Journal articles: 'Innovative steels'

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Campagnoli, Elena, Paolo Matteis, Giovanni M. M. Mortarino, and Giorgio Scavino. "Thermal Diffusivity of Traditional and Innovative Sheet Steels." Defect and Diffusion Forum 297-301 (April 2010): 893–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.297-301.893.

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The low carbon steels, used for the production of car bodies by deep drawing, are gradually substituted by high strength steels for vehicle weight reduction. The drawn car body components are joined by welding and the welded points undergo a reduction of the local tensile strength. In developing an accurate welding process model, able to optimized process parameters and to predict the final local microstructure, a significant improvement can be given by the knowledge of the welded steels thermal diffusivity at different temperatures. The laser-flash method has been used to compare the thermal diffusivity of two traditional deep drawing steels, two high strength steels already in common usage, i.e. a Dual Phase (DP) steel and a TRansformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steel, and one experimental high-Mn austenitic TWIP (Twinning Induced Plasticity) steel. The low carbon steels, at low temperatures, have a thermal diffusivity that is 4-5 times larger than the TWIP steel. Their thermal diffusivity decreases by increasing temperature while the TWIP steel shows an opposite behaviour, albeit with a lesser slope, so that above 700°C the TWIP thermal diffusivity is larger. The different behaviour of the TWIP steel in respect to the ferritic deep drawing steels arises from its non ferro-magnetic austenitic structure. The DP and TRIP steels show intermediate values, their diffusivity being lower than that of the traditional deep drawing steels; this latter fact probably arises from their higher alloy content and more complex microstructure.

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Fukumoto, Yuhshi, and Masatsugu Nagai. "Steel bridges: new steels and innovative erection methods." Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials 2, no. 1 (January 2000): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1528-2716(200001/03)2:1<34::aid-pse5>3.0.co;2-o.

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Pineda Hernández, Daniel Alejandro, Elisabeth Restrepo Parra, Pedro José Arango Arango, Belarmino Segura Giraldo, and Carlos Daniel Acosta Medina. "Innovative Method for Coating of Natural Corrosion Inhibitor Based on Artemisia vulgaris." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 26, 2021): 2234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092234.

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In this work, the production of a novel methodology for the application of natural corrosion inhibitors on steel, using an autoclave is presented. Tests were carried out using Artemisia vulgaris. The inhibitor was produced with a simple soxhlet extraction process using 15 g of Artemisia vulgaris and 260 mL of Ether. Once the inhibitor was produced, the steel was immersed in it, to form a coating that protects the material against corrosion. Thermogravimetry analyzes (TGA) were performed on the inhibitor, to determine the degradation temperature; it was observed that, at 321 °C, the loss of organic mass begins. After applying the inhibitor to the steel, the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) technique was used to determine the vibrational bands and the difference between the spectra for the steels before and after the coating was applied. For the evaluation of the method efficiency, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization resistance tests were performed, where Nyquist diagrams and Tafel curves were obtained, for steels with and without treatment. In this case, an increase of 93% in the corrosion resistance, and an 88% decrease in the corrosion rate were observed, proving that this methodology can be used to protect steel against corrosion and extend the steel’s useful life.

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Gorla, Carlo, Francesco Rosa, Edoardo Conrado, and Horacio Albertini. "Bending and contact fatigue strength of innovative steels for large gears." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 228, no. 14 (January 7, 2014): 2469–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406213519614.

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Large gears for wind turbine gearboxes require high performances and cost-effective manufacturing processes. Heat distortion in the heat treatment phase and the consequent large grinding stock are responsible for high manufacturing costs due to reduced productivity. A research project aimed at the identification of new materials, manufacturing and heat treatment processes has been performed. Air quenchable alloy steels, combined with a specifically developed case hardening and heat treatment process, have been identified as an interesting solution, both from the point of view of cost effectiveness, thanks to reduced distortions and grinding stock, and for the environmental sustainability. The research project has been completed by the manufacturing of a full-scale gear, on which the whole process has been validated. Nevertheless, in order to judge the applicability of these steels to large gears, data from specific tests on the performances against typical gear failure modes, like bending and contact fatigue, are necessary as well. Single tooth fatigue bending tests and disc-on-disc contact fatigue tests have therefore been performed on two innovative materials, respectively, a high hardenability steel and a bainitic structure steel, and on a reference traditional case hardening steel. The results of these tests, which provide useful data for gear designers, are presented and discussed in this paper.

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Di Schino, Andrea, and Claudio Testani. "Heat Treatment of Steels." Metals 11, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 1168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11081168.

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Novy, Zbysek, and Kateřina Opatová. "Capabilities of Thixoforming of Steels." Advanced Materials Research 1127 (October 2015): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1127.99.

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Thanks to innovative processing routes, even conventional materials which have been around for years can be manipulated to obtain unconventional microstructures with specific mechanical and physical properties. This also holds for various semi-solid forming processes, which represent a dynamically developing field. Yet, these processes are still under development due to their technological complexity. One of the innovative methods of semi-solid processing is mini-thixoforming. As it focuses on very small-size products, it offers very steep heating curves and extremely high solidification and cooling rates, unlike conventional thixoforming. These features have profound impact on the evolution of microstructure and the resulting properties of the product. As in the conventional thixoforming process, complex-shaped products can be manufactured with high precision, using a single forming step. The potential and capabilities of the process were explored using the ledeburitic X210Cr12 steel as the experimental material. Once the optimum conditions were found, other tool steels were used for trials as well. Thanks to closely-controlled temperature field, mini-thixoforming was successfully used on a steel with a freezing range of a mere 15 °C. The microstructure evolution in the mini-thixoforming process is an issue of its own. The final microstructure of X210Cr12 after processing consisted of more than 90 % of austenite and chromium carbides. Semi-solid processing of a steel with a high vanadium content led to a microstructure comprising MA matrix and globular vanadium carbides. In a low-alloyed steel, martensitic microstructure was obtained.Keywords: thixoforming, mini-thixoforming, semi-solid processing, tool steels

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Hirsch, M., B. Krönauer, Roland Golle, Hartmut Hoffmann, Matthias Golle, and Gerhard Jesner. "Innovative Tools and Tool Steels for the Blanking of Press-Hardened Ultra High-Strength Manganese-Boron Steels." Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (June 2011): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.123.

