Journal articles: 'Input Bias Current'

1

Hasan, Syafruddin, Muzammir Isa, M. A. Roslan, et al. "Harmonics Performances of Single Phase Transformer due to DC Bias." Applied Mechanics and Materials 793 (September 2015): 202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.793.202.

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The investigation of the direct current (dc) bias effect on single phase power transformer through their harmonics performance is present in this paper. The experimental study is done by the dc bias current injected simultaneously with alternating current (ac) source to primary winding of transformer. The input ac voltage to primary winding is maintained constant during investigation and the dc currents increased gradually. Compare to pure ac power applied, the results show that the waveforms distorted when the dc bias exist. The pulsated waveforms are pushed to half cycle in which the bias current is in the same direction as magnetizing current (unsymmetrical pulsated) and even harmonics are significant.

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2

Kumngern, Montree. "One-Input Three-Output Current-Mode Universal Filter Using Translinear Current Conveyors." IJITEE (International Journal of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering) 2, no. 4 (2019): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijitee.40843.

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This paper presents a new current-mode universal filter with one-input three-output employing three translinear current conveyors and two grounded capacitors. The proposed filter provides low-pass, band-pass, high-pass current response with high output impedance output which can be directly connected for current-mode circuit. The band-pass and all-pass filters can also be obtained. The parameters wo and Q can be controlled separately and electronically by the bias currents of current conveyors. For realizing all filtering functions, no passive and active matching conditions are required. The active and passive sensitivities are low. The characteristic of the proposed circuit can be confirmed by SPICE simulations.

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3

Wang, Chuanli, Rui Shi, Caofeng Yu, Zhuo Chen, and Yu Wang. "Research on Hysteresis Modeling and Compensation Method of Giant Magnetostrictive Force Sensor." Journal of Sensors 2021 (December 23, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2734288.

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Linearity is an important index for evaluating the performance of various sensors. Under the Villari effect, there may be some hysteresis between the input force and the output voltage of a force sensor, meaning that the output will be multivalued and nonlinear. To improve the linearity and eliminate the hysteresis of such sensors, an output compensation method using a variable bias current is proposed based on the bidirectional energy conversion mechanism of giant magnetostrictive material. First, the magnetization relationship between the input force, bias current, and flux density is established. Second, a nonlinear neural network model of the force-magnetization hysteresis and a neural network model for the compensation control of the force sensor are established. These models are trained using the magnetic flux density-force curve and the magnetic flux density-current curve, respectively. Taking the optimal linearity as the objective function, the bias current under different input forces is optimized. Finally, a bias current control system is developed and an experimental test platform is built to verify the proposed method. The results show that the proposed variable bias current hysteresis compensation method enables the linearity under the return of the force sensor to reach 1.6%, which is around 48.3% higher than under previous methods. Thus, the proposed variable bias current method effectively suppresses the hysteresis phenomenon and provides improved linearity for giant magnetostrictive force sensors.

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Abuelma'atti, Muhammad Taher, and Husain Abdullah Alzaher. "Multi-Function Active-Only High-Order Current-Driven Filter." Active and Passive Electronic Components 23, no. 3 (2000): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/apec.23.157.

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A new multi-function high-order current-driven filter is proposed. The filter uses only operational amplifiers, and operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs). Without using any external passive elements, a variety of high-order input-current/output-current and/or input-current/output-voltage responses can be realised without changing the circuit topology and without any matching or cancellation conditions. The parameters of the high-order filter responses can be electronically tuned by adjusting the bias currents of the OTAs.

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Chen, Hua-Pin, San-Fu wang, Yu-Nan Chen, and Qi-Geng Huang. "Electronically Tunable Third-Order Quadrature Oscillator Using VDTAs." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 28, no. 04 (2019): 1950066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021812661950066x.

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This study proposes a new electronically tunable third-order quadrature oscillator using two multi-output voltage difference transconductance amplifiers (VDTAs) and three grounded capacitors. The proposed circuit provides three quadrature voltage outputs, two high-impedance quadrature current outputs, and one high-impedance current output with controllable amplitude. The proposed circuit can provide amplitude modulation/amplitude shift keying signals when the input bias current of the second VDTA is a modulating signal. The oscillation condition and oscillation frequency can be separately adjusted by the input bias currents of two multi-output VDTAs, and it is suitable for use on custom sensor networks. Experimental and H-Spice simulation results are given to confirm theoretical analyses.

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6

Kim, Donggyu, Sungjun Byun, Younggun Pu та ін. "Design of a Current Sensing System with TIA Gain of 160 dBΩ and Input-Referred Noise of 1.8 pArms for Biosensor". Sensors 23, № 6 (2023): 3019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23063019.

