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1
Fleming, AI, ER Williams, and JW Turnbull. "Growth and Nodulation of Provenances of Casuarina cunninghamiana Inoculated With a Range of Frankia Sources." Australian Journal of Botany 36, no. 2 (1988): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9880171.
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Seed and root nodules (for use as a Frankia inoculum) collected from 18 provenances of Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq. were used in a complete cross-inoculation experiment conducted in a glasshouse. The provenances covered the geographical range of the species and represented major river systems. They were arranged a priori into five groups according to geographical location. Seventeen of the inocula were effective on seed from all provenances; one inoculum failed to nodulate seedlings from any provenance. Inoculum source, seed source and their interaction all affected plant growth. Greatest shoot weight was obtained with seed and inoculum combinations from similar geographical regions, particularly northern inocula with northern seed sources and southern inocula with southern seed sources. When averaged over all seed sources northern inocula were the most generally effective in promoting plant growth. In contrast, when averaged over all inoculum sources, southern seed sources grew best. These results demonstrate the potential for improving the effectiveness of the C. cunninghamiana-Frankia association in forestry by selection of the symbiotic partners.
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Keller, Melissa D., Katrina D. Waxman, Gary C. Bergstrom, and David G. Schmale. "Local Distance of Wheat Spike Infection by Released Clones of Gibberella zeae Disseminated from Infested Corn Residue." Plant Disease 94, no. 9 (September 2010): 1151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-9-1151.
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Knowledge of the movement of Gibberella zeae (Fusarium graminearum) from a local source of inoculum in infested cereal debris is critical to the management of Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat. Previous spatial dissemination and infection studies were unable to completely distinguish the contributions of released inocula from those of background inocula. Clones of G. zeae were released and recaptured in five wheat fields in New York and Virginia in 2007 and 2008. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms were used to track and unambiguously identify the released clones in heterogeneous populations of the fungus recovered from infected wheat spikes collected at 0, 3, 6, and ≥24 m from small-area sources of infested corn residues. The percent recovery of the released clones decreased significantly at fairly short distances from the inoculum sources. Isolates of G. zeae recovered at 0, 3, 6, and ≥24 m from the center of source areas shared 65, 19, 13, and 5% of the genotypes of the released clones, respectively. More importantly, the incidence of spike infection attributable to released clones averaged 15, 2, 1, and <1% at 0, 3, 6, and ≥24 m from source areas, respectively. Spike infection attributable to released clones decreased an average of 90% between 3 and 6 m from area sources of inoculum, and the spike infection potential of inocula dispersed at this range did not differ significantly from background sources. Our data suggest that FHB field experiments including a cereal debris variable should incorporate debris-free borders and interplots of at least 3 m and preferably 6 m to avoid significant interplot interference from spores originating from within-field debris.
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Srinivasan, R., and J. M. Alvarez. "Hairy Nightshade as a Potential Potato leafroll virus (Luteoviridae: Polerovirus) Inoculum Source in Pacific Northwest Potato Ecosystems." Phytopathology® 98, no. 9 (September 2008): 985–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-98-9-0985.
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Hairy nightshade, Solanum sarrachoides, is a solanaceous weed found abundantly in Pacific Northwest potato ecosystems. It serves as a reservoir for one of the important potato viruses, Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) (Luteoviridae: Polerovirus), and its most important vector, the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae). Laboratory research indicated an increased green peach aphid settling and performance on S. sarrachoides than on potato. It also revealed that green peach aphids transmitted PLRV more efficiently from S. sarrachoides to potato than from potato to potato. To test the efficiency of S. sarrachoides as an inoculum source in the field, a two season (2004 and 2005) trial was conducted at Kimberly, Idaho. Two inoculum sources, PLRV-infected potato and PLRV-infected S. sarrachoides, were compared in this trial. Green peach aphid density and temporal and spatial PLRV spread were monitored at weekly intervals. Higher densities of green peach aphids were observed on plots with S. sarrachoides and inoculum sources (PLRV-infected S. sarrachoides and potato) than on plots without S. sarrachoides and inoculum sources. PLRV infection in plots with PLRV-infected S. sarrachoides was similar to or slightly higher than in plots with PLRV-infected potato as an inoculum source. Temporal and spatial PLRV spread was similar in plots with either inoculum source. Thus, S. sarrachoides is as efficient as or a better PLRV inoculum source than potato.
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Moreno-Andrade, I., and G. Buitrón. "Influence of the origin of the inoculum on the anaerobic biodegradability test." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0017.
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Five different sources of inocula were studied to determine its influence on biodegradability tests. Inocula were characterized determining granulometry, specific methanogenic activity, solids content, and volumetric sludge index. Also, the fermentative, aceticlastic, hydrogenophilic, OPHA, and sulfate-reducing groups were determined by the most probable number technique. Anaerobic biodegradability tests were conducted with two different substrates, one easy to degrade (glucose) and a toxic one (phenol). The best performance, in terms of percent of biodegradation and lag time, for both substrates, was obtained with the inoculum from a brewery industry UASB. The results can be explained in terms of the initial activity of the inoculum. The influence of the significant variations found in the specific methanogenic activity of the five inocula studied is discussed, in terms of the microbial composition of the samples. The results emphasized the importance of the selection of an appropriate source of inoculum in order to obtain reliable results.
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Liu, Tong, Li Sun, Åke Nordberg, and Anna Schnürer. "Substrate-Induced Response in Biogas Process Performance and Microbial Community Relates Back to Inoculum Source." Microorganisms 6, no. 3 (August 5, 2018): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms6030080.
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This study investigated whether biogas reactor performance, including microbial community development, in response to a change in substrate composition is influenced by initial inoculum source. For the study, reactors previously operated with the same grass–manure mixture for more than 120 days and started with two different inocula were used. These reactors initially showed great differences depending on inoculum source, but eventually showed similar performance and overall microbial community structure. At the start of the present experiment, the substrate was complemented with milled feed wheat, added all at once or divided into two portions. The starting hypothesis was that process performance depends on initial inoculum source and microbial diversity, and thus that reactor performance is influenced by the feeding regime. In response to the substrate change, all reactors showed increases and decreases in volumetric and specific methane production, respectively. However, specific methane yield and development of the microbial community showed differences related to the initial inoculum source, confirming the hypothesis. However, the different feeding regimes had only minor effects on process performance and overall community structure, but still induced differences in the cellulose-degrading community and in cellulose degradation.
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Kiniry, James R., Caroline E. Arthur, Katherine M. Banick, Felix B. Fritschi, Yanqi Wu, and Christine V. Hawkes. "Effects of Plant-Soil Feedback on Switchgrass Productivity Related to Microbial Origin." Agronomy 10, no. 12 (November 26, 2020): 1860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10121860.
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A great deal of effort has been applied to maximizing switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) production for bioenergy by leveraging existing local adaptation to climate and via nutrient management in this perennial grass crop. However, the biotic component of soils can also affect plant production and long-term suitability at a given site. Here, we tested how productivity of four switchgrass cultivars were affected by four microbial sources from the Great Plains. All inoculum soil sources were previously conditioned by a mixture of switchgrass cultivars, allowing us to explicitly address plant-soil feedback effects. Microbial soil inocula were added to a consistent background soil to avoid physicochemical variation across the sources. We found that the soil microbial inoculum source mattered more than cultivar in determining switchgrass biomass. The addition of microbes resulted in smaller plants, with the largest plants found on control soils with no inoculum, but some inocula were less negative than others. There was no geographic matching between cultivars and soil microbial inoculum, suggesting little local adaptation to the biotic component of soils. In addition, measurements of fungal root colonization suggest that fungi are not responsible for the observed patterns. Based on these results, we suggest that switchgrass cultivation could benefit from considering effects of the soil biota. Additional work is needed to generalize these patterns over time, to a wider geographic area, and to a broader range of cultivars.