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One substantial goal of modern vehicle construction is to reduce weight at a high level of crash safety. When steel is used in lightweight construction, the process of press hardening of boron-alloyed steels can be of great importance. The heat treatment during hot forming process increases the material’s tensile strength to a level of approximately 1500 MPa. The increased tensile strength needs to be considered in subsequent manufacturing processes, such as punching operations. At present, laser cutting is a common method to cut press hardened sheet metal, a process which is more cost-intensive and time-consuming as conventional tools and tool steels cannot be produced with a profitable output. One aim of the present project has been the investigation of tool steels as well as the different damage mechanisms occurring during the blanking of press-hardened sheet metal. A new tool concept has therefore been realized, which comprises the entire expertise of the Institute. Thus, the tool developed is a very good basis for assessing tool steels and their damage behaviour. Tool life and damage mechanisms have been analyzed.

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Espinos, Ana, Manuel L. Romero, and Dennis Lam. "Fire performance of innovative steel-concrete composite columns using high strength steels." Thin-Walled Structures 106 (September 2016): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2016.04.014.

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García-Alonso, M. C., J. A. González, J. Miranda, M. L. Escudero, M. J. Correia, M. Salta, and A. Bennani. "Corrosion behaviour of innovative stainless steels in mortar." Cement and Concrete Research 37, no. 11 (November 2007): 1562–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.08.010.

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Merklein, Marion, and Markus Kaupper. "Manufacturing of Innovative Car Seat Components by Forming of Advanced High Strength Steels – Fundamental Research and Application." Key Engineering Materials 410-411 (March 2009): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.410-411.3.

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Nowadays advanced high strength steel sheets and related forming technologies play an important role in lightweight construction in the transportation sector. Since especially car seat components are subject to very strict safety demands, the application of these modern steel grades, which provide enhanced strength levels, seems to be a promising strategy to meet the challenge of reducing the sheet metal thickness while maintaining the crash energy absorption capacity. Concerning the high required level of part complexity and accuracy both the reduced formability and the increased springback tendency of advanced high strength steels are challenges for forming technologies compared to conventional steel grades. Against this background the forming potentials of advanced high strength steels are investigated and are made accessible for an application in structural car seat components. The analysis is to be done both experimentally and numerically, focusing on the finite element method (FEM) regarding a reliable process design.

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Homberg, Werner, and Tim Rostek. "Thermo-Mechanical Hardening of Ultra High-Strength Steels." Key Engineering Materials 549 (April 2013): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.549.133.

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nnovative ultra high-strength steels have excellent mechanical properties which commonly relate to the materials martensitic microstructure. As thermal heat treatments are state-of-the-art for obtaining the desired microstructure, innovative thermo-mechanical treatments are likely to give rise to even better material qualities. This article highlights various aspects of innovative thermo-mechanical hardening strategies for the processing of ultra high-strength steels, involving both press hardening and friction spinning operations.

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de Sousa, R. R. M., F. O. de Araújo, J. A. P. da Costa, A. de S. Brandim, R. A. de Brito, and C. Alves. "Cathodic Cage Plasma Nitriding: An Innovative Technique." Journal of Metallurgy 2012 (March 8, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/385963.

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Cylindrical samples of AISI 1020, AISI 316, and AISI 420 steels, with different heights, were simultaneously treated by a new technique of ionic nitriding, entitled cathodic cage plasma nitriding (CCPN), in order to evaluate the efficiency of this technique to produce nitrided layers with better properties compared with those obtained using conventional ionic nitriding technique. This method is able to eliminate the edge effect in the samples, promoting a better uniformity of temperature, and consequently, a smaller variation of the thickness/height relation can be obtained. The compound layers were characterized by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, and microhardness test profile. The results were compared with the properties of samples obtained with the conventional nitriding, for the three steel types. It was verified that samples treated by CCPN process presented, at the same temperature, a better uniformity in the thickness and absence of the edge effect.

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13

Birat, Jean-Pierre. "Product innovations of key economic importance for the steel industry." Metallurgical Research & Technology 115, no. 4 (2018): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018010.

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Steel and materials in general entertain a special connection with time and therefore with innovation. Indeed, steel has been around for more than 4 millennia and is still innovating, which demonstrates both a status of socio-economic invariance and a cumulative innovation process, which deeply differs from the status of the “high-tech” consumer products, which are considered today as highly innovative. This is a complex situation, which is best described by telling various narratives from the standpoint of history, innovation management, sustainability, economy and business, with both long and short times perspectives. The Historian’s perspective insists on slow time, especially as regards innovation, in which steel took part. Steel and steel production technology have thus accompanied society in its long journey through time since the Neolithic, Roman and Celtic times, the Middle Ages, Modern Times and Industrial Revolutions. Today, the technological episteme seems to be frozen in a stasis that has been rolling out global steelmills across the world and most recently in China. The present technological paradigm was built under the pull of the social and economic drivers which have led to the geopolitical world as it is today. Innovation today, continues, but not visibly at the level of process engineering, but regarding metallurgy and material science, thus exploring the deep connection of steels with specific and always changing applications. Regarding process engineering, however, the on-going economic transitions, i.e. the energy, ecology and digitization transitions, may awaken Sleeping Beauty’s castle and relaunch a new series of paradigm shifts in making steel. Low-carbon technologies are being explored to meet the Climate Change challenge, which may rekindle the sustainability innovation driver. And a reexamination of the scale at which steel is made might possibly stem from Additive Manufacturing, although this is still a weak signal as far as steel is concerned.

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Cabibbo, Marcello, Mohamad El Mehtedi, Nicola Clemente, Stefano Spigarelli, A. M. S. Hamouda, Farayi Musharavati, and Mauro Daurù. "High Temperature Thermal Stability of Innovative Nanostructured Thin Coatings for Advanced Tooling." Key Engineering Materials 622-623 (September 2014): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.622-623.45.

