribution of research training to Australia's national innovation system. Key features include internationally competitive research and research training environments; research training programs that equip students with economically-relevant knowledge and the capabilities required by employers operating in knowledge-based economies; attractive research careers in different sectors; a national commitment to R&D as indicated by high levels of gross and business R&D expenditure; high private and social rates of return from research training; and the horizontal coordination of key organisations that create policy for, and/or invest in research training.
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Yllera, Juan. "Understanding the role of ideologically driven ideas in the definition of public policies : a case study of the Catalan National Agreement for Research and Innovation (CNARI)." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/understanding-the-role-of-ideologically-driven-ideas-in-the-definition-of-public-policies-a-case-study-of-the-catalan-national-agreement-for-research-and-innovation-cnari(36b10991-f12e-4118-948b-d572567a0f67).html.
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This dissertation explores the role of ideas, paradigms and ideology in the definition of public policies. To understand this issue, the thesis developed a conceptual framework and a set of propositions based on the academic literature related to the meaning of ideas and paradigm change in public policy, the impact of epistemic communities, the influence of legacies and the role of ideology from the perspective of the socio-cognitive school of Critical Discourse Analysis. In this dissertation ideology is understood as the ‘fundamental beliefs of a group and its members’ (Van Dijk, 2004: 6) that form the basis of social practices (Van Dijk, 2004: 9) whereas paradigms have been defined as ‘taken for granted world views (…) that constrain the range of policy choices’ (Campbell, 2002: 21) and in turn are bounded by ideology. The research examines the case of the Catalan National Agreement on Research and Innovation (CNARI) which was developed between 2007 and 2008. To capture and analyse this process of policy design the research uses qualitative methods that include face to face interviews, documentary research and coding of visual and textual data. The findings suggests that the design of the CNARI was based on ideas that were firmly placed within a widely acknowledged overall paradigm in innovation policy that itself was shaped and limited by a dominant broader ideology. Factors influencing the role of these ideas included the fact that the underlying paradigm was widely shared across different political territories and levels within Europe, and that the ideas were propagated by two key international organisations (EU and OECD) as well as by a number of highly respected representatives of the international epistemic community, which served to re-enforce the overarching policy paradigm, introduced these policy ideas to the Catalan context, and supported their regional adaptation. The dissertation identifies three proposals for future research: 1) an examination of the role of organisational structures in elaborating and implementing policy which does not involve civil servants, 2) an exploration of how a politician’s personal experience impacts the elaboration of a political programme, and 3) an analysis of the role of open and participatory processes to define policies.
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Wessels, Bridgette. "The cultural dynamics of innovation." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310240.
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Bäckström, Kristoffer. "The Role of Public Policies for Energy Technology Development : Their Innovation Effects and Interaction." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Samhällsvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26731.
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The overall purpose of this thesis is to analyze the role of public policies for technological development (i.e., innovation) in the renewable energy sector. The thesis consists of an introductory part and three self-contained papers. Paper I investigates the innovation effects of renewable energy support policies and their interaction in the empirical context of solar photovoltaic (PV) technology. This is achieved by using data on solar PV patent counts and policies targeting solar PV development across 13 countries over the time period 1978-2008. These policies include public R&D support to solar PV as well as two different types of production support schemes: feed-in tariffs (FIT) and renewable energy certificates (REC). The data are applied to a negative binomial model and the results indicate that: (a) both FIT and REC schemes stimulate solar PV patenting activity although the impact of the former is of a larger magnitude; (b) public R&D has been more influential than the production support schemes in inducing solar PV innovation; and (c) policy interaction exists in that the innovation effect of public R&D support is greater at the margin if it is accompanied by the use of FIT schemes for solar PV. Paper II analyzes the role of pilot and demonstration plants (PDPs) in technological development. As surprisingly little explicit attention has been devoted to this issue in prior research, the existing literature is synthesized and categorized, and an agenda is proposed for future work. Scholarly work on PDPs can be found across several research fields and the discussion in the paper is organized around three research streams: engineering and natural science