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Journal articles on the topic 'Inorganic polymers. Copolymers. Polymeric composites'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Zinchenko, О. V., V. D. Ezhova, and A. L. Tolstov. "SILICON-CONTAINING OLIGOMERIC AZOINITIATORS IN THE SYNTHESIS OF BLOCK COPOLYMERS." Polymer journal 43, no. 2 (2021): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/polymerj.43.02.133.

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A solvothermal synthetic pathway and functional polymer styabilizers was used for synthesis of fine silver structures of different architecture. Using polyvinylpyrrolidone as a stabilizer silver micronized wires with a diameter of 3,8–4,2 μm and aspect ratio of up to 30 were prepared. XRD technique was applied for qualitative determination of silver metal structures. New thermoresponse composite hydrogels with a structure of semi-IPNs were prepared from cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol, linear highly hydrophilic poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx) and as-synthesized silver micro-sized wires. Effect of a structure and a composition of the polymer matrix, and inorganic anisotropic filler on structure arrangement of composite hydrogels were evaluated by DMA studies. A presence of linear hydrophilic PEtOx and anisotropic metal filler in PVA matrix reduces storage modulus Е’ from 275 to 222–230 MPa and increases loss modulus Е” up to 45,5 MPa at room temperature measurements that partially initiated by poor structuration ability of the composites under high solvation level of polymer matrices. Increasing temperature leads to redistribution of hydrogen bonds network and hybridization of PVA nad PEtOx macrochains and enhances energy dissipation ability of unfilled hydrogel. A filler due to conjugation with amine-functionalized PEtOx chains and its localization closed to a surface of metal supresses polymer-polymer interactions and elasticity parameters of composite matrix drops down. As a result, diffusion and permeability coefficients of composite hydrogels reaches 1,06–1,52·10–9 cm2/s and 0,83–1,09·10-9 g/(cm·s), respectively, that higher in comparison with cross-linked PVA matrices. A presence of hydrogen bonds of different energy in hydrogels provides an appearance of multiple relaxation transitions due to different macrochain mobility in a bulk of polymer matrix. Differences of temperature interval of LCTS for hydrogels were found from analysis Е”(T)/dT (62–70 °С) and Δχ(T)/dT (67–70 °С) dependencies are interrelated with kinetic pecularities of diffusion processes that are able to suppress a phase separation at the temperatures closed to LCTS. Phase inversion processes for hydrogel containing 5 % of PEtOx at LCTS are accompanied by desorption of 32–73 % of sorbate. Moreover, thermoresponsive properties of the hydrogels filled with metallic silver wires are higher than that of the unfilled semi-IPNs.

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2

Markin, A. V., N. O. Yakimovich, L. A. Smirnova, and N. N. Smirnova. "Calorimetric study of organic-inorganic copolymers of ethylene glycol methacrylate and titanium dioxide." Polymer Science Series B 50, no. 5-6 (2008): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1560090408050059.

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3

Lai, Cheng-Yuan, Peter J. S. Foot, and John W. Brown. "Synthesis and Properties of Novel Polymers to Increase the Electrochromic Service Life of Poly(3-hexylthiophene)." Polymers and Polymer Composites 25, no. 2 (2017): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739111702500201.

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Poly(3-alkylthiophene)s (P3ATs) are a promising class of electrochromic materials because of their convenient processability and environmental stability. The adhesion of electroactive polymer coatings on a transparent conducting substrate is a significant factor affecting the durable colour-changing life of electrochromic devices such as visual displays and switchable windows. Traditional electrochromic coatings on transparent ITO glass electrodes often have poor cycling lifetimes, due to incompatibility between the polymers and the inorganic substrates. However, providing a covalently-bonded network between the active electrochromics and the ITO glass is an efficient method to increase the adhesion and hence to extend the service time; the research described here used Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of N-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)pyrrole (TMP) onto poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), as a precursor to a sol-gel reaction. The Si-O-metal network produced between the siloxane groups and metal oxide after the sol-gel reaction served to enhance the adhesion of the poly(3-hexylthiophene) onto ITO glass. With this stronger bonding, the colour-switching service time was found to be extended considerably by the observation of repeated electrochemical cycling tests. In addition, the electro-optic and electrochemical properties of copolymers with various molar substitution ratios of TMP on P3HT were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and UV-visible spectroscopy. The π-π* transition energy of P3HT increased with the degree of bromo-substitution, but diminished again after substituting with TMP. The hysteresis in electrochromic switching also became more noticeable with increased bromo-substitution on the P3HT, but it decreased when TMP was attached to the thiophene rings.

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4

Goñi-Ciaurriz, Leire, Marta Senosiain-Nicolay та Itziar Vélaz. "Aging Studies on Food Packaging Films Containing β-Cyclodextrin-Grafted TiO2 Nanoparticles". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, № 5 (2021): 2257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052257.