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Tools for machining are made of hard steels and cemented carbide (WC-Co). For specialized applications, such as aluminium machining, diamond or polycrystalline cubic boron nitride are also used. The main problem with steel, isthat itexhibits a relatively low hardness (below 10 GPa) which strongly decreases upon annealing above about 600 K.Thus, the majority of modern tools are nowadays coated with hard coatings that increase the hardness, decrease the coefficient of friction and protect the tools against oxidation. A similar approach has been recently used to obtain a longer duration of the dies for aluminium die-casting.

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Weidle, A., P. Lippmann, and A. Akkaya. "Innovative Prozesskette zur UHC-Bauteilfertigung/Innovative process chain for manufacturing ultra-high-carbon component - High performance manufacturing process for an economical serial production of lightweight steel." wt Werkstattstechnik online 107, no. 01-02 (2017): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2017-01-02-47.

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Der Einsatz dichtereduzierter Leichtbau-Stahlwerkstoffe in bewegten Motorenkomponenten, wie Pleuel oder Kolbenbolzen, können zu einer signifikanten CO2-Einsparung beitragen. Dennoch fehlen innovative Fertigungsverfahren für eine wirtschaftliche Bauteilfertigung von hochfesten übereutektoiden Stählen. Mithilfe spezieller Herstellungsrouten kann der Werkstoff zielgerichtet für die Umformung und anschließende Zerspanung eingestellt werden. Angepasste Werkzeuge führen zur deutlichen Steigerung der Produktivität.   The use of density-reduced lightweight steel in moving engine components, like connecting rods or piston pins, could lead to a significant carbon dioxide reduction. Nevertheless innovative manufacturing technologies for the economical component production of high-strength hypereutectoid steels are not provided. With special production routes this material could purposively settle in the forming and cutting. Optimised cutting tool-systems induce to an extensive increase in productivity.

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Smith, A. W. F., D. N. Crowther, P. J. Apps, and Philip B. Prangnell. "Ultra-Fine Grained High Carbon Steel by Innovative Deformation." Materials Science Forum 550 (July 2007): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.550.301.

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It is well known that the refinement of grain size in metals leads to a significant improvement in specific mechanical properties. Processing schedules have been investigated aimed at producing an homogeneous ultra-fine ferrite and spheroidised carbide aggregate microstructure in high carbon (CMn) steels (0.6-1.2wt%C), via conventional ‘warm’ rolling and innovative Equal Channel Angular Extrusion (ECAE). Suitable deformation schedules were determined from dilatometry and thermo-mechanical Gleeble simulations. Evidence of an ultra-fine ferrite and carbide aggregate microstructure following ‘warm’ rolling was observed. A significant improvement in tensile strength, particularly proof stress was also noted in comparison to material deformed at higher temperatures. Concurrent ECAE experiments investigated microstructural evolution with incremental strain. Extensive analysis was carried out using various techniques, including high resolution Electron Back Scattered Diffraction (EBSD). Evidence of ferrite grain refinement was noted in a eutectoid composition steel. A sub-micron ferrite structure was observed following high strains (ε~3.33) and the mechanical properties exhibited a marked increase in tensile strength.

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Birol, Yücel. "The Use of CrNiCo-Based Superalloy as Die Material in Semi-Solid Processing of Steels." Solid State Phenomena 141-143 (July 2008): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.141-143.289.

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Semi-solid processing of aluminium and magnesium alloys has matured to become a well established manufacturing route for the production of intricate, thin-walled parts with mechanical properties as good as forged grades. This innovative forming technology, however, still remains as a major challenge in the case of steels. One major limitation in the thixoforming of steels has been the lack of suitable tool materials which could withstand the complex load profile and significantly increased forming temperatures which promote chemical interaction between forming dies and liquid steel. For industrial application to be attractive, the lifetime of the thixoforming tools has to be sufficient to ensure the cost effectiveness of this technology. Forming experiments using conventional hot working tool steel as die material have shown massive wear and plastic deformation. Several alternatives including copper alloys, titanium-zirconium-molybdenum based high temperature application alloy TZM, graphite and ceramics with and without suitable ceramic coatings have been tested with limited success. An attempt was made in the present work to investigate the applicability of CrNiCo-based superalloy dies in small scale forming tests in an effort to contribute to the development of semi-solid processing of steels.

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Wernicke, Sebastian, Peter Sieczkarek, Soeren Gies, and A. Erman Tekkaya. "Properties of Components with Incrementally Formed Gears." Metals 9, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9050515.

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The process class of sheet-bulk metal forming (SBMF) involves several advantages for the manufacture of functional components. Its incremental variant (iSBMF) enables a very flexible dimensioning of components. To treat the unfavorable manufacturing time of the incremental approach, this investigation is focused on an alternative process route using rotating forming tools, which decrease the process time significantly. After an analysis of the mechanical properties as well as the micro- and macroscopic surface quality, a quasi-static benchmark test was performed. Normalized by the weight of the component, gears manufactured by iSBMF and BS600 steel presented the same load capacity as gears manufactured by blanking with subsequent hardening. Here, using innovative high strength steels with a significant strain hardening behavior like high manganese steels enables for weight-reduced gears.

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Beck, Tilmann, Marcus Klein, Marek Smaga, Frank Balle, and Dietmar Eifler. "Innovative Experimental Approaches and Physical Measurement Methods for Fatigue Monitoring and Life Assessment." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.205.

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The present contribution gives an overview on innovative methods to characterize cyclic deformation and lifetime behavior of metallic materials and hybrid joints based on high precision measurement of electrical resistance, temperature and magnetic properties during fatigue testing. General aim is to minimize the number of fatigue tests for reliable S-N curve calculation. Moreover, instrumented cyclic hardness tests allow short-time assessment of cyclic hardening in case of limited availability of test material. The methods are applied to a wide range of materials, from carbon steels, over cast iron and metastable austenitic steels to ultrasonically welded Al-alloy/polymer matrix composites.

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Elgoyhen, C., Annick De Paepe, A. Lucas, and Y. Hardy. "Innovative Annealing Techniques for the Production of Advanced High Strength Steels." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 4405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.4405.