research, technology and innovation management, and innovation systems. Based on searches in key bibliographic databases more than 200 publications were identified and reviewed. According to the literature synthesis, the plants bridge basic knowledge generation and technological breakthroughs on the one hand (promoted by public R&D support), and exploitation of new technology for commercial use on the other (promoted by production support schemes). Still, more research on the subject is needed. For instance, the role of PDPs for inducing innovation needs to be assessed in a rigorous empirical setting as this issue has only been researched in conceptual studies or retrospective case studies based entirely on qualitative or descriptive approaches. Paper III provides an econometric analysis of the innovation impacts of publicly funded PDP activities in the case of advanced biofuel technology. This is achieved by using data on biofuel patent counts and PDPs across eight European countries over the time period 1980-2011. It is acknowledged that PDPs have two main objectives: testing and optimization of technology (experimental PDPs), and diffusion and commercialization of technology (exemplary PDPs). The data are applied to a negative binomial model and indicate that: (a) PDP activities are overall positively correlated with biofuel patents; (b) experimental PDPs are more innovation-promoting than exemplary PDPs; and (c) experimental PDP activities encourage innovation also indirectly through knowledge spillovers. The overall conclusion is that environmental policy encourages renewable energy innovation. Public R&D support as well as production support schemes are important for inducing innovation, and there are interactions between these policy types which must be acknowledged when designing public support. As public R&D support is more innovation-promoting when accompanied by the use of certain production support schemes, these policies should be employed simultaneously. Moreover, publicly funded PDP activities foster innovation and thus, their role must also be acknowledged when designing public policy.
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Assis, Jose A. B. "External linkages, innovation and the small and medium sized enterprise : the role and effectiveness of public technology policy in Portugal." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364136.
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Chukumah, Vincent. "After-School Activities Policy and the Atlanta Fulton Public Library System." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2801.
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Public libraries are evolving from their traditional role as promoters of literacy to a new role as providers of community resources, including after-school activities for teenagers. A policy mandate for such activities appears to be lacking though, which might impact negatively their effectiveness. The purpose of this study was to get a better understanding of the existing policy and implementation mechanisms of after-school activities offered by the Atlanta Fulton Library System in Georgia to at-risk teenaged patrons. Moore's theory of innovation and public value provided the theoretical framework for the study. An embedded case study research design was used to explore the perceived role of the public library, guiding policy framework, and factors constraining the implementation of after-school activities in 3 of the system 20 branches serving at-risk youth; semi-structured interviews with 21 participants comprising teenagers engaged in after-school activities, parents, librarians, library managers, and members of the Friends of the library; observations of teenagers' behaviors in the library setting; and publicly available document on the subject. The data were inductively coded and then subjected to a content analytical procedure, which revealed 5 after-school themes: bridging a digital divide, teen and community needs, public policy, and public service. The key finding of this study indicates an absence of a system-wide formal policy in how after-school services are provided across library branches for at-risk teenagers. The study concludes with recommendations to reexamine the existing after-school programs in a way that better incorporates the unique needs of library patrons and to align policies with these needs in order to better serve at-risk youth within the context of their communities.
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Picou, Stephen C. "Louisiana's Water Innovation Cluster: Is it ready for global competition?" ScholarWorks@UNO, 2014. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1887.
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The rapid growth of Louisiana's coastal restoration science and technology assets is paralleled by the growth of business resources to fulfill myriad project needs. Many institutions and organizations in Louisiana seek to further develop the state's research, education, engineering and related restoration assets into a globally competitive set of industries with exportable expertise and products that help the state capitalize on its water challenges. Globally, similar efforts are identified (and often branded) as water technology innovation clusters (or more simply water clusters). This paper explores the phenomenon of the development of water clusters by public-private partnerships and initiatives, nationally and internationally, in a comparative analysis with Louisiana.
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Tham, Wei Yang. "Essays in the Economics of Science and Innovation." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1563298218950876.