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Polymeric materials, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and ethylene–PVA copolymers (EVOH) are widely used in the food sector as packaging materials because of their excellent properties. TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) show photocatalytic activity; when added to the aforementioned polymers, on the one hand, they are expected to provide bactericidal capacity, whereas on the other hand, they could favor nanocomposite degradation. These types of nanoparticles can be derivatized with cyclodextrin macromolecules (CDs), which can act as food preservative carriers, increasing the packaging food protective properties. In this work, films containing β-Cyclodextrin (βCD)-grafted TiO2 nanoparticles and PVA or EVOH were prepared. Regarding the photocatalytic activity of the nanoparticles and the possible environmental protection, accelerated aging tests for PVA, EVOH, and their composites with cyclodextrin-grafted TiO2 nanoparticle (NP) films were performed by two methods, namely, stability chamber experiments at different conditions of temperature and relative humidity and UV light irradiation at different intensities. After analyzing the systems color changes (CIELAB) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra, it was observed that the film degradation became more evident when increasing the temperature (25–80 °C) and relative humidity percentage (28–80%). There was no significant influence of the presence of CDs during the degradation process. When irradiating the films with UV light, the largest color variation was observed in the nanocomposite films, as expected. Moreover, the color change was more relevant with increasing NP percentages (1–5%) due to the high photocatalytic activity of TiO2. In addition, films were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and variation in the signal intensities was observed, suggesting the increase of the material degradation in the presence of TiO2 NPs.

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5

Bergeron, Jean Yves, and Le H. Dao. "Electrical and physical properties of new electrically conducting quasi-composites. Poly(aniline-co-N-butylaniline) copolymers." Macromolecules 25, no. 13 (1992): 3332–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00039a002.

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6

Yan, Nina, Qingbao Guan, Zhiming Yang, et al. "Synthesis of Double-Shelled Hollow Inorganic Nanospheres through Block Copolymer-Metal Coordination and Atomic Layer Deposition." Polymers 11, no. 7 (2019): 1208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11071208.

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Double-shelled hollow (DSH) structures with varied inorganic compositions are confirmed to have improved performances in diverse applications, especially in lithium ion battery. However, it is still of great challenge to obtain these complex nanostructures with traditional hard templates and solution-based route. Here we report an innovative pathway for the preparation of the DSH nanospheres based on block copolymer self-assembly, metal–ligand coordination and atomic layer deposition. Polymeric composite micelles derived from amphiphilic block copolymers and ferric ions were prepared with heating-enabled micellization and metal–ligand coordination. The DSH nanospheres with Fe2O3 stands inner and TiO2 outer the structures can be obtained with atomic layer deposition of a thin layer of TiO2 followed with calcination in air. The coordination was carried out at room temperature and the deposition was performed at the low temperature of 80 °C, thus providing a feasible fabrication strategy for DSH structures without destruction of the templates. The cavity and the outer layer of the structures can also be simply tuned with the utilized block copolymers and the deposition cycles. These DSH inorganic nanospheres are expected to find vital applications in battery, catalysis, sensing and drug delivery, etc.

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7

Savva, Ioanna, George Krekos, Alina Taculescu, Oana Marinica, Ladislau Vekas, and Theodora Krasia-Christoforou. "Fabrication and Characterization of Magnetoresponsive Electrospun Nanocomposite Membranes Based on Methacrylic Random Copolymers and Magnetite Nanoparticles." Journal of Nanomaterials 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/578026.

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Magnetoresponsive polymer-based fibrous nanocomposites belonging to the broad category of stimuli-responsive materials, is a relatively new class of “soft” composite materials, consisting of magnetic nanoparticles embedded within a polymeric fibrous matrix. The presence of an externally applied magnetic field influences the properties of these materials rendering them useful in numerous technological and biomedical applications including sensing, magnetic separation, catalysis and magnetic drug delivery. This study deals with the fabrication and characterization of magnetoresponsive nanocomposite fibrous membranes consisting of methacrylic random copolymers based on methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 2-(acetoacetoxy)ethyl methacrylate (AEMA) (MMA-co-AEMA) and oleic acid-coated magnetite (OA·Fe3O4) nanoparticles. The AEMA moieties containingβ-ketoester side-chain functionalities were introduced for the first time in this type of materials, because of their inherent ability to bind effectively onto inorganic surfaces providing an improved stabilization. For membrane fabrication the electrospinning technique was employed and a series of nanocomposite membranes was prepared in which the polymer content was kept constant and only the inorganic (OA·Fe3O4) content varied. Further to the characterization of these materials in regards to their morphology, composition and thermal properties, assessment of their magnetic characteristics disclosed tunable superparamagnetic behaviour at ambient temperature.