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Wegulo, S. N., P. Sun, C. A. Martinson, and X. B. Yang. "Spread of Sclerotinia stem rot of soybean from area and point sources of apothecial inoculum." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 80, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 389–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p99-015.
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Field experiments were conducted from 1995 to 1998 to quantify the spread of ascospores of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the causal agent of Sclerotinia stem rot of soybean. Incidence of Sclerotinia stem rot measured in a soybean field adjacent to a corn field naturally infested with S. sclerotiorum (area source) was highest close to the area source and decreased with distance from the area source. Disease gradients in the soybean field were described nearly equally well by the exponential model, power law model, and logit-log model. Disease incidence in transects in non-infested areas of a soybean field increased with distance from the edges of soybean and corn area sources of inoculum, reached a maximum at 10–12 and 18–20 m, respectively, from the edges of the inoculum area sources, then decreased in a manner characteristic of the disease gradient curve between 10–12 and 32 m, and 18–20 and 44 m from the edges of the area sources. In soybean plots, disease incidence decreased with distance from point sources of apothecial inoculum. The results from these studies suggest 1) the potential for field to field dispersal of S. sclerotiorum, and 2) that the majority of ascospores of S. sclerotiorum are deposited close to the source (apothecia). Where a concentrated area or point source of S. sclerotiorum inoculum exists, the general exponential model may provide good fits to Sclerotinia stem rot gradient data. Key words: Apothecial inoculum, disease gradients, logit-log model, power law model, simple exponential model
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Prussin, Aaron J., Qing Li, Rimy Malla, Shane D. Ross, and David G. Schmale. "Monitoring the Long-Distance Transport of Fusarium graminearum from Field-Scale Sources of Inoculum." Plant Disease 98, no. 4 (April 2014): 504–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-13-0664-re.
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The fungus Fusarium graminearum causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat. Little is known about dispersal of the fungus from field-scale sources of inoculum. We monitored the movement of a clonal isolate of F. graminearum from a 3,716 m2 (0.372 ha) source of inoculum over two field seasons. Ground-based collection devices were placed at distances of 0 (in the source), 100, 250, 500, 750, and 1,000 m from the center of the clonal sources of inoculum. Three polymorphic microsatellites were used to identify the released clone from 1,027 isolates (790 in 2011 and 237 in 2012) of the fungus. Results demonstrated that the recovery of the released clone decreased at greater distances from the source. The majority (87%, 152/175 in 2011; 77%, 74/96 in 2012) of the released clone was recaptured during the night (1900 to 0700). The released clone was recovered up to 750 m from the source. Recovery of the released clone followed a logistic regression model and was significant (P < 0.041 for all slope term scenarios) as a function of distance from the source of inoculum. This work offers a means to experimentally determine the dispersal kernel of a plant pathogen, and could be integrated into management strategies for FHB.
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King, J., and J. C. Plaizier. "Effects of source of rumen fluid on in vitro dry matter digestibility of feeds determined using the DAISYII incubator." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 86, no. 3 (September 1, 2006): 439–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a06-013.
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Apparent (ADD) and true (TDD) in vitro dry matter digestibilities of 12 ruminant feeds were determined with the DAISYII incubator (ANKOM Technology Corp. Macedon, NY) using inoculum prepared from ruminal fluid obtained from steers fed grass hay or from cows fed total mixed ration (56% forage and 44% grain, DM basis). Inoculum source did not affect ADD and TDD. Averaged across feeds and sources of inoculum, ADD was 6.7 percentage points lower than TDD. Key words: In vitro dry matter digestibility, ruminant feeds, inoculum, ANKOM DAISYII incubator
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Nisfaun Safitriana, Umrah, and Orryani Lambui. "The Growth Of White Oyster Mushroom Mycelium (Pleurotus ostreatus) (Jacq) (P. Kumm) From Liquid And Solid Inoculum." Biocelebes 13, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/bioceb.v13i3.14971.
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The study about the growth of white oyster mushroom mycelium (Pleurotus ostreatus) (Jacq) (P. Kumm) from liquid and solid inoculum conducted on January until July 2018 in Biotechnology laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Math and Science, Tadulako University. This study was aimed to find out the mycelium growth of source of stem inoculum and hood in liquid and solid media. This study was designed by Complete Randomized Design (CRD) which consisted of four treatments and five replications. The treatment were M1 (source of stem inoculum in liquid medium), M2 (source of stem inoculum in solid medium), M3 (source of hood inoculum in liquid medium), and M4 (source of hood inoculum in solid medium). The parameters were (a) incubation time till mycelium fills medium, (b) CFU, and (c) the viability of inoculum on producing medium. The result showed that the faster incubation were M1 and M3 (for 2 days, higher CFU was M3 with an average number 8,2 x 10 10 CFU /ml. The faster viability of mycelium growth were M3 with an average growth of mycelium 6,97 cm/days.
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Cone, John W., Antonie H. van Gelder, and Herwig Bachmann. "Influence of inoculum source on gas production profiles." Animal Feed Science and Technology 99, no. 1-4 (August 2002): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8401(02)00073-1.
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Boopathy, R. "Inoculum source for anaerobic fermentation of coffee pulp." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 26, no. 6 (September 1987): 588–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00253037.
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Schrader, James A., and William R. Graves. "Nodulation and Growth of Alnus nitida and Alnus maritima Inoculated with Species-specific and Nonspecific Frankia." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 26, no. 1 (March 1, 2008): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-26.1.29.
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Abstract Actinorhizal plants form N2-fixing symbioses with soil-borne bacteria of the genus Frankia. Potential exists for development of sustainable, actinorhizal nursery crops that obtain most of their required N through N2 fixation, but information on host-symbiont specificity, presence of compatible Frankia in soils, and techniques to inoculate during plant production is lacking. Our objectives were to determine the effect of inoculum type and source and the effect of supplemental N on nodulation, growth, and N content of two actinorhizal species, Alnus nitida (Spach) Endl. and Alnus maritima (Marsh.) Muhl. ex Nutt. Plants of both species were subjected to one of four inoculum treatments (two crushed-nodule inocula: species-specific and cross inoculation, and two soil inocula: soil collected beneath native Alnus rubra Bong. in Washington state and native prairie soil from Iowa), were supplied fertilizer with or without N, and were grown in a greenhouse for 22 weeks. Inoculated plants nodulated, grew larger and faster, and accrued greater N content than uninoculated controls in both fertilizer treatments. Plants that received species-specific inoculum grew larger, acquired more dry weight from symbioses, and accumulated higher N content than cross-inoculated plants. Plants of A. nitida inoculated with soil from Washington state grew larger and accumulated more dry weight from symbioses than those inoculated with prairie soil, but A. maritima grew similarly with soil inoculum from both sources. Our results demonstrate that A. nitida and A. maritima can benefit from N2-fixing symbiosis during production and that potential exists for development of superior inocula and inoculation techniques.
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Salas, B., R. W. Stack, G. A. Secor, and N. C. Gudmestad. "The Effect of Wounding, Temperature, and Inoculum on the Development of Pink Rot of Potatoes Caused by Phytophthora erythroseptica." Plant Disease 84, no. 12 (December 2000): 1327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.12.1327.