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Klochikhin, Evgeny Alexandrovich. "Public policy in (re)building national innovation capabilities : a comparison of S&T transitions in China and Russia." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/public-policy-in-rebuilding-national-innovation-capabilities-a-comparison-of-s-andt-transitions-in-china-and-russia(887cbff9-fee4-4533-926d-39316ea97fb9).html.
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China and Russia – two giants in the group of emerging markets – continue to attract wide attention as evolving science and technological superpowers. However, both countries demonstrate mixed success in innovation development and are struggling to overcome the legacies of the former state planning system and accelerate their transition to effective national innovation systems. This study employs a number of theoretical constructs and evidence sources to evaluate the existing path dependencies and compare the achievements of China and Russia in fostering development and effective systems of innovation and governance. A detailed analysis of the state planning legacies is provided together with a study of innovation system transformation and the role of public policy in (re)building national innovation capabilities in China and Russia. The system-evolutionary approach is applied to provide a detailed assessment of the strategic effort undertaken by the governments of both countries. Several government failures and path dependencies seem to prevent the nations from implementing a more effective reform. Yet, there are a number of complementarities and opportunities for mutual learning where both countries can benefit from closer collaboration. The challenges of turning universities into research institutions, increasing productivity of state-owned enterprises, constructing effective science parks, promoting indigenous innovation, ensuring more even distribution of innovation development across regions, turning ‘brain drain’ into ‘brain gain’, and improving intellectual property rights protection are common in Russia and China. As a lens through which to identify and assess innovation systems transformation, the thesis examines emerging nanotechnology development in China and Russia. Nanotechnology is a new science and technology area where policies seem to be independent of many system weaknesses and contribute to breaking existing development lock-ins due to its explorative nature and assumed transformative capacity. Yet, a number of path dependencies do exist in this area but seem to play a marginal role in its progression. An early assessment is provided of nanotechnology impacts on broader socioeconomic development of China and Russia in six key areas: institutional development, knowledge flows, and network efficiency; research and education capabilities; industrial and enterprise growth; cluster and network development; regional spread; and product innovation.The conclusion summarizes the main findings, revisits the major research questions, links the analysis to the conceptual framework, and offers a number of policy recommendations that seem relevant to both Russia and China with a need to increase the transparency of innovation policy, improve the regulation for innovation process, and promote growth of the private sector to ensure effective technology transfer.Results from this study have been reported in various forms in the author’s articles published in Research Policy, Science and Public Policy, Review of Policy Research, International Journal of Economics and Business Research, and European Journal of Development Research as well as presented at a number of international conferences (see Appendix).
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Galope, Reynold V. "Public Financing of Risky Early-Stage Technology." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/pmap_diss/46.
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This dissertation examines the role of public investments in inducing small firms to develop risky, early-stage technologies. It contributes to expanding our understanding of the consequences of research, innovation, and entrepreneurship policies and programs by investigating in more depth the effect of the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program on the innovation effort, ability to attract external capital, and other metrics of post-entry performance of small business start-ups using a new sample and estimation approach. This study integrated the Kauffman Firm Survey from the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation with the SBIR recipient dataset from the U.S. Small Business Administration and used advances in the micro-econometrics of program evaluation to empirically construct the counterfactual outcomes of SBIR recipients. We found empirical evidence of the input additionality effect of the SBIR program. The treatment effects analyses also found a significant positive effect of SBIR on innovation propensity and employment. However, it appears that public co-financing of commercial R&D has crowded-out privately financed R&D of small business start-ups in the United States. A dollar of SBIR subsidy decreased firm-financed R&D by about $0.16. Contrary to prior SBIR studies, we did not find any significant “halo effect” or “certification effect” of receiving an SBIR award on attracting external capital. What we discovered is a different certification effect of the SBIR program: SBIR grantees are more likely to attract external patents. This finding confirms that innovation requires a portfolio of internal and external knowledge assets as theorized by David Teece and his colleagues.
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Yun, Changgeun. "THREE ESSAYS ON PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/msppa_etds/15.
