Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Inondations – Prévision'
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Naulet, Robin. "Utilisation de l'information des crues historiques pour une meilleure prédétermination du risque d'inondation : application au bassin de l'Ardèche à Vallon Pont-d'Arc et St-Martin d'Ardèche." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002GRE10111.
Full textNaulin, Jean-Philippe. "Modélisation hydrologique distribuée pour la prévision des coupures de routes par inondation : application au département du Gard." Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ECDN0007.
Full textAbstract With the development of high spatial and temporal resolution rainfall measurements, distributed hydro-meteorological models can provide useful information to anticipate the local consequences of storm events over a region. Nevertheless, the estimation of local consequences through distributed discharge forecasting is not a straightforward purpose: the uncertainties associated to discharge forecasts may be very important, especially in ungauged areas and the consequences highly depend on the local susceptibility to flooding. In this context, a prototype of road inundation warning system, providing a rating of road submersion risk every 15 minutes during a flood event, has been developed. Initially tested in limited areas, the system has been extended to the entire Gard department which represents an application area of 5000 km² including 2000 target points for which warnings are computed. The system combines a distributed rainfall-runoff model and a susceptibility rating model. The system has been validated against reported road inundations. It appeared to perform well, even if the number of generated false alarms is important. The road inundation warning system has been then used to evaluate the usefulness of radar quantitative precipitation estimates for hydrological distributed applications. In order to improve the results, data assimilation techniques have been implemented to correct the susceptibility rating of the road sections as well as the rainfall-runoff model. Finally, this work demonstrated the potential of highly distributed rainfall-runoff model in combination with local exposure models as an innovating and efficient flood forecasting tool
Nalbantis, Ioannis. "Identification de modèles pluie-débit du type hydrogramme unitaire : développements de la méthode DPFT et validation sur données générées avec et sans erreur." Grenoble INPG, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987INPG0119.
Full textDatin, Rachel. "Outils opérationnels pour la prévision des crues rapides : traitement des incertitudes et intégration des prévisions météorologiques : développements de Topmodel pour la prise en compte de la variabilité spatiale de la pluie : application au bassin versant de l'Ardèche." Grenoble INPG, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPG0103.
Full textAbaza, Mabrouk. "Exploration opérationnelle de la prévision hydrologique d'ensemble avec assimilation automatique de données." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25488.
Full textThe aim of this research project is to identify an automatic data assimilation method that could be used in an operational flood forecasting context. The Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) and the variational assimilation method were first compared on the GR4Jsnow model. Results showed that the EnKF provides the best performance for all forecast horizons when compared to various implementations of the variational method. The performance of the variational method varied from one watershed to another. The deterministic hydrological forecasts issued from the EnKF generate better performance than forecasts without assimilation, which is not always the case for the variational method. The naïve output assimilation is not recommended for forecasts beyond a 2-day horizon. The EnKF was next implemented on a semi-distributed hydrological model (Hydrotel) to improve the initial conditions of the hydrological ensemble predictions (HEP), for the snow-free flows on the au Saumon watershed. The verification of the quality of the HEP showed a considerable improvement in both performance and reliabilty in comparison to the results of model without assimilation. Manual assimilation provides performance similar to the EnKF, but with much less reliability. The 1000-member HEP obtained from the EnKF can be reduced up to 50 members without any loss of reliability or performance. Similar results were obtained for snow accumulation and melt periods, especially when updating the snow water equivalent in addition to the state variables previously identified for the snow-free flows, namely the soil water content and the land flow. Different Canadian meteorological ensemble prediction systems (EPS) were also compared to assess the impact of spatial resolution of these systems on the quality of the HEP – they were also compared to deterministic products. The results showed that EPS are superior to the deterministic products. Global and regional EPS share the same performance, in contrast the regional product that turned out more reliable and characterize the uncertainty of the forecast.
Gazzeh, Karim. "Aménagement et risques majeurs, le cas des inondations de novembre 1999 en Languedoc-Roussillon." Toulouse 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU20019.
Full textThe assessments of natural disasters shows that the floods are the most frequent and the most devastating. This phenomenon constitutes one of the principal factors of economic and social impact. By privileging work on the vulnerability, the goal is to identify and analyze its natural and anthropic determining factors. Structured in three parts, this research analyzes the human activity within the framework of the interaction between the economic factor, the social attitudes and the prevention policy. After having treated these phenomena with a global scale (In the world and in France), the results show that the Languedoc-Roussillon area illustrates perfectly the overlap of the geographical, demographic, socio-economic, institutional and politico-administrative factors of vulnerability
Toukourou, Mohamed. "Application de l'apprentissage artificiel à la prévision des crues éclair." Paris, ENMP, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005626.
Full textThe need for accurate predictions of flash floods has been highlighted by the recent occurrences of catastrophic floods. The scope of this thesis is therefore to apply machine learning to forecast cévenol flash floods, which have caused casualties and huge damage in France over the last 20 years. The work was performed in the framework of the Bassin Versant Numérique Expérimental Gardon project, initiated by the French Ministry in charge of Sustainable Development. In this context, this work addresses the capability of machine learning to provide flood forecasts in the absence of rainfall forecasts The first part of this manuscript describes the family of functions chosen in the present study - neural networks-, their ability to forecast the behavior of non-linear dynamic processes, their fundamental properties (universal approximation and parsimony), as well as the conventional methods used to prevent overfitting. The second part of this work presents the river under investigation, the Gardon d'Anduze, as well as related hydrological studies. The third part presents the application of two traditional regularization methods: early stopping and weight decay. In order to allow the prediction of very intense floods, an original variable selection method is proposed: “partial cross validation”. After careful variable and model selection, the ability of models, obtained by either regularization method, to predict the most dramatic event of the database (September 2002) is assessed, thereby allowing an early warning of the populations. Thus, this work demonstrates that, in contrast to statements found in many publications on neural networks applied to flash-flood forecasting, the prediction of an event that is more intense than the events present in the database is feasible, provided a rigorous methodology is used. For this reason, this work opens the way to making current models more adaptive, and to applying the method to ungauged basins
Borrell, Valérie. "Vers une modélisation hydrologique adaptée à la prévision opérationnelle des crues éclair : application à de petits bassins versants du sud de la France." Toulouse, INPT, 2004. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000215/.
Full textMoulin, Laetitia. "Prévision des crues rapides avec des modèles hydrologiques globaux : application aux bassins opérationnels de la Loire supérieure : évaluation des modélisations, prise en compte des incertitudes sur les précipitations moyennes spatiales et utilisation de prévisions météorologiques." Paris, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.paristech.org/5392/01/MOULIN_et_couverture.pdf.
Full textThe aim of the present work is the evaluation of lumped rainfall-runoff (RR) models for flood forecasting in the case of upper Loire river catchments. Following the description of Loire catchment at Bas-en-Basset, an analysis demonstrates both the worth and the flaws of presently available data sets. The high variability of these hydrometeorological events enables us to compare RR models in particularly difficult but interesting contexts. Simple conceptual models appear more robust and often more efficient than data-driven models. A further evaluation, based on specific criteria for flood forecasting, highlight the information about flood evolution provided by conceptual RR models, even though modelling errors remain altogether significant while the various models behave in a similar way. Estimation of mean areal precipitation is conducted with kriging tools and a model of uncertainty on mean areal precipitation estimation is proposed and validated on data. These uncertainties are then propagated within RR models. Their impact is reasonably different with respect to catchment size, as a variable part of the global modelling error may be explained. Finally, an exploratory work has demonstrated the usefulness of taking into account probabilistic precipitation forecast into a hydrometeorological chain: longer anticipation has consequently been obtained. Although pre-processing linked to these forecast availability is absolutely necessary As a conclusion, simple tools let us expect improvements in this very perfectible field
Poinsotte, Patrice. "Pluie, crue et inondation maximale probable en Versilia (Toscane, Alpes Apuane) : une nouvelle méthode d'évaluation des aléas pluvio-hydrologiques extrêmes." Dijon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004DIJOL009.
