Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Innovative building technologies'

The National Board of Housing, Building and Planning have been conducting housing needs assessments since 1995 (Boverket 2015). The latest assessment was conducted in 2015 and showed that 71,000 homes will need to be built annually by 2020. To be able to contribute to building more homes, Willhem AB is carrying out a project called ”Så bygger vi för alla”. As part of the work, this thesis will examine the building rules and how they can contribute to innovation. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate which rules, laws and norms we have to keep to in Sweden regarding housing construction. The aim of the work is to investigate whether the regulatory framework can create creativity amongst the players in the market. This thesis is limited to examining which laws, government policies and eventual municipal requirements that exist in Sweden. Therefore, industry rules, such as the AMA, and contracting regulations, such as AB and ABT, will not be taken into consideration. The survey is also limited to newly built multifamily houses only. Finally, the reference objects that are studied in the thesis will be in Sweden and be limited to being either construction-technical or plan-based innovative and have been recently executed. This thesis is based on the existing regulations and theories from previous studies. The data collected for this survey will be studied from a qualitative point of view. The survey aims to investigate a number of reference objects more thoroughly and conduct interviews with key people involved in the project, which means a qualitative approach is best suited. In 1987, Sweden received a new building legislation according to Örnhall (2017), which has resulted in a transition from specification requirements to functional requirements in order to increase the liberty in housing production. However, according to Örnhall (2017 the new legislation has contributed to a wider picture of the regulatory framework. The National Board of Housing, Building and Planning is the authority that has the overall responsibility for community planning, urban development, construction and housing (Nordstrand 2008). The most important laws and government policies that the social planning sector primarily have to obey are the Planning and Building Act (PBL), the Planning and Building Regulation (PBF) as well as and the Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning (BBR) (Örnhall, Swedish Construction Service 2017a). The Planning and Building Act (SFS 2010:900), PBL, regulates the planning for land and water whilst the responsibility for maintaining the regulations lies with the municipalities. The purpose of PBL is to promote social development for long-term, equal, social and environmental sustainable development for today’s society and future generations (SFS 2010: 900). When creating new homes, special consideration should be given to long term use of the home (Boverket 2016). At the interview stage, six areas emerged that were considered to be particularly problematic or interesting for the development of innovative and cheap housing. These areas were; accessibility, municipal requirements, rules, advice and interpretations, energy, innovation and development, and the ability to build for everyone. I perceived the accessibility aspect as very complex. Several interviewees argue that the accessibility requirements entail an increased cost for new builds, in one case it was even expressed that today’s availability requirements means the housing becomes less accessible to a larger group. The rules for creating an inclusive society also emerged at the interview stage while another recurring opinion is the renewal of the legislation. Several interviewees stated that they consider the regulations to be outdated and need to be updated according to today’s society. Based on this, I found The National Board of Housing, Building and Planning requirements contradictory whilst providing support for innovation, many requirements inhibits the development of housing. Therefore, extensive research should be carried out on how people in Sweden want to live today; thereafter the regulations can be updated according to today’s needs. In one way or another, all reference objects have been at the forefront when it comes to housing development. A common factor for the various reference objects is that a major problem was identified in all projects, which led to a product or solution being developed. They show that there is not one solution to the problem, but that different solutions can be found to achieve the same goal: better housing for more people.

Sectoral energy consumption analyses clearly indicate that building sector plays a key role in global energy consumption, which is almost 40% in developed countries. Among the building services; conventional heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems have the greatest percentage in total energy consumption of buildings. According to the latest research, HVAC is responsible for around 40% of total building energy consumption and 16% of total global energy consumption. In this respect, decisive measures need to be taken to mitigate the energy consumption due to HVAC. The research carried out within the scope of this thesis covers innovative heating, cooling and ventilation technologies for low-carbon buildings. The novel technologies developed are introduced and investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The results indicate that optimised HVAC systems with waste heat recovery have a significant potential to mitigate energy consumed in buildings, thus to halt carbon emissions. Especially plate-type roof waste heat recovery units are very attractive for the said hybrid applications with a thermal efficiency greater than 88%. The said systems are also promising in terms of overall coefficient of performance (COP). The average COP of plate-type roof waste heat recovery unit is determined to be about 4.5, which is incomparable with those of conventional ventilation systems. Preheating performance of fresh air in winter season is found to be remarkable. Comprehensive in- situ tests clearly reveal that the temperature rise in fresh air is found to be around 7 °C. Plate-type roof waste heat recovery units also provide thermal comfort conditions for occupants. Indoor CCE concentration is observed to be varying from 350 to 400 ppm which is very appropriate in term of air quality. In addition, average relative humidity is found to be 57%, which is in the desired range according to the latest building standards. Desiccant-based evaporative cooling systems are capable of providing Abstract desired indoor environments for occupants as well as having considerably high COP ranges. An average of 5.3 °C reduction is achieved in supply air temperature by utilising those systems as well as having relative humidity distribution in thermal comfort range. The dehumidification effectiveness is found to be 63.7%, which is desirable and promising. The desiccant-based evaporative cooling system has a great potential to mitigate cooling demand of buildings not only in hot arid but also in temperate humid climates.

The ongoing transformation of the energy system along a more sustainable trajectory requires advancements in a range of technological fields, as well as active involvement of different societal groups. Integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems in the built environment in particular is expected to play a crucial long-term role in the deployment of renewable energy technologies in urban areas, demanding the successful cooperation of planners, architects, engineers, scientists and users. The realisation of that technological change will require innovation at both an individual (within firms and organisations) and a collective (sector) level, giving rise to systemic approaches for its characterisation and analysis of its drivers. This study investigates the processes that either accelerate or hinder the development and diffusion of Building-Integrated PV (BIPV) applications into the market. Affected by developments in both the renewable energy and construction industries, the BIPV innovation system is a multi-sectoral case that has been explored only partially up to now. Acknowledging the fact that drivers of innovation span the globalised BIPV supply chain, this research adopts both an international and a national spatial perspective focusing on the UK. The analysis is based on a novel analytical framework which was developed in order to capture innovation dynamics at different levels, including technological advancements within firms, competition and synergy with other emerging and established innovation systems and pressures from the wider socio-economic configuration. This hybrid functional framework was conceived by combining elements from three academic strands: Technological Innovation Systems, the Multi-Level Perspective and Business Studies. The empirical research is based on various methods, including desktop research, semi-structured interviews and in-depth firm-level case studies. A thorough market assessment provides the techno-economic background for the research. The hybrid framework is used as a guide throughout the empirical investigation and is also implemented in the analytical part of the study to organise and interpret the findings, in order to assess the overall functionality of the innovation system. The analysis has underlined a range of processes that affect the development and diffusion of BIPV applications including inherent technological characteristics, societal factors and wider transitions within the energy and construction sectors. Future approaches for the assessment and governance of BIPV innovation will need to address its hybrid character and disruptiveness with regards to incumbent configurations, in order to appreciate its significance over the short and long term. Methodological and conceptual findings show that the combination of insights from different analytical perspectives offers a broader understanding of the processes affecting innovation dynamics in emerging technologies. Different approaches can be used in tandem to overcome methodological weaknesses, provide different analytical perspectives and assess the performance of complex innovation systems, which may span multiple countries and sectors. By better reflecting complexities, tensions and synergies, the framework developed here offers a promising way forward for the analysis of emerging sustainable technologies.