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Organizations play key roles in modern societies. The importance of organizations for a society requires an understanding of organizations. In order to fully understand public organizations, it is necessary to recognize how organizational settings affect subjects of organizations and organizing. Although public and private organizations interrelate with each other, the two types are not identical. In this dissertation, I attempt to describe public organizations in their own setting by discussing three important topics in public organization theory: (1) innovation adoption in the public sector; (2) representative bureaucracy; and (3) decline and death of public organizations.
In Chapter II, I scrutinize early adoption of innovations at the organizational level and explore which public organizations become early adopters in the diffusion process. The adoption of an innovation is directly related to the motivation to innovate. That is, organizations performing poorly will have a motivation to seek new solutions. I estimate the strength of the motivation by observing prior performance. The main finding of the second chapter is that performance-based motivation has a twofold impact on early innovation adoption: negative for organizations with low performance, but positive for those with very high performance. This study estimates top 3.8% as the turning point defining which organizations attain outstanding performance and show the positive relationship between performance and innovation adoption.
In Chapter III, develop a theoretical framework for predicting and explaining active representation in bureaucracy and test two hypotheses from the framework to test its validity. First, active representation requires the loss of organizational rewards. Second, a minority group mobilizes external support to minimize the cost of active representation. These findings support that active representation is a political activity in which bargaining between formal and informal roles occurs. In addition, I add evidence to the literature demonstrating that the two prerequisites – policy discretion and a critical mass – must be satisfied for active representation to occur.
In Chapter IV, I argue that organizational change is a result of a relationship between an organization and the environment. And, I suggest and advance the theory of organizational ecology for examining environment effect on organizational decline and death. The theory has been extensively studies in the business sector, so I advance the theory to be applicable to the public sector. First, I add political variables, such as change in the executive branch and the legislature, unified government, and hypothesize that (1) an organization established by a party other than the one in the executive branch in any given year will be more likely to be terminated or decline; that (2) an organization established by a party other than the one in the legislature in any given year will be more likely to be terminated or decline; and that (3) if an unfriendly party controls both the executive branch and the legislature, organizations established by other parties are more likely to be terminated or decline. Second, the effect of the economic environment on the life cycle of public organizations is not as straightforward and simple as their effect on business firms.
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Boyer, Rob. "Innovations in tax thinking| Applying history and creativity to Kansas tax policy." Thesis, Georgetown University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10103259.
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Throughout history there have been taxes. As Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes famously said in 1904, “Taxes are what we pay for civilized society.” From the recorded writings of the earliest civilizations to the front page of today’s newspapers, taxes have been core to human existence. Governments require revenue. In the earliest civilizations governments raised revenue to fight wars and defend their citizens. Taxes were used to build roads, ports, and fortresses. As the world economy expanded, taxes were used to promote economic development, build factories, and encourage commerce. As social needs evolved over the last two decades, taxes have been used to provide for the poor and the needy, for education, and to improve the quality of life for a nation’s citizenry.
Regardless of the spending agenda, governments all need revenue. From the first civilizations to today’s modern government, the history of taxation has followed similar patterns and governments throughout history have faced similar challenges. What to tax? Should taxes be levied on property, income, or consumption? How to measure and determine the amount of tax to be paid? How to administer and collect tax? Should tax be direct to the citizen or indirect and collected at the source? How to find a balance in the fairness of tax? And how to deal with the inevitable strategies citizens develop to avoid tax? Should citizens self-report their tax liabilities with government systems to audit those reports? Or should government invest in the infrastructure required to collect taxes at the point of source?
This thesis will explore taxes: the history, the newest ideas, the abuses, and the reasons why tax policy today has become so cumbersome and legalistic that it takes thousands of pages to explain all the complexities of our tax system. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.)
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Davidson, Mariko Mura. "Tactical urbanism, public policy reform, and 'innovation spotting' by government : from Park(ing) Day to San Francisco's parklet program." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/81628.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Vita.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 58-63).
