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1

Min, Sujung, Hara Kang, Bumkyung Seo, JaeHak Cheong, Changhyun Roh, and Sangbum Hong. "A Review of Nanomaterial Based Scintillators." Energies 14, no. 22 (November 17, 2021): 7701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227701.

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Recently, nanomaterial-based scintillators are newly emerging technologies for many research fields, including medical imaging, nuclear security, nuclear decommissioning, and astronomical applications, among others. To date, scintillators have played pivotal roles in the development of modern science and technology. Among them, plastic scintillators have a low atomic number and are mainly used for beta-ray measurements owing to their low density, but these types of scintillators can be manufactured not in large sizes but also in various forms with distinct properties and characteristics. However, the plastic scintillator is mainly composed of C, H, O and N, implying that the probability of a photoelectric effect is low. In a gamma-ray nuclide analysis, they are used for time-related measurements given their short luminescence decay times. Generally, inorganic scintillators have relatively good scintillation efficiency rates and resolutions. And there are thus widely used in gamma-ray spectroscopy. Therefore, developing a plastic scintillator with performance capabilities similar to those of an inorganic scintillator would mean that it could be used for detection and monitoring at radiological sites. Many studies have reported improved performance outcomes of plastic scintillators based on nanomaterials, exhibiting high-performance plastic scintillators or flexible film scintillators using graphene, perovskite, and 2D materials. Furthermore, numerous fabrication methods that improve the performance through the doping of nanomaterials on the surface have been introduced. Herein, we provide an in-depth review of the findings pertaining to nanomaterial-based scintillators to gain a better understanding of radiological detection technological applications.
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2

Dhillon, Jasjot Singh, and Yogesh K. Vermani. "Gamma-Ray Interaction of Selected Inorganic Scintillators Used in HEP Experiments." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1221, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1221/1/012002.

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Abstract We attempted to study gamma-ray attenuation and sensing properties of conventional and modern inorganic scintillators being employed in the high energy physics (HEP) experiments. The mass attenuation coefficient (μm ), effective atomic number (Zeff ) and mean free path (mfp)were theoretically evaluated for the conventional scintillators materials such as CsI and NaI (Tl) and compared with advanced scintillator materials: PWO, PbF2, and BGO along with rare earth elements based scintillators such as LYSO:Ce, LuAG:Ce, BaF2:Y which have been proposed for applications in the future HEP experiments. Thegamma-ray attenuation parameters are analyzed within the framework of online software toolkit ‘py-MULBF’ over wide photon energy range from 0.015 MeV to 15 MeV.Variationof μm (and, Zeff ) with photon energy follows a trend similar for most of the inorganic scintillator materialsinvestigated here.CsI, however, maintained almost same effective atomic number value with respect to photon energy which signifies that CsI may be suitable for specific gamma-ray detection and sensing applications. Lead-based scintillator materials such as PbF2, PWO along with high-Z BGO are observed to exhibit better radiation attenuation capabilities.
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3

Kim, Chanho, Wonhi Lee, Alima Melis, Abdallah Elmughrabi, Kisung Lee, Chansun Park, and Jung-Yeol Yeom. "A Review of Inorganic Scintillation Crystals for Extreme Environments." Crystals 11, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11060669.

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In the past, the main research and use of scintillators in extreme environments were mainly limited to high energy physics and the well-logging industry, but their applications are now expanding to reactor monitoring systems, marine and space exploration, nuclear fusion, radiation therapy, etc. In this article, we review and summarize single-crystal inorganic scintillator candidates that can be applied to radiation detection in extreme environments. Crucial scintillation properties to consider for use in extreme environments are temperature dependence and radiation resistance, along with scintillators’ susceptibility to moisture and mechanical shock. Therefore, we report on performance change, with a focus on radiation resistance and temperature dependence, and the availability of inorganic scintillator for extreme environments—high radiation, temperature, humidity and vibration—according to their applications. In addition, theoretical explanations for temperature dependence and radiation resistance are also provided.
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4

Kumar, Vineet, and Zhiping Luo. "A Review on X-ray Excited Emission Decay Dynamics in Inorganic Scintillator Materials." Photonics 8, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8030071.