Full textThe prospect of this work is building a new methodology for flood management and damage mitigation with accepted standards, especially on risk map implementation. The objectives are to implement into models and tools a new synthetic approach based on the local-storm Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) and Probable Maximum Flood (PMF). These concepts are devoted to hazard mitigation and thermodynamic improvement in the Apuane Alps. Research is done in the field of regionalisation in hydrology, in the field of extreme rainfalls and discharges evaluations. First results have been obtain and are conform to the Mediterranean meteorology. The quantification and localization of maximum hazard, at watershed scale, gives a good estimation of the objectives of protection against floods. Thus, the methodology gives effective answers to help decision-makers and engineers to develop solutions in order to resolve specific problems in flood risk prevention
Audard-Vincendon, Béatrice. "Apport des modèles météorologiques de résolution kilométrique pour la prévision des crues rapides méditerranéennes : vers une prévision d'ensemble des débits en région Cévennes-Vivarais." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1093/.
Full textThe northwestern Mediterranean is prone to heavy rainfall events that lead to flash-floods over the small to medium basins of the region. The first part of the thesis is to assess the benefit of using the ISBA-TOPMODEL coupled system to simulate this type of flooding on three watersheds of the Cévennes-Vivarais region. Mediterranean flash-floods. The potential of convective-scale deterministic forecasts (such as those provided by the French AROME model) for flow forecasting is discussed in the second part of the Ph. D work. It is shown that location errors in the rainfall forecast propagate into the hydrologic model to grow. In the last part, to quantify these uncertainties, a perturbation method of the AROME precipitation forecast is is developed. The rainfall scenarios are then igested into ISBA-TOPMODEL to generate an ensemble of dicharge forecasts. The resulting discharge ensembles are found better than the discharge simulation driven by the single deterministic operational AROME forecast
Boudou, Martin. "Approche multidisciplinaire pour la caractérisation d’inondations remarquables : enseignements tirés de neuf évènements en France (1910-2010)." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MON30057/document.
Full textThe occurrence of a 100 year flood in the Paris area like the January 1910 flood event is a major issue of concern as its potential economic impacts are today estimated around 30 billion euros. This shows the interest of studying exceptional past flood events for flood risk management. It has recently been confirmed by the European Flood Directive 2007/60/CE, in which article 4 recommends describing the floods that had “significant adverse impacts”. This aspect raises some questions. What does significant adverse impact mean? What is the interest to describe those events? This PhD thesis is focussing on a multidisciplinary approach for characterizing remarkable flood events, term used to qualify the 176 flood events selected during the Preliminary Risk Assessment of 2011 into the French National Historical Flood database (BDHI).An evaluation grid, based on the hydrometeorological aspects of the flood hazard as well as the socio-economic and politic consequences of the flood event, was applied to the set of 176 floods. The results conducted to select 9 remarkable flood events from 1910 to 2010. Monograph studies are presented on each of these case studies and are used to deal with three questions on the interest of studying past flood events: 1/ what are the factors involved in the hazard process leading to a remarkable flood event? ; 2/ does a retrospective analysis helps to understand the main explicative factors of flood mortality? ; 3/ how does the society manage a remarkable flood event?The analysis is especially supplied by the use of mapping which offers some issues to better understanding the different spatio-temporal dynamics and the main factors involved in a remarkable flood event
Allinne, Cécile. "Les villes antiques du Rhône et le risque fluvial : gestion des inondations dans les villes romaines : l'exemple de la basse vallée du Rhône." Aix-Marseille 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX10084.
Full textSeck, Ibrahim. "Estimation et prévision immédiate des précipitations sur un bassin urbain." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLFAC055.
Full textGood quality rainfall estimations and nowcasts are an essential prerequisite for the development of reliable flash flood warning systems, especially for urban catchments, where the socioeconomic consequences of hazardous precipitation events are high. The risks posed by such extreme events are further heightened because of climate change. In this context, this thesis aims to investigate the potential of using a small weather radar in combination with the local rain gauge and national radar networks to improve the quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) of rainfall, and to deliver reliable nowcasts. This research was carried out in the flood prone urban catchment of Clermont Ferrand-Riom.To improve QPEs with a high spatiotemporal resolution (5 minutes and a 100 m), the performance of geostatistical interpolation techniques has been investigated using rain gauge data as a primary variable and X-band radar data as a secondary variable for the kriging with an external drift and conditional merging techniques. Radar data was used for the inference of climatological variograms for each precipitation type (stratiform, convective or mixed) for all geostatistical interpolation techniques including ordinary kriging. The long-term evaluation of these techniques shows the benefit of using the geostatistical approach to merge rain gauge and radar data, especially to capture the spatial variability of rainfall. Additionally, two methods were examined to combine the X-band LAWR (Local Area Weather Radar) data with the PATNTHERE product (Rainfall sums with a resolution of 5 minutes and 1 km, provided by the national weather service Météo-France). The first method uses the PANTHERE product (using mainly a C-band radar over the area of interest) to correct X-band data from attenuation effects, and the second one consists of applying a quantile-quantile correction to the X-band data using the PANTHERE product to take advantage of its overall better measurement accuracy, both methods have shown satisfactory results in terms of reducing bias of X-band radar data in comparison with rain gauge data.In the second section of this research, a feature-based forecasting method has been applied to two rainfall events in order to investigate the ability of the X-band LAWR of providing reliable nowcasts. The method includes several steps aimed at identifying, tracking, and then interpolating the features of rainfall cells such as area, speed, and average precipitation intensity. The application of this method on two case studies shows that it provided satisfactory results for forecast lead times up to 30 minutes but efficiency degrades for further time frames.In conclusion, the research carried out in this thesis indicates that local X-band LAWR have great potential for rain estimates and forecast and should be considered in the development of flash flood warning systems, especially for urban catchments
Da, Silva Rocha Paz Igor. "Quantification de l'hétérogénéité des précipitations et mesure radar bande-X pour améliorer les prévisions des inondations." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1025/document.