This thesis examines the prospects and impacts of tactical urbanism (TU). While tactical urbanism remains primarily a subcultural movement, it is beginning to gain traction in popular culture in traditionally politically liberal cities, and in some cases, with their respective city governments. However, little data and formal research exists on TU. I employ a comparative case study approach. This thesis examines the urban legend surrounding San Francisco's parklet program, as many assume it a result of the TU intervention, PARK(ing) Day. By looking at the process of formalization of the parklet program, the thesis seeks to uncover creative methods of policy reform, for example through "innovation spotting" by local government. I also examine three other TU projects in Dallas, Texas; Brooklyn, New York; and Raleigh, North Carolina. I argue that tactical urbanism is a play on the physical and political landscape, manifested as a design intervention. While interventions play on the two landscapes-not one-urban tacticians tend to focus primarily on the physical play and miss the opportunities presented by playing off the political and institutional bodies as well. Tacticians that relate their projects to interest groups and government have a better chance to formalize their intervention. Interventions capture these efforts with varying levels of success and sophistication, with each project different in context and texture. TU poses a host of risks and potential rewards. Like traditional acts of civil disobedience, TU can be very generative, allowing players to pilot projects on a small-scale, minimizing risk and cost. TU can go beyond spotlighting problems to produce solutions. Both are good, I argue, for government and good for would-be innovators in civil society. Yet with rule breaking comes the risk of going beyond civil disobedience and duty into parochial, special-interest agendas and even vigilantism. To minimize that risk, the field needs some rules of the road, as safeguards in the TU playbook. As of now, TU does not have a code. Developing one is a critical next step, both for urban tacticians and planning research.
by Mariko Mura Davidson.
M.C.P.
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Hasan, Syed M. "Three Essays on Export and Productivity-Impact of Financial Constraints and Technological Innovation." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1405352293.
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Watkins, Sharon E. "Thinking Outside a Shifting Box: The Lived Experiences of Innovative Public High School Principals in an Era of High Stakes Accountability." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1480504598892723.
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Salter, Ammon J. "Faint expectations : science and technology policy in Ontario." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266551.
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Wiltshire, Serge William. "Grass-Based Dairy in Vermont: Benefits, Barriers, and Effective Public Policies." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2015. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/492.
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A comprehensive literature review was undertaken in order to define and assess the sustainability and resiliency characteristics associated with grass-based and confinement dairy farming. Primarily as a result of reduced input costs, grass-based dairy farming often enhances profitability over confinement systems, especially on small farms. Further, conversion of tilled soil to permanent pasture has been shown to significantly reduce harmful sediment and nutrient transport into waterways. Perennial forage also acts as a carbon sink, curtailing or even negating a grass-based farm's carbon footprint. Finally, social benefits derived from enhanced nutrition and higher quality of life are also associated with grass-based dairy farming. Given that policy goals of the State of Vermont include both bolstering farm viability and reducing farm-related runoff, two questions are then raised. What is the most effective way to incentivize the adoption of rotational grazing in Vermont? And what types of farms are best suited to its use?
A series of interviews with dairy experts and farmers was conducted as a preliminary investigation into these questions. This qualitative evidence suggested that farmers generally adopted grass-based dairying after observing a peer's success with the method, suggesting that a key leverage point may be peer-based learning.
A behavioral economics game was developed to evaluate the role of peer networks in facilitating decision-making under conditions of uncertainty. A computerized game platform simulated networks of small dairy farm enterprises, with participants acting as farm managers. Treatments varied the size of peer networks, as well as the inclusion of a perfectly-performing automated 'seed player.' Participants could base their decisions upon the successes of their peers. They received a cash incentive based on their farms' performance. Results indicated that players with higher numbers of peers made better economic decisions on average. The inclusion of a 'seed player' within a network, which modeled the ideal behavior, also facilitated better decision-making. Both of these correlations were statistically significant. Furthermore, the shape of the 'diffusion curve' of new adoptees confirmed literature on the dynamics of innovation diffusion. Public policy implications from this work include an increased focus on facilitating peer-to-peer learning among farmers where Best Management Practice adoption is a policy goal.
