Academic literature on the topic 'Inoculum source'
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Journal articles on the topic "Inoculum source"
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Fleming, AI, ER Williams, and JW Turnbull. "Growth and Nodulation of Provenances of Casuarina cunninghamiana Inoculated With a Range of Frankia Sources." Australian Journal of Botany 36, no. 2 (1988): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9880171.
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Seed and root nodules (for use as a Frankia inoculum) collected from 18 provenances of Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq. were used in a complete cross-inoculation experiment conducted in a glasshouse. The provenances covered the geographical range of the species and represented major river systems. They were arranged a priori into five groups according to geographical location. Seventeen of the inocula were effective on seed from all provenances; one inoculum failed to nodulate seedlings from any provenance. Inoculum source, seed source and their interaction all affected plant growth. Greatest shoot weight was obtained with seed and inoculum combinations from similar geographical regions, particularly northern inocula with northern seed sources and southern inocula with southern seed sources. When averaged over all seed sources northern inocula were the most generally effective in promoting plant growth. In contrast, when averaged over all inoculum sources, southern seed sources grew best. These results demonstrate the potential for improving the effectiveness of the C. cunninghamiana-Frankia association in forestry by selection of the symbiotic partners.
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Keller, Melissa D., Katrina D. Waxman, Gary C. Bergstrom, and David G. Schmale. "Local Distance of Wheat Spike Infection by Released Clones of Gibberella zeae Disseminated from Infested Corn Residue." Plant Disease 94, no. 9 (September 2010): 1151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-9-1151.
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Knowledge of the movement of Gibberella zeae (Fusarium graminearum) from a local source of inoculum in infested cereal debris is critical to the management of Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat. Previous spatial dissemination and infection studies were unable to completely distinguish the contributions of released inocula from those of background inocula. Clones of G. zeae were released and recaptured in five wheat fields in New York and Virginia in 2007 and 2008. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms were used to track and unambiguously identify the released clones in heterogeneous populations of the fungus recovered from infected wheat spikes collected at 0, 3, 6, and ≥24 m from small-area sources of infested corn residues. The percent recovery of the released clones decreased significantly at fairly short distances from the inoculum sources. Isolates of G. zeae recovered at 0, 3, 6, and ≥24 m from the center of source areas shared 65, 19, 13, and 5% of the genotypes of the released clones, respectively. More importantly, the incidence of spike infection attributable to released clones averaged 15, 2, 1, and <1% at 0, 3, 6, and ≥24 m from source areas, respectively. Spike infection attributable to released clones decreased an average of 90% between 3 and 6 m from area sources of inoculum, and the spike infection potential of inocula dispersed at this range did not differ significantly from background sources. Our data suggest that FHB field experiments including a cereal debris variable should incorporate debris-free borders and interplots of at least 3 m and preferably 6 m to avoid significant interplot interference from spores originating from within-field debris.
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Srinivasan, R., and J. M. Alvarez. "Hairy Nightshade as a Potential Potato leafroll virus (Luteoviridae: Polerovirus) Inoculum Source in Pacific Northwest Potato Ecosystems." Phytopathology® 98, no. 9 (September 2008): 985–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-98-9-0985.
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Hairy nightshade, Solanum sarrachoides, is a solanaceous weed found abundantly in Pacific Northwest potato ecosystems. It serves as a reservoir for one of the important potato viruses, Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) (Luteoviridae: Polerovirus), and its most important vector, the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae). Laboratory research indicated an increased green peach aphid settling and performance on S. sarrachoides than on potato. It also revealed that green peach aphids transmitted PLRV more efficiently from S. sarrachoides to potato than from potato to potato. To test the efficiency of S. sarrachoides as an inoculum source in the field, a two season (2004 and 2005) trial was conducted at Kimberly, Idaho. Two inoculum sources, PLRV-infected potato and PLRV-infected S. sarrachoides, were compared in this trial. Green peach aphid density and temporal and spatial PLRV spread were monitored at weekly intervals. Higher densities of green peach aphids were observed on plots with S. sarrachoides and inoculum sources (PLRV-infected S. sarrachoides and potato) than on plots without S. sarrachoides and inoculum sources. PLRV infection in plots with PLRV-infected S. sarrachoides was similar to or slightly higher than in plots with PLRV-infected potato as an inoculum source. Temporal and spatial PLRV spread was similar in plots with either inoculum source. Thus, S. sarrachoides is as efficient as or a better PLRV inoculum source than potato.
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Moreno-Andrade, I., and G. Buitrón. "Influence of the origin of the inoculum on the anaerobic biodegradability test." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0017.