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The effect of wounding, temperature, and inoculum on the development of pink rot caused by Phytophthora erythroseptica, was studied for its potential impact on postharvest infection. Tissue plugs cut from pink rot infected tubers and plugs of similar size from laboratory cultures of the pathogen were highly effective inoculum sources on wounded tubers. Severe wounding, temperatures of 15 to 25°C, and high inoculum density affected the infection risk. Regardless of source or amount of inoculum, any degree of wounding greatly increased incidence of infection of tubers by P. erythroseptica. Infections in unwounded tubers started at 15°C, whereas in wounded tubers infection started at 10°C. Incidence of pink rot was high when two or three of the factors (severe wounding, high temperature, high inoculum level) were favorable. Incidence of pink rot was intermediate when only one factor was favorable. Incidence of pink rot was low or absent without a favorable factor (no wounding, low temperature, and low inoculum), Since infected tuber tissue may serve as potential inoculum source for postharvest infection of tubers by P. erythroseptica, the removal of pink rot infected tubers at harvest is desirable. Avoidance of wounding and rapid cooling of storage bins to 10°C may also help control pink rot.
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Scheper, R. W. A., B. M. Fisher, and P. N. Wood. "Pathogenicity of field and laboratorygrown inoculum of Neonectria galligena on potted apple trees." New Zealand Plant Protection 63 (August 1, 2010): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2010.63.6593.
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European canker caused by Neonectria galligena is an important disease of apple trees worldwide In this study methods were developed for conidium production in culture and for testing the pathogenicity of N galligena Conidia produced in culture were one or twocelled while conidia collected from cankers were multicelled Isolate ICMP9472 produced enough conidia in culture to produce inoculum (210 5 conidia/ml) to test the pathogenicity in comparison with that of conidia harvested from apple cankers from Motueka (field inoculum) and a twodayold suspension of conidia from Motueka apple cankers on potted Royal Gala trees in a glasshouse under continual misting The germination rates of the three inocula were similar (5079) Two months after inoculation all inoculated wounds were infected regardless of inoculum source However cankers caused by field inoculum (fresh and two dayold) were significantly larger (average 108 mm and 106 mm respectively) than those caused by isolate ICMP9472 (51 mm) Six months after inoculation cankers caused by fresh field inoculum were significantly larger than those caused by 2dayold inoculum which were significantly larger than those caused by isolate ICMP9472 In addition cankers caused by fresh field inoculum were significantly more active than those caused by older field inoculum or isolate ICMP9472
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Keller, Melissa D., Wade E. Thomason, and David G. Schmale. "The Spread of a Released Clone of Gibberella zeae from Different Amounts of Infested Corn Residue." Plant Disease 95, no. 11 (November 2011): 1458–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-11-0218.
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Corn residue is a significant source of inoculum for epidemics of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat and barley, but little is known about the influence of different amounts of corn residue on FHB. We monitored the spread of a released clone of Gibberella zeae (Fusarium graminearum), causal agent of FHB, from small 0.84-m-diameter research plots containing 45, 200, or 410 g of infested corn stalk pieces in winter wheat and barley fields in Virginia over 3 years (2008 to 2010). The fungus was recaptured through the collection of wheat and barley spikes at 0 and 3 m from the source and the released clone was identified in heterogeneous background populations using amplified fragment length polymorphisms. Results showed a slightly greater intensity of recovery of the clone at a greater distance when more infested residue was present. Plots containing larger amounts of inoculum (410 g) generally resulted in a smaller decline of recovery of the clone at 3 m from the source, indicating a greater spread from the larger inoculum source. The clone was also recovered at distances ≥18 m from inoculum sources. Larger amounts of corn residue generally had less influence on clone recovery in plots containing a moderately resistant wheat cultivar than those containing a susceptible wheat cultivar.
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Frampton, John, and D. M. Benson. "Phytophthora Root Rot Mortality in Fraser Fir Seedlings." HortScience 39, no. 5 (August 2004): 1025–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.5.1025.
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Seventeen-month-old seedlings from three fraser fir (Abies fraseri [Pursh] Poir.) seed sources (Mount Mitchell, Richland Balsam and Roan Mountain) were inoculated in an outdoor lath house with five genotypes of Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. After 122 days, overall mortality was 90.5% with significant (p ≤ 0.07) differences among seed sources. The Mount Mitchell source had lower mortality (83.2%) than the Roan Mountain source (95.8%), while the Richland Balsam source (92.5%) was intermediate. Mortality curves were developed using nonlinear regression (Richards' function). Due to a significant seed source × inoculum genotype interaction (p ≤ 0.0001), equations were developed for each combination of seed source and inoculum genotype. Results suggest that while the overall frequency of resistance in fraser fir is low, seed sources differ in their frequency of resistance and that more than one resistance gene may be present. Survivors from this or similar inoculations could be cloned via grafting or rooted cuttings for further resistance testing and/or grafted into a Phytophthora-resistant fraser fir seed orchard.
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Montville, R., and D. W. Schaffner. "Inoculum Size Influences Bacterial Cross Contamination between Surfaces." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 12 (December 2003): 7188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.12.7188-7193.2003.
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ABSTRACT Many factors have been shown to influence bacterial transfer between surfaces, including surface type, bacterial species, moisture level, pressure, and friction, but the effect of inoculum size on bacterial transfer has not yet been established. Bacterial cross contamination rates during performance of common food service tasks were previously determined in our laboratory using nalidixic acid-resistant Enterobacter aerogenes. Eight different transfer rates were determined, each involving a minimum of 30 volunteers. The influence of source inoculum level on the percentage of bacteria transferred (percent transfer rates) and log10 CFU per recipient surface was determined using statistical analysis. The effect of inoculum size on transfer rate was highly statistically significant (P< 0.0001) for all transfer rate data combined (352 observations) and for each individual cross contamination rate, except for data on contamination via transfer from chicken to hand through a glove barrier (P = 0.1643). Where inoculum size on the source was greater, transfer rates were lower, and where inoculum size on the source was less, transfer rates were higher. The negative linear trend was more obvious for activities that had a larger range of inoculum sizes on the source surface. This phenomenon has serious implications for research seeking to determine bacterial cross contamination rates, since the different transfer efficiencies that were previously shown to be associated with certain activities may actually be the result of differing initial inoculum levels. The initial inoculum size on the source and the amount of bacteria transferred must both be considered to accurately determine bacterial transfer rates.
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Liu, Jiang Hong, Rui Dan Xu, Yang Pan, and Yuan Ying Wang. "Optimization of Degrading Poly-Containing Wastewater Conditions of Mixed Bacteria by Orthogonal Experiments." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 2386–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.2386.
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The factor influencing on the mixed bacteria to degrade wastewater containing poly-containing conditions were optimized. Crude oil as a source of carbon, the effects of nitrogen sources, phosphorus sources, time, inoculation amount, temperature, mineralization content, initial pH value and activation time on degrading poly-containing wastewater were investigated by experiment of single factor and orthogonal experiments. The optimum process conditions were as follows: polyacrylamide (HPAM) which comes from waste water as a source of nitrogen, without other nitrogen source, K2HPO4 was phosphorus sources, the microorganisms activation time was 2, incubation time was 3d, initial pH value was 7, the inoculum size was 5%(v/v), incubation temperature was 35°C, the mineralization degree was 4000 mg•L-1. The main factors affecting degradation rate was nitrogen sources, time, pH, activation time, inoculum size and mineralization content.