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Scintillator materials convert high-energy radiation into photons in the ultraviolet to visible light region for radiation detection. In this review, advances in X-ray emission dynamics of inorganic scintillators are presented, including inorganic halides (alkali-metal halides, alkaline-earth halides, rare-earth halides, oxy-halides, rare-earth oxyorthosilicates, halide perovskites), oxides (binary oxides, complex oxides, post-transition metal oxides), sulfides, rare-earth doped scintillators, and organic-inorganic hybrid scintillators. The origin of scintillation is strongly correlated to the host material and dopants. Current models are presented describing the scintillation decay lifetime of inorganic materials, with the emphasis on the short-lived scintillation decay component. The whole charge generation and the de-excitation process are analyzed in general, and an essential role of the decay kinetics is the de-excitation process. We highlighted three decay mechanisms in cross luminescence emission, exitonic emission, and dopant-activated emission, respectively. Factors regulating the origin of different luminescence centers controlling the decay process are discussed.
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5

Gramuglia, Francesco, Simone Frasca, Emanuele Ripiccini, Esteban Venialgo, Valentin Gâté, Hind Kadiri, Nicolas Descharmes, Daniel Turover, Edoardo Charbon, and Claudio Bruschini. "Light Extraction Enhancement Techniques for Inorganic Scintillators." Crystals 11, no. 4 (March 30, 2021): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11040362.

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Scintillators play a key role in the detection chain of several applications which rely on the use of ionizing radiation, and it is often mandatory to extract and detect the generated scintillation light as efficiently as possible. Typical inorganic scintillators do however feature a high index of refraction, which impacts light extraction efficiency in a negative way. Furthermore, several applications such as preclinical Positron Emission Tomography (PET) rely on pixelated scintillators with small pitch. In this case, applying reflectors on the crystal pixel surface, as done conventionally, can have a dramatic impact of the packing fraction and thus the overall system sensitivity. This paper presents a study on light extraction techniques, as well as combinations thereof, for two of the most used inorganic scintillators (LYSO and BGO). Novel approaches, employing Distributed Bragg Reflectors (DBRs), metal coatings, and a modified Photonic Crystal (PhC) structure, are described in detail and compared with commonly used techniques. The nanostructure of the PhC is surrounded by a hybrid organic/inorganic silica sol-gel buffer layer which ensures robustness while maintaining its performance unchanged. We observed in particular a maximum light gain of about 41% on light extraction and 21% on energy resolution for BGO, a scintillator which has gained interest in the recent past due to its prompt Cherenkov component and lower cost.
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6

Braddock, Isabel H. B., Maya Al Sid Cheikh, Joydip Ghosh, Roma E. Mulholland, Joseph G. O’Neill, Vlad Stolojan, Carol Crean, Stephen J. Sweeney, and Paul J. Sellin. "Formamidinium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocomposite Scintillators." Nanomaterials 12, no. 13 (June 22, 2022): 2141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12132141.

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While there is great demand for effective, affordable radiation detectors in various applications, many commonly used scintillators have major drawbacks. Conventional inorganic scintillators have a fixed emission wavelength and require expensive, high-temperature synthesis; plastic scintillators, while fast, inexpensive, and robust, have low atomic numbers, limiting their X-ray stopping power. Formamidinium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals show promise as scintillators due to their high X-ray attenuation coefficient and bright luminescence. Here, we used a room-temperature, solution-growth method to produce mixed-halide FAPbX3 (X = Cl, Br) nanocrystals with emission wavelengths that can be varied between 403 and 531 nm via adjustments to the halide ratio. The substitution of bromine for increasing amounts of chlorine resulted in violet emission with faster lifetimes, while larger proportions of bromine resulted in green emission with increased luminescence intensity. By loading FAPbBr3 nanocrystals into a PVT-based plastic scintillator matrix, we produced 1 mm-thick nanocomposite scintillators, which have brighter luminescence than the PVT-based plastic scintillator alone. While nanocomposites such as these are often opaque due to optical scattering from aggregates of the nanoparticles, we used a surface modification technique to improve transmission through the composites. A composite of FAPbBr3 nanocrystals encapsulated in inert PMMA produced even stronger luminescence, with intensity 3.8× greater than a comparative FAPbBr3/plastic scintillator composite. However, the luminescence decay time of the FAPbBr3/PMMA composite was more than 3× slower than that of the FAPbBr3/plastic scintillator composite. We also demonstrate the potential of these lead halide perovskite nanocomposite scintillators for low-cost X-ray imaging applications.
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7

Grynyov, Boris, Narine Gurdzhian, Olga Zelenskaya, Larisa Mitcay, and Vladimir Tarasov. "Energy technical light output of scintillators – problems of assessment and an alternative method for their solution." Ukrainian Metrological Journal, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24027/2306-7039.1.2022.258813.