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Five different sources of inocula were studied to determine its influence on biodegradability tests. Inocula were characterized determining granulometry, specific methanogenic activity, solids content, and volumetric sludge index. Also, the fermentative, aceticlastic, hydrogenophilic, OPHA, and sulfate-reducing groups were determined by the most probable number technique. Anaerobic biodegradability tests were conducted with two different substrates, one easy to degrade (glucose) and a toxic one (phenol). The best performance, in terms of percent of biodegradation and lag time, for both substrates, was obtained with the inoculum from a brewery industry UASB. The results can be explained in terms of the initial activity of the inoculum. The influence of the significant variations found in the specific methanogenic activity of the five inocula studied is discussed, in terms of the microbial composition of the samples. The results emphasized the importance of the selection of an appropriate source of inoculum in order to obtain reliable results.
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Liu, Tong, Li Sun, Åke Nordberg, and Anna Schnürer. "Substrate-Induced Response in Biogas Process Performance and Microbial Community Relates Back to Inoculum Source." Microorganisms 6, no. 3 (August 5, 2018): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms6030080.
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This study investigated whether biogas reactor performance, including microbial community development, in response to a change in substrate composition is influenced by initial inoculum source. For the study, reactors previously operated with the same grass–manure mixture for more than 120 days and started with two different inocula were used. These reactors initially showed great differences depending on inoculum source, but eventually showed similar performance and overall microbial community structure. At the start of the present experiment, the substrate was complemented with milled feed wheat, added all at once or divided into two portions. The starting hypothesis was that process performance depends on initial inoculum source and microbial diversity, and thus that reactor performance is influenced by the feeding regime. In response to the substrate change, all reactors showed increases and decreases in volumetric and specific methane production, respectively. However, specific methane yield and development of the microbial community showed differences related to the initial inoculum source, confirming the hypothesis. However, the different feeding regimes had only minor effects on process performance and overall community structure, but still induced differences in the cellulose-degrading community and in cellulose degradation.
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Kiniry, James R., Caroline E. Arthur, Katherine M. Banick, Felix B. Fritschi, Yanqi Wu, and Christine V. Hawkes. "Effects of Plant-Soil Feedback on Switchgrass Productivity Related to Microbial Origin." Agronomy 10, no. 12 (November 26, 2020): 1860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10121860.
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A great deal of effort has been applied to maximizing switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) production for bioenergy by leveraging existing local adaptation to climate and via nutrient management in this perennial grass crop. However, the biotic component of soils can also affect plant production and long-term suitability at a given site. Here, we tested how productivity of four switchgrass cultivars were affected by four microbial sources from the Great Plains. All inoculum soil sources were previously conditioned by a mixture of switchgrass cultivars, allowing us to explicitly address plant-soil feedback effects. Microbial soil inocula were added to a consistent background soil to avoid physicochemical variation across the sources. We found that the soil microbial inoculum source mattered more than cultivar in determining switchgrass biomass. The addition of microbes resulted in smaller plants, with the largest plants found on control soils with no inoculum, but some inocula were less negative than others. There was no geographic matching between cultivars and soil microbial inoculum, suggesting little local adaptation to the biotic component of soils. In addition, measurements of fungal root colonization suggest that fungi are not responsible for the observed patterns. Based on these results, we suggest that switchgrass cultivation could benefit from considering effects of the soil biota. Additional work is needed to generalize these patterns over time, to a wider geographic area, and to a broader range of cultivars.
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Wegulo, S. N., P. Sun, C. A. Martinson, and X. B. Yang. "Spread of Sclerotinia stem rot of soybean from area and point sources of apothecial inoculum." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 80, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 389–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p99-015.
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Field experiments were conducted from 1995 to 1998 to quantify the spread of ascospores of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the causal agent of Sclerotinia stem rot of soybean. Incidence of Sclerotinia stem rot measured in a soybean field adjacent to a corn field naturally infested with S. sclerotiorum (area source) was highest close to the area source and decreased with distance from the area source. Disease gradients in the soybean field were described nearly equally well by the exponential model, power law model, and logit-log model. Disease incidence in transects in non-infested areas of a soybean field increased with distance from the edges of soybean and corn area sources of inoculum, reached a maximum at 10–12 and 18–20 m, respectively, from the edges of the inoculum area sources, then decreased in a manner characteristic of the disease gradient curve between 10–12 and 32 m, and 18–20 and 44 m from the edges of the area sources. In soybean plots, disease incidence decreased with distance from point sources of apothecial inoculum. The results from these studies suggest 1) the potential for field to field dispersal of S. sclerotiorum, and 2) that the majority of ascospores of S. sclerotiorum are deposited close to the source (apothecia). Where a concentrated area or point source of S. sclerotiorum inoculum exists, the general exponential model may provide good fits to Sclerotinia stem rot gradient data. Key words: Apothecial inoculum, disease gradients, logit-log model, power law model, simple exponential model
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Prussin, Aaron J., Qing Li, Rimy Malla, Shane D. Ross, and David G. Schmale. "Monitoring the Long-Distance Transport of Fusarium graminearum from Field-Scale Sources of Inoculum." Plant Disease 98, no. 4 (April 2014): 504–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-13-0664-re.