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8

Chiesa, Enrica, Rossella Dorati, Silvia Pisani, et al. "Graphene Nanoplatelets for the Development of Reinforced PLA–PCL Electrospun Fibers as the Next-Generation of Biomedical Mats." Polymers 12, no. 6 (2020): 1390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12061390.

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Electrospun scaffolds made of nano- and micro-fibrous non-woven mats from biodegradable polymers have been intensely investigated in recent years. In this field, polymer-based materials are broadly used for biomedical applications since they can be managed in high scale, easily shaped, and chemically changed to tailor their specific biologic properties. Nonetheless polymeric materials can be reinforced with inorganic materials to produce a next-generation composite with improved properties. Herein, the role of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) on electrospun poly-l-lactide-co-poly-ε-caprolactone (PLA–PCL, 70:30 molar ratio) fibers was investigated. Microfibers of neat PLA–PCL and with different amounts of GNPs were produced by electrospinning and they were characterized for their physicochemical and biologic properties. Results showed that GNPs concentration notably affected the fibers morphology and diameters distribution, influenced PLA–PCL chain mobility in the crystallization process and tuned the mechanical and thermal properties of the electrospun matrices. GNPs were also liable of slowing down copolymer degradation rate in simulated physiological environment. However, no toxic impurities and degradation products were pointed out up to 60 d incubation. Furthermore, preliminary biologic tests proved the ability of the matrices to enhance fibroblast cells attachment and proliferation probably due to their unique 3D-interconnected structure.

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9

Kean Chong, Lim, Azlin Fazlina Osman, Asfa Amalia Ahmad Fauzi, Awad A. Alrashdi, and Khairul Anwar Abdul Halim. "The Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (PECoVA) Composites with Pristine Dolomite and Organophilic Microcrystalline Dolomite (OMCD)." Polymers 13, no. 18 (2021): 3034. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13183034.

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Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (PECoVA) composite containing organophilic microcrystalline dolomite (OMCD) was studied to replace the non-recyclable silicone elastomer in biomedical application. Pristine dolomite (DOL) is an inorganic mineral filler and is hydrophilic in nature, hence incompatible with most polymers and limits its use in biomedical applications. DOL was subjected to a combination of size reduction, tip sonication and a surface modification process to obtain a more effective dolomite filler, known as OMCD, as reinforcement material in the PECoVA copolymer matrix. The effects of DOL and OMCD loadings (1, 3, 5 wt%) on the structure and properties of the PECoVA composite were investigated. According to the X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), tensile and tear tests, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, the use of the OMCD filler brought a more pronounced positive impact to the PECoVA matrix as opposed to the DOL, where it enhanced the crystallinity of the matrix and led to much better matrix–filler interfacial interactions. Therefore, regardless of the filler loading, the PECoVA/OMCD composites demonstrate greater mechanical and thermal properties compared to the PECoVA/DOL composites. The best composite was produced with the OMCD loading of 3 wt%, in which the tensile strength (22.1 MPa), elongation at break (1413%) and Young’s modulus (2.0 MPa) of the copolymer matrix were increased by 44%, 23% and 21%, respectively. This proved that the combination of size reduction, tip sonication and the surface modification technique is efficient to obtain the PECoVA/dolomite composite with improved performance.

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10

Greil, Peter. "Templating Approaches Using Natural Cellular Plant Tissue." MRS Bulletin 35, no. 2 (2010): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2010.635.

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AbstractBiological preforms such as plant tissue offer a novel approach for manufacturing biomorphous ceramics with an anisotropic cellular micro- and macrostructure pseudomorphous to the natural template structure. Mimicking the hierarchical microstructure of the native template at different length scales from large vessels (mm) down to a cell wall microstructure (μm to nm) offers the possibility to tailor the local strut microstructure in biomorphous ceramics in order to improve mechanical properties at low density. Mineralization may be achieved by intercalation of the cell walls with an inorganic, metal organic, or organometallic sol. Heating above the pyrolysis temperature of the hydrocarbons forming the cell wall material in an inert atmosphere finally results in a positive replica of the cellular structure with a metal oxide/carbon composite forming the cell walls. Amorphous, nano- or microcrystalline C/Si-O-C(-N) composite materials are obtained by infiltration with a low viscosity preceramic polymeric precursor, such as polycarbosilane, -silazane, -siloxane, or a copolymer or mixture thereof. Pyrolysis into a biocarbon template and subsequent metal alloy melt or vapor infiltration and reaction at high temperatures above 1000°C is an alternate way to produce single and multiphase carbides and composites.

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11

Cheng, Dan, Xiucheng Zhang, Siyu Wang, and Lihua Liu. "Effect on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Random Copolymer Polypropylene/Microcrystalline Cellulose Composites Using T-ZnOw as an Additive." Advances in Polymer Technology 2019 (May 29, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4862124.