There is an urgent need to adopt innovative sustainable technologies (ISTs) to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions whilst improving process efficiency of existing retail buildings, due to rising energy prices and the impacts of retail buildings on the environment. Despite their reported advantages, exhibited performance and numerous policies and legislations that encourage their adoption, there is a slow uptake of ISTs in the retail sector. This is due to the fact that the majority of stakeholders consider the task of selecting ISTs as a complex multi-attribute, multi-valued problem involving a large number of stakeholders with numerous, often conflicting objectives. To overcome this problem, the thesis develops a Decision Support Framework to assist stakeholders in the selection of ISTs for delivering low carbon retail buildings. Firstly focusing on the wider retail construction industry, followed by an in-depth case study of a leading UK retail contractor, the drivers and barriers faced by stakeholders in the retail construction industry during the selection of ISTs were identified. The underlying cause to the slow uptake of ISTs (complex decision-making problem) and the need to optimise the use of ISTs were investigated. The results identified the lack of a Decision Support Framework for the selection of ISTs for stakeholders in the retail construction industry. To address the problem, the research developed a Decision Support Framework to assist stakeholders in the complex decision-making task of selecting ISTs. The developed Decision Support Framework was first validated with a leading UK retail contractor and proved favourable; facilitating the decision-makers in the selection process and resulting in the successful selection of eight ISTs. A more general validation was conducted to ensure the Decision Support Framework was applicable to the wider construction industry. The results indicated that the framework was an effective mechanism to optimise the selection of ISTs by improving the decision-making process; it could be used by other stakeholders and also transferable to other building types for selecting ISTs. The thesis contributes to the knowledge related to decision-making and construction management research by developing a Decision Support Framework to assist stakeholders in the selection of ISTs to deliver low carbon retail buildings. In addition, it identifies the drivers for and barriers to selecting ISTs for existing retail buildings; key stakeholders in the selection of ISTs, a set of selection criteria used by clients/developers and designers/constructors and a database of ISTs that can be implemented by stakeholders to achieve low carbon retail buildings.

Sustainable innovations are observed as a major way by which the ill-effects of the built environment can be avoided or offset. The adoption of innovations are critical to the society, as they pave the way for further incremental or radical innovations, depending on the feedback from their users. In this process, the attributes of an innovation play an important role in its adoption. The objective of this study was to determine whether observability, one of many attributes of innovations identified in the literature as affecting their adoption, plays a critical role in the adoption of sustainable innovations, specifically Rainwater Harvesting Technologies and Strategies (RwHTS). Further, the study aimed to determine whether the use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) resulted in frequent adoption RwHTS. Last but not least, the study also sought to understand how designers used BIM to enhance the acceptance of RwHTS in capital projects. The stakeholders identified for this study were architectural firms that are geographically located in the southeastern states of the United States, and the study was conducted from their perspective. This study was segregated into two major phases. The first phase involved a survey of 2,200 designers/architects located in seven southeastern states, including Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Virginia, Maryland, and District of Columbia. The survey questions targeted experiences associated with the implementation of RwHTS and the use of BIM for designing and constructing facilities over the last decade by the architectural firms. Based on the responses received, six firms were purposively selected for Phase II, which involved a case study approach that included meeting with the designers, conducting interviews, understanding general firm policies for capital projects, identifying factors that result in the adoption of RwHTS, and developing a process-based profile undertaken by the firm to understand how key decisions were made. By the end of this phase the researcher identified the factors that result in the adoption of RwHTS. In addition, the researcher also found that observability did not emerge as an attribute that played a critical role in the adoption of RwHTS, in comparison to the other attributes. The study also found that the current use of BIM did not result in the frequent adoption of RwHTS. Finally, the study was able to produce a generalized process map that depicted the steps undertaken during the design process for the adoption of RwHTS in capital projects. This study encompassed the basic principles of sustainability in the built environment, adoption of innovation, and Building Information Modeling use within the design industry.<br>Ph. D.

Having arguably led the world in the transition to a high carbon economy, much of Wales today is economically and socially deprived. Even so, a devolved Welsh Government has set ambitious targets to reduce carbon emissions in the devolved areas, while creating employment and economic opportunities, reducing fuel poverty, thereby helping to solve Wales’ entrenched social and economic problems. A low carbon transition in the built environment is critical to achieve such targets. This PhD study aims to provide theoretically informed and empirically grounded insights into the development of low carbon building technologies in Wales through examining how the functions of the innovation systems of two selected emerging technologies i.e. ‘Welsh grown timber for construction’ (WTC) and ‘building integrated solar energy systems’ (BISE) have been fulfilled. Having first established a bespoke analytical framework, the functional patterns of the two technological innovation systems (TIS) are documented, assessed and compared. The study further explores how the functional analyses may offer a bottom-up perspective on the policy implications for regional governance in Wales, which might alter the functional patterns, and improve the innovation capability of relevant Welsh organisations. The functional analyses of the WTC and BISE TIS shows that, although both TISs have reached their formative phases in Wales, there is no guarantee that either system will eventually move onto the phase of market diffusion, due to the inherent system weaknesses and uncertainties likely arising in technology, policy-making, and market. Whereas regional governance in Wales can introduce policy interventions, they matter only when breakouts from certain forms of institutional ‘path-dependence’ are induced. In this respect, the thesis concludes by discussing four streams of policy-thinking that may instigate different pathways in Wales, namely: technology foresight; the regulation-induced innovation hypothesis; demand-oriented policy measures; and, support for small business innovations through, e.g. R&D consortia.