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The fungus Fusarium graminearum causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat. Little is known about dispersal of the fungus from field-scale sources of inoculum. We monitored the movement of a clonal isolate of F. graminearum from a 3,716 m2 (0.372 ha) source of inoculum over two field seasons. Ground-based collection devices were placed at distances of 0 (in the source), 100, 250, 500, 750, and 1,000 m from the center of the clonal sources of inoculum. Three polymorphic microsatellites were used to identify the released clone from 1,027 isolates (790 in 2011 and 237 in 2012) of the fungus. Results demonstrated that the recovery of the released clone decreased at greater distances from the source. The majority (87%, 152/175 in 2011; 77%, 74/96 in 2012) of the released clone was recaptured during the night (1900 to 0700). The released clone was recovered up to 750 m from the source. Recovery of the released clone followed a logistic regression model and was significant (P < 0.041 for all slope term scenarios) as a function of distance from the source of inoculum. This work offers a means to experimentally determine the dispersal kernel of a plant pathogen, and could be integrated into management strategies for FHB.
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King, J., and J. C. Plaizier. "Effects of source of rumen fluid on in vitro dry matter digestibility of feeds determined using the DAISYII incubator." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 86, no. 3 (September 1, 2006): 439–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a06-013.
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Apparent (ADD) and true (TDD) in vitro dry matter digestibilities of 12 ruminant feeds were determined with the DAISYII incubator (ANKOM Technology Corp. Macedon, NY) using inoculum prepared from ruminal fluid obtained from steers fed grass hay or from cows fed total mixed ration (56% forage and 44% grain, DM basis). Inoculum source did not affect ADD and TDD. Averaged across feeds and sources of inoculum, ADD was 6.7 percentage points lower than TDD. Key words: In vitro dry matter digestibility, ruminant feeds, inoculum, ANKOM DAISYII incubator
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Nisfaun Safitriana, Umrah, and Orryani Lambui. "The Growth Of White Oyster Mushroom Mycelium (Pleurotus ostreatus) (Jacq) (P. Kumm) From Liquid And Solid Inoculum." Biocelebes 13, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/bioceb.v13i3.14971.
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The study about the growth of white oyster mushroom mycelium (Pleurotus ostreatus) (Jacq) (P. Kumm) from liquid and solid inoculum conducted on January until July 2018 in Biotechnology laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Math and Science, Tadulako University. This study was aimed to find out the mycelium growth of source of stem inoculum and hood in liquid and solid media. This study was designed by Complete Randomized Design (CRD) which consisted of four treatments and five replications. The treatment were M1 (source of stem inoculum in liquid medium), M2 (source of stem inoculum in solid medium), M3 (source of hood inoculum in liquid medium), and M4 (source of hood inoculum in solid medium). The parameters were (a) incubation time till mycelium fills medium, (b) CFU, and (c) the viability of inoculum on producing medium. The result showed that the faster incubation were M1 and M3 (for 2 days, higher CFU was M3 with an average number 8,2 x 10 10 CFU /ml. The faster viability of mycelium growth were M3 with an average growth of mycelium 6,97 cm/days.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Inoculum source"
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Baijnath, Sharika. "Effect of inoculum source, inoculum pressure and cultivar on development of black scurf on potatoes in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24650.