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The paper analyzes the problems that arise when assessing the energy technical light output by existing methods. A modern alternative method for assessing the energy technical light output of various scintillators produced by the Institute of Scintillation Materials of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine is described. The possibility of evaluating the technical light output of any scintillator by relative comparison with a reference stilbene-based scintillator with a known technical light output is shown. The resulting ratio of responses is recalculated in ph/MeV by taking into account the technical light output of the reference scintillator, equal to 0.023, and the photon formation energy of a particular scintillator. The estimation procedure is described. Expressions are given for calculating the values of the technical light yield of scintillators in stilbene units and in ph/MeV. The radioluminescence spectra of the tested scintillators are compared with the sensitivity spectra of the normalized and laboratory photodetectors. The technical light yield of scintillators based on single crystals of NaI(Tl), CsI(Tl), CWO, BGO, p-terphenyl, anthracene, stilbene, and a plastic scintillator has been estimated. The values of the responses amplitudes ratio, the spectral normalization coefficients and the tested scintillators technical light output were obtained in stilbene units and in ph/MeV. To check the adequacy of the method the calculation of the tested inorganic scintillators absolute light output was carried out using the light collection coefficients values given in the literature. It is shown that with an increase in the scintillators technical light output, in stilbene units, from 0.26 for BGO to 4.3 for NaI(Tl), their technical light output increases from 2500 ph/MeV to 33100 ph/MeV. A decrease in the scintillation photon energy from 2.988 (l = 415 nm) for NaI(Tl) to 2.214 (l = 560 nm) for CsI(Tl) also increases the technical light output of the latter to 35300 ph/MeV. The performed estimates accuracy of scintillators technical light output was 8%.
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8

Koshimizu, Masanori. "Composite scintillators based on polymers and inorganic nanoparticles." Functional Materials Letters 13, no. 06 (August 2020): 2030003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604720300030.

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Development of organic–inorganic nanocomposite scintillators as a new class of scintillators is reviewed. Advantages and shortcomings of polymer-based organic scintillators, i.e. plastic scintillators, are described among the desired properties of scintillators. Development of scintillators by addition of organometallic compounds in the plastic scintillators as an approach to overcome the shortcomings is introduced. In comparison to this approach, nanocomposite scintillators comprising plastic scintillators added with inorganic nanoparticles are introduced. The synthesis methods achieved their properties and their applications are reviewed. Finally, possible strategies for further improvement of the properties of the nanocomposite scintillators are presented.
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9

Kim, Jin Ho, Seunghyeon Kim, Siwon Song, Taeseob Lim, Jae Hyung Park, Jinhong Kim, Cheol Ho Pyeon, Sung Won Hwang, and Bongsoo Lee. "Gamma-ray Spectroscopy Using Inorganic Scintillator Coated with Reduced Graphene Oxide in Fiber-Optic Radiation Sensor." Photonics 8, no. 12 (November 30, 2021): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8120543.

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In this study, we developed a remote gamma-ray spectroscopy system based on a fiber-optic radiation sensor (FORS) that is composed of an inorganic scintillator coated with reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and a plastic optical fiber (POF). As a preliminary experiment, we measured the transmitted light intensities using RGO membranes of different thicknesses with different wavelengths of emitted light. To evaluate the FORS performance, we determined the optimal thickness of the RGO membrane and measured the amounts of scintillating light and gamma energy spectra using radioactive isotopes such as 60Co and 137Cs. The amounts of scintillating light from the RGO-coated inorganic scintillators increased, and the energy resolutions of the gamma-ray spectra were enhanced. In addition, the gamma-ray energy spectra were measured using different types of RGO-coated inorganic scintillators depending on the lengths of the POFs for remote gamma-ray spectroscopy. It was expected that inorganic scintillators coated with RGO in FORS can deliver improved performance, such as increments of scintillating light and energy resolution in gamma-ray spectroscopy, and they can be used to identify nuclides remotely in various nuclear facilities.
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10

Carotenuto, Gianfranco, Angela Longo, Giuseppe Nenna, Ubaldo Coscia, and Mariano Palomba. "Functional Polymeric Coatings for CsI(Tl) Scintillators." Coatings 11, no. 11 (October 21, 2021): 1279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111279.