Full textThe focus of this thesis was to bring a nonlinear geophysical approach to urban hydrology. It aimed the study of rainfall non-linearity scaling and intermittency, achieving a stochastic very short-range forecast (nowcast) method, as well as its application to hydrological processes in (semi-) urban environments. The overall hydrological modelling part concerned the Bièvre Valley, which is a 110 km2 semi-urbanized area in the southwest of Paris region. Therefore, three different studies were performed within this area using two hydrological models: the conceptually-based semi-distributed model InfoWorks CS over the total Bièvre catchment, and the physically-based fully-distributed model developed at École des Ponts ParisTech called Multi-Hydro over two sub-catchments. The main goals were to better understand the impacts of spatio-temporal variability of rainfall data by using two products (the Météo-France C-band radar data with a resolution of 1 km x 1 km x 5 min; and the ENPC DPSRI X-band radar data at a 250 m x 250 m x 3.41 min resolution) as input to the models, and to identify the capacities of each model to deal with better resolution data, such as the X-band one. Then, the obtained results demonstrate that the reliability of the hydrological simulations are intrinsically dependent on rainfall data features. Moreover, the X-band radar data could measure higher peaks of rainfall rates and the fully-distributed model was more sensitive to better resolution rainfall data. Afterwards, different weather rainfall radar data from completely different sites (Brazil, France, Japan) were statistically analysed and compared in order to improve the general comprehension of rainfall scaling behaviour. In addition, the Intersection Theorem was applied to highlight the impacts of spatial variability of a virtual rain gauge network. The latter was generated by considering the location of each Bièvre Valley sub-catchment mass centre. Thus, it was possible to identify that the fractality of the virtual network led to an important information loss of the rainfall fields, biasing their statistics. This indicates that the common process (largely found in literature) of radar data calibration using rain gauges should be properly take into account this fractality. Finally, a new stochastic nowcast approach was proposed, using the continuous in scale cascade Universal Multifractals (UM) model. This method was applied to weather rainfall radar data from the Brazilian Amazon region and Paris. Although it is still under development and needs some improvements, the first results obtained with this forecast model presented here in this thesis are really encouraging and once more corroborate to the need of high spatio-temporal resolution data to cope flash floods
Darras, Thomas. "Prévision de crues rapides par apprentissage statistique." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS100/document.
Full textThe Mediterranean region is frequently subjected to intense rainfalls leading to flash floods. This phenomenon can cause casualties and huge material damages. Facing to this phenomenon, hydrologic forecasting is a major tool used by Service Central d’Hydrométéorologie et d’Appui à la Prévision des Inondations to produce flood warning.During past decades, artificial neural networks showed their efficiency for flash flood forecasting on different type of watershed. The present thesis aims thus to contribute to the development of a generic methodology to design artificial neural networks, that is tested on Gardon d’Anduze and Lez at Lavalette watersheds, both displaying non-linear hydrodynamic behavior. To reduce uncertainties on forecasts, ensemble models, based on the median of forecasts calculated at each time step for an adequate number of models varying only by their initialization, have been proposed. In addition, in order to improve forecasting performances on Gardon d’Anduze, with artificial neural networks, we tried to introduce knowledge about the state of the watersheds before and during the flood. Several variables have thus been tested each one its turn, to select the one given the best performances. On the Lez karst system, that has a strongly heterogeneous structure, the KnoX method have been applicated in order to estimate the contribution to outflow from four geographical zones displaying hydrologic and hydrogeologic behavior considered as homogeneous. Thus, the most contributive zones to the discharge zones have been identified. This will help the investigation of representing humidity variables in these zones.The performances of models underlined that the general methodology of rainfall-runoff model conception could be applied on both basins, even though their hydrological and hydrogeological behavior are very different.The contribution of each zone, estimated from the KnoX methodology, improved comprehension of Lez karst system during flash floods. Selection of relevant variables representing the state of the Lez hydrosystem will be possible thanks to this new knowledge. Performances of models developed in this study underlined the difficulty to find satisfactory models, and showed the interest of the generic methodology used to design neural network adapted to the two targeted basins
Astagneau, Paul. "Pistes d’amélioration de la généralité et de l’efficacité d’un modèle opérationnel de prévision des crues." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS486.
Full textFloods frequently have disastrous human impacts and cause heavy economic losses worldwide. In order to anticipate this natural phenomenon, operational flood forecasting systems have been implemented in many countries. These systems are based on hydrological models that turn meteorological observations and forecasts into streamflow forecasts. Although many improvements have been made over the last two decades, flood forecasts are still associated with a high level of uncertainty. The GRP hydrological model is used by most of the French operational flood forecasting services (Vigicrues network). Based on feedback from forecasters, some model deficiencies have been identified, in particular systematic underestimation of flood peaks and volumes. Several attributes of the hydrological modelling chain contribute to these issues, among which the model structure, the parameterization technique and the data assimilation procedure. The objective of this work was to better understand the causes of the model failures through a detailed diagnosis framework and to improve the quality of the GRP model’s forecasts while searching for the level of complexity compatible with the level of information commonly available at the catchment scale. This work relies on a large dataset of 229 continental French catchments where 10,652 flood events were selected. In the first part of this manuscript, the model errors in simulating floods are characterized and the explanatory factors are identified. In the second part, hourly rainfall intensities are used to dynamically modify the model’s internal fluxes, to improve the simulation of floods occurring in summer and at the beginning of autumn. In the last part, we assess whether this change in model structure leads to better flood forecasts. Results show that the model highly underestimates flood volumes in summer when high-intensity rainfall events occur, especially under low antecedent soil moisture conditions. These underestimations are sometimes due to poor estimation of effective rainfall but are mainly caused by a too slow runoff routing when the catchment response to rainfall is flashy. Dynamically modifying the internal fluxes of the model with the information provided by hourly rainfall intensities improves flood simulation in summer while maintaining the same level of performance for other flood types. These modifications lead to improvements in flood forecasting for lead times larger than six hours. However, these modifications result in an increase in parameter estimation complexity and in data assimilation complexity. Several options are proposed to overcome this issue and improve parameter estimation. Our results highlight the interactions existing between the choice of model structure, parameter estimation and the data assimilation procedure, which suggests that the improvement of forecasting models should consider all these aspects simultaneously in an integrated approach. The new flood forecasting model version that was developed in this work should lead to an increase in its overall efficiency in operational conditions and broaden its applicability to varied flood types and hydroclimatic conditions
Habaieb, Hamadi. "Contribution à l'étude critique des algorithmes de prévision de crue en temps réel : exemples de l'Aveyron et de la Medjerdah." Toulouse, INPT, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987INPT015H.
Full textGouze, Jean-Claude. "Étude statistique des précipitations sur la région toulousaine et l'Aveyron et application de processus de transformation pluie-débit à la prévision des crues sur l'Aveyron." Toulouse, INPT, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPT027H.
Full textLovat, Alexane. "Prévision à très courte échéance des crues rapides méditerranéennes." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0105.