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Rhizoctonia solani inoculum can be present either as soil- or tuber-borne sclerotia or hyphae. Although both inoculum sources play a role in disease development, it is not clear which of the two is more important. Successive cultivation of potato crops increases R. solani soil inoculum load resulting in an escalation in disease incidence and severity. The use of tolerant cultivars, however, can effectively reduce inoculum levels thereby decreasing disease intensity. Four pot trials were conducted; the objective of the first two pot trials was to determine the effect of tuber and soil-borne inoculum and stolon inoculations on disease development in sandy and clay loam soils. The second two pot trials were aimed at determining susceptibility levels of five cultivars. Two field trials were planted over two growing seasons in the same soils, using three inoculum levels. Results from the pot trials showed that tubers harvested from inoculated sandy soils developed significantly more disease than those harvested from clay loam soils. Of the three inoculum sources, stolon inoculation and seed-borne inoculum resulted in significantly more disease on progeny tubers than those from R. solani spiked soils. Although none of the cultivars proved to be tolerant to R. solani, BP1 was less susceptible to R. solani at temperatures between 21-26oC. More severe disease symptoms were observed under cooler temperatures on all cultivars. Results from the field trial showed the cultivation of potatoes in the same soil over two growing seasons resulted in an increase in diseased (black scurf) tubers. Furthermore, black scurf was most severe on tubers from soils infested with the highest concentration of inoculum. There were significant disease severity differences, with initial soil inoculum levels being directly proportional to final disease severity. Future studies in South Africa should focus on investigating the genetic composition of various cultivars; the effect of soil type and pH on the pathogenicity of R. solani and the use of molecular diagnostic tools to detect and quantify R. solani in soils.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Microbiology and Plant Pathology
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Karumanchi, Lakshmi. "Temperate region river sediments as a source of natural psychrophilic anaerobic inoculum." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=92368.
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For psychrophilic anaerobic digestion systems, natural biota may provide sources of already adapted inoculum to reduce reactor start up time. The objective of the research was to test the inoculum potential of the microbial populations found in eight river sediments from the Montreal region, Canada, for the psychrophilic anaerobic digestion of swine manure. Also, to develop a simple theoretical method for quantification of acetoclastic methanogens in natural biota and validate using QRT-PCR technique. The anaerobic methanogenic populations of the sediments was quantified and characterized at 22 °C with specific methanogenic activity tests (SMA) using acetate and H2/CO2 as substrates. Then, biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests were conducted for 190 days at 10 °C using as substrate sterile swine manure, and as inoculums, the sediment with the highest methanogenic activity, fresh swine manure and sludge from an agro-food anaerobic mesophilic digester (AD sludge).All eight sediments demonstrated pseudo-lag phases during the acetate SMA because of the low initial microbial populations. A visually significant correlation was observed between mgd.wt.cells/g sediment obtained from the predicted model and cell number/g sediment from the QRT-PCR results. During the H2/CO2 SMA, most sediments exhibited homoacetogenic activity out-competing that of the hydrogenotrophic methanogens. As compared to the most active sediment and swine manure and AD sludge inoculum presented approximately seven times more methanogenic activity at psychrophilic conditions. It also yielded 334 ml CH4/g CODin, which is almost twice as that of the active sediment. Further tests are required to optimize the process conditions, (i.e. loading rates, pH, etc.) in order keep the activity on its maximum.
Certaines biotes naturelles seraient en mesure de fournir aux systèmes de digestion anaérobie avec organismes psychrophiles des sources d'inoculum pré adaptés, réduisant ainsi le temps de démarrage du réacteur. L'objectif de cette étude fut d'évaluer le potentiel comme inoculum de populations microbiennes provenant de huit dépôts sédimentaires fluviaux de la région Montréalaise, pour la digestion anaérobie avec psychrophiles du lisier de porc. Il s'agirait aussi de développer une méthode théorique de base pour quantifier les méthanogènes acétoclastiques dans les biotes naturelles, et de la valider en utilisant une technique de transcription inverse suivie d'une PCR quantitatif en temps réel (QRT-PCR). Les populations anaérobies méthaniques des sédiments furent quantifiés et caractérisés à 22 °C grâce à des tests spécifiques d'activité méthanigène (SAM), utilisant l'acétate ou le H2/CO2 comme substrats. Des tests pour évaluer la production potentielle de méthane par voie biochimique (PPMB) se sont déroulés à 10 °C sur une durée de 190 jours, utilisant du lisier de porc stérile comme substrat, et comme inoculum soit (i) les sédiments ayant l'activité methanigène la plus élevée, (ii) du lisier de porc frais, ou (iii) de la boue de digesteur anaérobie (boue DA) de matières agroalimentaires.
Étant donné leur basses population microbiennes initiales, tous les sédiments présentèrent une pseudo phase de latence durant le test SAM avec l'acétate. Une corrélation visuelle significative fut notée entre le poids sec de cellules par grammes de sédiment (mg/g) prédite par la méthode théorique et celle obtenue par QRT-PCR. Lors du test SAM avec H2/CO2, la plupart des sédiments présentèrent une activité homoacétogène dépassant celle des méthanogènes hydrogènotrophes. Comparé au lisier de porc et à la boue DA, sous des conditions psychrophyliques le sédiment le plus actif a produit sept fois plus de CH4 par masse d'ATP. Aussi produisit-elle 334 ml CH4/g CODin, près de deux fois le rendement du sédiment actif. D'autres tests seront nécessaires pour optimiser les conditions opératoires (i.e., taux de charge, pH, etc.) afin de maintenir l'activité à un maximum.