To further evaluate the potential for peer learning to facilitate positive change, the Dairy Farm Transitions Agent Based Model (DFTABM) was developed. The model was calibrated using existing datasets along with the qualitative and quantitative results described above. It forecasts effects on farm profitability, attrition, and soil loss arising from varying assumptions about peer network connectivity, peer emulation, macroeconomic trends, and agri-environmental policy. Nine experimental treatments were assessed. Overall, it was found that high rates of emulation coupled with high rates of connectivity'especially targeted connectivity among smaller farms'yielded the best balance of farm viability and reduction in soil loss. The establishment of a performance-based tax credit had no clear correlation with the resulting soil loss figures predicted by the model. Policy implications from this study include the finding that direct payment schemes for reduction in environmental harm may not always have their intended effects, whereas policies that enhance peer-to-peer learning opportunities, especially among the proprietors of smaller farms, may present an effective and relatively affordable means by which to bolster farm profitability while also reducing environmental degradation.
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Zaytseva, Anna. "Standardization in Innovation Policy and the European Integration : New Concepts for the New World." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Statsvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-72780.
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This is a study of standardization in complexity. The context is innovation policy. Why do standardization and innovation go hand in hand and what does the interaction of interests between public and private actors look like in the “profile” of the standardization process? The nature of technical specifications, Lead Market Initiatives in Europe, social innovations, eco-innovations and psychological services for recruitment are the target areas of this study done in the style of Science, Technology and Society. We decrypt the codes of the expected behavior veiled in standards, the strategically selective sectoral integration of the European Internal Market, the emergence of innovation in standardized areas, the nature of the European innovation policy and the mission of each particular innovative sector. This research contains answers on how the European Union will move toward a more state-like organization bypassing the sovereignty of its member states. Standardization is a bouquet of strategic activities where each has its purpose, destination and time-framework. By studying standardization, we are able to look into the European future.
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Licate, David A. "Innovations and Organizational Change in Ohio Police Departments." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1289880822.
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Biroscak, Brian J. "Use of System Dynamics Modeling to Explicate the Theory-of-Change of a Social Marketing Innovation." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5184.
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Community coalitions are an important part of the public health milieu and thus subject to many of the same external pressures as public health organizations--including changes in required strategic orientation. Many funding agencies have shifted their funding agenda from program development to policy change. Thus, the Florida Prevention Research Center created the Community-Based Prevention Marketing for Policy Development framework to teach community coalitions how to apply social marketing to policy change. The dissertation research reported here was designed to explicate the framework's theory-of-change. The research question was: "What are the linkages and connections between CBPM inputs, activities, immediate outcomes, intermediate outcomes, and ultimate impacts?" The author implemented a case study design, with the case being a normative community coalition. The study adhered to a well-developed series of steps for system dynamics modeling.
Results from model simulations show how gains in performance depend on a community coalition's initial culture and initial efficiency, and that only the most efficient coalitions may see benefits in coalition performance from implementing Community-Based Prevention Marketing for Policy Development. Theoretical implications for social marketers--e.g., real-world example of how to work `upstream'--and system dynamics modelers--e.g., application of generic structures--are discussed. Practical implications for the framework's developers--namely, the importance of managing the early expectations of framework adopters--are discussed as well.
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Soyer, Mathilde. "Solidité de l'expertise, prudence de l'innovation : chercheurs et praticiens dans les observatoires d'hydrologie urbaine." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1048/document.