Full textThe Mediterranean regions are regularly exposed to heavy precipitating events and flash floods. Hydrometeorological forecasts up to a few hours are crucial for planning the intervention of emergency services in these situations. The prediction of the hydrological consequences of Mediterranean events of intense rainfall at the nowcasting ranges (few minutes to 6h) is the topic of this Ph. D. thesis. Two areas were studied: modelling of river flows and runoff at a fine scale, and the use of rainfall nowcasting, and particularly those from Météo-France new forecasting systems, to anticipate floods. The sensitivity to a more detailed representation of land use and texture in ISBA-TOP for simulating river flows and runoff over urban and peri-urban areas was first studied. The influence of terrain descriptors and spatial resolution (1km and 300m) has been analyzed for 12 flood events, including the major flood event in 2015 over the Cannes region. A more detailed analysis of this case was conducted using streamflow estimates at fine scale obtained from the HyMeX post-event survey and exploring the potential of impact data to evaluate simulated runoff. The results reveal that the spatial resolution has the largest impact on the hydrological simulations, larger than soil texture and land cover. Then, the potential of rainfall nowcasting for forecasting Mediterranean flash floods up to 6h was studied. The rainfall forecasts from the nowcasting suite based on the numerical weather prediction system AROME (AROME–PI), and from the nowcasting system blending numerical weather prediction and extrapolation of radar estimation (PIAF) were examined. The availability times of forecasts, based on the operational Météo-France suites, are taken into account when performing the evaluation. The evaluation of rainfall has adopted a hydrological point of view, by comparing observed and forecast rainfall over watersheds affected by past floods. A more classical evaluation comparing rainfall observation and forecast at the same location over Southeastern France has been also carried out. The results generally led to the same conclusions for both evaluations. The performance of PIAF is very good over the first hour of forecasting, but it deteriorates very quickly, to reach about the same or even a lower skill than AROME-PI beyond about 1h15/1h30 of forecasting. Between 2 and 3 hours of forecasting, AROME-PI performs better or at the same level as PIAF. Time-lagged ensembles based on AROME-PI and on PIAF forecasts respectively, were also studied. The sensitivity of the ensembles to their size and to the addition of a time tolerance on the forecast for each member was examined. The results indicate that the more members an ensemble has, the better it performs. The same applies to the ensembles with a time tolerance of 15 or 30 minutes. An assessment of river discharges simulated with ISBA-TOP and MARINE forced by AROME-PI and PIAF rainfall forecasting, used alone or as an ensemble, was also confducted on two exceptional past flash flood events (Aude in 2018 and Cannes in 2015). For the best scenarios based on AROME-PI, the anticipation of the flood peak intensity and of the instant of recession can reach up to 5h, and a little more for the first increase of flow. For those based on PIAF, the anticipation varies between 20 minutes and 4h, depending on the phenomenon, the watershed and the hydrological model studied
Bernède, Jean-Pierre. "Algorithmes adaptatifs et qualitatifs de prévision des crues en temps réel : application au cas de l'Aveyron." Toulouse, INPT, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPT060H.
Full textEdouard, Simon. "Prévision d'ensemble des crues rapides méditerranéennes." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30332/document.
Full textIntense precipitation events in the Mediterranean often lead to devastating flash floods. The affected watersheds are characterized by steep slopes and a short response time. Flash floods can be violent and destructive. Dedicated meteorological and hydrological systems are thus necessary to anticipate those flash floods. The ISBA -TOP coupled system was developed to simulate the hydrological reaction of fast responding rivers. It is a coupling between the ISBA surface scheme and a version of the TOPMODEL hydrological model dedicated to mediterranean flash floods simulation. A first part of the thesis aims at assessing the benefit of a better representation of hydrological processes within the soil for discharge simulation with ISBA-TOP. Moreover, it would allow the use of ISBA-TOP for any watershed even ungauged. A version of ISBA-TOP based on ISBA-DF (the diffusive version of ISBA that discretizes soil columns in multiple layers) has been compared to the original ISBA-TOP that relies on ISBA-3L (with only 3 soil layers). On 18 study cases, better discharge simulations are obtained basically using the new ISBA-TOP version. So this improved representation of hydrological processes in the soil allows to improve discharge simulations and to be confident into the results obtained for small ungauged catchments. The second part of this PhD work concerns the uncertainty that affects ISBA-TOP simulations. For flash floods, rainfall data used to drive an hydrological model are the major source of uncertainty. But initial soil moisture knowledge is also uncertain and the hydrological model himself is affected by uncertainty. The sensitivity of ISBA-TOP model to its parameters and initial soil moisture is investigated to document those two sources of uncertainty. First an academic case is used to verify some preliminary hypotheses and then real cases are studied to properly consider the different data heterogeneities. Discharge simulations with ISBA-TOP are sensitive to three hydro dynamical parameters : the saturated soil water content, the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the rate of decrease of the transmissivity with depth. This sensitivity is found very dependant on initial soil moisture conditions. Perturbation methods varying the 3 parameters that have the highest impact on discharge simulations as well as initial soil moisture allow to design an ensemble prediction system. This ensemble has been assessed for 6 real cases. Using this ensemble-based approach for discharge simulation lead to better results than using the deterministic version. The skill of the ensemble with 30 to 50 members is close to the skill of this ensemble with 100 members whereas it outerperfoms an ensemble with 10 members. The last part of the thesis is the conception of a complete hydrometeorological ensemble prediction system (HEPS). The hydrological ensemble defined in the second part of the thesis is used to take the uncertainty that affects the hydrological modelling and initials soil moisture into account. The uncertainty that affects precipitation fields is sampled using the AROME ensemble prediction system (AROME-EPS). The skill of this complete chain is better than an HEPS based on AROME-EPS and the deterministic version of ISBA-TOP. But both HEPS exhibit a low bias for discharge simulation on the study cases sample. This bias can come from a low bias that is found for the AROME-EPS rainfall forecasts. A simple bias correction applied on rainfall forecasts improves the bias on discharge forecasts
Tanguay, Louis-Pierre. "Analyse géographique de la vulnérabilité de la population associée aux inondations dans trois municipalités québécoises : Châteauguay, Montmagny et Sainte-Brigitte-de-Laval." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27913.
Full textAl, Mikdad Ouacim. "Modélisation des écoulements à surface libre en réseaux maillés et ramifiés." Compiègne, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000COMP1322.
Full textRebolho, Cédric. "Modélisation conceptuelle de l'aléa inondation à l'échelle du bassin versant." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AGPT0011.
Full textFlood modelling has become an essential issue in today's society, due to the expansion of urban areas into the floodplains. It is now necessary, for the safety of people, to be able to forecast the position of inundated zones produced by a flood event. Flood forecasting already exists but it only deals with discharge estimations in order to alert public authorities in case of an overflowing event. The delimitation of inundated areas is still a work in progress, and it need several approaches to provide relevant information to crisis managers.This PhD aims to develop and test a methodology applicable anywhere in France with easily available data, able to provide a large-scale and meso-scale assessment of inundated territories while still being usable in a forecasting context. Two models have been developed : first, a conceptual water spreading algorithm that estimates the overflowing water volume and spreads it along the river network and then a more physical method which computes reach-scale relationships between the discharge and the height above nearest drainage (HAND) from simplified hydraulic equations. If the former has rapidly reached its limits, the latter, called MHYST, has shown a real potential by correctly modelling up to 80% of the inundation extent resulting from the May-June event on the Loing catchment.This work showed that it was possible to generate inundation maps from limited data and, above all, easily available data, thanks to simple conceptual methodologies based on a simplified representation of the river beds. The models developed in this PhD satisfied the objectives of this project, even if some interrogations remain, in particular about the estimation of bankfull discharge, which is still a problematic issue, the production of spatially accurate observations of inundated areas which are used to calibrate and validate inundation models, or the handling of complex situations such as flash floods and heavily urbanised areas
Peredo, Ramirez Daniela. "Quels gains d’une modélisation hydrologique adaptée et d’une approche d’ensemble pour la prévision des crues rapides ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS058.
Full textFlood forecasting plays a fundamental role in anticipating and implementing measures to protect lives and property. The objective of this thesis is to investigate our ability to improve the simulation and forecasting of major flash flood events in France. First, we analyse the limitations of the lumped hydrological modelling approach, and how the contribution of the semi-distributed hydrological model GRSD, with fine mesh and hourly time step, to improve the simulation of major flood events. We also propose a modification of the structure of the model, in order to make it better suited to reproducing the response of the catchments to high rainfall intensities. An adaptation of the model structure, based on the calculation of the production rate function, resulted in the introduction of a new parameter and the proposal of a new model (GRSDi) capable of better simulating the hydrological response to heavy rains that occur in autumn, after a dry summer period. Second, we explore the ability of a meteorological ensemble prediction approach, combined with the semi-distributed hydrological model, to better predict flash flood events, the amplitude and the time of occurrence of peak flows, whether in gauged or ungauged basins. The results made it possible to identify, from a hydrological point of view, the strengths and weaknesses of the products evaluated. The work carried out constitutes a step forward towards the use of conceptual, continuous and semi-distributed hydrological models for the forecasting of major flood events and flash floods in the Mediterranean context
Fouchier, Catherine. "Développement d'une méthodologie pour la connaissance régionale des crues." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20226/document.