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GONZALEZ, BOBADILLA DANIA. "DETERMINACIÓN DE LA FUENTE DE INOCULO DE Claviceps gigantea PARA LA EXPRESIÓN DE DIENTE DE CABALLO EN EL HIBRIDO FAISÁN." Tesis de Licenciatura, UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DEL ESTADO DE MÉXICO, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/108777.
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The incidence and damage caused by the fungus Claviceps gigantea has increased considerably in the Toluca Valley region. It has been reported in fields of susceptible maize hybrids at altitudes from 2,000 to 2,800 masl, especially in plots under high productivity programs. The objective of this study was to identify the source of the inoculum leading to the expression of Claviceps gigantea in the Faisán® hybrid, evaluating different concentrations of ascospores and microconidia (500,000; 250,000; 100,000 and 50,000). The study consisted of two stages. The first was performed in the laboratory, to obtain solutions at the different experimental doses, and the second was performed in the field, where plants that were considered ideal for inoculation were inoculated using the injection technique. For each inoculum type and concentration, 5mL were injected per plant. The results showed that the source of inoculum was ascospores, and 100,000 was the dose that led to the highest incidence and most severe degree of horse’s tooth; the incidence of ears affected increased by 50%, and sclerosis formed by 40 days. Thus, this type of spore demonstrated an ability to generate a new inoculum, reproductive structures, and/or spores in a shorter time period.
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Marais, Carla. "Effect of inoculum source, alternative host and cultivar on development of brown spot and black pit of potatoes in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40339.
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In recent years two new diseases, brown spot and black pit, have been observed on potatoes in South Africa. Brown spot symptoms appear on the foliage as small brown lesions, whereas black pit symptoms appear on the tubers as small dark sunken lesions.
In this study the causal organism of brown spot and black pit of potatoes in South Africa was determined. During initial isolation, one fungus and two bacteria were isolated, which were included in the trial. Only the treatments where the fungal isolate was used in inoculation resulted in the development of brown spot lesions. The causal organism of brown spot and black pit were identified as Alternaria alternata which is consistent with other research.
To better understand the spread of Alternaria alternata between the plants and/or tubers a pot trial was conducted. It was observed that when planting an inoculated seed tuber brown spot may develop on foliage. But the daughter tubers harvested from plants infected with A. alternata will not necessarily develop black pit. Daughter tubers are most likely infected by A. alternata during harvesting and black pit lesions develop in high humidity in storage.
Cultivar resistance is one of the most important measures in controlling plant diseases. Cultivar susceptibility of thirteen South African potato cultivars (Avalanche, Buffelspoort, BP1, Fabula, Fianna, Frodo, Hertha, Labadia, Lanorma, Mondial, Pentland Dell, Up-To-Date and Van Der Plank) was evaluated. Pot trials showed that all the evaluated cultivars are susceptible to infection by Alternaria alternata. Various crops (tomatoes, cabbage, mustard, wheat, oats, tobacco and maize) were assessed to determine the host range of Alternaria alternata (potato pathotype) in rotation crops in South Africa potato growing regions. Of the crops evaluated, the pathogen was able to infect only tomato crops. Only wheat, maize and oats can safely be used in the crop rotation in South Africa, as various potato pathogens attack cabbage, mustard and tobacco plants.
This study will lead to a better understanding of brown spot and black pit diseases of potatoes in South Africa and globally. The study emphasise the need for further research which will help to reduce brown spot and black pit diseases of potato.Dissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
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Microbiology and Plant Pathology
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Nazareno, Nilceu Ricetti Xavier de. "Influence of infected corn residue as a source of primary inoculum of Cercospora zeae-maydis (Tehon and Daniels) the cause of gray leaf spot of corn /." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487759914762668.
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Widmark, Anna-Karin. "The late blight pathogen, Phytophthora infestans : interaction with the potato plant and inoculum sources /." Uppsala : Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2010. http://epsilon.slu.se/201002.pdf.
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Onudi, Benjamin Odhiambo. "Occurrance of wild grass geminiviruses in Kenya and their importance as sources of inoculum for maize." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318092.
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Gulez, Gamze. "Short Term Effects of Carbon and Inoculum Sources on Filamentous Growth: A Comparison between Molecular and Microscopic Methods." NCSU, 2005. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-05182005-214310/.