Le secteur du bâtiment représente 35% des la consommations énergétiques dans les pays membres de l’agence international de l’énergie en 2010 et 39,8% aux Etats-Unis en 2015. Plus de 50% de cette consommation a été utilisée pour la production de chaleur et de froid. Néanmoins cette consommation peut être réduite par l'amélioration la performance énergétique du bâtiment. La performance thermique de l'enveloppe du bâtiment joue un rôle primordial. Par conséquent, le diagnostic thermique de l'enveloppe du bâtiment est nécessaire pour, par exemple, la réception de nouvelles constructions, l'amélioration de la performance énergétique des anciens bâtiments, ainsi que la vente et la location des logements. Pourtant, il existe très peu de méthodes quantitatives pour la caractérisation des parois épaisses. L'objectif de cette étude est d'explorer des méthodes quantitatives innovantes de diagnostic thermique de l'enveloppe du bâtiment. Des mesures expérimentales ont été réalisées en laboratoire (à l’IFSTTAR à Nantes) et in situ (à l’IUT de Bordeaux). Différents capteurs et méthodes d'instrumentation ont été étudiés pour mesurer la densité de flux et la température de surfaces des parois, afin de procurer des recommandations pour le choix des capteurs ainsi que des protocoles de traitement de données. A partir des données mesurées (température et densité de flux des surfaces de l'enveloppe), trois approches numériques ont été proposées pour estimer des paramètres thermiques des parois multicouches épaisses : par méthode inverse, par réponse à un échelon et par réponse impulsionnelle. En outre, une méthode innovante non-destructive utilisant la rayonnement térahertz a été étudiée. Les mesures ont été effectuées au sein du laboratoire I2M. Cette méthode permet de caractériser le coefficient d'absorption des matériaux constructifs ordinaires comme isolation, plâtre, béton, bois… Elle pourrait postérieurement être combinée avec une méthode thermique pour apporter des informations complémentaires<br>Buildings represent a large share in terms of energy consumption, such as 35% in the member countries of IEA (2010) and 39.8% in U.S. (2015). Climate controlling (space heating and space cooling) occupies more than half of the consumption. While this consumption can be reduced by improving the building energy efficiency, in which the thermal performance of building envelope plays a critical role. Therefore, the thermal diagnosis of building envelope is of great important, for example, in the case of new building accreditation, retrofitting energy efficiency of old building and the building resale and renting. However, very few diagnostic methods exist for the characterization of thick walls. The present measurement standards that based on steady state heat transfer regime need a long time (several days). The classical transient technologies, such as flash method, are difficult to implement on the walls because of the large thickness of walls and the complex conditions in situ. This thesis aims to explore innovative methodologies for thermal quantitative diagnosis of building envelope. Two experimental cases were carried out: one is in laboratory (IFSTTAR, Nantes) and the other is in situ (IUT, Bordeaux). Different sensors and instruments were studied to measure the wall heat flux and surface temperature, and provided some guidelines for the choice of sensors and data processing protocols as well. Using these measured data, three estimation approaches were proposed to estimate the thermal parameters of the multilayer thick wall: pulse response curve method, step response curve method and inverse method, which can be applied for different diagnostic situations. In addition, an innovative NDE (non-destructive evaluation) method using terahertz (THz) radiation was also investigated. Measurements were carried out in I2M laboratory to characterize the absorption coefficient of standard building materials (insulation, plaster, concrete, wood ...). This THz method can be combined with a previous thermal method to provide some complementary information