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Four-needle zinc oxide whisker (T-ZnOw) incorporated into microcrystalline cellulose/maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene/random copolymer polypropylene (MCC/PP-g-MA/rPP) composite was prepared by melt blending. 5 wt% PP-g-MA was used as a coupling agent to improve the interfacial compatibility between fillers and rPP. The effect of T-ZnOw on MCC/PP-g-MA/rPP composite was investigated by mechanical testing, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Addition of T-ZnOw enhanced the mechanical properties of composites with tensile and flexural strengths increasing by 10% and 6%, respectively. SEM studies showed an improvement in the compatibility of fracture surfaces, which was evident from the absence of gaps between fillers and rPP. Additionally, initial thermal decomposition temperature and maximum weight loss temperature of T-ZnOw/MCC/PP-g-MA/rPP composite were both higher than those of MCC/PP-g-MA/rPP composite. Thermal degradation kinetics suggested that T-ZnOw has a weak catalytic effect on MCC, resulting in the early degradation of MCC and adhesion to the surface of rPP. Because of the presence of inorganic whiskers, the remaining weight percent was more than that of other composites at the end of the reaction. Crystallization temperature of the T-ZnOw/MCC/PP-g-MA/rPP composite was almost 3~5°C higher than that of MCC/PP-g-MA/rPP composite and close to the crystallization temperature of pure rPP.

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12

Kurbanova, R. V. "Physicomechanical properties of organic-inorganic hybrid gels based on talc and modiﬁ ed low density polyethylene". Plasticheskie massy, № 3-4 (31 травня 2020): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35164/0554-2901-2020-3-4-19-22.

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The results of a study of the eﬀ ect of talc dressed with organosilicon compounds on the physicomechanical properties of nanocomposites based on low-density polyethylene and a grafted copolymer of low-density polyethylene with maleic anhydride are presented. The ultimate tensile stress, tensile yield strength, elongation at break, Vicat softening temperature, melt ﬂ ow index and the melting point of nanocomposites are studied. For a comparative assessment of the properties, the results of a study of composites based on a grafted copolymer and coarsely dispersed talc are given.

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13

Swart, Morne, Richard T. Olsson, Mikael S. Hedenqvist, and Peter E. Mallon. "Organic-inorganic hybrid copolymer fibers and their use in silicone laminate composites." Polymer Engineering & Science 50, no. 11 (2010): 2143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.21749.

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14

Machulenko, L. N., S. A. Donetskaya, and M. I. Buzin. "Phenolformaldehyde copolymers containing card groups." Plasticheskie massy 1, no. 11-12 (2020): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35164/0554-2901-2019-11-12-10-16.

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In this review the results of studies over the past 15 years of phenol-formaldehyde cooligomers containing card groups and crosslinked copolymers based on them are сompiled and analyzed. The data on the infl uence of the nature of the curable cooligomer and the amount of card groups in it on the properties of copolymers (strength, thermal and electrophysical characteristics) are presented. The regularities revealed allow to create copolymers with specifi ed properties which can be used as eff ective polymeric binders to create heat-resistant polymeric composites and electroactive fi lm materials for electronics and radio engineering

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15

Mîinea, Liliana A., Laura B. Sessions, Kjell D. Ericson, David S. Glueck, and Robert B. Grubbs. "Phenylethynylstyrene−Cobalt Carbonyl Block Copolymer Composites." Macromolecules 37, no. 24 (2004): 8967–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma0490092.

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16

Beadle, P., S. P. Armes, S. Gottesfeld, et al. "Electrically conductive polyaniline-copolymer latex composites." Macromolecules 25, no. 9 (1992): 2526–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00035a035.

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17

Zu, Xihong, Jian Gong, Weiping Tu, and Yulin Deng. "Selective and Sequential Re-Assembly of Patterned Block Copolymer Thin Film for Fabricating Polymeric, Inorganic, and Their Composite Nanostructured Arrays." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 32, no. 19 (2011): 1526–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.201100313.

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18

Nair, C. P. Reghunadhan, and G. Clouet. "Block copolymers via thermal polymeric iniferters. Synthesis of silicone-vinyl block copolymers." Macromolecules 23, no. 5 (1990): 1361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00207a021.

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19

Hamisu, Abubakar, and Sevim Ü. Çelik. "Poly(AN-co-PEGMA)/hBN/NaClO4 composite electrolytes for sodium ion battery." e-Polymers 17, no. 6 (2017): 507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2017-0022.