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Filamentous bulking in activated sludge treatment plants is a worldwide problem. Understanding the growth requirements of specific filamentous organisms will allow the development of better control strategies for bulking. In this study, the short term effects of eight carbon sources and three inoculum sources on the growth of filamentous bacteria were tested. Three lab scale sequencing batch reactors (SBR) were operated. Microscopic (Gram and Neisser staining) and molecular methods (Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis [DGGE], Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization [FISH]) were used to track the microbial population changes in the reactors. Sludge volume index (SVI) measurements were used to monitor bulking in the reactors. DGGE and sequencing results indicated the presence of the filamentous bacteria Sphaerotilus natans and Thiothrix. S. natans grew in glucose-, acetate-, and sucrose-fed reactors, regardless of the inoculum source. It also grew in propionate- and pyruvate-fed reactors inoculated with the sludge from the Neuse River Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP). Thiothrix was detected in propionate- and pyruvate-fed reactors inoculated with sludge from the South Cary WWTP, and in glucose- and acetate-fed inoculated with the sludge from the Neuse River WWTP inoculated reactors. In addition to these two filaments, Gram and Neisser staining indicated the presence of Nostocoida limicola in Neuse River WWTP inoculated reactors. The presence of S. natans and T. nivea was confirmed with FISH. SVI measurements were consistent with the level of bulking, showing an increase as the number of filaments in the reactors increased. This study confirmed that readily biodegradable substrates favored the growth of S. natans, T. nivea and, N. limicola in activated sludge. The simultaneous use of microscopic and molecular tools provided the information above with one method compensating for the other method?s biases.
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Keller, Melissa Dawn. "The Contribution of Within-Field Inoculum Sources of Gibberella zeae to Fusarium Head Blight in Winter Wheat and Barley." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27565.
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Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most economically important diseases of small grains and continues to impact crops when environmental conditions are favorable to Gibberella zeae (Fusarium graminearum), the causal agent of the disease. Corn residues are considered to be primary sources of inoculum for epidemics of FHB. Therefore, knowledge of the movement of Gibberella zeae from a local source of infested corn residue is critical to the management of FHB in wheat and barley. Previous research made significant progress in defining the spatial dissemination of inoculum sources of G. zeae within agricultural fields, but was unable to clearly distinguish between within-field and background sources. Using amplified fragment length polymorphism, released clones of G. zeae were tracked within wheat and barley fields. This strategy allowed the distinction between the contributions of released clones to FHB, compared to that of background inocula. Corn residue infested with clones of G. zeae was placed into small replicated plots in winter wheat fields in New York and Virginia in 2007 and 2008 and wheat spikes were collected at 0, 3, 6, and â ¥24 m from the inoculum sources. Recovery of released clones decreased an average of 90% between 3 and 6 m from inoculum sources. Various amounts of corn residue infested with a single clone of G. zeae were placed into small replicated plots in winter wheat and barley fields in Virginia from 2008 to 2010. The use of minimal or conventional tillage and a moderately resistant cultivar of wheat or barley may reduce the contribution of within-field inocula to FHB; however, environmental conditions play an important role in the effectiveness of these management strategies. With the increase of corn production due to incentives for ethanol-based fuel, overwintering sites for G. zeae on corn residue are likely to increase. Our work contributes to an increased understanding of the influence of overwintered corn residue to FHB which will also direct future research on how to reduce the inoculum potential from within-field sources.Ph. D.
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Yamada, Jaqueline Kiyomi. "Inoculum dynamics of Ralstonia spp.: potential sources, persistence in a local population and selection of phages to reduce bacteria survival." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2018. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/22454.
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Ralstonia spp. são conhecidas por causar murcha bacteriana em várias plantas de interesse econômico. O patógeno possui alta variabilidade genética, ampla variedade de hospedeiros e pode sobreviver no solo mesmo na ausência de hospedeiros. A compreensão das potenciais fontes de inóculo, que contribuem para a variabilidade genética no centro de origem do patógeno é interessante para o manejo da doença. O papel dos rios, plantas daninhas e da população nativa de Ralstonia spp. em áreas de vegetação natural no desenvolvimento de epidemias de murcha bacteriana é pouco compreendido. A variabilidade genética entre cepas de Ralstonia spp. em uma região onde a doença é endêmica pode elucidar a contribuição dos meios de dispersão e fatores associados à sobrevivência. No presente estudo, a detecção de Ralstonia spp. em rios de diferentes biomas do Brasil revelou o potencial destes recursos naturais para dispersar o patógeno. As plantas invasoras mostraram ser importantes reservatórios de ambas as espécies de Ralstonia que ocorrem no Brasil e colaboram para sua sobrevivência. Métodos de detecção não foram sensíveis para confirmar a presença de Ralstonia spp. em amostras de solo de áreas sem ocorrência de murcha bacteriana. Quando se analisaram 204 isolados de R. solanacearum e 60 isolados de R. pseudosolanacearum obtidos do município de Coimbra, Minas Gerais, constatou-se haver baixa variabilidade genotípica e clonalidade. Nenhuma estruturação foi observada para as regiões do município, mas a composição genotípica variou entre os anos amostrados. Para o controle alternativo da murcha bacteriana, cinco fagos pertencentes à família Siphoviridae, ordem Caudovirales, foram isolados em amostras de solo. A análise molecular e a gama de hospedeiros com diferentes isolados de Ralstonia spp., representando o Brasil, revelaram diferenças entre os vírus. Adicionalmente, houve diferenças quanto à gama de hospedeiros quando os cinco fagos foram expostos a 24 isolados de Ralstonia spp. Os fagos não foram capazes de prevenir a infecção e controlar o número de células de Ralstonia spp. no solo. Outros métodos de aplicação são necessários para avaliar a eficiência dos fagos no controle da murcha bacteriana.