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Nowadays, it is not evident to produce in a robust way cold rolled and annealed/galvanised high strength steels based on lean chemistries and with consistent mechanical properties over the coil length. The reasons behind this are first the low cooling rates available on the lines which require the use of a large amount of alloying elements for avoiding the unwanted phases such as the pearlite and secondly the difficult control of soaking temperature and time in a narrow range, resulting in a variable austenite content at the end of the soaking and then in a dispersion of the obtained mechanical properties. By considering high speed cooling technologies on a compact annealing/galvanizing line, this production becomes possible. After rapid heating by means of induction heating and short holding at a high soaking temperature, the strip is cooled down to an intermediate temperature, where it is held for a short period for obtaining a stable ferrite-austenite structure. Then it is rapidly cooled by means of cold water (Twice) in the case of a continuous annealing line or by the zinc quench process in the case of the galvanizing line. These rapid cooling equipments allow reaching high tensile strength levels with a significant reduction of the addition of expensive elements (Mn, Cr and Mo).

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Eliaz, Noam, and Oded Nissan. "Innovative processes for electropolishing of medical devices made of stainless steels." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 83A, no. 2 (2007): 546–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.31429.

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Lebedev, Vladimir, Alla Bespalova, Tatiana Chumachenko, Yevhen Omelchenko, and Tatiana Nikolaieva. "Cutting forces when grinding parts from martensite aging steels with highporous abrasive, borazon and diamond wheels." ScienceRise, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2313-8416.2021.002041.

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Object of research. The article investigates the cutting forces when grinding martensitic-aging steels with highly porous grinding wheels. The problem to be solved is the regularities of the change in the magnitude of the cutting forces when grinding maraging steels with highly porous CBN wheels. Main scientific results. The studies were performed on martensiticaging steel H8K18M14. As a result of the experiments, it was found that when grinding wheels made of materials such as electrocorundum, CBN (borazon) and diamond, a significant role is played by the values of the cutting force, which increase during processing. During the experiment it was found out: the cutting forces Py and Pz in the width of the allowable modes, which are most often used in circular and flat grinding, can reach the following values: with the structure of the wheel 26 come to values from 2.714N to 30.721 and with the structure of the wheel 40 come to values from 2.49N to 28.185N. Reducing the grain size of the wheel, let’s obtain the effect of increasing the energy costs of the grinding process, by increasing the magnitude of the cutting forces. If to compare the cutting forces that occur when grinding different wheels, it is possible to note the following: in comparison with electrocorundum wheels when using wheels with KNB cutting forces are reduced by 20-25 %, and when grinding with diamond wheels, the effect of cutting forces is reduced by 25 - 30 %. When grinding with highly porous wheels, the cutting force is 15-20 % higher than when grinding with wheels of normal porosity. The area of practical use of research results-grinding technology for maraging steels. Innovative technological product – relationship between processing modes and the magnitude of cutting forces when grinding maraging steels. Scope of application of an innovative technological product-mechanical engineering technology

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Bhadeshia, H. "Phase transformations contributing to the properties of modern steels." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences 58, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10175-010-0024-4.

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Phase transformations contributing to the properties of modern steelsThe role of phase transformation theory in contributing to the development of innovative steels is assessed, focusing on examples where the relationship is transparent. Virtually all of the major transformations, ranging from those which necessarily involve diffusion, to others where the change in crystal structure is achieved by a deformation, are considered.

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Rosalbino, F., G. Scavino, and G. Mortarino. "Electrochemical corrosion behaviour of innovative mould steels in a chloride-containing environment." Materials and Corrosion 63, no. 2 (July 30, 2010): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.201005794.

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Gobber, Federico Simone, Jana Bidulská, Alessandro Fais, Róbert Bidulský, and Marco Actis Grande. "Innovative Densification Process of a Fe-Cr-C Powder Metallurgy Steel." Metals 11, no. 4 (April 19, 2021): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11040665.

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In this study, the efficacy of an innovative ultra-fast sintering technique called electro-sinter-forging (ESF) was evaluated in the densification of Fe-Cr-C steel. Although ESF proved to be effective in densifying several different metallic materials and composites, it has not yet been applied to powder metallurgy Fe-Cr-C steels. Pre-alloyed Astaloy CrM powders have been ad-mixed with either graphite or graphene and then processed by ESF. By properly tuning the process parameters, final densities higher than 99% were obtained. Mechanical properties such as hardness and transverse rupture strength (TRS) were tested on samples produced by employing different process parameters and then submitted to different post-treatments (machining, heat treatment). A final transverse rupture strength up to 1340 ± 147 MPa was achieved after heat treatment, corresponding to a hardness of 852 ± 41 HV. The experimental characterization highlighted that porosity is the main factor affecting the samples’ mechanical resistance, correlating linearly with the transverse rupture strength. Conversely, it is not possible to establish a similar interdependency between hardness and mechanical resistance, since porosity has a higher effect on the final properties.

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Sun, Wei Ping. "Microstructure and Property Characteristics of CSP^®-Produced Advanced High Strength Steels." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 2830–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.2830.

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The recent major achievements obtained during the development of advanced high strength steels (AHSS) at Nucor Corporation are briefly described in this article. Due to the innovative chemistry designs as well as strictly controlled thermomechanical schedules at CSP® and down-stream processing, these newly developed AHSS products possess fine, uniform microstructure, and exhibit higher strength-elongation balance, better formability and stretch flangeability, improved impact toughness and crashworthiness, as well as superior weldability and weld fatigue properties. Moreover, the property consistency of these innovative AHSS has been markedly improved.

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Militzer, Matthias, Thomas Garcin, and Warren J. Poole. "In Situ Measurements of Grain Growth and Recrystallization by Laser Ultrasonics." Materials Science Forum 753 (March 2013): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.753.25.

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Laser ultrasonics for metallurgy (LUMet) is an innovative sensor technology for in-situ measurement of microstructure evolution during thermomechanical processing. This unique sensor has been attached to a Gleeble 3500 thermomechanical simulator for dedicated laboratory studies during processing of steel, aluminum, magnesium and titanium samples. Advanced processing software has been developed for the measurement of grain size and texture evolution from laser ultrasonic signals. Results of austenite grain growth measurements in low carbon steels will be described to demonstrate the capabilities of the LUMet technique. Further, applications of the system to measure recrystallization of ferrite and austenite formation during intercritical annealing simulations of dual phase steels will be presented. The ability to rapidly acquire data both during a single test and for multiple conditions over a range of conditions from different samples has important implications on expediting process modelling and alloy design. Although certain limitations exist, the LUMet technique offers a very reliable characterization platform with a number of potential applications in metallurgical process engineering.