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Les problèmes croissants posés par la gestion de l'eau en ville ont entraîné ces dernières décennies la structuration d'une expertise en hydrologie urbaine, dont l'objectif est de résoudre les problèmes d'inondations et les dommages environnementaux provoqués par le ruissellement urbain. Cette expertise s'est appuyée sur le développement de coopérations étroites entre des scientifiques et des praticiens des collectivités territoriales, qui ont donné naissance dans les années quatre-vingt-dix, sur les territoires du Grand Lyon, de Nantes Métropole et de la région parisienne, à des formes institutionnelles inédites : les observatoires d'hydrologie urbaine. Ce travail de recherche analyse la constitution de ces dispositifs de production de connaissances en réalisant une socio-histoire de ces collaborations depuis les années soixante-dix. Celle-ci montre comment la structuration des observatoires est déterminée par leur contexte d'origine et le poids de cet héritage sur leurs logiques de fonctionnement actuelles. La trajectoire de chaque observatoire traduit à la fois une histoire singulière et l'existence de « points de passages obligés » empruntés par les trois entités. L'enquête saisit les formes d'organisation particulières des observatoires, la façon dont ils construisent leur double légitimité (dans le champ académique et en s'appuyant sur une demande sociale), l'ambiguïté de leur rapport au politique et les stratégies déployées pour asseoir leur pérennité. Nous questionnons également les modes de production de la science lorsque cette dernière participe à la construction des problèmes et à leur représentation. Cette sociologie de l'expertise est un point de départ à l'analyse des processus d'innovation à l'œuvre dans la gestion des eaux pluviales. Nous mettons en lumière le modèle d'innovation précautionneux induit par cette configuration d'acteurs, qui assigne aux observatoires un rôle d'évaluation et de régulation des pratiques dans un contexte de changement de paradigme de la gestion des eaux urbaines. Une démarche comparative permet de singulariser ce modèle : l'enquête a été élargie à deux terrains témoins « sans observatoire », Rennes Métropole et la communauté d'agglomération du Douaisis, qui présentent un modèle d'innovation plus radical et donnent à voir d'autres conceptions du changement. À travers l'exemple de la communauté scientifique et technique de l'hydrologie urbaine, nous interrogeons ce que produisent ces nouveaux modes d'intervention scientifique et la manière dont ils réorganisent les rapports entre science, technique et politique. L'altérité apportée par les terrains témoins révèle aussi d'autres façons d'envisager « l'agir dans un monde incertain » et de faire face aux risques qui marquent cette politique environnementale en constructionThe growing problems regarding urban water management have been accompanied in the past decades with the emergence of an expertise in urban hydrology, which aims at solving flooding problems and environmental damage caused by urban runoff. This expertise, which involves close cooperation between scientists and practitioners from local authorities, originated in the early nineties with the advent of observatories of urban hydrology in the metropolitan areas of Lyon and Nantes, as well as in the Paris region. This research analyzes the constitution of these organizations by conducting a socio- history of the collaborations since the 1970s. It emphasizes how the structuring of these observatories has evolved from their original contexts, and how the impact of these origins has shaped their current operating logistics. While each of these three observatories has a unique history, they share common features and have undergone similar obligatory main steps. The inquiry captures how the respective observatories have sought a double legitimacy (in the academic field as well as in meeting the demands of societal needs). It also shows the ambiguity of their relationship to politics and their strategies to assure their sustainability. We question too the way science is produced because in this instance, it is participating in dealing with problems while also representing them to the public. The sociology of expertise is a starting point for analyzing the innovation process regarding stormwater management. We bring to light a cautious model of innovation by which scientists assign to the observatories the primary roles of evaluation and regulatory practices in the context of paradigm shift of urban water management. A comparative approach permits characterizing this model. The research includes two additional sites that lack observatories: the Rennes metropolitan region and the Le Douaisis agglomerated community, which present a more radical approach to innovation that reveals other concepts of change. Through the example of the scientific and technical community of urban hydrology, we question what these new modes of scientific intervention produce, and the manner by which they re-shape the relationships between science, technology and policy. The alternate perspectives brought by the different cities also reveal other ways for envisioning "acting in an uncertain world" and for dealing with the inherent risks of this emerging environmental policy
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Tanner, Anita. "Policy Diffusion Assistance in the Amelioration of Homelessness on the Island of O`ahu, Hawai`i." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7761.