Purpose: The lead time in the construction industry's innovation development today is far too long. Jönköping's population increases and at the same time Jönköping University is expanding. The need for more housing and student housing is therefore a fact. A Living Lab (LL) creates opportunities to solve both above-mentioned situations. It is a home that simultaneously provide different types of researchers with a research platform to test innovations directly in a real-life environment. Such a project could thus be an advantage for a developing city like Jönköping. The purpose of the project is to investigate how LL projects can open opportunities for innovations in housing and building engineering research in Jönköping, while creating new student housing in the city. Method: The research strategy is qualitative, the main method is a case study. Methods of data collection are literature studies and interviews. Literature studies take place around the concept, the background and different existing projects. This is done to investigate the development of the LL concept and its establishments. The main method used in this report is interviews, which the majority is done over the phone and a couple of them as site visits. Interviews take place with stakeholders from HSB Living Lab in Gothenburg, stakeholders from KTH Live-in Lab in Stockholm and potential stakeholders from Jönköping. Findings: This report serves as a preliminary study for potential stakeholders to establish or participate in a Student LL in Jönköping. In order to shorten lead times in housing and building engineering research, LL has been proven to benefit from innovative research in this area. A project would combine a research arena with new student housing to promote the housing contributions to a more efficient innovation process. In the housing- and construction sector, interest has been shown for innovations in housing environment, real estate and construction business, with efficiency and cost reduction, development and efficiency of materials and smart energy solutions. There is also a research interest for studying of the learning environments and the contributions of the residents to their environment. A potential place of establishment is found just by the university, which would benefit both the university, its research and the establishment of new student housing. Implications: To continue developing the work, further research is recommended on the research questions for a LL-project. It is recommended to review additional opportunities that exists in addition to building engineering and develop issues regarding, for example, housing environment and learning environments. When two of the four parts of the university were reached for interviews, it is also interesting to study the interests of the other parts. There would be an interest in studying how a twist of the concept can be applied to find a specific niche for Jönköping. A project would solve several student housing units that would help solve some of the problem regarding the current housing shortage and enable contributing to the development of the city. Limitations: As the LL concept in Sweden is at an early stage, background information is related to international focus. The report is then limited to focus on Sweden's two major LLs with establishment in Gothenburg and Stockholm with permanent student housing. Furthermore, the focus is on Jönköping, the city of the authors of the report, its potential stakeholders, establishment opportunities and innovation opportunities for a Student LL project. Keywords: Living Lab, student, open innovation, building technology and sustainability.<br>Syfte: Ledtider inom byggnadsbranschens innovationsutveckling är idag alldeles för långa. Jönköping kommuns befolkning ökar samtidigt som Jönköping University växer. Behovet av fler bostäder och studentbostäder är med detta ett faktum. Ett Living Lab (LL) skapar möjligheter för att förbättra bådadera situationer. Det agerar hem samtidigt som det tillhandahåller olika typer av forskare med en forskningsplattform för att testa innovationer direkt i en verklig miljö. Ett sådant projekt skulle således kunna vara en fördel för en utvecklande stad som Jönköping. Syftet med projektet är att undersöka hur LL-projekt kan öppna möjligheter till samskapande innovationer inom boende- och byggteknikforskning i Jönköping samtidigt som nya studentbostäder etableras. Metod: Undersökningsstrategin är kvalitativ, huvudmetoden är fallstudier. Metoder för datainsamling är litteraturstudier samt intervjuer. Litteraturstudier sker kring begreppet, bakgrund samt projekt för att undersöka utvecklingen av LL-konceptet och dess etableringar. Den huvudsakliga metoden för arbetet är intervjubaserat, majoriteten över telefon och ett antal genom platsbesök. Intervjuer sker med involverade aktörer från HSB Living Lab i Göteborg, från KTH Live-in Lab i Stockholm samt potentiella intressenter från Jönköping. Resultat: Rapporten fungerar som en förundersökning för potentiella intressenter för att etablera eller deltaga i ett Student LL i Jönköping. För att förkorta ledtider inom boende och byggnadsteknisk forskning är LL påvisat gynna nytänkande forskning inom detta. Ett projekt skulle kombinera en forskningsarena med nya studentbostäder för att främja de boendes bidrag till en effektivare innovationsprocess. Inom boende och byggsektorn är intresset påvisat för innovationer inom boendemiljö, fastighets- och byggbranschen med effektivisering och kostnadsreducering, utveckling och effektivisering av material samt smarta energilösningar. Forskningsintresse påvisas även för studerande av lärandemiljöer samt de boendes bidrag till dess miljö. En potentiell etableringsplats påträffas i nära anslutning till universitetet, vilket skulle gynna såväl universitetet, dess forskning samt etablering av nya studentbostäder. Konsekvenser: För att fortsätta utveckla arbetet rekommenderas undersökning vidare kring forskningsfrågorna för ett LL. Det rekommenderas att granska ytterligare möjligheter och utveckla specifika frågor gällande exempelvis boendemiljö samt lärandemiljöer. Då två av fyra fackhögskolor nåddes för intervjuer är det även intressant att studera kvarvarande fackhögskolors intressen. Att studera hur en vridning av konceptet kan tillämpas för att hitta en specifik nisch för Jönköping är av intresse. Ett projekt i Jönköping skulle lösa ett antal studentbostäder som bidrar till att lösa en del av problemet angående den rådande bostadsbristen och möjliggör bidragande till utveckling av staden. Begränsningar: Då LL-konceptet i Sverige befinner sig i ett tidigt skede förhåller sig bakgrundsinformationen till internationellt fokus. Arbetet begränsas sedan till fokus på Sveriges två större LL med etablering i Göteborg och Stockholm med permanenta studentbostäder. Vidare landar fokus i Jönköping, staden som författarna till rapporten är placerade i, dess potentiella intressenter, etableringsmöjligheter samt innovationsmöjligheter för ett Student LL-projekt. Nyckelord: Living Lab, student, open innovation, byggnadsteknik och hållbarhet.

I detta arbete beskrivs intresset för och kännedomen om tre innovativa boendeformer som riktar sig till unga vuxna mellan 18 och 35 år på den svenska bostadsmarknaden. Det belyser det befintliga beståndet av bostäder och unga vuxnas största hinder för att erhålla en bostad. Arbetet tar sin utgångspunkt i den rådande bostadsbristen i Sverige, där flertalet grupper av olika skäl upplever hinder att ta sig in på bostadsmarknaden. Detta bidrar till att offentliga aktörer och olika bostadsutvecklare behöver hitta nya sätt för att underlätta för utsatta grupper att erhålla en bostad. Studien baseras på litteraturstudier av bland annat tidigare forskning, enkätundersökningar med unga vuxna och intervjuer med representanter från olika delar av branschen. Resultaten visar ett intresse för, men låg kännedom om, de tre boendeformerna: hyrköp, ungdomsettor och kooperativa hyresrätter. Dessa är alla anpassade för att avhjälpa problematiken för vissa inom målgruppen, särskilt gruppen unga vuxna, att ta sig in på bostadsmarknaden.<br>This work concerns the examination of the interest and awareness of three innovative forms of housing that target young adults between the ages of 18 and 35 in the Swedish housing market. It also describes the existing stock of housing and highlights the most serious obstacles for the target group to obtain an accommodation. The work takes it’s starting point in the current housing shortage in Sweden where many groups for various reasons are hindered from the housing market for various reasons. The market is in need for public actors and various housing developers to find new ways to remedy the problem of obtaining an accommodation for these vulnerable groups. The study is based on previous research, surveys with young adults and interviews with intermediaries from different parts of the industry as a methodology. The results show an interest for, but low knowledge about the three types of housing: rent purchases, youth sets and cooperative rental apartments adapted for young adults. These are all adapted to reduce the problem for some persons within the target group to enter the housing market.