Full textWe address the routing of distributed hydrological information to the outlet of watersheds, in the fields of flood forecasting and flood prediction on ungauged watersheds in the French Mediterranean area.Flood forecasting can benefit of areal rainfall data provided in real-time by radar networks. This data used as an input to rainfall runoff models gives access to flood anticipation on small ungauged watersheds. Within the framework of the AIGA method, developed by CEMAGREF to provide floods alert, a rainfall-runoff model is implemented at the spatial resolution of the radar data, thus providing a map of the 1 km² pixel contributions to the runoff at the catchment outlet.Flood prediction consists of assessing the frequency of occurrence of floods of different given magnitude without reference to the times at which they would occur. The SHYREG flood prediction method, developed by Cemagref associates a regionalized rainfall model with a rainfall-runoff model. It provides grids of statistical estimates of rain and runoff for various duration and return periods. Our purpose is to study and work out simple methodologies to aggregate these two gridded hydrological data - real time information for the AIGA forecasting method and statistical data for the SHYREG prediction method to the catchments outlets. Our methodology implements distributed information and a rainfall-runoff model. We have first studied the behaviour of a simple rainfall-runoff model developed to be implemented in a gridded resolution (1 km² cells) for prediction as well as for forecasting purposes. We have checked that the model parameters show no redundancy and no link with the characteristics of the rainfall events. We have then addressed the question of the aggregation of gridded hydrological data. Within the SHYREG method, it consists of assessing statistical flow estimates at catchments outlets, knowing simulated flow distributions in each cell of the catchments. This aggregation would combine two distinct hydrological phenomena: areal reduction of rainfall and discharge attenuation in the channel network. Within the AIGA method, we have focused on the routing function of the rainfall-runoff model at the 1 km² cell scale, this scale being the first step of the runoff routing from the production area to the outlet of the catchment. We have then produced streamflow hindcasts for selected observed events using different routing function, within our rainfall-runoff model
Versini, Pierre-Antoine. "Surveillance du risque hydrologique diffus le long des itinéraires routiers : éléments pour la construction d'un outil d'annonce de coupure." Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENPC0736.
Full textBourrel, Luc. "Recherches méthodologiques sur l'estimation des précipitations par radar sur un bassin versant en région montagneuse en vue de la prévision des crues." Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT088H.
Full textTurko, Maxime. "Apport potentiel des mesures de pluie par liens micro-ondes commerciaux pour l'hydrologie urbaine en Afrique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30223.
Full textUrban floods due to intense precipitation are a major problem in many tropical regions as in Africa. The flood risk is increasing due to extreme rainfall, land use change and increasing population density, especially in urban areas. To anticipate these phenomena and their impacts, monitoring rainfall and its evolution is needed, with a dedicated observing system. In West Africa, most rainfall is provided by organized convection during the monsoon period. To characterize rainfall within these propagative systems with an intense front of convective cells, observation at fine space and time scale is needed (kilometric and sub-hourly) is needed. In tropical regions and especially in Africa, the operational hydrometeorological network is insufficient: the data access and density of pluviograph networks are problematic; meteorological radars are not available and even if satellite observation provides essential information on convective systems, the rainfall estimation lacks precision at convective scale and in real time. In this context a promising technique has emerged: rainfall measurement based on signal fluctuations on the mobile phone network. The method is based on estimating attenuation of microwave signal due to rainfall between relay antennas. The technique has been tested in several prospective studies in Africa, linked to the Rain Cell project. The main purpose of this PhD is analysing the potential contribution of these measurements for urban hydrology in Africa (or other poorly observed regions). After the introduction, the first part of this thesis analyses uncertainties in rainfall measurement from commercial microwave links, and their propagation in hydrological simulation. The analysis is based on emulating synthetic microwave links to characterize two sources of uncertainty: i) the signal accuracy given by the telephone operator ii) the networks geometrical setup, defined by link positions, length, and orientation in a watershed. The distributed hydrological model Athys is used to test the propagation of the uncertainties in the simulated discharge with a case test in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The second part of the thesis illustrates rainfall estimation from commercial microwave links over an urban area, thanks to a real dataset acquired in Niamey, Niger, in collaboration with the telephone operator Orange. A hundred microwave links are exploited around Niamey (100 km²). The rainfall derived from this 15 minutes data is compared with three pluviographs from the AMMA-Catch network for eight intense organized rainfall systems recorded in 2017. The excellent capacity to quantify and reproduce the spatio-temporal rainfall structure by the microwave links network is highlighted by this study.[...]
Rebolho, Cédric. "Modélisation conceptuelle de l'aléa inondation à l'échelle du bassin versant." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AGPT0011/document.
Full textFlood modelling has become an essential issue in today's society, due to the expansion of urban areas into the floodplains. It is now necessary, for the safety of people, to be able to forecast the position of inundated zones produced by a flood event. Flood forecasting already exists but it only deals with discharge estimations in order to alert public authorities in case of an overflowing event. The delimitation of inundated areas is still a work in progress, and it need several approaches to provide relevant information to crisis managers.This PhD aims to develop and test a methodology applicable anywhere in France with easily available data, able to provide a large-scale and meso-scale assessment of inundated territories while still being usable in a forecasting context. Two models have been developed : first, a conceptual water spreading algorithm that estimates the overflowing water volume and spreads it along the river network and then a more physical method which computes reach-scale relationships between the discharge and the height above nearest drainage (HAND) from simplified hydraulic equations. If the former has rapidly reached its limits, the latter, called MHYST, has shown a real potential by correctly modelling up to 80% of the inundation extent resulting from the May-June event on the Loing catchment.This work showed that it was possible to generate inundation maps from limited data and, above all, easily available data, thanks to simple conceptual methodologies based on a simplified representation of the river beds. The models developed in this PhD satisfied the objectives of this project, even if some interrogations remain, in particular about the estimation of bankfull discharge, which is still a problematic issue, the production of spatially accurate observations of inundated areas which are used to calibrate and validate inundation models, or the handling of complex situations such as flash floods and heavily urbanised areas
Lecourt, Grégoire. "Modélisation à bases physiques de l'hydrologie de l'Arve à Chamonix et application à la prévision des crues." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30134/document.