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The issue of homelessness is one that many cities and states in the United States have to contend with; however, the issue of homelessness on an island can be even more difficult to find viable solutions. The homeless problem on the island of O`ahu is one that affects not only residents but also tourists. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to reveal the perceptions of policy makers on the island of O`ahu, Hawai`i if diffusing public policy from Salt Lake City, Utah, would help ameliorate homelessness on the island. The theoretical framework was the diffusion theory and diffusions of innovation. These conceptual frameworks provided a lens to find viable solutions to reduce homelessness on O`ahu. Data was collected utilizing a triangulation process, whereas surveys were completed and collected from 18 policy makers, 3 knowledgeable sources were interviewed, and reports and articles from Salt Lake City and O`ahu were analyzed regarding homeless policies to ascertain whether diffusing policy would ameliorate homelessness on O`ahu. The data collected was then analyzed and hand coded to identify themes and patterns. Results indicated that affordable housing, a coordination of services, as well as a collaborative relationship with other organizations, would help with reducing homelessness on O`ahu. Furthermore, adopting policy from Salt Lake City would have to be adjusted for cultural issues of the population as well as a shortage of available land on O`ahu; however, the majority of the lawmakers found value in the plan implemented in Salt Lake City. The implications for positive social change are directed at informing policy makers about the necessity to diffuse policy from Salt Lake City to ameliorate homelessness on O`ahu.
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Lundgren, Anders. "Technological innovation and industrial evolution : the emergence of industrial networks." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics [Ekonomiska forskningsinstitutet vid Handelshögsk.] (EFI), 1991. http://www.hhs.se/efi/summary/332.htm.
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Kameda, de Figueiredo Carvalho Koichi. "Testing the Nation : Healthcare policy and innovation in diagnostics for infectious diseases in Brazil." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0196.
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Le diagnostic in vitro (DIV) est un segment des biotechnologies de santé pour lequel les principaux acteurs se situent dans les pays développés. Parallèlement, le paysage actuel a contraint les compagnies multinationales à transformer leur modèle économique, tout en obligeant les pays non-occidentaux à devenir de nouveaux marchés et des lieux où de nouveaux savoirs et technologies pourraient être produits. Non seulement le Brésil est un marché important en ce qui concerne les produits de santé, mais il possède aussi une longue histoire en matière de fabrication de produits biologiques et pharmaceutiques. Dans ce contexte que les acteurs brésiliens se sont engagés dans production de DIV pour les maladies infectieuses. Ces initiatives articulent la santé publique et les politiques économiques industrielles, soit l’approche qui a été privilégiée dans le cadre du courant néo-développementaliste (neo-desenvolvimentismo) prôné de 2003 à 2016 dans ce pays. Cette thèse a pour objectif d’éclairer le travail des acteurs qui ont organisé la production et l’innovation de DIV dans un monde en mouvement, et dont le positionnement se situe au croisement de questions relevant de la santé publique, de l’autonomie technologique et de l’économie nationale brésilienne. Cette recherche se fonde sur un travail de terrain conduit entre 2014 et 2017, qui inclut des stages dans deux laboratoires rattachés à la fondation Oswaldo Cruz, ainsi que des entretiens avec de nombreux acteurs impliqués dans la production de ces tests diagnostics nationauxIn vitro diagnostics (IVD) is a segment of the health biotechnology industry for which the major players are situated in developed countries. At the same time, the contemporary landscape has compelled multinational companies to transform their business models and non-Western countries to become both new markets and places where new knowledge and technology can be produced. Not only is Brazil an important market for healthcare products, but it also has a long-standing history of producing pharmaceutical and biological innovations. It is in this context that Brazilian actors have engaged in the manufacturing of IVD for infectious diseases. These initiatives articulate public health and industrial economy policies, a preferred approach of the new developmentalism (neo-desenvolvimentismo) that prevailed in the country from 2003 to 2016. This thesis aims to shed light on how these actors organize IVD production and innovation in such a changing world, and at the crossroads of public health, technological autonomy and the national economy in Brazil. The research draws on fieldwork conducted between 2014 and 2017, which involved internships in two biotechnology laboratories linked to the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, and on interviews with the various actors involved in the initiatives to produce national diagnostic tests
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Kiatpongsan, Sorapop. "Decision Making for Medical Innovations." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11386.
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