Syfte: Idag är intresset för digitalisering och effektivisering inom byggbranschen stort.Trots intresset har många aktörer inte helt övergått till digitalt arbetssätt, inte minstbesiktningsmän. Genom studien kan trösklarna för utebliven digitalisering analyseraspå individnivå. Då digitalt arbetssätt implementeras möts förändringen först av de erfarenheter och kompetenser som besiktningsmännen innehar. Vidare filtrerasarbetssättet genom innovationsteorins egenskaper och slutligen beslutar individernaifall förändringen accepteras eller avvisas. Syftet med studien var att öka förståelsenkring hur besiktningsmän upplever digitalt arbetssätt på individnivå med utgångspunktfrån olika arbetslivserfarenheter. Genom studien kunde även ekonomiska konsekvenseri samband med digitalt arbetssätt lyftas fram. Metod: Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ inriktning. Inledningsvis genomfördesen litteraturstudie som låg till grund för undersökt problematik. Studiens kvalitativainriktning baserades på tolv intervjuer och två observationer. Intervjuernaresponderades av tolv besiktningsmän från WSP Sverige AB. Besiktningsmännen hadeolika arbetslivserfarenheter och arbetade på olika orter. De kvalitativa intervjuerna lågtill grund för att kunna besvara studiens tre frågeställningar på djupet. Resultat: Studiens resultat påvisar skillnader i användandet av digitalt arbetssätt medavseende på olika arbetslivserfarenheter, som ligger till grund för hur digitalt arbetssättmottags. Dock varierar skillnaderna mest mellan olika åldrar och kontor i Sverige. Föratt effektivisera besiktningsmäns arbetssätt måste digitaliseringen accepteras ochmottagandet måste förstås på individnivå. Med tydlig kursriktning, struktur ochutbildningsinsatser kan innovationen digitalt arbetssätt spridas. Genom insatser kringdigitaliseringen fördelar kan besiktningsmän som avvisat digitaliseringen kan kommaöver sina trösklar. Att arbeta med surfplattor har stark koppling till effektivarearbetsprocesser. Det är till förtagens fördel att vara digitaliserat för att vara attraktivaoch konkurrenskraftiga på marknaden.Studiens slutsatser landar i ett antal rekommendationer för att utveckla besiktningsmänsarbetssätt. Rekommendationerna omfattar utbildningsinsatser från interna och externaföreläsare, att låta mindre digitalt erfarna besiktningsmän följa med kollegor somarbetar helt digitalt samt att utveckla dagens affärsmodell för optimal ekonomisk vinstvid effektivare besiktningar. Konsekvenser: Digitalt arbetssätt bidrar till effektivare besiktningsprocesser som i sintur leder till snabbare återkoppling till kund. Effektiviseringen bidrar även till flerfrigjorda timmar. Det uppstår dock problematik att debitera per timme och sedan införaen innovation som frigör timmar. För att ta till vara på de frigjorda timmarna och skapastörre intäkter bör företaget utveckla dagens affärsmodell för besiktningar.<br>Purpose: Today, the interest in digitalizing and efficiency in the construction industryis increasing. Despite the interest, many actors have not completely switched to digitalworking methods, not least surveyors. Through the study, these thresholds forinadequate digitalization can be analyzed at an individual level. When implementingdigital work methods, the innovation first meets the experiences and competencies ofthe surveyors. Furthermore, the method is filtered through the characteristics ofinnovation theory and finally, individuals decide if the change is accepted or rejected.The aim of the study was to increase understanding of how surveyors experience digitalworking methods at an individual level based on different work experience. The studyalso highlighted the economic consequences in connection to digital working methods. Method: The study was conducted with a qualitative focus. Initially, a literature studywas conducted which was the base of the investigated issue. The qualitative focus onthe study based on twelve interviews surveyors from WSP Sverige AB and twoobservations. The surveyors had different work experiences and worked in differentlocations in Sweden. The qualitative interviews formed the basis for answering thestudy’s three study questions. Findings: The study’s findings show differences in the use of digital working methodswith regard to different work experience, which underlie the way in which digital workmethods are received. However, the differences vary most between ages and offices inSweden. In order to make the surveyors working methods more efficient, digitalizationmust be accepted and the reception must be understood on an individual level. Withdistinct course orientation, structure and educational efforts, the innovation digital workmethods can be spread. Working with tablets has a strong connection to more efficientwork process. It is for the benefit of being digitized to be more attractive andcompetitive in the market.The conclusions of the study results in a number of recommendations to develop thesurveyor’s working methods. The recommendations includes education about thedigitalization by internal and external lecturers, allowing less digitally experiencedsurveyors to follow colleagues who work in a completely digital wat and to developtoday’s business model for optimal financial gain through more efficient inspections. Implications: Digital working methods contributes to a more efficient workingprocesses for surveyors, which leads to a quicker and more distinct feedback to theirclients. The efficient work also contributes to increased released working hours.However, the released working hours are chargeable. Furthermore, it creates problemswhile charge per hours and introduce an innovation that releases chargeable hours. Thecompanies should develop their business model, to make use of these hours.