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The handling of inorganic scintillators (e.g., alkali metal halides) can benefit from the availability of polymeric materials able to adhere to their surface. Polymeric materials, such as epoxy resins, can act as protective coatings, as adhesives for photodiodes to be connected with the scintillator surface, and as a matrix for functional fillers to improve the optical properties of scintillators. Here, the optical properties of two epoxy resins (E-30 by Prochima, and Technovit Epox by Heraeus Kulzer) deposited on the surface of a scintillator crystal made of CsI(Tl) were investigated, in order to improve the detection of high-energy radiation. It is found that these resins are capable of adhering to the surface of alkali metal halides. Adhesion, active at the epoxy–CsI(Tl) interface, can be explained on the basis of Coulomb forces acting between the ionic solid surface and an ionic intermediate of synthesis generated during the epoxy setting reaction. Technovit Epox showed higher transparency, and it was also functionalized by embedding white powdered pigments (PTFE or BaSO4) to achieve an optically reflective coating on the scintillator surface.
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11

Gektin, A., N. Shiran, N. Pogorelova, S. Neicheva, E. Sysoeva, and V. Gavrilyuk. "Inorganic–organic rubbery scintillators." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 486, no. 1-2 (June 2002): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(02)00701-5.

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12

van Eijk, Carel W. E. "Development of inorganic scintillators." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 392, no. 1-3 (June 1997): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(97)00239-8.

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13

van Eijk, C. W. E., A. Bessière, and P. Dorenbos. "Inorganic thermal-neutron scintillators." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 529, no. 1-3 (August 2004): 260–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2004.04.163.

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14

van Eijk, C. W. E., J. Andriessen, P. Dorenbos, and R. Visser. "Ce3+ doped inorganic scintillators." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 348, no. 2-3 (September 1994): 546–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(94)90798-6.

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15

Knapitsch, Arno, and Paul Lecoq. "Review on photonic crystal coatings for scintillators." International Journal of Modern Physics A 29, no. 30 (December 8, 2014): 1430070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x14300701.

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The amount of light and its time distribution are key factors determining the performance of scintillators when used as radiation detectors. However most inorganic scintillators are made of heavy materials and suffer from a high index of refraction which limits light extraction efficiency. This increases the path length of the photons in the material with the consequence of higher absorption and tails in the time distribution of the extracted light. Photonic crystals are a relatively new way of conquering this light extraction problem. Basically they are a way to produce a smooth and controllable index matching between the scintillator and the output medium through the nanostructuration of a thin layer of optically transparent high index material deposited at the coupling face of the scintillator. Our review paper discusses the theory behind this approach as well as the simulation details. Furthermore the different lithography steps of the production of an actual photonic crystal sample will be explained. Measurement results of LSO scintillator pixels covered with a nanolithography machined photonic crystal surface are presented together with practical tips for the further development and improvement of this technique.
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16

McGregor, Douglas S. "Materials for Gamma-Ray Spectrometers: Inorganic Scintillators." Annual Review of Materials Research 48, no. 1 (July 2018): 245–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-070616-124247.

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Scintillation detectors constitute an important branch of radiation detection instrumentation. The discovery of the inorganic scintillating compound thallium-activated sodium iodide (NaI:Tl) in 1948 was key to the production of the first practical gamma-ray spectrometer. Since that time, numerous inorganic scintillators have been discovered and studied. Many of the more successful inorganic scintillators are described, including discussion of their properties and performance, in this article.
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17

Hawrami, R., E. Ariesanti, A. Burger, and H. Parkhe. "Advanced inorganic halide ceramic scintillators." Optical Materials 119 (September 2021): 111307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2021.111307.

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18

Blasse, G. "Search for new inorganic scintillators." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 38, no. 1 (1991): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/23.64638.

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19

Chen, Qiushui, Jing Wu, Xiangyu Ou, Bolong Huang, Jawaher Almutlaq, Ayan A. Zhumekenov, Xinwei Guan, et al. "All-inorganic perovskite nanocrystal scintillators." Nature 561, no. 7721 (August 27, 2018): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0451-1.