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AbstractPolymer electrolytes composed of an acrylonitrile and polyethylene glycol methacrylate copolymer poly(AN-co-PEGMA) with addition of NaClO4 are studied by impedance spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) particles are having increasing interest owing to mechanical properties, thermal stability, chemical stability and good lubrication property. In this study, hBN was used as an inorganic filler. FTIR spectroscopy was used to examine the interactions between the host polymer and both NaClO4 salt and nano hBN particles. The thermal properties of the composites were studied using TGA and DSC tests. TGA results showed that all the composites membranes were thermally stable till 300°C with one step degradation. Surface morphology of the films was examined with SEM which also reveals the homogeneous dispersion of nano hBN in the polymer matrix. Ionic conductivity was studied with impedance spectroscopy, the results showed that the ionic conductivity increases with increasing PEGMA ratio. ANcoPEGMA 11 20Na (EO:Na ratio=20) sample showed maximum ion conductivity of approximately 3.6×10−4 S cm−1 at 100°C. This is because ANcoPEGMA 11 20Na has highest percentage of PEGMA and highest number of Na+ ion per EO groups.

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20

Schultz, Andrew J., Carol K. Hall, and Jan Genzer. "Computer Simulation of Block Copolymer/Nanoparticle Composites." Macromolecules 38, no. 7 (2005): 3007–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma0496910.

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21

PRASAD, P. N. "POLYMERS FOR PHOTONICS." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 03, no. 04 (1994): 531–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218199194000316.

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Polymers have emerged as an important class of materials for applications in photon-ics. In this review, a brief background is presented on photonics and nonlinear optical processes, the latter providing many of the operational functions for the photonics technology. Nonlinear optical processes in polymeric materials are discussed along with the needed structural requirements. The three types of nonlinear polymeric systems discussed are: (i) χ(2) materials; (ii) χ(3) materials and (iii) photorefractive polymers. The photorefractive polymeric systems utilize the combined action of photoconductivity and nonlinear optical effect. New developments using sol-gel processed inorganic glass: polymer composites for nonlinear optics are discussed.

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22

Aarão Reis, Fábio D. A. "Modeling Self-Assembly of Diblock Copolymer−Nanoparticle Composites." Macromolecules 41, no. 22 (2008): 8932–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma801592b.

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23

Yu, Qunli, Nan Sun, Dengwen Hu, et al. "Encapsulation of inorganic nanoparticles in a block copolymer vesicle wall driven by the interfacial instability of emulsion droplets." Polymer Chemistry 12, no. 29 (2021): 4184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1py00744k.

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We proposed an effective route, i.e., three-dimensional confined co-assembly of block copolymers and inorganic nanoparticles, to efficiently encapsulate high-density and large-size nanoparticles into the wall of polymeric vesicles.

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24

Galeev, Ruslan, Lyailya Abdullovna Abdrakhmanova, and Rashid Nizamov. "Nanomodified Organic-Inorganic Polymeric Binders for Polymer Building Materials." Solid State Phenomena 276 (June 2018): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.276.223.

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Advances in the creation of new polymeric composites based on polyvinyl (PVC) with a specified range of technological and operational properties contribute to their expansion in the form of Viniplastov, Plasticates, Plastisols in the construction industry. At present, PVC provides about 70% of the construction-oriented plastics market. It occupies third place after polyethylene and polypropylene the volume of consumption among industrial polymers, but with the ability to modify properties and the large number of compositions and articles of various functional (from ... rubbery to tough shockproof) exceed all thermoplastic large polymers.

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25

Yao, Li, Ying Lin, and James J. Watkins. "Ultrahigh Loading of Nanoparticles into Ordered Block Copolymer Composites." Macromolecules 47, no. 5 (2014): 1844–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma500338p.

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26

Diaz, Javier, Marco Pinna, Andrei V. Zvelindovsky, and Ignacio Pagonabarraga. "Nonspherical Nanoparticles in Block Copolymer Composites: Nanosquares, Nanorods, and Diamonds." Macromolecules 52, no. 21 (2019): 8285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01754.

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27

Guo, Qipeng, Ralf Thomann, and Wolfram Gronski. "Synthesis and fractionated crystallization of organic–inorganic hybrid composite materials from an amphiphilic polyethylene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) diblock copolymer." Polymer 48, no. 14 (2007): 3925–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2007.05.021.

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28

Wang, Yun-Yan, Xianzhi Meng, Yunqiao Pu, and Arthur J. Ragauskas. "Recent Advances in the Application of Functionalized Lignin in Value-Added Polymeric Materials." Polymers 12, no. 10 (2020): 2277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102277.

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The quest for converting lignin into high-value products has been continuously pursued in the past few decades. In its native form, lignin is a group of heterogeneous polymers comprised of phenylpropanoids. The major commercial lignin streams, including Kraft lignin, lignosulfonates, soda lignin and organosolv lignin, are produced from industrial processes including the paper and pulping industry and emerging lignocellulosic biorefineries. Although lignin has been viewed as a low-cost and renewable feedstock to replace petroleum-based materials, its utilization in polymeric materials has been suppressed due to the low reactivity and inherent physicochemical properties of lignin. Hence, various lignin modification strategies have been developed to overcome these problems. Herein, we review recent progress made in the utilization of functionalized lignins in commodity polymers including thermoset resins, blends/composites, grafted functionalized copolymers and carbon fiber precursors. In the synthesis of thermoset resins such as polyurethane, phenol-formaldehyde and epoxy, they are covalently incorporated into the polymer matrix, and the discussion is focused on chemical modifications improving the reactivity of technical lignins. In blends/composites, functionalization of technical lignins is based upon tuning the intermolecular forces between polymer components. In addition, grafted functional polymers have expanded the utilization of lignin-based copolymers to biomedical materials and value-added additives. Different modification approaches have also been applied to facilitate the application of lignin as carbon fiber precursors, heavy metal adsorbents and nanoparticles. These emerging fields will create new opportunities in cost-effectively integrating the lignin valorization into lignocellulosic biorefineries.