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Veljkovic, Milan, and Jonas Gozzi. "Use of Duplex Stainless Steel in Economic Design of a Pressure Vessel." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 129, no. 1 (May 10, 2006): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2389034.

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Pressure vessels have been used for a long time in various applications in oil, chemical, nuclear, and power industries. Although high-strength steels have been available in the last three decades, there are still some provisions in design codes that preclude a full exploitation of its properties. This was recognized by the European Equipment Industry and an initiative to improve economy and safe use of high-strength steels in the pressure vessel design was expressed in the evaluation report (Szusdziara, S., and McAllista, S., EPERC Report No. (97)005, Nov. 11, 1997). Duplex stainless steel (DSS) has a mixed structure which consists of ferrite and austenite stainless steels, with austenite between 40% and 60%. The current version of the European standard for unfired pressure vessels EN 13445:2002 contains an innovative design procedure based on Finite Element Analysis (FEA), called Design by Analysis-Direct Route (DBA-DR). According to EN 13445:2002 duplex stainless steels should be designed as a ferritic stainless steels. Such statement seems to penalize the DSS grades for the use in unfired pressure vessels (Bocquet, P., and Hukelmann, F., 2001, EPERC Bulletin, No. 5). The aim of this paper is to present an investigation performed by Luleå University of Technology within the ECOPRESS project (2000-2003) (http://www.ecopress.org), indicating possibilities towards economic design of pressure vessels made of the EN 1.4462, designation according to the European standard EN 10088-1 Stainless steels. The results show that FEA with von Mises yield criterion and isotropic hardening describe the material behaviour with a good agreement compared to tests and that 5% principal strain limit is too low and 12% is more appropriate.

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Ritola, Ville, Juha Pyykkönen, David Martin, Pasi Suikkanen, and Magnus Carlsson. "Novel Hot-Rolled Structural Plate Steels with Yield Strength of 700 Mpa and Excellent Usability." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.170.

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Hot rolled structural plate steels with yield strength of 700 MPa are an excellent choice for a variety of demanding applications that require excellent toughness and welding properties. SSAB has developed novel hot-rolled plate steels that are produced using precision controlled rolling and an innovative cooling and tempering strategy that ensures invariable mechanical properties in the width and the length directions of the plate. The recently developed steel meets or exceeds the requirements of EN 10025-6 for the S690QL grade. The minimum yield strength (ReH) is between 630 MPa and 690 MPa depending on plate the thickness, and the interval of tensile strength is 760 - 940 MPa, while the minimum elongation at fracture is 14 %. Further, an impact energy of 69 J at-40 °C on transverse V-notch specimen is guaranteed. The novel grades represent superior bendability and surface quality, weldability with excellent HAZ strength and toughness with very low CET and CEV values, exceptional consistency of properties within a plate guaranteed by close tolerances. In addition to the excellent formability, the novel hot rolled steels exhibit greatly improved toughness properties which provides for good resistance to fracture. These outstanding properties are achieved through carefully controlled manufacturing processes. In the present study, a sophisticated recrystallization based hot rolling process optimization method is presented. With the final aim to improve the impact toughness of the novel steel, recrystallization analyses and modelling of austenite grain size development through the rolling pass schedule is performed.

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Węgrzyn, Tomasz, Tadeusz Szymczak, Bożena Szczucka-Lasota, and Bogusław Łazarz. "MAG Welding Process with Micro-Jet Cooling as the Effective Method for Manufacturing Joints for S700MC Steel." Metals 11, no. 2 (February 5, 2021): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11020276.

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Advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) steels are relatively not very well weldable because of the dominant martensitic structure with coarse ferrite and bainite. The utmost difficulty in welding these steels is their tendency to crack both in the heat affected zone (HAZ) and in weld. The significant disadvantage is that the strength of the welded joint is much lower in comparison to base material. Adopting the new technology regarding micro-jet cooling (MJC) after welding with micro-jet cooling could be the way to steer the microstructure of weld metal deposit. Welding with micro-jet cooling might be treated as a very promising welding S700MC steel process. Tensile and fatigue tests were mainly carried out as the main destructive experiments for examining the weld. Also bending probes, metallographic structure analysis, and some non-destructive measurements were performed. The welds were created using innovative technology by MAG welding with micro-jet cooling. The paper aims to verify the fatigue and tensile properties of the thin-walled S700MC steel structure after welding with various parameters of micro-cooling. For the first time, micro-jet cooling was used to weld S700MC steel in order to check the proper mechanical properties of the joint. The main results are processed in the form of the Wöhler’s S–N curves (alternating stress versus number cycles to failure).

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Jansto, Steven. "The Integration of Process and Product Metallurgy in Niobium Bearing Steels." Metals 8, no. 9 (August 28, 2018): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8090671.

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A review of the technological integration of both the process and physical metallurgical advancements of value-added niobium (Nb) microalloyed thermo-mechanical controlled process (TMCP) steels have evolved into the development of higher quality steels for more demanding end user requirements. The connection of process and physical metallurgy is evolving through the integration of research that is aimed at improving product quality. However, often the connection of the process metallurgical parameters is not reported, especially with industrial data. The importance of this innovative metallurgical connection is validated by the market demand for reduced fuel consumption, improved quality, and CO2 emissions in both the automotive and construction sectors. This situation has further increased the demand for new higher quality Nb-bearing steel grades. This integrative process/physical metallurgical (IP/PM) approach applies to both low and high strength steel grades in numerous applications. Often, the transition from laboratory melted and TMCP to the production scale is challenging. The methodology, process control, and key production steps that are required during the melting, ladle metallurgy, continuous casting, thermal, and hot rolling production conditions often vary significantly from the laboratory conditions. Understanding the reasons and corrective action for these variations is a critical product development success factor. These process metallurgy parameters for the industrial melting, casting, reheating, and hot rolling of Nb grades are connected and correlated to the resultant microstructures, physical metallurgy, and mechanical properties. These advanced high strength steels are microalloyed with Nb, V, Ti and/or other elements, which affect the austenite-ferrite transformation. Niobium enables the achievement of substantial grain refinement when the plate or sheet is rolled with the proper reheat, hot reduction, and thermal schedule. A recently developed key metallurgical transition is in progress applying this integrative approach with the use of MicroNiobium. A reduction of Mn and C levels with the complementary refinement of the microstructural grain size through MicroNiobium additions improves the robustness of the steel to better accommodate some process metallurgy variations. Applications are evolving in lower strength steels with Nb to achieve complementary grain refinement.