Digitalization has become a topic of several presentations and discussions in real estate industry seminars in recent years. Often the speeches are about why the real estate industry needs digitalization, presenting threats and opportunities for the participants of the seminars. Still, real estate industry is conservative by nature and thus far property owners have not needed to innovate in order to stay in business. Therefore, a question arises that how do real estate owners react to the growing expectations about digitalization. On the other hand, relatively little is known about the innovativeness of real estate firms, as innovation research in built environment sector has largely focused on building project management phase organizations and facility management firms. Still, the real estate owners have a central role and a long-term perspective on the innovation in the built environment sector as a whole, as they are clients in all building life-cycle phases. Thus, this thesis purpose is to increase understanding of digitalization as a phenomenon in the real estate and facility management sectors: 1) by distinguishing the phenomenon in relation to existing research and 2) by generating new knowledge on digitalization in the field by explorative research. In order to distinguish the phenomenon in relation to existing research, the thesis provides a structured literature review that focuses on digitalization in the real estate and facility management sector. The main conclusion is that digitalization is a complex phenomenon, including multiple perspectives and conceptualizations, although, the literature converges on rather distinct topics of digital systems and methods, technology adoption and organization and management. Additionally, the review provides a discussion of opportunities for further research. An argument is made for sociotechnical perspective to provide opportunities for better managerial comprehension on the complex phenomenon. In order to generate new knowledge on digitalization in the field, particularly, on the innovativeness of real estate firms, the thesis provides summaries of two papers. The first paper focuses on the innovation processes in the real estate owner organizations and the second paper focuses on the innovation ecosystem that comprises of actors that contribute towards common innovation goals. The papers are based on interviews with the various real estate industry actors and document analysis. The papers converge on results, concluding that the real estate owners have invested in resources and capabilities for innovation, but it is still challenging for them to act on the digital threats and opportunities. Additionally, the second paper develops an operationalizable definition and methodology for research on innovation ecosystems, which has relevance for the more general literature on innovation and strategy. Thus, this thesis distinguishes digitalization as a phenomenon in the built environment management sectors and increases understanding on the innovativeness of real estate firms’ and other actors that contribute to the innovativeness of the real estate sector as a whole.<br>Digitalisering har blivit ett ofta återkommande ämne för ett stort antal seminarier inomfastighetsbranschens under de senaste åren. En återkommande fråga har varit hurfastighetsbranschen hanterar digitaliseringen, samt om vilka hot och möjligheterdigitaliseringen innebär för branschen. Fastighetsbranschen uppfattas ofta som konservativoch hittills har fastighetsägare inte tvingats vara särskilt innovativa för att kunna fortsätta sinverksamhet. En intressant fråga i sammanhanget är därför hur fastighetsägare reagerar på deväxande förväntningarna om digitalisering från omvärlden. Relativt lite är känt ominnovationsförmågan hos fastighetsföretag, eftersom innovationsforskningen inom byggdmiljö till stor del har fokuserat på byggprojekt och fastighetsförvaltning. Fastighetsägarna hardock fortfarande en central roll och borde ha ett långsiktigt perspektiv på innovationer inomden byggda miljön som helhet, eftersom de är verksamma inom byggnadens alla faser ilivscykeln.Mot denna bakgrund är avhandlingens syfte att öka förståelsen för digitalisering som fenomeninom fastighetsförvaltningen: 1) genom att analysera fenomenet i förhållande till denbefintliga forskningen och 2) genom att generera ny kunskap om digitalisering inom områdetgenom intervjuer och dokumentanalys.För att särskilja fenomenet digitalisering i förhållande till befintlig forskning innehålleravhandlingen en strukturerad litteraturöversikt som fokuserar på digitalisering inomfastighetsförvaltningen. Den huvudsakliga slutsatsen från denna litteraturöversikt är attdigitalisering är ett komplext fenomen, som innehåller flera perspektiv ochkonceptualiseringar, även om litteraturen fokuserar på ett antal distinkta ämnen: digitalasystem och metoder, anpassning av teknik och organisation samt förvaltning. Dessutominnehåller översikten en diskussion om relevanta områden för vidare forskning. Vidare geröversikten vid handen, att genom att anlägga ett socio-tekniskt perspektiv ges bättremöjligheter att förstå digitalisering.För att skapa ny kunskap om digitalisering, särskilt vad gäller fastighetsföretagensinnovativitet, innehåller avhandlingen två artiklar. Den första artikeln fokuserar påinnovationsprocesser inom fastighetsföretag och den andra artikeln fokuserar påinnovationsekosystemet som består av ett antal olika aktörer som bidrar till gemensammainnovationsmål. Artiklarna bygger på intervjuer med olika aktörer inom fastighetsbranschenoch dokumentanalys. Artiklarnas resultat pekar åt samma håll, och slutsatsen som kan dras äratt fastighetsägarna har investerat i resurser och kapacitet för innovation, men det ärfortfarande en stor utmaning för dem att agera på digitala hot och möjligheter. Dessutomutvecklar den andra artikeln en definition och metod för forskning om innovationsekosystem,som har relevans för forskning inom innovation och strategi. Således särskiljer denna avhandling digitaliseringen som ett fenomen inom den byggda miljönoch ökar förståelsen för fastighetsföretagens innovationsförmåga och andra aktörer sombidrar till innovationer inom fastighetssektorn som helhet.<br><p>QC 20200127</p>

Les partenariats d’exploration constituent, pour les organisations contemporaines, une opportunité pour ouvrir leur portefeuille partenarial et coopérer sur des objets de plus en plus innovants et transversaux. Mais ces nouvelles formes de partenariats R&amp;D sont déstabilisées par leur nature même : les objets de coopération ne sont pas connus ex-ante et doivent donc être conçus durant la coopération.A partir de l’étude d’un partenariat transectoriel technologique, MINATEC IDEAs Laboratory, cette thèse explique comment des partenaires différents parviennent finalement à s’accorder sur des sujets de coopération et à lancer des projets d’innovation.Pour comprendre et modéliser l’élaboration progressive de ces objets de coopération, nous proposons le modèle Matching/Building. Basé sur une extension de la théorie de conception C-K, ce modèle rend compte de la manière dont des acteurs développent et modifient leurs propres raisonnements de conception durant leurs interactions.De plus, cette recherche expose les résultats de deux instruments de gestion qui facilitent la génération de la coopération : OPERA, un outil de cartographie pour piloter des champs d'innovation et représenter l'évolution des objets de coopération et la méthode D4 qui permet de co-innover en revisitant collectivement l’identité de technologies émergentes<br>For contemporary organizations, exploratory partnerships constitute opportunities to open their portfolio partnership and to embrace objects increasingly innovative and cross-functional. But, in such new forms of R&amp;D relationships, a major crisis is caused by the fact that the common purpose is unknown at the beginning and need to be designed during the cooperation process.From a single-case study of a cross-industrial technological exploratory partnership, MINATEC IDEAs Laboratory, that research explains how heterogeneous actors reach shared objectives and launch together innovation projects.In order to understand and to model those collective objects, we propose the Matching/Building model. Based on the recent advances of the C-K Design Theory, our model describes interactions patterns between the partners’ design reasoning during their cooperation.Furthermore, that research highlights two methodological tools for enhancing cooperation in innovation : OPERA is a cartographic system to manage innovation projects and to master the evolution of the cooperation, D4 method permits to co-innovate by challenging the identity of emerging technology

The commercial buildings sector in the United States used 18 percent (17.93 Quads) of the U.S. primary energy in 2006. Office buildings are the largest single energy consumption category in the commercial buildings sector of the United States with annual energy consumption around 1.1 Quads. Traditional approaches used in commercial building designs are not adequate to save energy in both depth and scale. One of the most effective ways to reduce energy consumption is to improve energy performance of HVAC systems. High-performance HVAC systems and components, as well as application of renewable energy sources, were surveyed for buildings in hot and humid climates. An analysis of performance and energy saving potential estimation for selected HVAC systems in hot and humid climates was developed based on energy consumption simulation models in DOE-2.1E. A calibrated energy consumption model of an existing office building located in the hot and humid climate conditions of Texas was developed. Based on this model, the energy saving potential of the building was estimated. In addition, energy consumption simulation models were developed for a new office building, including simulation of energy saving measures that could be achieved with further improvements of HVAC system above the energy conservation codes requirements. The theoretical minimum energy consumption level for the same office building was estimated for the purpose of evaluating the whole building energy efficiency level. The theoretical minimum energy consumption model of the office building was designed to provide the same level of comfort and services to the building occupants as provided in the actual building simulation model. Finally, the energy efficiency of the building that satisfies valid energy conservation codes and the building with an improved HVAC system was estimated based on theoretically minimum energy consumption level. The analysis provided herein can be used for new building practitioners and existing building owners to evaluate energy reduction potential and the performance of innovative technologies such as dedicated outdoor air system, displacement ventilation, improved cooling system efficiency, air source heat pumps and natural gas heat pumps.