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20

Belsky, A. N., I. A. Kamenskikh, V. V. Mikhailin, C. Pedrini, and A. N. Vasil'ev. "Energy transfer in inorganic scintillators." Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids 150, no. 1-4 (November 1999): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10420159908226199.

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21

Derenzo, S. E., W. W. Moses, J. L. Cahoon, R. C. C. Perera, and J. E. Litton. "Prospects for new inorganic scintillators." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 37, no. 2 (April 1990): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/23.106619.

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22

Eijk, Carel W. E. van. "Inorganic scintillators in medical imaging." Physics in Medicine and Biology 47, no. 8 (April 5, 2002): R85—R106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/47/8/201.

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23

Weber, Marvin J. "Inorganic scintillators: today and tomorrow." Journal of Luminescence 100, no. 1-4 (December 2002): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-2313(02)00423-4.

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24

Rodnyi, P. A., P. Dorenbos, and C. W. E. van Eijk. "Energy Loss in Inorganic Scintillators." physica status solidi (b) 187, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221870102.

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25

Lempicki, A. "The physics of inorganic scintillators." Journal of Applied Spectroscopy 62, no. 4 (July 1995): 787–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02606530.

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26

Costa Pereira, Maria da Conceição, Tufic Madi Filho, José Roberto Berretta, José Patrício Náhuel Cárdenas, and Antonio Carlos Iglesias Rodrigues. "RESPONSE OF CsI:Pb SCINTILLATOR CRYSTAL TO NEUTRON RADIATION." EPJ Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817001005.

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The helium-3 world crisis requires a development of new methods of neutron detection to replace commonly used 3He proportional counters. In the past decades, great effort was made to developed efficient and fast scintillators to detect radiation. The inorganic scintillator may be an alternative. Inorganic scintillators with much higher density should be selected for optimal neutron detection efficiency taking into consideration the relevant reactions leading to light emission. These detectors should, then, be carefully characterized both experimentally and by means of advanced simulation code. Ideally, the detector should have the capability to separate neutron and gamma induced events either by amplitude or through pulse shape differences. As neutron sources also generate gamma radiation, which can interfere with the measurement, it is necessary that the detector be able to discriminate the presence of such radiation. Considerable progress has been achieved to develop new inorganic scintillators, in particular increasing the light output and decreasing the decay time by optimized doping. Crystals may be found to suit neutron detection. In this report, we will present the results of the study of lead doped cesium iodide crystals (CsI:Pb) grown in our laboratory, using the vertical Bridgman technique. The concentration of the lead doping element (Pb) was studied in the range 5х10-4 M to 10-2 M . The crystals grown were subjected to annealing (heat treatment). In this procedure, vacuum of 10-6 mbar and continuous temperature of 350°C, for 24 hours, were employed. In response to neutron radiation, an AmBe source with energy range of 1 MeV to 12 MeV was used. The activity of the AmBe source was 1Ci Am. The fluency was 2.6 х 106 neutrons/second. The operating voltage of the photomultiplier tube was 1700 V; the accumulation time in the counting process was 600 s and 1800 s. The scintillator crystals used were cut with dimensions of 20 mm diameter and 10 mm height.
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27

Belli, P., A. Incicchitti, and F. Cappella. "Inorganic scintillators in direct dark matter investigation." International Journal of Modern Physics A 29, no. 19 (July 30, 2014): 1443011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x14430118.

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The discoveries, the developments and the studies that have been performed in the research of new materials and purification techniques, nowadays allow us a wide choice among inorganic scintillators for a variety of uses. In this paper the application of the inorganic crystal scintillators to direct dark matter investigation will be considered in more detail. The present framework of the detectors used at low energy for direct dark matter investigation also offers useful hints for further corollary developments.
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28

Рижиков, В. Д., Б. В. Гриньов, І. М. Зеня, Е. К. Лисецька, Л. Л. Нагорна, Г. М. Онищенко, Л. О. Півень, and М. Г. Стражинський. "Neutron detectors based on inorganic scintillators." Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University.Series Physics 24 (June 30, 2009): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2415-8038.2009.24.208-216.

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29

YOSHIKAWA, Akira, Takayuki YANAGIDA, Kentaro FUKUDA, Noriaki KAWAGUCHI, Kei KAMADA, Yutaka FUJIMOTO, Yuui YOKOTA, and Shunsuke KUROSAWA. "Survey Meter Using Novel Inorganic Scintillators." Review of Laser Engineering 40, no. 3 (2012): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.40.3_171.