Full textNatural hazards in mountain are subject to prevention measures, which often partly rely on a forecasting component. In some situations, forecasting these hazards and understanding their underlying physical processes is a major scientifical issue, considering the great complexity and the strong heterogeneity of these backgrounds. Knowing underlying mechanisms of flash-floods on little catchments with glacier cover, and the perspective to forecast be able to forecast it, is an example of these risks difficult to master. The diversity of contributions to river discharge, their individual complexity and the one of the way they interact, the strong spatio-temporal variability of meteorological conditions of mountain and long-terms modifications occuring due to climate change make that this phenomenon needs to be deeply studied within a plury- disciplinary work, going from terrain measurement to development of computationnal models taking into account the diversity of physical phenomenons relating to this risk. This thesis belongs to a research project conducted in collaboration with local authorities operating in the Chamonix Valley. The goal is to provide a scientific support to help managing this hazard. The role of this thesis in this research project is to develop, test and deploy an hydrologic model taking snow and ice into account. This model is intended to be used as a research tool among other research tools of this projects (terrain measurements for example) and also to be able to help forecasting floods, when being driven by forecast meteorological data. This thesis benefitted from the continuous development of new possibilities from physically-based simulation. We have used an energy-balance multi layer snowpack model that permits a detailled representation of glacier accumulation and melt, and snow-ice interaction. It was possible to perform a multi-criteria evaluation of the model, thanks to the numerous in-situ field measurements in the Arve valley, especially glaciers mass balance measurements. Finally, this model has been deployed and tested as a pre-operationnal forecast tool
Nardo, Caseri Angélica. "Apport de la simulation conditionnelle géostatistique pour la prévision immédiate d'ensemble de pluies et l’alerte aux crues rapides." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AGPT0002.
Full textEach year, flash floods, generated by small fast-responding catchments hit by intense rainfall, are responsible for huge human and economic losses. To mitigate these impacts, it is necessary to use forecasting systems combining meteorological and hydrological forecasts at small temporal and spatial scales. Because of the underlying difficulties, these systems have to be able to communicate the uncertainties of their forecasts. Uncertainties associated to observed or future rainfall are often seeing as those having the most important impact, in particularly in the case of flash floods localised on small areas.The main aim of this thesis is to study the potential of a geostatistical conditional simulation method to generate an ensemble of rainfall scenarios that can be used by a flash flood warning system. We seek to generate a reliable ensemble of rain fields by making the best use of the strengths of the measurements often available for nowcasting: the spatial and temporal properties of rainfall fields provided by the radar data and the rainfall intensities measured by rain gauges. In order to achieve our objectives, we use radar and rainfall data from 17 intense rainfall events observed in the Var region (south-east France) between 2009 and 2013.The first part of this thesis was devoted to taking into account the uncertainties on the observations of rainfall. For this purpose, the SAMPO-TBM generator developed at Irstea-Lyon is adapted to provide simulations of alternative rain fields to the observed radar rain field, while respecting the rainfall values observed by the rain gauges through a conditioned simulation. The evaluation of the generated fields shows that the method implemented is able to generate a reliable ensemble of rain fields and thus to propose a quantification of the uncertainties on the observed rain fields.In the second part of this thesis, the capacity of our method to be used for the nowcasting of rainfall is evaluated. Several methods are tested for the parameterization of the rainfall generator and for the adjustment of the outputs. These methods are evaluated by considering the main attributes of forecast quality, such as accuracy, reliability, precision, discrimination and overall forecast performance. The best method is the one estimating generator parameters over the last four hours, but also using only the last hour for the parameter related to the mean of the non-zero rainfall distribution, combined by the adjustment of the outputs based on the last forecast error.Finally, in the final part of this thesis, ensemble rainfall forecasts are used as inputs of the flash flood forecasting method AIGA developed at Irstea Aix-en-Provence. The AIGA method enables return period of the ongoing event to estimate at ungauged catchments. The 3th-7th November 2011 event in the Var region is used to illustrate the potential of our method. Nowcasting maps indicating, for different lead times and for the whole hydrological network of the region, the probability to exceed a given return period are produced. They are compared to the localization of observed damages collected from field surveys, illustrating a real interest for the real time crisis management
Kharroubi, Ouissem. "Prévision des crues par modèle de réseau de neurones artificiels : application au bassin versant de l’Eure." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10034/document.
Full textThe growth of riparian populations generates an increase in vulnerability of our societies to flood. Therefore, a high social demand to prevent and predict these natural disasters must be tacking to protect the population against floods. To achieve this objective, the provision of flood forecasting tools, operational and reliable, is primordial. But the flood forecasting still an exercise far from being evident. Firstly, because the forecast requirements (precision and time anticipation) are becoming more and more higher. And secondly, because the physical flood forecasting tools is limited by the relative knowledge of floods hydro-systems. In this context, this thesis presents the work done to produce rainfall-runoff flood forecasting models based on artificial neural networks (ANN) in the Eure watershed (and two sub-basins) up to a 48 hours horizon forecasting. Firstly, an analysis of the geographical complexity of studied basins will be conducted in order to determine the different factors that influencing the hydrological Eure watershed regime. Then, a methodological process to data statistical analysis, has allowed a synthesis on the hydrological nature of the watersheds studied and brings the elements needed to the definition of the non-linear relations rainfall-runoff. This contribution has allowed the creation of a rainfall-runoff nonlinear model for flood forecasting. ANN model able to perform a reliable forecasting of flood up to a 48 hours horizon forecasting. This process has been tested on three watersheds and the test results show a reliable forecasts as well as an ability of generalization to other hydro-systems
Boutilier, Miranda. "Décomposition de domaine et méthodes numériques multi-échelles pour la modélisation des crues urbaines." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ5042.
Full textThe work of this thesis is dedicated to the simulation and numerical analysis of urban flood problems.While urban flooding caused by exceptional rainfall is particularly devastating in terms of economic and human damage, numerical modeling can be used to predict, anticipate and control such events.From the numerical perspective, the major challenge comes from a large contrast between a typical size of the simulation domain (10-100km) and the size of the relevant structural features, which have to be represented at metric or infra-metric scales. This thesis addresses the multi-scale character of the urban flows by means of Domain Decomposition (DD) and Multi-scale (Ms) numerical methods.The first part of the thesis focuses on linear diffusion problems posed in domains containing a large number of polygonal perforations representing realistic structures in urban areas. We propose a low-dimensional coarse approximation space based on a coarse polygonal partitioning of the domain. Similarly to other multiscale numerical methods, this coarse space is spanned by locally discrete harmonic basis functions. The main theoretical contribution of this part is an error estimate regarding the H¹-projection over the coarse space; this error estimate is independent of the global regularity of the solution, which is expected to be low due to multiple corner singularities.Additionally, this part numerically explores the combination of the coarse space with overlapping Schwarz domain decomposition methods. This combination leads to an efficient two-level iterative linear solver and preconditioner for a Krylov method.The second part of the thesis extends our methodology to nonlinear urban flow models. That is, we design DD and Ms methods to numerically solve the Diffusive Wave equation, which is obtained from Shallow Water systems by neglecting inertia terms. We show that the two-level preconditioner previously designed for linear diffusion problems performs well on the linearized Diffusive Wave model which arises at each iteration of Newton's method. Furthermore, we present nonlinear preconditioning techniques, including one and two-level RASPEN, which significantly reduce iteration counts when compared to Newton's method. These nonlinear preconditioning techniques use the coarse space to form robust two-level methods. Numerical experiments are conducted, with the main example being the numerical solution of the Diffusive Wave equation on a large urban area of Nice, France.In the last part of the thesis, for nonlinear elliptic PDEs, we investigate a multi-scale method that combines tools from the classical Multi-scale Finite Element Method and Machine Learning. Our approach is based on the approximate substructured formulation in which the traces of the unknown function belong to a coarse finite element space. The substructured problem is solved by Newton's method, using local Dirichlet-to-Neumann (DtN) operators at each iteration. In order to reduce the computational cost associated with the evaluation of DtN operators, the latter are replaced by approximate models built on the basis of artificial neural networks.Numerical experiments on nonlinear p-Laplace and degenerate scattering problems in 1D and 2D show promising results. With only a few training points per dimension of the DtN operator domain, the approximate model achieves an accuracy of a few percent
Marchandise, Arthur. "Modélisation hydrologique distribuée sur le Gardon d'Anduze : étude comparative de différents modèles pluie-débit, extrapolation de la normale à l'extrême et tests d'hypothèses sur les processus hydrologiques." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20254.