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Marks, Joshua, Johan Kirkel, Patrick Sekoai, Christopher Enweremadu, and Michael Daramola. "Effect of Combining Different Substrates and Inoculum Sources on Bioelectricity Generation and COD Removal in a Two-Chambered Microbial FuelCell: A Preliminary Investigation." Environmental and Climate Technologies 24, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2020-0055.
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AbstractIn recent years, fuel cells have become a renewable source of energy. Among different kinds of fuel cells, microbial fuel cells, which convert organic substrates to electricity by electrogenic bacteria have attracted most attention. In this study, which is preliminary in nature, potential of electricity generation and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal were studied in a two-chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC) reactor. Effect of type of feedstock and inoculum source on bioelectricity generation and COD removal was studied as well. Brewery wastewater and potato waste were used as substrates while anaerobic sludge and cow dung were used as inoculum sources. The substrate and inoculum sources were in 8.2:1 ratio and a phosphate buffer was added to the anode compartment to regulate the pH. The system was operated at 30 °C and a home-made membrane served as a bridge between the electrodes. A maximum voltage of 3.6 mV was generated from the brewery wastewater sludge and the maximum COD removal after 3 days was 43.7 %. It was further found that the use of animal dung as inoculum source outperformed the use of sludge as regard the bioelectricity generation but not for COD removal. Similarly, the use of the brewery waste as an organic substrate outperformed the use of potato waste as regard the bioelectricity generation but not for COD removal. All experiments yielded a measurable voltage, however, the unsteady behaviour of the voltage output made it difficult to compare substrates in terms of their viability as organic fuel. Therefore, future studies should consider conducting substrate physico-chemical analysis and genomic analysis of the inoculum sources to understand their composition.
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LeClair, Erin, Robert Conner, Darren Robinson, and Chris L. Gillard. "Transmission of anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) in dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with artificial and natural inoculum in a wet and dry canopy." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 95, no. 5 (September 2015): 913–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps-2014-413.
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LeClair, E., Conner, R., Robinson, D. and Gillard, C. L. 2015. Transmission of anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) in dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with artificial and natural inoculum in a wet and dry canopy. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 913–921. Anthracnose [Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. and Magn.) Lams. – Scrib.] is a serious pathogen of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Disease transmission on artificial materials and clothing has been observed in other crops, where equipment and workers transmit pathogens from infected to clean plants. Initial studies in 2008 and 2009 at Exeter, ON, determined that anthracnose transmission in dry bean as measured by resultant disease severity occurred with denim, leather, metal, and rubber using a 107 spores mL−1 prepared artificial spore inoculum in both wet and dry crop canopies. In 2012 and 2013 at Morden, MB, and Ridgetown, ON, the studies were expanded by adding a 105 spores mL−1 prepared artificial and a natural inoculum source. Inoculum source and canopy moisture had the greatest effect on disease severity, while no differences were observed between materials within an inoculum sources. Transmission in wet canopy conditions resulted in a higher infection rate. Canopy moisture impacted the natural inoculum the most. The 107 spores mL−1 inoculum transmitted the most disease followed by natural incidence and 105 spores mL−1 inoculum in wet conditions. In dry conditions 107 spores mL−1 inoculum transmitted the most disease followed by 105 spores mL−1 inoculum and natural incidence. Producers need to recognize that there is real risk for the anthracnose transmission by common materials in dry bean, and take appropriate precautions to prevent it.
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Selmi, H., Z. Abdelwahed, A. Rouissi, M. Hanene, G. Tibaoui, and H. Rouissi. "Effect of inoculum source (Sheep or Goat) on in vitro gas production and rumen fermentation parameters of some fodder shrubs in northern Tunisia." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 3, no. 3 (January 16, 2015): 260–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v3i3.4292.
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In order to ensure nutritional characterization of some fodder shrubs and test the effect of inoculum source (sheep and goats) on their digestibility. Four shrubs “Acacia cyanophylla, Atriplex halimus, Opuntia ficus-indica. Var.inermis(cactus) and Medicago arborea” were tested in vitro by incubating them firstly into the rumen fluid of sheep then into goat’s inoculums. The evaluation included chemical composition, total gas production (CO2 and CH4), the prediction of organic matter digestibility (OMD), metabolizable energy (ME), the concentration of total volatile fatty acids (SCFA) and metering ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N). Ruminal fermentation of Opuntia ficus-indica and Medicago arborea have identified more total gas amonts than Atriplex halimus and Acacia cyanophylla. Digestibility of organic matter, metabolisable energy and the concentration of total volatil fatty acids were higher in the case of Opuntia ficus-indica compared to other shrubs. The lowest values were recorded in the Atriplex halimus. The concentration of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), it turned out that Opuntia ficus-indica is the food with less protein concentration (140 and 270.66 mmol/syringe) respectively for sheep and goats. In against part, the Medicago arborea is presented as a good protein source recording of ammonia nitrogen concentration (214.67 mmol/syringe) into the sheep’s rumen and (494.67 mmol/syringe) into the goats inoculum. The source of the inoculum showed a highly significant effect (p > 0.05).
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Mohamed, R., A. S. Chaudhry, and P. Rowlinson. "Fresh or frozen rumen contents as sources of inocula to estimate in vitro degradation of ruminant feeds." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200008206.
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Fresh rumen contents are the most common source of inoculum for use to estimate in vitro degradation of ruminant feeds. However, the need to routinely access fistulated or slaughtered cattle to obtain rumen contents limits the availability of such inoculum and hence the applicability of in vitro methods by the commercial laboratories. Therefore, it would be advantageous, if rumen contents are preserved in sufficient quantity and used as a source for inoculum for use when there is a need to do so to estimate degradability of ruminat feeds. This study compared the suitability of frozen rumen contents as a source of inoculum to estimate in vitro rumen degradation of rapeseed meal (rapeseed) and grass nuts at various times.
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Kemery, Ricky D., and Michael N. Dana. "Prairie Remnant Soil as a Source of Mycorrhizal Inoculum." HortScience 30, no. 5 (August 1995): 1015–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.5.1015.
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Soil from four native prairie remnant sites was used as inoculum in pot culture to achieve vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) infection of Sudangrass [Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf]. The prairie sites varied in their management histories and degradation levels. Sudangrass plants that became infected with VAM grew better than those grown in standard pasteurized greenhouse mix or those grown in a pasteurized greenhouse–prairie soil mix. Soil from prairie remnants may serve as a beginning source of inoculum that can be increased via Sudangrass pot culture for inoculation of prairie plant seedlings in nursery production.
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Bueno, Ives C. S., Sergio L. S. Cabral Filho, Sarita P. Gobbo, Helder Louvandini, Dorinha M. S. S. Vitti, and Adibe L. Abdalla. "Influence of inoculum source in a gas production method." Animal Feed Science and Technology 123-124 (September 2005): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.05.003.
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Francl, L., G. Shaner, G. Bergstrom, J. Gilbert, W. Pedersen, R. Dill-Macky, L. Sweets, et al. "Daily Inoculum Levels of Gibberella zeae on Wheat Spikes." Plant Disease 83, no. 7 (July 1999): 662–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.7.662.