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Lipponen, S., and J. Seppälä. "Ethylene/silane copolymers prepared with a metallocene catalyst as polymeric additives in polyethylene/aluminum trihydroxide composites." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 43, no. 22 (2005): 5597–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.21037.

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30

Jin, Jiezhu, Jianzhong Wu, and Amalie L. Frischknecht. "Modeling Microscopic Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Block Copolymer/Nanoparticle Composites." Macromolecules 42, no. 19 (2009): 7537–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma9006686.

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31

Hsu, Ying Gev, and Fung Jung Lin. "Organic-inorganic composite materials from acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers (ABS) and silica through anin situ sol-gel process." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 75, no. 2 (2000): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(20000110)75:2<275::aid-app10>3.0.co;2-i.

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32

Kolendo, А., I. Savchenko, L. Vretik, et al. "FROM ORGANICS TO POLYMERS." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Chemistry, no. 2(54) (2017): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2209.2017.2(54).1.

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Polymers, composites, their components and complexes for application in information tecnologies and biotechnology as well as for medicine and solar energy transfer have been obtained. In particular, new high-resolution photochromic polymer materials with a significant nonlinear optical effect of the third order have been developed. They are perspective for the creation of high-speed optical switches in optical recording and information storage. A new way of recording information based on the generation of the second harmonic with new photochromic polymers has been found. The perspectivity of alken-functionalised poly(phenyl/naphthylmethacrylates) as basic compounds for polarization-sensitive polymeric media was prooved.The chemical modification of polymers by benzenesulfonamide derivatives for biostabilization of plastic masses and providing hydrophilic properties for their surface was carried out. A fundamentally new approach is developed in which processes of energy transfer of excited states in polymer macromolecule to the photostabilaser are used for effective stabilization of polymer materials. Thermostabilized samples of polystyrene with covalently bonded of imidophenylmethacrylates have been developed. The branched copolymers are highly efficient matrices for the synthesis of stable gold, silver, CdS and Au / CdS nanoparticles and copolymers that can be used as nanovectors for the target delivery of highly toxic antitumor drugs. New effective preparations for desinfaсtion of fish nurseries, dressing and hygienic materials, linen and clothes have been developed.

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33

Hammond, Matthew R., Hervé Dietsch, Olivier Pravaz, and Peter Schurtenberger. "Mutual Alignment of Block Copolymer−Magnetic Nanoparticle Composites in a Magnetic Field." Macromolecules 43, no. 20 (2010): 8340–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma1012896.

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34

Rezvova, M. A., and E. A. Ovcharenko. "POLYMERIC HEART VALVE PROSTHESES: CONDITION AND PERSPECTIVES." Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs 20, no. 2 (2018): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.15825/1995-1191-2018-2-100-111.

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The idea of creating a polymer heart valve, which has high strength and biocompatibility, occurs in the 60’s. Since then, many polymer compounds have been investigated, but no solution has been found for this problem. In recent years, in connection with the development of technologies for the synthesis of high-molecular compounds, new polymers have appeared that can solve this problem, as evidenced by a number of publications describing experimental and clinical data. Nevertheless, the search for a polymer for the valve stem of the valvular valve body does not lose its relevance due to the deﬁ ciencies studied and the lack of evidence conﬁ rming the long-term safety of such products. This review presents the ﬁ rst results of a study of polymer heart valves prostheses based on a nanocomposite polymer from polyhedral oligomeric nanoparticles of silicosioxane and polycarbonate urethane polymer POSS-PCU, polystyrene block-isobutylene-block-styrene SIBS, PTFE polytetraﬂ uoroethylene, copolymers and composites based on oleﬁ n polymers series and polyesters, the idea of creating a material with a given three-dimensional microarchitecture that determines the anisotropy and the necessary mechanical properties.

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35

Tolchinskaya, R. E., A. Ya Tagirov, S. R. Nanush'yan, et al. "Adhesion properties of polymeric coatings of polyarylate-polysiloxane block copolymers." Mechanics of Composite Materials 28, no. 2 (1992): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00613314.

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Senra, Mônica Rufino, and Maria de Fátima Vieira Marques. "Synthetic Polymeric Materials for Bone Replacement." Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 4 (2020): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs4040191.