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This paper proposes a high-gain low-noise current signal detection system for biosensors. When the biomaterial is attached to the biosensor, the current flowing through the bias voltage is changed so that the biomaterial can be sensed. A resistive feedback transimpedance amplifier (TIA) is used for the biosensor requiring a bias voltage. Current changes in the biosensor can be checked by plotting the current value of the biosensor in real time on the self-made graphical user interface (GUI). Even if the bias voltage changes, the input voltage of the analog to digital converter (ADC) does not change, so it is designed to plot the current of the biosensor accurately and stably. In particular, for multi-biosensors with an array structure, a method of automatically calibrating the current between biosensors by controlling the gate bias voltage of the biosensors is proposed. Input-referred noise is reduced using a high-gain TIA and chopper technique. The proposed circuit achieves 1.8 pArms input-referred noise with a gain of 160 dBΩ and is implemented in a TSMC 130 nm CMOS process. The chip area is 2.3 mm2, and the power consumption of the current sensing system is 12 mW.

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7

G.A., Ibitola, Imafidon L.O., and Ehinlafa O.E. "MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR INPUT BIAS –OFFSET CURRENTS OF AN OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER." Continental J. Engineering Sciences 5, no. 1 (2017): 46–50. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.833741.

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A very simple microprocessor (µP) -based dedicated instrument is designed here.' The Overall system design consists of both hardware and software designs. This set-up yields the exact values of input bias and input off-set currents on the µP display panel, one after the other, when the operational amplifier (OP- AMP) under test is connected across the test terminals.

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Khajeh, Ramin, Francesco Fumarola, and LF Abbott. "Sparse balance: Excitatory-inhibitory networks with small bias currents and broadly distributed synaptic weights." PLOS Computational Biology 18, no. 2 (2022): e1008836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008836.

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Cortical circuits generate excitatory currents that must be cancelled by strong inhibition to assure stability. The resulting excitatory-inhibitory (E-I) balance can generate spontaneous irregular activity but, in standard balanced E-I models, this requires that an extremely strong feedforward bias current be included along with the recurrent excitation and inhibition. The absence of experimental evidence for such large bias currents inspired us to examine an alternative regime that exhibits asynchronous activity without requiring unrealistically large feedforward input. In these networks, irregular spontaneous activity is supported by a continually changing sparse set of neurons. To support this activity, synaptic strengths must be drawn from high-variance distributions. Unlike standard balanced networks, these sparse balance networks exhibit robust nonlinear responses to uniform inputs and non-Gaussian input statistics. Interestingly, the speed, not the size, of synaptic fluctuations dictates the degree of sparsity in the model. In addition to simulations, we provide a mean-field analysis to illustrate the properties of these networks.

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9

Siriphuchyanun, Montree, Phamorn Silapan, and Winai Jaikla. "Low-offset BiCMOS Current Controlled Current Differencing Buffered Amplifier (CC-CDBA) and Applications." ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 6, no. 1 (2007): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.200861.171766.

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This article presents the design for a basic current mode building block for analog signal processing, called Current Controlled Current Differencing Buffered Amplifier (CC-CDBA). Its parasitic resistances at two current input ports can be controlled by an input bias current. The output current and voltage offset are quite low. The proposed element was realized in a BiCMOS technology and the voltage follower in the element is modified to achieve high performance properties. Its performances are examined through PSPICE simulations. In addition,examples as a current-mode multiplier/divider and current amplifier are included, compared to the conventional CC-CDBA implementation. They disclose performances of the proposed CC-CDBA superior to previous CC-CDBA.

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10

Bakerenkov, A. S., V. S. Pershenkov, A. V. Solomatin, V. V. Belyakov, and V. V. Shurenkov. "Radiation Degradation Modeling of Bipolar Operational Amplifier Input Offset Voltage in LTSpice IV." Applied Mechanics and Materials 565 (June 2014): 138–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.565.138.

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Integrated circuits are used in electronic equipment of spaceships. Therefore, they are impacted by ionizing radiation during space mission. It leads to electronic equipment failures. At present operational amplifiers are base elements of analog electronic devices. Radiation impact leads to degradation of operational amplifiers input stages. Input bias current increasing and input offset voltage drifts are the results of ionizing radiation expose of operational amplifiers. Therefore, space application electronic equipment fails after accumulation of limit dose. It isn’t difficult to estimate radiation degradation of input bias currents of bipolar operational amplifiers, but estimation of dose dependence of input offset voltage drift is more complex issue. Schematic modeling technique based on Gummel–Poon transistor model for estimation of input offset voltage drift produced by space radiation impact was experimentally verified for LM324 operational amplifier and presented in this work. Radiation sensitive parameters of Gummel–Poon model were determined using 2N2907 bipolar pnp transistor.