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The inoculum level of Gibberella zeae on wheat spikes was measured during 1995 and 1996 in nine locations of Canada and the United States prone to Fusarium head blight of wheat. Spikes were exposed after exsertion and until kernel milk or soft dough stage in fields with wheat or corn residue as a source of inoculum; other spikes were exposed in a location remote from any obvious inoculum source; and in 1995 only, control plants remained in a greenhouse. After 24 h, spikes were excised and vigorously shaken in water to remove inoculum. Propagules were enumerated on selective medium and identified as G. zeae from subcultures. Significantly more inoculum was detected from fields in epidemic areas than from remote sites in an epidemic and from fields in nonepidemic areas. The median inoculum level was 20 CFU of G. zeae per spike per day in fields experiencing an epidemic, 4 CFU in locations remote from epidemic fields, 2 CFU in nonepidemic fields, and 1 CFU in locations remote from a source of inoculum in non-epidemic areas. In an epidemic region, inoculum levels near corn stubble reached up to 587 CFU of G. zeae per spike per day, and the median inoculum level of 126 CFU was significantly higher than the median of 13 CFU found near wheat residue. Inoculum was not detected or occurred sporadically during extended dry periods. While inoculum increased during rainy periods, timing of increased levels was variable. Fusarium head blight epidemics were associated with multiple inoculation episodes and coincident wet periods.
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López Velarde Santos, Mónica, Eusebio Jr Ventura Ramos, José Alberto Rodríguez Morales, and Hensel Oliver. "EFFECT OF INOCULUM SOURCE ON THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF MEZCAL VINASSES AT DIFFERENT SUBSTRATE-INOCULUM RATIOS." Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental 36, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20937/rica.2020.36.53276.
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De la Torre-González, Francisco Javier, José Alberto Narváez-Zapata, Patricia Taillandier, and Claudia Patricia Larralde-Corona. "Mezcal as a Novel Source of Mixed Yeasts Inocula for Wine Fermentation." Processes 8, no. 10 (October 16, 2020): 1296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8101296.
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Mezcal yeasts were evaluated for their potential as grape-juice fermenters, characterizing their fermentation performance, both in terms of primary and volatile metabolites. Experiments were first carried-out in a semi-synthetic medium and then on grape juice, and population dynamics of the chosen mixed inoculum was assessed in grape juice. Accordingly, we initially tested 24 mezcal yeasts belonging to ten different species, and chose those that were more productive and stress tolerant for the mixed (dual) inoculum, having a final selection of three Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains (plus Fermichamp, a commercial wine strain) and three non-Saccharomyces strains, belonging to Kluyveromyces marxianus, Torulaspora delbrueckii, and Zygosaccharomyces bailii species. For the combination S. cerevisiae/T. delbrueckii (Sc/Td) mixed inoculum, we observed increasing isoamyl alcohol and phenyl ethyl acetate concentrations, as compared with the use of individual Saccharomyces strains, which resulted in a fruitier aroma profile. Alcohol final concentration was in average lower for the Sc/Td inoculum (fermentation power, FP, 13.6) as compared with the individual mezcal Saccharomyces strains (FP 14.3), and it was the highest when Td was co-cultured with the commercial strain (FP 14.6). Overall, our results show the feasibility of using yeasts isolated from mezcal as a novel source of inoculum for wine-type fermentation.
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Muzhinji, Norman, James W. Woodhall, Mariette Truter, and Jacquie E. van der Waals. "Relative Contribution of Seed Tuber- and Soilborne Inoculum to Potato Disease Development and Changes in the Population Genetic Structure of Rhizoctonia solani AG 3-PT under Field Conditions in South Africa." Plant Disease 102, no. 1 (January 2018): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-17-0329-re.
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Understanding the contribution of seed tuber- and soilborne inocula of Rhizoctonia solani AG 3-PT in causing potato disease epidemics is an important step in implementing effective management strategies for the pathogen. A 2-year study was conducted to evaluate the contribution of each source of inoculum using an integrative experimental approach combining field trials and molecular techniques. Two distinct sets of genetically marked isolates were used as seed tuberborne and soilborne inocula in a mark-release-recapture experiment. Disease assessments were done during tuber initiation and at tuber harvest. Both inoculum sources were found to be equally important in causing black scurf disease, whereas soilborne inocula appeared to be more important for root and stolon infection, and seedborne inocula contributed more to stem canker. However, seed tuber-transmitted genotypes accounted for 60% of the total recovered isolates when genotyped using three polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism markers. The changes in population structure of the experimental R. solani population over the course of the growing season and across two growing seasons were investigated using eight microsatellite markers. The populations at different sampling times were somewhat genetically differentiated, as indicated by Nei’s gene diversity (0.24 to 0.27) and the fixation index (FST). The proportion of isolates with genotypes that differed from the inoculants ranged from 13 to 16% in 2013 and 2014, respectively, suggesting the possibility of emergence of new genotypes in the field. Because both soilborne and tuberborne inocula are critical, it is important to ensure the use of pathogen-free seed tubers to eliminate seed tuberborne inoculum and the introduction of new genotypes of R. solani for sustainable potato production in South Africa.
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Walter, M., N. T. Amponsah, D. R. Wallis, T. Curnow, R. Lamberts, O. D. Stevenson, and A. J. Hall. "Modelling fungal spore dispersal using Neonectria ditissima." New Zealand Plant Protection 68 (January 8, 2015): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2015.68.5856.
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Neonectria ditissima is the causal organism of European canker in apple Conidia are formed in sporodochia in canker lesions and released during rain The splash pattern of conidia was monitored in four directions from a central inoculum source held at approximately 17 m height using vertical and horizontal rain traps trap plants and petroleumjellycoated glass slides during simulated rain events Nonlinear models were fitted to the conidia count data to estimate the proportion of inoculum exceeding any distance from the inoculum source When fitted to horizontal rain trap data the model suggested that half of all spores splashed beyond 042 m from the inoculum source and 4 travelled over 2 m Conidia were observed at a greater distance from the inoculum source using rain traps than glass slides In a separate set of experiments water was dropped in single droplets from various heights onto either a sealed surface or bare soil and watersensitive paper was used to estimate droplet sizes and dispersal (height and distance) Water droplets were found to splash up to 120 cm outwards and 60 cm upwards Smaller droplets travelled further than larger droplets
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Matthiesen, R. L., N. S. Abeysekara, J. J. Ruiz-Rojas, R. M. Biyashev, M. A. Saghai Maroof, and A. E. Robertson. "A Method for Combining Isolates of Phytophthora sojae to Screen for Novel Sources of Resistance to Phytophthora Stem and Root Rot in Soybean." Plant Disease 100, no. 7 (July 2016): 1424–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-15-0916-re.
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Soybean cultivars with specific single resistance genes (Rps) are grown to reduce yield loss due to Phytophthora stem and root rot caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora sojae. To identify novel Rps loci, soybean lines are often screened several times, each time with an isolate of P. sojae that differs in virulence on various Rps genes. The goal of this study was to determine whether several isolates of P. sojae that differ in virulence on Rps genes could be combined into a single source of inoculum and used to screen soybean lines for novel Rps genes. A set of 14 soybean differential lines, each carrying a specific Rps gene, was inoculated with three isolates of P. sojae, which differed in virulence on 6 to 10 Rps genes, individually or in a 1:1:1 mixture. Inoculum containing the 1:1:1 mixture of isolates was virulent on 13 Rps genes. The mixed-inoculum method was used to screen 1,019 soybean accessions in a blind assay for novel sources of resistance. In all, 17% of Glycine max accessions and 11% of G. soja accessions were resistant (≤30% dead plants), suggesting that these accessions may carry a novel Rps gene or genes. Advantages of combining isolates into a single source of inoculum include reduced cost, ability to screen soybean germplasm with inoculum virulent on all known Rps genes, and ease of identifying novel sources of resistance. This study is a precursor to identifying novel sources of resistance to P. sojae in soybean using RXLR effectors.