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Some treatment options available to repair bone defects are the use of autogenous and allogeneic bone grafts. The drawback of the first one is the donor site’s limitation and the need for a second operation on the same patient. In the allograft method, the problems are associated with transmitted diseases and high susceptibility to rejection. As an alternative to biological grafts, polymers can be used in bone repair. Some polymers used in the orthopedic field are poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(ether-ether-ketone), and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). UHMWPE has drawn much attention since it combines low friction coefficient and high wear and impact resistance. However, UHMWPE is a bioinert material, which means that it does not interact with the bone tissue. UHMWPE composites and nanocomposites with hydroxyapatite (HA) are widely studied in the literature to mitigate these issues. HA is the main component of the inorganic phase in the natural bone, and the addition of this bioactive filler to the polymeric matrix aims to mimic bone composition. This brief review discusses some polymers used in orthopedic applications, focusing on the UHMWPE/HA composites as a potential bone substitute.

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37

Karmakar, Gobinda, Koushik Dey, Pranab Ghosh, Brajendra K. Sharma, and Sevim Z. Erhan. "A Short Review on Polymeric Biomaterials as Additives for Lubricants." Polymers 13, no. 8 (2021): 1333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13081333.

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With increasing environmental concerns and the depletion of petroleum resources, the development of lubricant additives from bioresources has attracted much attention recently. In this review, we reported a few polymers and polymer composites that are synthesized from vegetable oils (soybean oil, sunflower oil, rice bran oil, and castor oil) and used as multifunctional additives in the formulation of eco-friendly lubricant compositions. We mentioned the preparation of vegetable oil-based homo- and copolymers and their characterization by different spectral techniques (FTIR/NMR). The average molecular weights of the polymers are determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Performance evaluations of the polymeric materials mainly as a viscosity index improver (VII), pour point depressant (PPD), and most importantly antifriction additives when blended with lubricating base oils are indicated. Standard ASTM methods have been applied to evaluate their performances. The findings have shown that all the additives discussed are non-toxic, biodegradable, and showed excellent performances compared to commercial petroleum-based additives.

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Tsutsumi, Naoto, Takehiro Murao, and Wataru Sakai. "Photorefractive Response of Polymeric Composites with Pendant Triphenylamine Moiety." Macromolecules 38, no. 17 (2005): 7521–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma051113b.

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39

Lee, Byeongdu, Chieh-Tsung Lo, Soenke Seifert, Nancy L. Dietz Rago, Randall E. Winans, and Pappannan Thiyagarajan. "Anomalous Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Characterization of Bulk Block Copolymer/Nanoparticle Composites." Macromolecules 40, no. 12 (2007): 4235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma062916h.

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40

Daga, Vikram K., Eric R. Anderson, Samuel P. Gido, and James J. Watkins. "Hydrogen Bond Assisted Assembly of Well-Ordered Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane–Block Copolymer Composites." Macromolecules 44, no. 17 (2011): 6793–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma200926n.

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41

Thompson, Barry C., Bumjoon J. Kim, David F. Kavulak, Kevin Sivula, Clayton Mauldin, and Jean M. J. Fréchet. "Influence of Alkyl Substitution Pattern in Thiophene Copolymers on Composite Fullerene Solar Cell Performance." Macromolecules 40, no. 21 (2007): 7425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma071649s.

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42

Hausmann, K., and R. Chou. "Additives with Dual Function - Acrylate Ester Copolymers as Modifiers for Engineering Polymers and as Carrier Resin for Masterbatches." Polymers and Polymer Composites 11, no. 2 (2003): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110301100204.

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Additives are generally perceived to improve product properties. Depending on the end use this polymeric additives can be used as impact modifiers, coupling agents or compatibilisers. In this paper a family of ethylene copolymers is described which are characterised through a very heterogeneous molecular architecture and thus an enhanced compatibility with other polymers and fillers. This allows them to fulfil two functions: they can be used as compatibiliser or impact modifier, but due to their high filler acceptance they are also useful as a carrier resin for masterbatches

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43

Chauhan, Ghanshyam S., Suresh Kumar, Monika Verma, and Rajeev Sharma. "Graft Copolymers of Poly(methyl methacrylate) on Cellulose and Their Use as Supports in Metal Ion Sorption." Polymers and Polymer Composites 13, no. 1 (2005): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110501300109.

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In order to develop new polymeric materials for environmental technologies based on cellulose, methyl methacrylate was graft copolymerized using benzoyl peroxide as free radical initiator. Reaction conditions were established for optimum grafting of methyl methacrylate and used to co-graft with it co-monomers such as acrylamide, acrylic acid and acrylonitrile. Graft copolymers were characterized by FT-IR, elemental analysis, and swelling behaviour in water and dimethyl formamide. Attempts were made to evaluate the effect of co-monomer concentration on the grafting behaviour of methyl methacrylate and on the structure of the copolymers. Candidate co-polymers were used as supports for the sorption of metal ions. Results were compared with those obtained using native cellulose, cellulose phosphate and oxycellulose.