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11

Chin, Koken, Mamoru Ohsawa, Atsushi Kitajima, et al. "Input Bias Current Reduction Technique for Operational Amplifier in a Standard CMOS Technology." IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems 140, no. 1 (2020): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejeiss.140.9.

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12

Chin, Koken, Mamoru Ohsawa, Atsushi Kitajima, et al. "Input bias current reduction technique for operational amplifier in a standard CMOS technology." Electronics and Communications in Japan 103, no. 7 (2020): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecj.12242.

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13

Peng, Hao, Chunhua Wang, and Xiaotong Tian. "A Novel Current–Mode High–Frequency Polyphase Filter using Multi–Output Current Differencing Transconductance Amplifiers." Journal of Electrical Engineering 67, no. 5 (2016): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jee-2016-0046.

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Abstract This paper introduces a novel polyphase filter working at high centre frequency using multi-output current differencing transconductance amplifiers (MOCDTAs). The MOCDTA possesses characteristics of low input impedance, high output impedance, wide work frequency and linearly adjustable transconductance. The proposed filter consists of two MOCDTAs, two grounded capacitors, and no resistors. The features of low input impedance and high output impedance make it suitable for cascade. The bandwidth and centre frequency could be adjusted independently by external bias voltage VC and VCa. The image rejection ratio (IRR) could reach 31.6 dB at the centre frequency of 114 MHz, and its bandwidth could be 11.1 MHz. Besides, the centre frequency could be tuned from 38 MHz to 150 MHz with bandwidth of 20.1 MHz. Simulation results which verify the theory are included.

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14

Aiello, Orazio. "Design of an Ultra-Low Voltage Bias Current Generator Highly Immune to Electromagnetic Interference." Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications 11, no. 1 (2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jlpea11010006.

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The paper deals with the immunity to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) of the current source for Ultra-Low-Voltage Integrated Circuits (ICs). Based on the properties of IC building blocks, such as the current-splitter and current correlator, a novel current generator is conceived. The proposed solution is suitable to provide currents to ICs operating in the sub-threshold region even in the presence of an electromagnetic polluted environment. The immunity to EMI of the proposed solution is compared with that of a conventional current mirror and evaluated by analytic means and with reference to the 180 nm CMOS technology process. The analysis highlights how the proposed solution generates currents down to nano-ampere intrinsically robust to the Radio Frequency (RF) interference affecting the input of the current generator, differently to what happens to the output current of a conventional mirror under the same conditions.

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15

Liu, Kun, Yaoming Xie, Xiaoran Li, and Lei Zhang. "An Ultra-Low Power Fast Transient LDO with Dynamic Bias." Electronics 11, no. 22 (2022): 3655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11223655.

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A low-dropout linear regulator (LDO) without external capacitors is designed, combining ultra-low power consumption and ultra-fast transient response. The common support voltage of the LDO is 2.5 V to 3.6 V with a stable output voltage of 1.2 V and an output current dynamic range of 10 μA to 20 mA to supply power to other circuit modules. A Rail-to-Rail Input-Output (RRIO) Class AB push-pull output amplifier and a dynamic bias circuit are also designed. Meanwhile, a dynamic bias circuit which can regulate the operating current of error amplifier is proposed by monitoring output voltage variation in order to provide a larger compensation current to the operational amplifier when the load current changes are at high frequency and maintain ultra-low operating current at low clock frequency. The LDO is designed without resistors, and the deep well NMOS is applied in the output stage in order to reduce the difficulty of loop compensation. Designed in a 180 nm CMOS process, the post-simulation results show that under the condition of 40 °C and 3 V input voltage, the static power consumption is 31.7 nA with a settling time (±5%) of less than 35 ns.

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YUCE, ERKAN, and HALIL ALPASLAN. "A CMOS CURRENT RECTIFIER CONFIGURATION SUITABLE FOR INTEGRATION." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 21, no. 07 (2012): 1250052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126612500521.

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In this paper, a CMOS-based one input-two output current-mode (CM) circuit structure for providing full-wave rectification and half-wave rectifications to clarify the theory is proposed. The suggested configuration has many important advantages such as dissipating very less power, employing reduced number of CMOS transistors, having high output impedance currents and without requiring any additional bias currents and voltages. In order to exhibit performance and effectiveness of the proposed topology, SPICE simulation results are given.

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17

Mao, Zhao Lei, Guo Jun Deng, Guang Chen, and Hao Zhou. "Research on Point Estimate Method and its Application to Calculation of Grounding Current under DC Bias." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 977–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.977.