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Jenkyn, J. F., A. D. Todd, A. Bainbridge, and G. V. Dyke. "Effects of inoculum sources on the accuracy and precision of experiments testing different times of applying fungicides to control powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f.sp hordei on spring barley." Journal of Agricultural Science 126, no. 3 (May 1996): 259–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600074815.
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SUMMARYExperiments on spring barley at Rothamsted over the years 1974–81 were used to study how sources of powdery mildew inoculum affected responses to fungicide sprays applied at different times. Reinfection of early-sprayed plots was generally faster where they were close to a potent source of inoculum than where they were not. Conversely, effects of sources on yield, although not always significant, occurred mainly in the later-sprayed plots. Sources thus had their most important effects before these later sprays were applied, and probably during the very early stages of the epidemic. This implies that if experiments are to approximate to fields, they should, initially, be part of a large, uniformly-susceptible area of crop.Regression analyses showed that delaying the application of fungicide sprays after the optimum date caused smaller yield losses in plots near minimal sources of inoculum than in plots near more potent sources. There was no conclusive evidence for effects of inoculum sources on the optimum date to apply a fungicide spray but the tendency was for the optimum to become later as inoculum pressure increased.Separating fungicide-treated plots with mildew-resistant barley resulted in larger treatment effects and smaller residual mean squares than where there was no separation. Judged by residual mean squares alone, precision was approximately doubled by separation.
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Rosli, Siti Nor Amira, Rohaida Che Man, and Nasratun Masngut. "Screening of Culture Conditions for Production of Xylanase from Landfill Soil Bacteria." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 19, no. 2 (April 9, 2019): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.39709.
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Culture conditions including initial pH media, incubation period, inoculum size, type of carbon source, type of nitrogen source and its concentration, which affect xylanase production were screened via the one-factor-at-a-time approach. The bacteria used in the production of xylanase was isolated from the landfill site at Sg. Ikan, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. Three characterizations of the landfill soil were investigated for their moisture content, ash content, and pH. The culture conditions range used in the experimental work were between 6–30 h for the incubation period, with initial pH between 5–9, inoculum size between 1–20% v/v, carbon, nitrogen sources, and nitrogen source concentration between 1–5% w/v. Xylanase activity was estimated using dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) based on the release of xylose under standard assay conditions. The landfill soil was observed to have pH between pH 3.4–7.2 with a moisture content between 12.4–33.7% and ash ranged between 3.5–4.3%. Results showed that the highest xylanase activity within studied ranges was recorded at 25.91±0.0641 U/mL with 10% (v/v) inoculum size, 1% (w/v) xylose as sole carbon source, mixture of 1% (w/v) peptone and 0.25% (w/v) ammonium sulphate as nitrogen sources, which was carried out at initial pH of 8.0 for 24 h incubation.
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Payne, J. S., A. R. Hamersley, J. C. Milligan, and J. A. Huntington. "The affect of rumen fluid collection time on its fermentative capacity and the stability of rumen conditions in sheep fed a constant diet." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200008218.
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One of the sources of variation in the in vitro gas production (GP) technique (Theodorou et al., 1994) is the inoculum source that is used. The time of rumen fluid collection in relation to the feeding time of the donor animals could greatly affect the microbial activity and hence fermentative capacity of the inoculum. This study was carried out to quantify both within day and between day variation in rumen fermentative capacity.
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Cieniewicz, Elizabeth, Madison Flasco, Melina Brunelli, Anuli Onwumelu, Alice Wise, and Marc F. Fuchs. "Differential Spread of Grapevine Red Blotch Virus in California and New York Vineyards." Phytobiomes Journal 3, no. 3 (January 2019): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pbiomes-04-19-0020-r.
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Limited information is available on the spread dynamics of grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV, genus Grablovirus, family Geminiviridae) in vineyards. In this study, we investigated red blotch disease progress in three vineyards with a disparate initial inoculum prevalence. Secondary spread was documented in Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet franc vineyards in California, but not in a Merlot vineyard in New York. Increase in annual disease incidence (4.8, 0.13, and 0%) was unrelated to the estimated initial source of inoculum at planting (1, 40, and 40%) in the Cabernet franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Merlot vineyards, respectively. Limited genetic diversity of GRBV populations in newly infected vines supported localized spread in California vineyards, and suggested the planting material as the primary source of inoculum. Among the community of hemipteran insects visiting two of the three study vineyards, populations of Spissistilus festinus, the vector of GRBV, were absent in the Merlot vineyard and low in the Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard. Furthermore, all cover crop samples collected from GRBV-infected California vineyards each spring of 2016 to 2018, particularly legume species which are preferred hosts of S. festinus, tested negative for GRBV, suggesting a minimal role, if any, in GRBV spread as inoculum reservoirs. Together our findings illustrate differential disease progress in distinct vineyard ecosystems, and support the elimination of virus inoculum sources as an actionable disease management strategy across vineyards.
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Smalla, Kornelia, Ute Wachtendorf, Holger Heuer, Wen-tso Liu, and Larry Forney. "Analysis of BIOLOG GN Substrate Utilization Patterns by Microbial Communities." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 1220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.4.1220-1225.1998.
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ABSTRACT BIOLOG GN plates are increasingly used to characterize microbial communities by determining the ability of the communities to oxidize various carbon sources. Studies were done to determine whether the BIOLOG GN plate assay accurately reflects the catabolic potential of the inoculum used. To gain insight into which populations of microbial communities contribute to the BIOLOG patterns, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) were used to assess the diversity of ribotypes in the inocula and individual wells of BIOLOG plates following incubation. These studies were done with microbial communities from the rhizosphere of potatoes and an activated sludge reactor fed with glucose and peptone. TGGE analyses of BIOLOG wells inoculated with cell suspensions from the potato rhizosphere revealed that, compared with the inoculum, there was a decrease in the number of 16S rRNA gene fragments obtained from various wells, as well as a concomitant loss of populations that had been numerically dominant in the inoculum. The dominant fragments in TGGE gels could be assigned to the γ subclass of the classProteobacteria, suggesting that fast-growing bacteria adapted to high substrate concentrations were numerically dominant in the wells and may have been primarily responsible for the patterns of substrate use that were observed. Similarly, the community structure changed in wells inoculated with cells from activated sludge; one or more populations were enriched, but all dominant populations of the inoculum could be detected in at least one well. This study showed that carbon source utilization profiles obtained with BIOLOG GN plates do not necessarily reflect the functional potential of the numerically dominant members of the microbial community used as the inoculum.
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Singh, Suniti, Johanna M. Rinta-Kanto, Riitta Kettunen, Piet Lens, Gavin Collins, Marika Kokko, and Jukka Rintala. "Acetotrophic Activity Facilitates Methanogenesis from LCFA at Low Temperatures: Screening from Mesophilic Inocula." Archaea 2019 (May 2, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1751783.
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The inoculum source plays a crucial role in the anaerobic treatment of wastewaters. Lipids are present in various wastewaters and have a high methanogenic potential, but their hydrolysis results in the production of long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) that are inhibitory to anaerobic microorganisms. Screening of inoculum for the anaerobic treatment of LCFA-containing wastewaters has been performed at mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. However, an evaluation of inocula for producing methane from LCFA-containing wastewater has not yet been conducted at low temperatures and needs to be undertaken. In this study, three inocula (one granular sludge and two municipal digester sludges) were assessed for methane production from LCFA-containing synthetic dairy wastewater (SDW) at low temperatures (10 and 20°C). A methane yield (based on mL-CH4/g-CODadded) of 86-65% with acetate and 45-20% with SDW was achieved within 10 days using unacclimated granular sludge, whereas the municipal digester sludges produced methane only at 20°C but not at 10°C even after 200 days of incubation. The acetotrophic activity in the inoculum was found to be crucial for methane production from LCFA at low temperatures, highlighting the role ofMethanosaeta(acetoclastic archaea) at low temperatures. The presence of bacterial taxa from the familySyntrophaceae(Syntrophusand uncultured taxa) in the inoculum was found to be important for methane production from SDW at 10°C. This study suggests the evaluation of acetotrophic activity and the initial microbial community characteristics by high-throughput amplicon sequencing for selecting the inoculum for producing methane at low temperatures (up to 10°C) from lipid-containing wastewaters.