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Gai, Yue, Ying Lin, Dong-Po Song, Benjamin M. Yavitt, and James J. Watkins. "Strong Ligand–Block Copolymer Interactions for Incorporation of Relatively Large Nanoparticles in Ordered Composites." Macromolecules 49, no. 9 (2016): 3352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02609.

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45

Kroeze, E., G. Ten Brinke, and G. Hadziioannou. "Synthesis of Segmented PB(SMA-block-PB)nBlock Copolymers through a Polymeric Iniferter Technique." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 34, no. 3 (1997): 439–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10601329708014971.

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46

Herrera, Virginia, Zita Palmillas, Rosangela Pirri, Yuri Reyes, Jose R. Leiza, and José M. Asua. "Morphology of Three-Phase PS/PBA Composite Latex Particles Containing in Situ Produced Block Copolymers." Macromolecules 43, no. 3 (2010): 1356–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma902399m.

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47

Kwon, Yoon Sung, Byung Mun Jung, Hyunpyo Lee, and Ji Young Chang. "Preparation of Polymeric SWNT−Liquid Crystal Composites Using a Polymerizable Surfactant." Macromolecules 43, no. 12 (2010): 5376–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma1003198.

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48

T. C. da Silva, Dayanne, Daniela Nadvorny, Lucas J. de A. Danda, et al. "Enhanced Dissolution Efficiency of Tamoxifen Combined with Methacrylate Copolymers in Amorphous Solid Dispersions." Crystals 10, no. 11 (2020): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10111046.

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Amorphous solid dispersions (SDs) containing poorly soluble tamoxifen dispersed in a meth(acrylate) copolymer combination were proposed as a controlled release system. The objective of this work was to investigate the characteristics and performance of the tamoxifen–polymer mixture and evaluate the changes in functionality through a supersaturating dissolution study condition while comparing it to a physical mixture at a fixed drug-loading proportion. Two polymers, Eudragit® L 100 and Eudragit® RL 100, were used to prepare SDs with a 1:1 polymer ratio, containing 10%, 20%, or 30% (wt/wt%) of tamoxifen, by the solvent evaporation method. A physical mixture containing 30% of tamoxifen was also prepared for comparison. SDs were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. Dissolution tests were conducted under non-sink conditions to verify the occurrence of drug recrystallization upon its release. Solid-state characterizations confirmed that the drug was in the amorphous state within the polymeric matrix. Tamoxifen release in an acidic medium was mainly affected by the increase in drug concentration caused by the possible loss of interactions that characterize the main polymer functionalities. At pH 7.4, supersaturation was slowly achieved while also contributing to the increase in the kinetic solubility of the drug. The physical mixture demonstrated the best overall performance, suggesting that the polymeric interactions may have negatively affected the drug release. The combination of polymers in the composing SD proved to be a promising strategy to tailor the delivery of poorly soluble drugs. Our study highlights important information on the behavior of tamoxifen as a poorly soluble drug in supersaturating dissolution conditions while released from SD systems.

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49

Murphy, James J., Tetsuharu Kawasaki, Michiya Fujiki, and Kotohiro Nomura. "Precise Synthesis of Amphiphilic Polymeric Architectures by Grafting Poly(ethylene glycol) to End-Functionalized Block ROMP Copolymers." Macromolecules 38, no. 4 (2005): 1075–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma047887u.

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50

Bokobza, Liliane. "Some Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Polymers and Polymer Composites." Polymers 11, no. 7 (2019): 1159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11071159.

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Vibrational spectroscopies, including infrared and Raman techniques, are important tools for the characterization of chemical composition, molecular structures, and chain orientation under mechanical deformation of polymeric materials. The development of fiber-optic-based spectrometers has broadened the use of vibrational spectroscopy for process monitoring in various fields including polymerization, curing, and manufacturing processes. Combined with chemometrics, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is now recognized as one of the most important techniques for polymer analyses. Infrared and Raman studies also offer invaluable means for the analysis of inorganic particles used as reinforcing fillers for polymers. The characterization of surface species and the nature of interfacial bonding between the organic and inorganic phases are important issues for the understanding of composite properties. Infrared spectroscopy is particularly convenient for the detection and analysis of hydroxyl groups on filler surfaces, and Raman spectroscopy is particularly well suited for the study of carbon-based materials. In both techniques, polymer-filler interactions can be evidenced through frequency shifts or width changes of bands associated with vibrational modes of functional groups of either macromolecular chains or filler particles. Selected examples of application of infrared and Raman spectroscopies illustrate their potential for monitoring polymer processes, measuring polymer orientation, and characterizing polymer composites.

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