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30

Novotny, Rainer W. "Fast inorganic scintillators – status and outlook." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 443 (June 10, 2013): 012080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/443/1/012080.

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31

van Eijk, Carel W. E. "Inorganic scintillators in medical imaging detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 509, no. 1-3 (August 2003): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(03)01542-0.

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32

van Eijk, C. W. E. "Inorganic Scintillators for Thermal Neutron Detection." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 59, no. 5 (October 2012): 2242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2012.2186154.

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33

Novotny, Rainer W. "Inorganic Scintillators—A Never Ending Story." Nuclear Physics News 20, no. 2 (May 27, 2010): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10619121003626740.

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34

van Eijk, Carel W. E. "Inorganic scintillators for thermal neutron detection." Radiation Measurements 38, no. 4-6 (August 2004): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2004.02.004.

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35

Bartle, C. M., and R. C. Haight. "Small inorganic scintillators as neutron detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 422, no. 1-3 (February 1999): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(98)01062-6.

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36

Yajima, Ryuga, Kei Kamada, Masao Yoshino, Yui Takizawa, Naoko Kutsuzawa, Rei Sasaki, Takahiko Horiai, et al. "Fabrication and Characterization of K2CeCl5/6LiCl and CeCl3/SrCl2/6LiCl Eutectics for Thermal Neutron Detection." Crystals 12, no. 12 (December 9, 2022): 1795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12121795.

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In recent years, thermal neutron detection using scintillators has been used in a wide range of fields. Thus, the development of scintillators with a higher light yield, faster decay, and higher sensitivity for thermal neutrons is required. In this study, K2CeCl5/6LiCl and CeCl3/SrCl2/6LiCl were developed as novel eutectic scintillators for thermal neutron detection. LiCl was selected as the neutron capture phase and K2CeCl5 and CeCl3 were used as the scintillator phases. The eutectics of K2CeCl5/6LiCl and CeCl3/SrCl2/6LiCl were prepared using the Vertical Bridgman method and the phases were identified by scanning electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction measurements. The results of radioluminescence measurements under Ag source X-ray tube irradiation confirmed that the 5d-4f emission derived from Ce3+. The cathodoluminescence spectra and thermal neutron responses of the prepared eutectics were measured to evaluate their optical properties.
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37

Belli, Pierluigi, Rita Bernabei, Fabio Cappella, Vincenzo Caracciolo, Riccardo Cerulli, Fedor Danevich, Antonella Incicchitti, et al. "The Future Role of Inorganic Crystal Scintillators in Dark Matter Investigations." Instruments 5, no. 2 (April 28, 2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments5020016.

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Crystal scintillators and in particular inorganic scintillators play an important role in the investigation of Dark Matter (DM) and other rare processes. The investigation of a DM signature, as the annual modulation, or the directionality technique requires the use of highly radiopure detectors able to explore the very low energy region maintaining a high stability of the running conditions. In this paper, the cases of NaI(Tl), ZnWO4 and SrI2(Eu) crystal scintillators are described in the framework of our activities at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory of the INFN. Their role, the obtained results in DM investigation, as well as their potential and perspectives for the future are reviewed.
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38

Maddalena, Francesco, Liliana Tjahjana, Aozhen Xie, Arramel, Shuwen Zeng, Hong Wang, Philippe Coquet, et al. "Inorganic, Organic, and Perovskite Halides with Nanotechnology for High–Light Yield X- and γ-ray Scintillators." Crystals 9, no. 2 (February 8, 2019): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9020088.

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Trends in scintillators that are used in many applications, such as medical imaging, security, oil-logging, high energy physics and non-destructive inspections are reviewed. First, we address traditional inorganic and organic scintillators with respect of limitation in the scintillation light yields and lifetimes. The combination of high–light yield and fast response can be found in Ce 3 + , Pr 3 + and Nd 3 + lanthanide-doped scintillators while the maximum light yield conversion of 100,000 photons/MeV can be found in Eu 3 + doped SrI 2 . However, the fabrication of those lanthanide-doped scintillators is inefficient and expensive as it requires high-temperature furnaces. A self-grown single crystal using solution processes is already introduced in perovskite photovoltaic technology and it can be the key for low-cost scintillators. A novel class of materials in scintillation includes lead halide perovskites. These materials were explored decades ago due to the large X-ray absorption cross section. However, lately lead halide perovskites have become a focus of interest due to recently reported very high photoluminescence quantum yield and light yield conversion at low temperatures. In principle, 150,000–300,000 photons/MeV light yields can be proportional to the small energy bandgap of these materials, which is below 2 eV. Finally, we discuss the extraction efficiency improvements through the fabrication of the nanostructure in scintillators, which can be implemented in perovskite materials. The recent technology involving quantum dots and nanocrystals may also improve light conversion in perovskite scintillators.
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39