Ralstonia spp. are known to cause bacterial wilt in several plants of economic interest. The pathogen has high genetic variability, wide host range and can survive in the soil even in the absence of hosts. Understanding potential inoculum sources that contribute to genetic variability in the center of origin is interesting to the management of the disease. The importance of rivers, weeds and native population of Ralstonia spp. in areas of natural vegetation in the development of epidemics of bacterial wilt is poorly understood. Genetic variability among strains of Ralstonia spp. in a local region where the disease is endemic can elucidate the contribution of the means of dispersal and factors of survival. In the present study, the detection of Ralstonia spp. was attempted in water of rivers of different biomes of Brazil and revealed the potential of these natural resources to disperse the pathogen. Weeds were important reservoirs of both species of Ralstonia that occur in Brazil, and collaborate to their survival. Methods of detection were not sensitive to confirm the presence of Ralstonia spp. in soil samples from areas without the occurrence of bacterial wilt. The genetic variability of 204 strains of R. solanacearum and 60 strains of R. pseudosolanacearum from the municipality of Coimbra, Minas Gerais, was low and there was evidence of clonality in the population. The population was not genetically structured according to the geographic region in the municipality, however the genotypic composition varied in time. To assess an alternative measure to control bacterial wilt, five phages were isolated. All phages belong to the Siphoviridae family, Caudovirales order. Molecular analysis and host range with different R. solanacearum strains revealed differences among the viruses. There were differences in the host range when the five phages were exposed to 24 Ralstonia spp. strains. The phages were not able to prevent tomato infection and control the number of cells of Ralstonia spp. in the soil. Other methods of application are necessary to evaluate the efficiency of the phages to control of bacterial wilt.
Book chapters on the topic "Inoculum source"
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Warren, H. E., and C. Hale. "Effect of inoculation of laminitic-prone, equine faecal inocula with varying forage sources with or without live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on in vitro gas production parameters." In Forages and grazing in horse nutrition, 323–26. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-755-4_40.
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Brown, Michael R. W., Sally F. Bloomfield, and Peter Gilbert. "Sources of Biological Variation and Lack of Inoculum Reproducibility: A Summary." In Microbiological Quality Assurance, 83–85. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351074551-7.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Inoculum source"
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McGee, D. C., O. M. Olanya, and L. H. Tiffany. "Waste Corn as a Source of Inoculum of Aspergillus Flavus, the Cause of Aflatoxin." In Proceedings of the 1992 Crop Production and Protection Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-406.
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Kurnianto, Rifki Wahyu, Rochim Bakti Cahyono, and Wiratni Budhijanto. "Evaluation of inoculum source and saponification pre-treatment in anaerobic digestion of dissolved air flotation waste from dairy industry." In THE 11TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE ON CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (RCChE 2018). Author(s), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5094987.
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Taheri, Saeedeh, Graham Ian Brodie, and Dorin Gupta. "EFFECTIVENESS OF A MICROWAVE FLUIDISED BED DRYER IN ERADICATION OF SEED-BORNE BOTRYTIS GREY MOLD OF LENTILS." In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9635.