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Chen, Y., Y. Shi, H. Xie, Z. Wu, X. Jiang, T. Bell, and H. Dong. "SURFACE ENGINEERING OF STEELS BY PLASMA IMMERSION ION IMPLANTATION AND RELATED INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUES." Surface Engineering 12, no. 2 (January 1996): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sur.1996.12.2.137.

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Siegl, Jan, Petr Haušild, Adam Janča, Radim Kopřiva, and Miloš Kytka. "Characterisation of Mechanical Properties by Small Punch Test." Key Engineering Materials 606 (March 2014): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.606.15.

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The specific desired properties for structures and components working in critical environments (e.g. different structure parts of power plants) require current information about degradation processes coming out in materials. Obtaining of this information by the help of the classical tests of mechanical properties (tensile test, Charpy test, fracture toughness test, creep test etc.) is very limited namely in the case of nuclear power plants pressure vessel. Hence, the new innovative techniques based on miniaturized specimens have been developed for evaluation of mechanical properties and their changes. One of very promising techniques is Small Punch Test. Present paper deals with characterization of three different steels (15Ch2MFA, 10GN2MFA with different heat treatment and steel O8Ch18NT10 with various degree of deformation).

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GOU, Rui-bin, Wen-jiao DAN, Wei-gang ZHANG, and Min YU. "Prediction on the Mechanical and Forming Behaviors of Ferrite-Martensite Dual Phase Steels Based on a Flow Model." Materials Science 26, no. 4 (August 17, 2020): 401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.26.4.22104.

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An innovative flow model incorporating the mixture hardening law, anisotropic yield function, and incremental strain formulations was elaborated and applied to DP590 ferrite-martensite dual phase steel. To verify the flow model, both the macro/micro stress-strain responses and the forming patterns of DP590 steel with different martentite contents were simulated during the processes of the cup deep-drawing and the unconstrained cylindrical bending to evaluate the influence of martensite content on the mechanical and forming behavior of the steel. It was found that maternsite content has a significant impact on the macro/micromechanical and forming behavior of the steel, i.e., the ferrite and steel effective stresses and the effective macro/micro-strain distribution in the cup. Under the unconstrained cylindrical bending, the simulated effective maximum macro/micro-strains were in good agreement with the calculated results from the mixture law-based model. It was concluded that the Buaschinger effect is the main reason for an 8 % error between the simulated and experimental results. The flow model was proved to predict the macro/micro flow and forming behavior of the dual phase steels with a good accuracy.

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Foydl, Annika, Insa Pfeiffer, Matthias Kammler, Daniel Pietzka, Thorsten Matthias, Andreas Jäger, A. Erman Tekkaya, and Bernd Arno Behrens. "Manufacturing of Steel-Reinforced Aluminum Products by Combining Hot Extrusion and Closed-Die Forging." Key Engineering Materials 504-506 (February 2012): 481–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.504-506.481.

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Aluminum matrix composite extrusions reinforced with wires made of high strength stainless steel represent an innovative material concept for lightweight structures. The use of reinforcing elements should improve the mechanical properties and the performance of lightweight structures. This study deals with the process chain of extrusion and die forging to manufacture steel-reinforced products. The production of discontinuously-reinforced, semi-finished aluminum profiles by co-extrusion is in focus on the extrusion part. The material flow is analysed in order to understand, and further to influence, where the steel-reinforcements are appear in the strand. For the forging part the extruded profiles are continuous-reinforced by means of steel wires as well as partially by means of steels elements. For the process design the geometry of the forging die cavity and the material flow are of vital importance. A Finite Element Analysis is carried out in order to predict the position of the elements in the forging parts depending on the position in the extrusions.

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Kaščák, Ľuboš, Emil Spišák, Janka Majerníková, and René Kubík. "Clinching of Dual-Phase Steels as an Alternative to Resistance Spot Welding." Materials Science Forum 919 (April 2018): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.919.68.

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Resistance spot welding is the dominant method for joining the materials in the car body production. Progressive materials are being developed to improve the car’s fuel consumption and the safety of passengers as well. Advanced high strength dual-phase steels are such materials. Despite of the dominancy of resistance spot welding in car body production, innovative methods are being developed to reduce the joining time, process costs and improve the load-bearing capacity of a particular joint. Mechanical clinching is such process. The research focused on the evaluation of the possibility of clinching as an alternative method to the resistance spot welding. Experimental samples were prepared from dual-phase steel sheets DP600. The samples were tested by uniaxial tensile test, microhardness test and metallographic observations. Both joining methods have advantages and disadvantages which could destine them for specific utilization. Clinching joining is a progressive, fast and low-cost technique, but the joint’s load-bearing capacity is lower when compared to resistance spot weld.

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37

Pitz, M., and Marion Merklein. "FE Simulation of Laser Assisted Bending." Advanced Materials Research 6-8 (May 2005): 745–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.6-8.745.

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Steel has a long tradition and is used in nearly every application. In order to be able to compete with other lightweight materials over and over again new steel grades are developed. Interesting steel grades, which are especially suitable for the lightweight construction in the automotive industry, are the multi-phase steels. Multi-phase steels reach already yield strengths over 1000 MPa. This is a challenge for the production engineering. Drawing, forming and cutting tools must be stiff and hard and/or coated, lubricants have to decrease friction to avoid damages induced by the high surface pressures. The designers have to consider the small forming capability by large radii or reduced drawing depths. To overcome these disadvantages new, innovative forming processes, e.g. laser assisted bending or roll forming, have to be developed. In the forming technique it is known that the forming limits can be increased by warm forming. But the conventional heating systems may cause unwanted changes of the material regarding to the structure and the mechanical properties. In the case of multi-phase steels e.g. the hard phases martensite and bainit can be transformed into ferrite and therefore the yield stresses can be changed clearly. In contrast to this laser assisted bending minimizes structural changes due to the local heating of the forming area. Beside the advantage, that only a small area of the bending part is exposed with a thermal load, the heating up with the laser permits high heating rates and also a controlling of the heating and cooling rates, so that the heating and cooling can be adapted to the material and its properties. In the context of this paper parameter studies with FE simulations of the laser assisted bending process are presented.