Hu, C., L. Zhang, and R.-Y. Zhu. "Fast and Radiation Hard Inorganic Scintillators for Future HEP Experiments." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2374, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2374/1/012110.

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Future HEP experiments at the energy and intensity frontiers require fast and ultrafast inorganic scintillators with excellent radiation hardness to face the challenges of unprecedented event rate and severe radiation environment. We report recent progress in fast and ultrafast inorganic scintillators for future HEP experiments. Examples are LYSO crystals and LuAG ceramics for an ultra-compact shashlik sampling calorimeter for the HL-LHC and the proposed FCC-hh, and yttrium doped BaF2 crystals for the proposed Mu2e-II experiment. Applications for GHz hard X-ray imaging will also be discussed.
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40

Kim, HongJoo, Arshad Khan, Joseph Daniel, Gul Rooh, and Phan Quoc Vuong. "Thallium-based heavy inorganic scintillators: recent developments and future perspectives." CrystEngComm 24, no. 3 (2022): 450–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ce01422f.

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41

Gartia, R. K. "Design of Inorganic Scintillators: Role of Thermoluminescence." Defect and Diffusion Forum 357 (July 2014): 193–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.357.193.

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Thermoluminescence (TL) is basically a super-sensitive phenomenon exhibit ted practically by all semiconductors/ insulators upon suitable excitation. The occurrence of TL peaks during the thermal scan of a previously excited material gives rise to a number of peaks whose trapping parameters and relative concentrations can be evaluated by well-known techniques. Thus, TL in principle is a unique tool to characterize scintillator crystals. The technique is capable to detect the relative abundance of carriers in traps as shallow as ≈0.1eV to as deep as 2.0eV; providing means to probe carriers having lifetime (τ) as low as ∼ps to as large as billions of years. Hence the technique can be used to design scintillator materials of desired properties specially the decay time, the rise-time and the afterglow by adjusting the presence/absence of relevant trapping levels.
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42

Salomoni, Matteo, Rosalinde Pots, Paul Lecoq, Etiennette Auffray, Stefan Gundacker, Marco Paganoni, Bipin Singh, Matthew Marshall, and Vivek V. Nagarkar. "Photonic Crystal Slabs Applied to Inorganic Scintillators." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 65, no. 8 (August 2018): 2191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2018.2817362.

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43

Dujardin, C., E. Auffray, E. Bourret-Courchesne, P. Dorenbos, P. Lecoq, M. Nikl, A. N. Vasil'ev, A. Yoshikawa, and R. Y. Zhu. "Needs, Trends, and Advances in Inorganic Scintillators." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 65, no. 8 (August 2018): 1977–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2018.2840160.

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44

van Eijk, Carel W. E. "New inorganic scintillators—aspects of energy resolution." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 471, no. 1-2 (September 2001): 244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(01)00983-4.

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45

Bora, Vaibhav, Harrison H. Barrett, David Fastje, Eric Clarkson, Lars Furenlid, Abdelkader Bousselham, Kanai S. Shah, and Jarek Glodo. "Estimation of Fano factor in inorganic scintillators." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 805 (January 2016): 72–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2015.07.009.

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46

Papadopoulos, L. "Scintillation response of organic and inorganic scintillators." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 434, no. 2-3 (September 1999): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(99)00489-1.

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47

Chipaux, R., M. Cribier, C. Dujardin, N. Garnier, N. Guerassimova, J. Mallet, J. P. Meyer, C. Pédrini, and A. G. Petrosyan. "Ytterbium-based scintillators, a new class of inorganic scintillators for solar neutrino spectroscopy." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 486, no. 1-2 (June 2002): 228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(02)00707-6.

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48

Daví, Fabrizio. "Decay Time Estimates by a Continuum Model for Inorganic Scintillators." Crystals 9, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9010041.