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de Jong, P. F., and B. Heijne. "EXCLUSION OF THE INOCULUM SOURCE OF BROWN SPOT (STEMPHYLIUM VESICARIUM)." Acta Horticulturae, no. 800 (October 2008): 833–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2008.800.113.
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Birhane, Emiru, Mengsteab Hailemariam, Girmay Gebresamuel, Tesfay Araya, Kiros Meles Hadgu, and Lindsey Norgrove. "Source of mycorrhizal inoculum influences growth of Faidherbia albida seedlings." Journal of Forestry Research 31, no. 1 (October 9, 2018): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11676-018-0810-7.
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Huang, H. C., and G. C. Kozub. "Influence of inoculum production temperature on carpogenic germination of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 39, no. 5 (May 1, 1993): 548–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m93-078.
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Three isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, sun-87 from Alberta, Tai from Taiwan, and SS-12 from Florida, were compared for carpogenic germination of sclerotia produced on potato dextrose agar cultures incubated at 20 °C for 14, 21, or 42 days. Sclerotia formed at 20 °C could germinate carpogenically without a cold conditioning treatment and the level of germination was dependent on specific inoculum temperature requirements for isolate sources. The favorable inoculum temperature for carpogenic germination of daughter sclerotia formed at 20 °C was 10 °C for isolate sun-87, but 25 or 30 °C for isolates Tai and SS-12. There was no difference in carpogenic germination of sclerotia from different inoculum types (mycelial mats or sclerotia) or of different culture ages (14, 21, or 42 days old).Key words: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, carpogenic germination, source of inoculum.
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Koprivica, Mirjana, Radivoje Jevtic, and Ivana Dulic-Markovic. "The influence of Tilletia spp. inoculum source and environmental conditions on the frequency of infected wheat spikes." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 24, no. 3 (2009): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif0903185k.
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The influence of inoculum source on the incidence of common bunt, caused by fungi from the genus Tilletia, was estimated based on the frequency of bunt infected wheat spikes in our agroecological conditions. The cultivar Novosadska rana 5 was sown in a random split plot design with four replicates at Rimski Sancevi on three sawing dates in 1999/2000 and 2000/2001. The following variables were evaluated: I - control, II - soilborne inoculum (4 g teliospores/1 l soil), III - seedborne inoculum (2 g teliospores/1 kg seeds), IV - seedborne inoculum + soilborne inoculum (4 g teliospores/1 l soil + 2 g teliospores/1 kg seeds). Correlation and regression analysis were used to evaluate the effect of temperature and precipitation on the frequency of infected spikes. The frequency of bunt infected spikes depended on the source of Tilletia spp. inoculum, and difference in infection frequencies between variables II and III, as well as III and IV, were determined for the assessed infection parameters. When teliospores are the only source of inoculum in soil, 60 days after sawing (r>+0.52) is a critical period in which temperature influences the development of infection. The highest number of plants was infected in the first, while less were infected in the second ten days (decade) after sawing (r>0.41), when temperature was the optimal 5.0-6.0?C. The initial 60 days after sawing were also critical for disease development when teliospores on seeds were the only source of inoculum (r>+0.50). The highest number of plants was infected in the third and fewer in the fifth decade after sawing (r>0.41), when temperature was the optimal 5.0-6.0?C. When infection was caused by teliospores on seeds and in soil, the critical period lasted 120 days after sawing (r>0.42), with a maximum frequency of infection found at the optimal temperatures for the period of 4.0- 5.0?C.
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Amekan, Yumechris, Dyah Sekar A. P. Wangi, Muhammad Nur Cahyanto, Sarto Sarto, and Jaka Widada. "Effect of Different Inoculum Combination on Biohydrogen Production from Melon Fruit Waste." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 7, no. 2 (July 10, 2018): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.7.2.101-109.
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The natural microbial consortium from many sources widely used for hydrogen production. Type of substrate and operating conditions applied on the biodigesters of the natural consortium used as inoculum impact the variation of species and number of microbes that induce biogas formation, so this study examined the effect of different inoculum source and its combination of biohydrogen production performance. The hydrogen producing bacteria from fruit waste digester (FW), cow dung digester (CD), and tofu waste digester (TW) enriched under strictly anaerobic conditions at 37OC. Inoculums from 3 different digesters (FW, CD, and TW) and its combination (FW-CD, CD-TW, FW-TW, and FW-CD-TW) were used to test the hydrogen production from melon waste with volatile solids (VS) concentration of 9.65 g/L, 37°C and initial pH 7.05 ± 0.05. The results showed that individual and combined inoculum produced the gas comprising hydrogen and carbon dioxide without any detectable methane. The highest cumulative hydrogen production of 743 mL (yield 207.56 mL/gVS) and 1,132 mL (yield 231.02 mL/gVS) was shown by FW and FW-CD-TW, respectively. Butyric, acetate, formic and propionic were the primary soluble metabolites produced by all the cultures, and the result proves that higher production of propionic acid can decrease hydrogen yield. Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium baratii prominently seen in all single and combination inoculum. Experimental evidence suggests that the inoculum from different biodigesters able to adapt well to the environmental conditions and the new substrate after a combination process as a result of metabolic flexibility derived from the microbial diversity in the community to produce hydrogen. Therefore, inoculum combination could be used as a strategy to improve systems for on-farm energy recovery from animal and plant waste to processing of food and municipal waste.Article History: Received February 5th 2018; Received in revised form May 7th 2018; Accepted June 2nd 2018; Available onlineHow to Cite This Article: Amekan, Y., Wangi, D.S.A.P., Cahyanto, M.N., Sarto and Widada, J. (2018) Effect of Different Inoculum Combination on Biohydrogen Production from Melon Fruit Waste. Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 7(2), 101-109.https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.7.2.101-10
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Vincentius, Vincentius, Evita H. Legowo, and Irvan S. Kartawiria. "Potential of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Biogas Substrate." ICONIET PROCEEDING 2, no. 1 (February 12, 2019): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33555/iconiet.v2i1.11.
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Natural gas is a source of energy that comes from the earth which is depleting every day, an alternative source of energy is needed and one of the sources comes from biogas. There is an abundance of empty fruit bunch (EFB) that comes from palm oil plantation that can become a substrate for biogas production. A methodology of fermentation based on Verein Deutscher Ingenieure was used to utilize EFB as a substrate to produce biogas using biogas sludge and wastewater sludge as inoculum in wet fermentation process under mesophilic condition. Another optimization was done by adding a different water ratio to the inoculum mixture. In 20 days, an average of 6gr from 150gr of total EFB used in each sample was consumed by the microbes. The best result from 20 days of experiment with both biogas sludge and wastewater sludge as inoculum were the one added with 150gr of water that produced 2910ml and 2185ml of gas respectively. The highest CH 4 produced achieved from biogas sludge and wastewater sludge with an addition of 150gr of water to the inoculum were 27% and 22% CH 4 respectively. This shows that biogas sludge is better in term of volume of gas that is produced and CH percentage.