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Wang, Li Min, Tian Rui Zhou, Li Juan Wang, and Xiao Ling Yang. "Investigation on the Numerical Simulation of Hot Stamping of Advanced High Strength Steels." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 2144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.2144.

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Hot stamping represents an innovative manufacturing process for forming of advanced high strength steels, implying a sheet at austenite temperature being rapidly cooled down and formed into a die at the same time (quenching). This affords the opportunity to manufacture components with complex geometric shapes, high strength and a minimum of springback which currently find applications as crash relevant components in the automotive industry. With regard to the numerical modeling of the process, the knowledge of thermal and thermo-mechanical properties of the material is required. The material model under hot stamping condition of advanced high strength steel should be set up. The Finite Element Analysis is an essential precondition for a good process design including all process parameters. This paper presents the finite element simulation of a hot stamping process and describes a number of procedures for the simulation of hot stamping. In addition, the development direction is pointed out at the end of this paper.

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Gu, Yu, Li-Ming Yang, Jie Chen, Ling-Ling Wang, and Bin Chen. "Hydrogel-swelling driven delivery device for corrosion resistance of metal in water." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 12 (September 1, 2015): 2270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.451.

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Corrosion on steel and copper pipes in industry can trigger pollution and weakness due to undesired chemical and biochemical reactions. Too much or too little inhibitor can decrease its efficiency, even causing waste and pollution. In this contribution, an innovative delivery device driven by hydrogel swelling, mainly consisting of a semi-permeable membrane, a hydrogel-swelling force drive and a release orifice, was developed to control the release of inhibitor in a water system at a constant rate, leading the amount of inhibitor to maintain a proper concentration. The effects of hydrogel mass and orifice dimension on release property were studied for controlling release rate. Moreover, a weight loss experiment on carbon steels was carried out to show the incredible anti-corrosion function of the system.

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Bublíková, Dagmar, Štěpán Jeníček, Josef Káňa, and Ivan Vorel. "Effects of Cooling Rate in an Innovative Heat Treatment Route for High-Strength Steels." Manufacturing Technology 18, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21062/ujep/46.2018/a/1213-2489/mt/18/1/16.

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41

Blawert, C. "Plasma immersion ion implantation: innovative technology for surface treatment of stainless steels: Third Prize." Surface Engineering 15, no. 2 (April 1999): 154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026708499101516371.

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42

Caballero, F. G., M. K. Miller, and C. Garcia-Mateo. "Opening previously impossible avenues for phase transformation in innovative steels by atom probe tomography." Materials Science and Technology 30, no. 9 (January 27, 2014): 1034–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743284714y.0000000512.

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43

de Oro Calderon, Raquel, Maryam Jaliliziyaeian, John Dunkley, Christian Gierl-Mayer, and Herbert Danninger. "New Chances for the Masteralloy Approach." Powder Metallurgy Progress 18, no. 2 (November 1, 2018): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pmp-2018-0014.

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Abstract The Masteralloy (MA) alloying route has a great potential for reducing the alloying costs in sintered steels, while allowing the introduction of innovative alloying systems. However, in order to achieve an efficient use of the alloying elements, the particle sizes needed are often below 25 µm, which means that for standard gas atomization a significant fraction of the batch has to be discarded or at least recycled. This work evaluates the performance of steels containing MA powders obtained with a novel atomization technique (Ultra-High-Pressure Water atomization) that allows the production of low-cost powders with low oxygen contents, rounded morphologies and mean particle sizes as low as 6 microns. Mechanical properties, dimensional variations and interstitial contents were measured in steels containing different MA compositions sintered at either 1120 °C or1250 ºC in N2-5H2 atmospheres. Already with less than 3 wt.% of alloying elements these steels present excellent combinations of properties, reaching strength levels of 560-915 MPa and hardness 220-260 HV10, combined with elongations of 1.3-3.2% and impact energies around 20-30 J/cm2.

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Franceschi, Mattia, Luca Pezzato, Claudio Gennari, Alberto Fabrizi, Marina Polyakova, Dmitry Konstantinov, Katya Brunelli, and Manuele Dabalà. "Effect of Intercritical Annealing and Austempering on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a High Silicon Manganese Steel." Metals 10, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 1448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10111448.

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High Silicon Austempered steels (AHSS) are materials of great interest due to their excellent combination of high strength, ductility, toughness, and limited costs. These steel grades are characterized by a microstructure consisting of ferrite and bainite, accompanied by a high quantity retained austenite (RA). The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of an innovative heat treatment, consisting of intercritical annealing at 780 °C and austempering at 400 °C for 30 min, on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a novel high silicon steel (0.43C-3.26Si-2.72Mn wt.%). The microstructure was characterized by optical and electron microscopy and XRD analysis. Hardness and tensile tests were performed. A multiphase ferritic-martensitic microstructure was obtained. A hardness of 426 HV and a tensile strength of 1650 MPa were measured, with an elongation of 4.5%. The results were compared with those ones obtained with annealing and Q&T treatments.

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45

Campos, Mónica, José M. Torralba, Raquel de Oro, Elena Bernardo, and Andrea Galán-Salazar. "New Opportunities for Low Alloy Steels—Master Alloys for Liquid Phase Sintering." Metals 11, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11010176.

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The Master-alloy (MA) alloy route to promote a liquid phase during sintering has great potential to reduce costs in low alloyed sintered steels, meanwhile enabling the introduction of innovative alloy systems with Cr, Mn and Si. However, in order to successfully modify the performance of steels, multi requirements must be met, including, for example, solubility with the base material, compatibility with the usual sintering atmospheres, homogeneous distribution of the powdered master alloy in the material and the control of secondary porosity. Efforts have been made to properly design the composition of MA, to identify the reducing agents and to understand how they affect the wetting and liquid spreading all over the sintered part. This work reviews these key aspects for the efficient development of steels and explores the possibility to achieve a composition that can act as liquid former or as sinter braze adapting its use to the component requirement.