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We use the phenomenological continuum model for inorganic scintillators proposed by the author to give decay time estimates for four scintillators previously studied, namely NaI:Tl, CaF2, Gd2SiO5Ce (GSO:Ce), and LaCl3:Ce. We show that, in order to obtain a good estimate of the decay time, we need to know (besides other well-known parameters) either the excitation carriers’ mobility or the structure and the parameters of the recombination mechanism. For these four materials, we know the data for the recombination term, whereas we have very scarce information about mobilities. However, we show that also in absence of experimentally-measured mobilities, with reasonable assumptions about them, we can obtain a good estimate for the slow component of the decay time. We show also when it is appropriate to model scintillation with one of the two most-used phenomenological models, the kinetic and the diffusive. The main point of the present approach is that it requires a limited set of experimentally-measured data and can be hopefully used in conjunction with more sophisticated and detailed models to design faster inorganic scintillators.
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49

Xie, Siwei, Xi Zhang, Yibin Zhang, Gaoyang Ying, Qiu Huang, Jianfeng Xu, and Qiyu Peng. "Evaluation of Various Scintillator Materials in Radiation Detector Design for Positron Emission Tomography (PET)." Crystals 10, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10100869.

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The performance of radiation detectors used in positron-emission tomography (PET) is determined by the intrinsic properties of the scintillators, the geometry and surface treatment of the scintillator crystals and the electrical and optical characteristics of the photosensors. Experimental studies were performed to assess the timing resolution and energy resolution of detectors constructed with samples of different scintillator materials (LaBr3, CeBr3, LFS, LSO, LYSO: Ce, Ca and GAGG) that were fabricated into different shapes with various surface treatments. The saturation correction of SiPMs was applied for tested detectors based on a Tracepro simulation. Overall, we tested 28 pairs of different forms of scintillators to determine the one with the best CTR and light output. Two common high-performance silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) provided by SensL (J-series, 6 mm) or AdvanSiD (NUV, 6 mm) were used for photodetectors. The PET detector constructed with 6 mm CeBr3 cubes achieved the best CTR with a FWHM of 74 ps. The 4 mm co-doped LYSO: Ce, Ca pyramid crystals achieved 88.1 ps FWHM CTR. The 2 mm, 4 mm and 6 mm 0.2% Ce, 0.1% Ca co-doped LYSO cubes achieved 95.6 ps, 106 ps and 129 ps FWHM CTR, respectively. The scintillator crystals with unpolished surfaces had better timing than those with polished surfaces. The timing resolution was also improved by using certain geometric factors, such as a pyramid shape, to improve light transportation in the scintillator crystals.
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50

Sasaki, Rei, Kei Kamada, Kyoung Jin Kim, Ryuga Yajima, Masao Yoshino, Naoko Kutsuzawa, Rikito Murakami, Takahiko Horiai, and Akira Yoshikawa. "Fabrication of CeCl3/LiCl/CaCl2 Ternary Eutectic Scintillator for Thermal Neutron Detection." Crystals 12, no. 12 (December 4, 2022): 1760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12121760.

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To date, 3He gas has been commonly used to detect thermal neutrons because of their high chemical stability and low sensitivity to γ-rays, owing to their low density and large neutron capture cross-section. However, the depletion of 3He gas prompts the development of a new solid scintillator for thermal neutron detection to replace 3He gas detectors. Solid scintillators containing 6Li are commonly used to detect thermal neutrons. However, they are currently used in single crystals only, and their 6Li concentration is defined by their chemical composition. In this study, 6Li-containing eutectic scintillators were developed. CeCl3 was selected as the scintillator phase because of its low density (3.9 g/cm3); high light yield (30,000 photons/MeV); and fast decay time with four components of 4.4 ns (6.6%), 23.2 ns (69.6%), 70 ns (7.5%) and >10 μs (16.3%), owing to the Ce3+ 5d-4f emission peak at approximately 360 nm. Crystals of the CeCl3, LiCl and CaCl2 ternary eutectic were fabricated by the vertical Bridgman technique. The grown eutectic crystals exhibited Ce3+ 5d-4f emission with a peak at 360 nm. The light yield was 18,000 photons/neutron, and the decay time was 10.5 ns (27.7%) and 40.1 ns (72.3%). Therefore, this work demonstrates optimization by combining a scintillator phase and Li-rich matrix phase for high Li content, fast timing, high light yield and low density.
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