Full textValy, Janique. "Croissance urbaine et risque inondation en Bretagne." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00624646.
Full textBouchenafa, Walid. "Modélisation des inondations en tunnel en cas de crue de la Seine pour le Plan de Protection des Risques Inondations de la RATP (PPRI)." Thesis, Compiègne, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017COMP2338/document.
Full textThe 1910 flood of the Seine had a direct impact on the functioning of the different networks (Electricity network, sewerage, transport, water distribution). The RATP network was particularly affected in its functioning. The damage that centennial flood could cause today may be even greater because the current network is more vulnerable because of the numerous electrical and computer equipment that it comprises. The majority of the emergences (The water ingress) of the RATP is located in flood areas. During a major flooding of the Seine, the flows due to the floods propagate directly into the underground and central part of the network (Metro and RER) through these emergences. This thesis is interested in a hydrodynamic simulation by MIKE URBAN, Model used to model the RATP network due to its MOUSE engine developed by DHI for the sewerage networks. This work also presents the results obtained on a physical model of a subway station. The experimental data were used to model water ingress within the RATP network from the subway station. Network protection against infiltration requires a thorough knowledge of underground flow conditions. Infiltrations through the tunnels are estimated numerically. The aim of this research is to improve and validate a simulation model. It is a question of implementing an operational decision support tool which will allow the flood cell of the RATP to understand the functioning of its network in order to improve its flood risk protection plan
Renard, Florent. "Le risque pluvial en milieu urbain : de la caractérisation de l'aléa à l'évaluation de la vulnérabilité : le cas du Grand Lyon." Lyon 3, 2010. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/out/theses/2010_out_renard_f.pdf.
Full textThe urban environment and its associated sealing lead to collect and transport quantities of rainwater increasingly significant. These surface water flows cause increasing volumes and peak in the wastewater system. This excess water causes chronic and severe floods. The question of rainfall risk is thus part of the issues of the city. His management is essential to enable sustainable development of urban areas. This PhD has two major objectives. The first one, fundamental, is to enhance the knowledge of the rain in the Greater Lyon. The second, more forward-operability oriented, aims to develop relations between the types of rains and overflows, and provide solutions and practical methodology for assessing urban vulnerability. Improving the knowledge of the storm hazard of Greater Lyon requires multiple temporal and spatial scales. The focus here has been on a characterization at the local scale, not enough studied until now as in a climate and weather approach. This study is based on the use of two complementary tools: the network of ground measurements and weather radar. These first results obtained using the network of ground measurements were compared with observations from the weather radar. This improved knowledge of the rain has helped to identify risks and their consequences on the sewerage system by a junction with the overflows. Vulnerability maps, coupled with existing zoning of hazards, provide a reading of risks which makes the decision easier for land managers in the Greater Lyon. This approach is innovative because the reflections on the risk of pluvial origin were previously based solely on the only maps of hazards
Segretier, Wilfried. "Approche évolutionnaire et agrégation de variables : application à la prévision de risques hydrologiques." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0673/document.
Full textThe work presented in this thesis is in the area of data-driven hydrological modeling approaches. We particularly investigared their application on the difficult problem of flash flood phenomena typically observed in Caribbean watersheds. By considering the problem of flood prediction as a combinatorial optimization problem, we propose to use the notion of Oleraheuristics, through evolutionary algorithms, especially for their capacity ta visit effjciently large search space and to provide good solutions in reasonable execution times. We proposed the hydrological prediction approach AV2D: Aggregate Variable Data Driven which central concept is the notion of aggregate variable. The underlying idea of this [concept is to consider the predictive power of new variables defined as the results of statistical functions, called aggregation functions, computed on data corresponding ta time periods before an event ta predict. These variables are characterized by sets of parameters corresponding ta their specifications. We introduced hydro-meteorological aggregate variables allowing ta address the classification problem of hydrological events. We showed through a comparative study on two typical caribbean watersheds, using several common data driven modelling techniques that the AV2D approach is panicul.rly weil fitted ta the studied context. We also study the benefits offered by modulaI' approaches through the definition of the SM2D: Spatial Modular DataDriven approach, consisting in considering sub-processes partly defined by spatial criteria. We showed that the results obtained by the AV2D on these sub-processes allows to increase the performances particularly for short term prediction. Finally we proposed the modelization of a generic control tool for hydro-meteorological prediction systems, H2FCT: Hydro-meteorological Flood Forecasting Control 1'001
Aviotti, Audrey. "Contribution à la caractérisation de la vulnérabilité de l'habitat individuel face à l'inondation : vers un outil d'autodiagnostic." Phd thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2011. https://pastel.hal.science/pastel-00687154.
Full textIn France, as in many other countries, the framework for public prevention policy is changing. The increasing frequency of natural disasters, the consequent rise in loss ratios and the socio-economic impact on individuals and their property are all factors that have prompted government and the insurance industry to deepen their understanding of the vulnerability of households to flooding. As a demonstration of their commitment to socio-economic values, the Mutuelles d'Assurance Niortaises (an association of French insurance companies), in collaboration with local authorities, appointed CALYXIS (a European research centre specialised in risk prevention) to carry out a prospective study. This thesis describes the process undertaken by CALYXIS for the design of an assessment tool (like a "Serious Game"), and investigates its deployment modalities and questions of ownership. From the point of view of public and private spheres of activity it takes a 'horizontal' approach; at the same time it aims to meet the needs of the general public by empowering households in the area of prevention through the promotion of a 'vertical' approach. It proposes a design for a self-diagnostic method which makes it possible to identify, describe and reduce the vulnerability of households to flooding. The work is based on scientific and technical contributions from insurance experts, complemented by fieldwork and an experimental study of flood claim files from CatNat (CATastrophes NATurelles, a French organisation that monitors natural disasters). The result of this modelling is an inventory of 'intrinsic' and 'extrinsic' factors, which exacerbate or reduce damage at the micro-economic level. Variability in these factors is used to draw up vulnerability profiles that are used to define action plans. The aim of the approach is, on the one hand, to strengthen the position of the individual in managing flood risk, and on the other hand, to improve the ability of government and the insurance industry to integrate new knowledge and inform the direction they take in the development of current policy
Aviotti, Audrey. "Contribution à la caractérisation de la vulnérabilité de l'habitat individuel face à l'inondation : vers un outil d'autodiagnostic." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00687154.
Full textLaganier, Olivier. "Un couplage de modèles hydrologique et hydraulique adapté à la modélisation et à la prévision des crues à cinétique rapide – Application au cas du bassin versant du Gardon (France)." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EMSE0749/document.