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46

Bublíková, Dagmar, Štěpán Jeníček, Michal Peković, and Hana Jirková. "NEW TREATMENT ROUTE FOR CLOSED-DIE FORGINGS OF STEELS WITH 2.5% MANGANESE." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 24, no. 2 (June 28, 2018): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.12776/ams.v24i2.1053.

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<p>The requirements placed on closed-die-forged parts of advanced steels have been increasing recently. Such forgings demand an innovative approach to both design and heat treatment. It is important to obtain high strength and sufficient ductility in closed-die forgings. High strength, mostly associated with martensitic microstructure, is often to the detriment of ductility. Ductility can be improved by incorporating a certain volume fraction of retained austenite in the resulting microstructure. Among heat treatment processes capable of producing martensite and retained austenite, there is the Q&P process (Quenching and Partitioning). This process is characterized by rapid cooling from the soaking temperature to the quenching temperature, which is between Ms and Mf, and subsequent reheating and holding at the partitioning temperature. Thus, strength levels of more than 2000 MPa combined with more than 10% elongation can be obtained. This experimental programme involved steels with 2.5% manganese. Forgings of these steels were heat treated using an innovative process in order to obtain an ultimate strength of more than 2000 MPa combined with sufficient elongation. Thanks to a higher manganese level, the Mf was depressed as low as 78°C, and therefore quenching was carried out not only in air but also in boiling water. Holding at the partitioning temperature of 180°C, when carbon migrates from super-saturated martensite to retained austenite, took place in a furnace. The effects of heat treatment parameters on the resulting mechanical properties and microstructure evolution in various locations of the forging were studied.</p>

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Vereschaka, Alexey, Boris Mokritskii, Alexey Krapostin, Nikolay Sitnikov, and Gaik Oganyan. "Improvement reliability of cutting ceramic through use of damping system and nanostructured multilayered composite coatings." Mechanics & Industry 19, no. 6 (2018): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/meca/2018053.

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This paper considers new avenues of improving the efficiency of machining hardened steels using damping devices and nanostructured multilayered composite coatings deposited on ceramic cutting tools with innovative arc-PVD processes with filtration of vapor-ion flow. A developed technology allows reducing peak stresses arising during cutting-in and providing improved reliability of ceramic tools. It is observed that the formation of modifying coatings on an edge ceramic tool in machining of hardened steels with HRC > 50 under the conditions of damping can reduce the coefficient of tool failure variation down to 0.3, and that improves the ability to predict failure of ceramic tools and allows recommending ceramic tools for the use in automated production.

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Gläsner, Thorsten, Christina Sunderkötter, Armin Plath, Wolfram Volk, Hartmut Hoffmann, and Roland Golle. "Methods to Decrease Cut Edge Sensitivity of High Strength Steels." Key Engineering Materials 611-612 (May 2014): 1294–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.611-612.1294.

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The edge cracking sensitivity of AHSS and UHSS is quite challenging in the cold forming process. Expanding cut holes during flanging operations is rather common in automotive components. During these flanging operations the pierced hole is stretched that its diameter is increased. These flanging operations stretch material that has already been subjected to large amounts of plastic deformation, therefore forming problems may occur. An innovative cutting process decreases micro cracks in the cutting surface and facilitates the subsequent cold forming process. That cutting process consists of two stages, which produces close dimensional tolerance and smooth edges. As a result the hole expanding ratio was increased by nearly 100% when using thick high strength steels for suspension components

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Novikov, V. F., K. R. Muratov, R. A. Sokolov, and V. P. Ustinov. "Determination of the corrosion resistance of low alloyed steels by magnetic method." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 86, no. 5 (May 22, 2020): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2020-86-5-31-36.

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An innovative method of measuring and control of the steel corrosion rate by changing magnetic characteristics is developed. The impact of heat treatment on the corrosion rate of the samples of high-carbon steels (maximum corrosion loss is observed at a tempering temperature of 400°C) is attributed to the appearance of micro-galvanic pairs (MGP) between the phase components of the material. MGP undergo redistribution under heat treatment thus changing conditions of the galvanic current flow. The structural phase composition, in turn, determines the magnetic properties of steel and correlation between the magnetic properties and corrosiveness. The goal of the study is demonstration of the possibility and expediency of using the magnetic parameters of steel for determination of the steel corrosion rate. A close correlation dependence is observed between the coercive force and the electrochemical potential (relative to the silver chloride electrode) which are direct indicators of the corrosiveness. Case study of a pipeline made of 09G2S steel along which change in the coercive force attained 25% revealed rather high risk of developing micro-galvanic pairs. A rapid method of scanning magnetic parameters is proposed to detect potentially corrosive zones. A multi-parameter approach can be used to solve the problem of the ambiguity of the relationship between the corrosiveness and magnetic parameters. Harmonic decomposition of magnetic hysteresis loops of 45Kh steel samples is used to obtain a number of odd harmonics. Some of them weakly correlate with the corrosion loss, whereas complexes of several harmonics correlate to a greater extent. The results can be used in technical diagnostics and prediction of the corrosion activity of steel structures before their operation. The results can be used in technical diagnostics and forecasting of the corrosiveness of steel structures prior to their operation.

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Ferraris, Luca, Fausto Franchini, Emir Pošković, Marco Actis Grande, and Róbert Bidulský. "Effect of the Temperature on the Magnetic and Energetic Properties of Soft Magnetic Composite Materials." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 21, 2021): 4400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154400.

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In recent years, innovative magnetic materials have been introduced in the field of electrical machines. In the ambit of soft magnetic materials, laminated steels guarantee good robustness and high magnetic performance but, in some high-frequency applications, can be replaced by Soft Magnetic Composite (SMC) materials. SMC materials allow us to reduce the eddy currents and to design innovative 3D magnetic circuits. In general, SMCs are characterized at room temperature, but as electrical machines operate at high temperature (around 100 °C), an investigation analysis of the temperature effect has been carried out on these materials; in particular, three SMC samples with different binder percentages and process parameters have been considered for magnetic and energetic characterization.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Innovative steels'

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