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Elbeshbishy, Elsayed, George Nakhla, and Hisham Hafez. "Biochemical methane potential (BMP) of food waste and primary sludge: Influence of inoculum pre-incubation and inoculum source." Bioresource Technology 110 (April 2012): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.025.
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Moset, Veronica, Nawras Al-zohairi, and Henrik B. Møller. "The impact of inoculum source, inoculum to substrate ratio and sample preservation on methane potential from different substrates." Biomass and Bioenergy 83 (December 2015): 474–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.10.018.
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Megawati, Kartika, Sri Wilarso Budi, and Irdika Mansur. "Uji Efektivitas Inokulum Fungi Mikoriza Arbuskula Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bibit Jati (Tectona Grandis Linn. F)." Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management) 9, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 587–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.9.3.587-595.
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is a phylum of Glomeromycota. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) propagule are spores, mycor-rhizal fungal hyphae and infected root fragments. The aims of this research were to analyze the effectivity of root inoculum of AMF to enhance teak (Tectona grandis Linn F.) seedling growth. The research was used complete randomized design (CRD)-split plot design. The main plot was root inoculum of AMF, sub plot is a media sterilization and media is not sterilized. The results showed that root inoculum of AMF and media effectively improved teak growth, especially in height, diameter, and shoot dry weight. Root inoculum of AMF is able to be used as the source of inoculum for the growth teak seedling. Fresh inoculum was found to be better than root inoculum stored at room temperature and root inoculum stored at refrigerator temperature (5°C). Storage of root inocu-lum at room temperature and refrigerator temperature (5°C) for two weeks decreased the effectiveness of inoculum. Type of mixed inoculum and inoculum of Acaulospora sp. root resulted in better growth compared with G. clarum root inoculum.
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Thouand, G., P. Bauda, J. Oudot, G. Kirsch, C. Sutton, and J. F. Vidalie. "Laboratory evaluation of crude oil biodegradation with commercial or natural microbial inocula." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 45, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w98-210.
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Experiments have been performed to screen eight microbial commercial products that, according to the manufacturers, are able to degrade crude oil. This study compared the crude oil biodegradation activity of commercial inocula with that of natural inocula (activated sludge and tropical aquarium water). Some of the latter were previously adapted to the crude oil as the only carbon source. Nutrients and sorbents in the commercial formulations were eliminated, and each inoculum was precultured on marine yeast extract medium. Crude oil biodegradability tests were conducted with close initial substrate concentration to initial bacterial concentration ratios (S0/X0) of 0.94 g of crude oil/109CFU, which allowed a comparison of biodegradation activity. The inocula oxidized the crude oil after a short lag time of less than 3-18 days. After that time, the rate of oxidation varied between 45 and 244 mg O2/(L·day). Crude oil biodegradation after a 28-day test was effective only for 10 out of 12 inocula (from 0.1 to 25% in weight). Biodegradation mainly corresponded to the saturated fraction of the crude oil; the asphaltene fraction was never significantly biodegraded. Our results led to the conclusion that natural inocula, either adapted or not adapted to crude oil, were the most active (from 16 to 25% of loss in crude oil weight) and only one commercial inoculum was able to degrade 18% of the crude oil. Other inocula had a biodegradation activity ranging from 0.1 to 14%.Key words: biodegradability tests, microbial inoculum, crude oil, seeding.
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Šíp, V., J. Chrpová, and L. Štočková. "Evaluation of resistance to Fusarium head blight in wheat using different sources of inoculum." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 47, No. 4 (December 15, 2011): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/112/2011-cjgpb.
Full textAbstract:
The response of four winter wheat cultivars, differing in resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB), to spray inoculation with four selected Fusarium graminearum isolates, mixture of these isolates and frequently used F. culmorum isolate B was studied in five field and glasshouse experiments during 2008–2010. Analyses of variance showed highly significant main and interaction effects of cultivar, inoculum source and environment (year-trial) on all five examined traits indicative of disease severity, yield loss and accumulation of mycotoxins. The relations between traits were not evidently influenced by the used isolate. Resistance of host genotypes and environmental conditions accounted for a greater proportion of the total variation (8–36%) than the inoculation source (isolate) that substantially influenced the accumulation of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (12%), but expressed relatively low effects on symptom scores, percentage of fusarium damaged kernels and reductions of yield components (2–4%). Two-way and three-way interactions accounted for 25–40% of variation in the examined traits, which indicates great importance of multi-environment tests, using different Fusarium isolates for inoculation. Separate inoculation with F. graminearum isolates, differing in aggressiveness, did not appear to be more advantageous than their use in mixture that showed medium or below-average aggressiveness in all traits. The application of an isolate mixture could be recommended as a “less costly” alternative to inoculation with single isolates in trials repeated in different years and/or locations. It was indicated by these experiments that especially the detection of resistance/moderate resistance to FHB could be facilitated by the use of a carefully selected mixture of isolates. However, the application of aggressive isolates (isolate B of F. culmorum in these experiments) appeared to be beneficial to eliminate FHB susceptible materials in the breeding process.
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Lin, Shan, and Francesca Peduto Hand. "Determining the Sources of Primary and Secondary Inoculum and Seasonal Inoculum Dynamics of Fungal Pathogens Causing Fruit Rot of Deciduous Holly." Plant Disease 103, no. 5 (May 2019): 951–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-18-1694-re.
Full textAbstract:
Fruit rot of deciduous holly, caused by species of the genera Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Diaporthe, and Epicoccum, is affecting plant production in Midwestern and Eastern U.S. nurseries. To determine the sources of inoculum, dormant twigs and mummified fruit were collected, and leaf spot development was monitored throughout the season from three Ohio nurseries over two consecutive years. Mummified fruit was the main source of primary inoculum for species of Alternaria and Epicoccum, whereas mummified fruit and bark were equally important for species of Colletotrichum and Diaporthe. Brown, irregular leaf spots developed in the summer, and disease incidence and severity increased along with leaf and fruit development. Coalesced leaf spots eventually resulted in early plant defoliation. When tested for their pathogenicity on fruit, leaf spot isolates were able to infect wounded mature fruit and induce rot symptoms, which indicated that leaf spots could serve as a source of secondary inoculum for fruit infections. In addition, spore traps were used to monitor seasonal inoculum abundance in the nurseries. Fruit rot pathogens were captured by the spore traps throughout the season, with peak dissemination occurring during flowering. In this study, we also attempted to understand the role of environmental factors on leaf spot development. Although leaf spot incidence and severity were negatively correlated to mean maximum, minimum and average temperature, a decrease in temperature also coincided with leaf senescence. The role of temperature on leaf spot development should be further studied to fully interpret these results.
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Barbi, J. H. T., E. Owen, and M. K. Theodorou. "Use of the rumen simulation technique (rusitec) to provide micro-organisms for assessing the rate of fermentation. in vitro, of forages." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1993 (March 1993): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600024946.
Full textAbstract:
In vitro forage-digestion techniques, such as Tilley & Terry (1963) and the recent Pressure Transducer Technique (PTT) of Theodorou et al (1992), rely on rumen-fistulated animals to provide the microbial inoculum. The present study aimed to minimise reliance on rumen-fistulated animals by using the vessel or effluent fluids from the in vitro rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) of Czerkawski & Breckenridge (1977) as sources of inocula for assessing rate of fermentation of forages using the PTT. A previous study (Owen et al 1991) demonstrated the feasibility of using RUSITEC effluent as a source of micro-organisms for the Tilley and Terry (1963) technique.