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Lentil is one of the important pulse crops in the world with a high proportion of easily digestible protein. However, there are several pests and pathogens which cause losses during crop growth, harvesting and post-harvest storage. Microwave processing has shown great potential to eradicate pests and pathogens from grains; however, there is still concerns about its heat uniformity, which is of crucial importance in pest and pathogen control. Fluidization using forced hot air is one of the potential solutions for having uniform temperature during microwave processing. In this study, a single mode microwave cavity, with a 2.45 GHz microwave source, was modified to have a microwave fluidized bed and used to evaluate its potential to eliminate the Botrytis grey mold (BGM) pathogen, which is one of the important seed-borne pathogens of lentil crops in Australia. Air speed was maintained to be constant during the experiment and was just enough to fluidize 100g of red lentils in the sample holder. Two wet based (w.b.) seed moisture contents (m.c.) of 10.5% and 18.5% were prepared and the process parameters were selected as: air temperature at 50 and 60°C; microwave power at 0, 300, 400 W for 18.5% m.c. and 0, 400, 500 W for 10.5% m.c.; and exposure times of 5 and 10 min. These parameters were chosen to reach the final temperature of below 70°C. The effect of process parameters on seed moisture loss, seed germination, electrical conductivity of seed soaking water and percentage of infected seeds (IS%) were analyzed using general factorial regression and analysis of variance. The results showed that the most effective factors on moisture loss, after seed moisture content, was exposure time, followed by microwave power and air temperature. While final bed temperature was affected mostly by air temperature, and then by microwave power. Furthermore, based on general full factorial regression and pareto chart of standardized effects, moisture content had by far the most influence on the reduction of IS%. Seed pathogen inoculum reduction, without significant seed viability loss, was obtained by applying microwave power of 300W and set air temperature of 60°C (actual inlet air temperature of 57±1°C) on seeds with m.c. of 18.5% for 10 min. This gave a 27% reduction in IS% (from 82% to 55%).
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McGee, Denis C., Gary Munkvold, and Jeff Daniels. "The Relative Importance of Infected Soybean Seeds and Bean Leaf Beetles as Inoculum Sources for Bean Pod Mottle Virus." In Proceedings of the 10th Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-682.
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Ferdes, Mariana, and Rodica Roxana Constantinescu. "Biological pretreatment of waste from the leather industry to obtain biogas through anaerobic co-digestion processes - A review." In The 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2020.ii.8.
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The leather industry produces a relatively high amount of hard degradable waste, with a negative impact on the environment. This waste usually contains two major categories of residues, namely animal fat and residues containing mostly proteins, suitable for biogas conversion. Obtaining biogas from leather waste by co-digestion with vegetable waste can be a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to conventional energy from fuels. Anaerobic co-digestion is now considered to reduce waste from various sources and turn it into energy, generating in addition a digestate used as fertilizer in agriculture. This waste is relatively resistant to transformation into an easily fermentable substrate for anaerobic digestion to produce biogas. Thus, the methane yield can be significantly improved by biological treatments with enzymes and enzyme complexes, with microorganisms selected and used as inoculum or by mixed methods, which include other physical or chemical treatments. This paper aims to show the main methods of biological treatment of leather industry waste, in order to increase the yield of biogas by co-digestion with plant materials.
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Miu, Lucretia, Rodica Roxana Constantinescu, Alpaslan Durmus Kaya, Emanuel Hadimbu, Claudiu Sendrea, Maria-Cristina Micu, Simona Maria Paunescu, Iulia Maria Caniola, and Elena Badea. "Aspects regarding the effectiveness of volatile oils of the Tanacetum vulgare kind in the conservation of heritage objects." In The 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2020.v.5.
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The paper refers to a composition with antifungal and antibacterial effect in order to test new materials for preserving heritage objects on collagen support with bactericidal/antifungal role, essential oils-based from Vetrice (Tanacetum vulgare, Compositae family), having antifungal and antibacterial properties. The biocidal effect of plant extracts is due to the presence of constituent agents, such as alcohols, ethers, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, which makes them extremely effective against a wide range of microbial strains. The essential oil was obtained by boiling the plants through continuous hydrodistillation with Clevenger refrigerant. The testing of the antimicrobial efficiency of the plant extracts was performed on two strains of pathogenic fungi, respectively Trichophyton interdigitale and Epidermophyton floccosum. The microbial inoculum was mixed with the plant extract from various sources (leaves, flowers and mixed flower-leaves). All extracts were tested in duplicate according to the specific test standards, and the results were expressed as a mean percentage and logarithmic reduction between the readings on the two Petri plates corresponding to each sample. To quantify the antimicrobial efficacy, the degree of microbial and logarithmic reduction of each sample was calculated, relative to the initial cell concentration. The results of antimicrobial tests showed a high antifungal character of the extracts obtained from flowers, leaves and mixed flower-leaves.
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Khan, Mohamed F. R., Aaron L. Carlson, Gary A. Secor, Viviana V. Rivera, and Melvin D. Bolton. "Effect of fungicides on disease control, yield and quality of sugar beet inoculated with different sources of Cercospora beticola inocula." In American Society of Sugarbeet Technologist. ASSBT, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5274/assbt.2011.44.
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