碩士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>新加坡管理碩士在職專班<br>107<br>Singapore is a small country with a South Sea projectile. It has only 200 years of national history. Before independence in 1965, it was under the jurisdiction of the British colonial government. The country's system, culture, language, education and even buildings have the style and character of the British and South Seas. After independence, the economy developed rapidly, and the government embarked on a plan to promote construction vigorously. Foreign enterprises began to invest in all types of business, land developments etc. Many historical sites and pre-war historical buildings were rapidly replaced by new developments. Owing the absence of knowledge and clear policies for the conservation of historical buildings, and coupled with the lack of foundation strengthening technology available, many buildings with historical and cultural values were demolished by owners and developers out of ignorance. In 1986, the government appointed the Urban Renewal Authority (URA) to set up a competent authority to protect historical buildings, clearly define and plan the protection of historical buildings. This has led to the rise in the protection and investment of historical buildings. The URA specifically stipulated that if the historical building has cultural value, the external walls shall not be demolished. Therefore, the restoration builders must have appropriate machinery and technology to restore all these buildings. The company under the case study (ABV Engineering Pte Ltd) was formerly a Swedish and local joint-venture company. Equipped with the good knowledge of local building, structural & foundation strengthening technology, they improved their capability to adapt to the local environment. After becoming a local company in 1993, it continues to innovate and strive for excellence, and has produced numerous new techniques for strengthening the foundation of historical buildings. Many buildings were strengthened using such technology. This study includes the difference between the traditional foundation strengthening method and new innovative technology. It also analyses the case company’s ability to innovate and adapt to the market changes successfully in this sector.