Full textThe French catchments around the Mediterranean Sea are affected by intense rains, which can cause fast and flash floods. The last major events are the one of the Aude river in 1999, of the Gard area in 2002, and of the Var area in 2010, whose consequences were tragic. This PhD intends to assess a modeling strategy complementary to the tools that are already used by the regional flood warning services: the coupling of hydrologic and hydraulic models, which is a priori well-adapted for the modelling of catchments of large-scale areas (larger than 1 000 km²) around the Mediterranean Sea (such as the ones of the Ardèche river, the Cèze river, the Vidourle river, the Gardon river…). The works aim at bringing elements of responses to the following questions: 1) is the coupling adapted to the modelling of floods hydrographs of past events of moderate importance? 2) in case of an extreme event (like in September 2002), is the coupling effective for the modelling of discharges, of water levels, and of flood extension? 3) how can we improve the modelling of ungauged lateral inflows to the hydraulic model, while applying a method adapted to forecasting? 4) Is the coupling efficient at forecasting? The coupling used combines the SCS-LR hydrologic model of the ATHYS platform (Bouvier et al., 2004), and the MASCARET 1D hydraulic model (EDF-CETMEF, 2011). It is applied to the Gardon river basin (2 040 km²), in the South of France
Ribstein, Pierre. "Modèles de crues et petits bassins versants au Sahel." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20019.
Full textArgence, Sébastien. "Prévisibilité de précipitations intenses en Méditerranée : impact des conditions initiales et application aux inondations d'Alger de novembre 2001." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00451051.
Full textFinaud-Guyot, Pascal. "Modélisation macroscopique des inondations fluviales et urbaines : Prise en compte des écoulements directionnels et des échanges lit majeur - lit mineur." Phd thesis, Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20142.
Full textOne-dimensional approaches prove to be efficient in river flow modelling as long as overbank flow can be neglected. When such approximation cannot be made, one-dimensional cell-based or two-dimensional models are used. However, in the first case, the momentum transfer, essential to a correct representation of phenomena such as meander shortcuts, is neglected. For 2D river flow modelling, a precise meshing of the river bed is required to correctly take the topography into account. The mesh close to the river bed is therefore composed of small cells and the simulation timestep has to be reduced to insure the numerical scheme stability. An alternative approach consists in coupling 1D and 2D models. Existing 1D-2D models prove not to be satisfactory in the general case, since only mass transfer are taken into account, neglecting momentum transfer. In the proposed approach, the coupling is performed by including a 1D model into the 2D model and providing a full transfer of both mass and momentum. This formalism allows for drastic reduction in the number of cells in comparison with a 2D meshing, and thus a substantial reduction of computation time. Numerical test cases as well as real-world application examples have been carried out for both a classical 2D and the proposed 1D-2D approaches. The proposed approach correctly represents the head loss due to channel bends as well as meandering shortcuts phenomena and provides good enough results for engineering applications with a reduced computational time. This is therefore a substantial improvement compared to both classical 1D and 2D models
Saint-Martin, Clotilde. "Prise en compte des vulnérabilités territoriales dans l'avertissement des crues rapides : vers une amélioration de la méthode AIGA." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MON30061/document.
Full textAnticipating floods is a major challenge for communities at risk of flooding as the entire warning system – responsible for the safety of people and goods - relies on this anticipation. There is an existing monitoring system “Vigicrues” for flood damage for a fifth of the river network in France. But for four-fifths of this network, made of small rivers, no monitoring is available. Yet those rivers are the most affected by flash floods which especially require anticipation for crisis management purposes. This is why at the beginning of 2017, the Vigicrues system for flood monitoring has been completed with a new flood warning system called Vigicrues Flash. This system provides automatic information in real-time on flood severity of ungauged basins for 10 000 French communities.Even if this new system is a real innovation for communities with no monitoring at all, the AIGA method which is used in Vigicrues-Flash has some limits. The first one is that the warnings are only based on the assessment of flood severity. But estimating flood severity is not enough to issue efficient flood warnings. To be able to do so, taking into account potential flood losses is essential. The main goal of this work is to enable an anticipated estimation of flood related damage, especially for ungauged basins. We offer a method to assess the risk of flood related damage based on flood severity assessed by the AIGA method and a territorial vulnerability assessment. This last one has been built on a bottom-up approach developed with crisis managers. Putting together this data has enabled a first assessment of the risk of flood risk damage as a dynamic risk index.By adjusting performance testing used in the meteorology field, we have been able to evaluate our risk index and to compare the results with the AIGA method. In order to do so, we have used existing damage data (CATNAT from the GASPAR database) as well as a specific multisource database (using notably social media data) which has been put together as part of this study (DamaGIS). The evaluation process has been tested for 12 communities in the Alpes-Maritimes, 69 in the Gard and 28 in the Var department. Two types of evaluation have been performed: a first comprehensive one continuously with CATNAT data on the 1988-2016 period; and another one per flood event at a finer scale.Our results show that moving from hazard assessment to risk assessment has significantly increased the relevance of the warnings and mostly at a smaller scale than the community one. Though, there is a better detection of flood related damage as the false alarm rate has been significantly reduced. This PhD work offers promising prospects to improve the current French warning system for floods and enable a more efficient emergency response
Nguyen, Quoc Son. "Application du modèle distribué événementiel SCS-LR pour la prévision des crues méditerranéennes : performances du modèle et variabilité spatiale des paramètres." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG019/document.
Full textRainfall-runoff models are essential tools for many hydrological applications, including flood forecasting. The purpose of this thesis was to examine the performances of a distributed event model for reproducing the Mediterranean floods. This model reduces the parametrization of the processes to the flood period, and estimates the saturation of the catchment at the beginning of the event with an external predictor, which is easily observable or available. Such predictor avoids modelling the inter-flood phase and simplifies the parametrization and the calibration of the model. The selected model combines a distributed SCS production function and a Lag and Route transfer function, applied to a discretization of the basin in a grid of regular square meshes.The model was first tested on the Real Collobrier watershed. This Mediterranean basin has been monitored by IRSTEA for more than 50 years and has an exceptional density of rainfall and flow measurements. This favourable environment made it possible to reduce the uncertainties on the rainfall input and to evaluate the actual performances of the model. In such conditions, the floods were correctly simulated by using constant parameters for all the events, but the initial condition of the event-based model. This latter was highly correlated to predictors such as the base flow or the soil water content w2 simulated by the SIM model of Meteo-France. The model was then applied by reducing the density of the rain gauges, showing loss of accuracy of the model and biases in the model parameters for lower densities, which are representative of most of the catchments.The spatial variability of the model parameters was then studied in different Real Collobrier sub-basins. The comparison made it possible to highlight and correct the scale effect concerning one of the parameters of the transfer function. The catchment saturation predictors and the initial condition of the model were still highly correlated, but the relationships differed from some sub-catchments. Finally, the spatial variability of the model parameters was studied for other larger Mediterranean catchments, of which area ranged from some tenth to hundreds of square kilometres. Once more, the model could be efficiently initialized by the base flow and the water content w2, but significant differences were found from a catchment to another. Such differences could be explained by uncertainties affecting as well the rainfall estimation as the selected predictors. However, the relationships between the initial condition of the model and the water content w2 were close together for a given type of catchment.In conclusion, this distributed event model represents an excellent compromise between performance and ease of implementation. The performances are satisfactory for a given catchment or a given type of catchment. The transposition of the model to ungauged catchment is less satisfactory, and other catchment saturation indicators need to be tested, e.g. in situ measurements or satellite measurements of soil moisture
Cernesson, Flavie. "Modèle simple de prédétermination des crues de fréquences courante à rare sur de petits bassins versants méditerranéens." Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20018.
Full textRiad, Souad. "Typologie et analyse hydrologique des eaux superficielles à partir de quelques bassins versants représentatifs du Maroc." Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2003/50376-2003-Riad.pdf.
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