Avec l’avènement de la micro-informatique dans les années 80, de l’internet dans les années 90 et de l’achèvement du séquençage du génome humain au tournant du 21e siècle, le nombre d’entreprises développant des technologies en santé a explosé. Par contre, la pratique en centre hospitalier et des interactions quotidiennes avec des professionnels de la santé œuvrant dans différents secteurs du système de santé québécois et d’autres provinces canadiennes rend compte d’une large différence entre le nombre de technologies qui apparaissent dans les conférences et blogs, et celles adoptées et utilisées sur le terrain. Mais tandis que l’évaluation des technologies et l’étude de la diffusion des innovations ont donné lieu à une littérature scientifique importante, peu d’études ont exploré jusqu’à présent l’émergence des entreprises de technologies innovantes en santé en prenant compte le point de vue de tous les acteurs impliqués. C’est donc ce manque de connaissances que notre étude désire combler, en se demandant comment une entreprise émergente et de technologie en santé peut se construire socialement en initiant certaines actions concurrentielles et pourquoi ces actions peuvent-elles différer selon le type d’entreprise, les demandes et les pressions des acteurs économiques et du système de santé. Les objectifs de recherche sont donc de définir comment les entreprises innovatrices en technologie de la santé s'établissent en utilisant l'effet de leurs actions concurrentielles tout en leur octroyant un sens, déterminer l'influence du type d'entreprise et des schèmes de construction sociale sur les actions concurrentielles, les activités de fabrication de sens et les réponses aux pressions des acteurs institutionnels, et enfin identifier quelles sont les stratégies utilisées par les entrepreneurs pour s'adresser à l'institution qu’est le système de santé. Afin de répondre aux interrogations soulevées par les observations sur le terrain, la présente recherche s’est organisée en trois volets successifs, explorant trois points de vue différents. Le premier est celui d’un observateur externe envers les startups en technologie de santé. Le deuxième volet est celui des acteurs gravitant autour de ces entreprises et le troisième est celui des entrepreneurs eux-mêmes. Le premier volet consiste en une étude de cas multiples utilisant la stratégie d’analyse de construction d’explication. L'étude s'est appuyée sur l'analyse des communiqués de presse (n = 664) et des articles des médias généraux (n = 627). L'échantillon comprend cinq entreprises canadiennes inscrites à la Bourse de Toronto sous la forme de quatre startups qui ont fait une offre d’achat initiale entre 2000 et 2003, et une entreprise bien établie. Parmi celles-ci, trois étaient dans le secteur de la santé, une dans le secteur du commerce électronique tandis que l‘entreprise bien établie était une entreprise de solutions d’infrastructures électroniques en santé. Globalement, au cours de l'émergence de l'entreprise, les actions marketing et symboliques, doublées du recours à des leaders d’opinion et des personnes de haute notoriété ont été nettement plus prononcées avec les startups de santé par rapport à l'entreprise qui n’était pas en santé. Au cours des premiers mois d’émergence, au fur et à mesure que les communications et signaux augmentaient, les startups en santé étaient les seules entreprises à utiliser la légitimité cognitive et pragmatique, s'appuyant ainsi sur la cognition plutôt que sur l'intérêt personnel ou les jugements moraux des acteurs. De plus, nous avons observé des différences dans l'utilisation des actions marketing et des actions symboliques et également dans le recours à des leaders d’opinion. Cela suggère une influence différentielle du modèle de construction sociale et du type d'entreprise sur le niveau et le mélange des actions du marché et des activités de sensibilisation entre les entreprises de santé et les entreprises de technologie non liées à la santé. Les deuxième et troisième volet consistent en deux séries d’entrevues semi-structurées, où une analyse thématique a été utilisée pour identifier et rapporter des thèmes tout en organisant et en décrivant minutieusement l'ensemble de données. Pour le deuxième volet, l'échantillon pour les entrevues semi-structurées comprend 10 médecins spécialistes, 4 professionnels de la santé impliqués dans l'acquisition des technologies de la santé, 3 membres des unités d'évaluation des technologies de la santé et 3 investisseurs en technologies de la santé. Nous avons déterminé que l'acquisition et la diffusion des technologies de santé sont de plus en plus réglementées et doivent répondre à des pressions croissantes d'un grand nombre d'acteurs qui voient inversement leur pouvoir d'agence se réduire. Nous avons également démontré que les pressions qui pousse vers l'institutionnalisation des pratiques, ainsi que le découplage des objectifs du système de santé et ceux des autres acteurs sont abordés par des stratégies "politiques"; le pouvoir des principaux influenceurs tels que les investisseurs et les spécialistes médicaux, ainsi que la méfiance à l'égard des actions de marketing sont abordés avec des stratégies “associatives”; les pressions découlant du besoin croissant de données fondées sur des données probantes sont traitées avec des stratégies “normatives”. Enfin, la faible fragmentation d'un système public de santé et l'hétérogénéité des processus d'acquisition locaux sont abordées avec des stratégies “d'identité”. Le troisième volet s’est concentré sur la manière dont les entrepreneurs saisissent les opportunités, créent leur organisation entrepreneuriale, et lui apportent de la légitimité, et a examiné les déclencheurs, contraintes et pressions impliquées dans ce processus. L'échantillon pour les entretiens a été constitué de 20 entrepreneurs et partenaires stratégiques impliqués dans le développement et la commercialisation des technologies de la santé. À chaque étape, nous avons identifié un processus institutionnel prédominant, qu'il s'agisse du découplage, de l'influence du champ organisationnel ou de la recherche de légitimation. Nous avons constaté que chaque étape de l'émergence de la start-up était déclenchée par des situations où l'entrepreneur faisait face à des barrières et contraintes sous la forme d'un désalignement des limites, de la mauvaise performance des technologies concurrentes, et de l'asymétrie des ressources. Nos résultats peuvent aider les professionnels de la santé, les décideurs et les évaluateurs à comprendre le processus d'adoption et de diffusion des technologies en santé et contribuer à l'élaboration de procédures d'acquisition grâce à des politiques ciblées et des processus révisés. Pour les investisseurs, notre étude leur permet d’identifier les obstacles qui rythment la vitesse à laquelle les nouvelles technologies font leur chemin dans la pratique clinique et le système de santé. Les résultats peuvent aussi fournir un cadre pour élaborer des données de référence pour évaluer les investissements actuels et futurs. Mieux connaître quelles sont les différences propres aux startups technologiques en santé en comparaison aux autres startups pourrait aider les entrepreneurs à prioriser les actions compétitives et à mieux cerner les intentions perçues et les besoins de santé réels lors de l’émergence sociale de l’entreprise. Pour le système de santé, les résultats peuvent servir à élaborer et enrichir des politiques et directives d’acquisition et d’évaluation qui vont améliorer l’accès à des technologies médicales qui sont sécuritaires, efficaces et de haute qualité.<br>With the advent of micro-computing in the 1980s, the Internet in the 1990s and the completion of the sequencing of the human genome at the turn of the 21st century, the number of companies developing health technologies has exploded. Nonetheless, hospital practice and day-to-day interactions with health professionals working in different sectors of the Quebec health system and other Canadian provinces reflect a large difference between the number of technologies appearing in conferences and blogs, and those adopted and used in the field. But while the evaluation of technologies and the study of the diffusion of innovations led to an important scientific literature, few studies have so far explored the emergence of innovative health technology companies taking into account the point of view of all the actors involved. It is this lack of knowledge that our study wishes to fill, by asking how an emerging health technology company can be socially constructed by initiating certain competitive actions and why these actions may differ according to the type of company, demands and pressures from economic and healthcare system actors. The research objectives are therefore to define how innovative health technology companies establish themselves by using the effect of their competitive actions while giving them meaning, determining the influence of the type of business and the patterns of social construction activities on competitive actions, sensemaking activities and responses to the pressures of institutional actors, and finally identify the strategies used by entrepreneurs to address the institution that is the health system. In order to answer the questions raised by field observations, this research was organized in three successive parts, exploring three different points of view. The first is that of an external observer to health technology start-ups. The second part is that of the actors around these companies and the third is that of the entrepreneurs themselves. The first part consists of a multiple case study using explanation-building analysis strategy. The study was based on the analysis of press releases (n = 664) and general media articles (n = 627). The sample includes five Canadian companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange in the form of four startups that made an initial bid from 2000 to 2003 and a well-established firm. Of these, three were in the health sector, one in the e-commerce sector, while the well-established company was a health electronic infrastructure solutions company. Overall, during the emergence of the company, marketing and symbolic actions, coupled with the use of opinion leaders and high-profile people, were significantly more pronounced with the health-based startups when compared to the firm who was not in the health sector. In the early months of emergence, as communications and signals increased, health-based startups were the only firms to use cognitive and pragmatic legitimacy, relying on cognition rather than personal interest or moral judgment of the actors. In addition, we observed differences in the use of marketing and symbolic actions and also in the use of opinion leaders. This suggests a differential influence of the social construction model and firm type on the level and mix of market actions and sensegiving activities between health and non-health technology companies. The second and third components consist of two sets of semi-structured interviews, where a thematic analysis was used to identify and report themes while organizing and describing the data set thoroughly. For the second part, the sample for semi-structured interviews includes 10 medical specialists, 4 health professionals involved in health technology acquisition, 3 health technology assessment units’ members, and 3 investors in health technologies. We have determined that the acquisition and diffusion of health technologies are increasingly regulated and must respond to increasing pressures from a large number of actors who, conversely, see their agency power diminish. We also found that the pressures to institutionalize practices, as well as the decoupling of the objectives of the health system from those of other actors, are addressed by “political” strategies; the power of key influencers such as investors and medical specialists, as well as mistrust of marketing actions are addressed with “associative” strategies; the pressures arising from the growing need for evidence-based evidence are addressed through “normative” strategies. Finally, the fragmentation of a public health system and the heterogeneity of local procurement processes are approached with “identity” strategies. The third part focuses on how entrepreneurs seize opportunities, create their entrepreneurial organization, and give it legitimacy, and examined the triggers, constraints and pressures involved in this process. The sample for the interviews consisted of 20 entrepreneurs and strategic partners involved in the development and commercialization of health technologies. At each stage, we identified a predominant institutional process, whether it be the decoupling, the influence of the organizational field or the search for legitimation. We found that each stage of the start-up was triggered by situations where the entrepreneur faced barriers and constraints in the form of a misalignment of boundaries, poor performance of competing technologies, and of resource asymmetry. Our findings can help healthcare professionals, decision-makers and evaluators understand the process of adoption and diffusion of health technologies and contribute to the development of procurement procedures through targeted policies and revised processes. For investors, our study allows them to identify the barriers that pace the speed at which new technologies are making their way into clinical practice and the health care system. The results can also provide a framework for developing baseline data to evaluate current and future investments. A better understanding of the differences in health technology startups compared to other startups could help entrepreneurs prioritize competitive actions and better understand perceived intentions and real health needs during the social emergence of the company. For the healthcare system, the results can be used to develop and enrich procurement and evaluation policies and guidelines that will improve access to safe, effective and high quality medical technologies.