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When calculating the grounding current under DC bias, there are many uncertainties. Then an efficient calculation method based on point estimate method is proposed. This method can make the results more reasonable because it takes into account the uncertainties of input quantity and conditions. This paper will value the grounding resistances as variables, and use the point estimate method for the calculation of the grounding current under DC bias. The results are proved to be more realistic and satisfactory.

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Liu, Xiaomei, Prachi Sathe та Samiha Mourad. "Effect of Reverse Body Bias on Current Testing of 0.18 μm Gates". VLSI Design 12, № 4 (2001): 501–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2001/79703.

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Systematic investigations on defect-free IDDQ in deep submicron CMOS with reverse body bias were performed by SPICE simulation towards an attempt to improve resolution of IDDQ measurement. Effects of reverse body bias on off-state leakage of scaled CMOS devices and IDDQ of typical CMOS circuit cells were investigated. It was found that reverse body bias can effectively reduce defect-free IDDQ of typical 0.18 μm technology devices and logic gates while the faulty current is not as much reduced. The reduction in defect-free IDDQ was enhanced as the device temperature went up and diminishes as the temperature went down. Further investigation showed that reverse body bias also makes the defect-free IDDQ less sensitive to the input state; therefore, a single IDDQ current threshold might still be used for IDDQ testing of 0.18 μm CMOS circuits. It was found that there might exist an optimal reverse body bias that minimized the defect-free IDDQ current. The optimal reverse bias value decreases as the temperature went down and might vary from circuit to circuit, process to process, and technology generation to generation.

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19

Hwang, Hwiho, Gyeonghae Kim, Dayeon Yu, and Hyungjin Kim. "Wordline Input Bias Scheme for Neural Network Implementation in 3D-NAND Flash." Biomimetics 10, no. 5 (2025): 318. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10050318.

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In this study, we propose a neuromorphic computing system based on a 3D-NAND flash architecture that utilizes analog input voltages applied through wordlines (WLs). The approach leverages the velocity saturation effect in short-channel MOSFETs, which enables a linear increase in drain current with respect to gate voltage in the saturation region. A NAND flash array with a TANOS (TiN/Al2O3/Si3N4/SiO2/poly-Si) gate stack was fabricated, and its electrical and reliability characteristics were evaluated. Output characteristics of short-channel (L = 1 µm) and long-channel (L = 50 µm) devices were compared, confirming the linear behavior of short-channel devices due to velocity saturation. In the proposed system, analog WL voltages serve as inputs, and the summed bitline (BL) currents represent the outputs. Each synaptic weight is implemented using two paired devices, and each WL layer corresponds to a fully connected (FC) layer, enabling efficient vector-matrix multiplication (VMM). MNIST pattern recognition is conducted, demonstrated only a 0.32% accuracy drop for the short-channel device compared to the ideal linear case, and 0.95% degradation under 0.5 V threshold variation, while maintaining robustness. These results highlight the strong potential of 3D-NAND flash memory, which offers high integration density and technological maturity, for neuromorphic computing applications.

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Agrawal, Pankaj, and Nikhil Saxena. "Leakage current analysis for stack based Nano CMOS Digital Circuits." International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research 2, no. 2 (2014): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37391/ijeer.020202.

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Due to the growing impact of subthreshold and gate leakage, static leakage is contributing more and more towards the power dissipation in deep submicron Nano CMOS technology. There have been many works on subthreshold leakage and techniques to reduce it, such as controlling the input vector to the circuit in standby mode, forcing stack and body bias control. In this tutorial paper we have reviewed the leakage current with change in drain source, gate and bulk voltages for 4 different submicron technologies using the latest PTM models. Simulation result shows the effect of gate leakage and subthreshold leakage in total leakage current for different input vectors for a stack of 3 Nano technology NMOS transistors, further analyzes also the subthreshold and total leakage variation with input vector in a stack of 4 Nano technology NMOS transistors.

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21

Srisoontorn, Soontorn, Angkana Charoenmee, Suphaphorn Panikhom, et al. "Reconfigurable of current-mode differentiator and integrator based-on current conveyor transconductance amplifiers." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 1 (2022): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i1.pp208-218.

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The reconfigurable of the differentiator and integrator based on current conveyor transconductance amplifiers (CCTAs) have been presented in this paper. The proposed configurations are provided with two CCTAs and grounded elements. The configurations can be operated in the differentiator and integrator by selecting external passive elements. The input and output currents have low and high impedances, respectively; therefore, the configurations can be cascaded without additional current buffer. The proposed configurations can be electronically tuned by external direct current (DC) bias currents, and it also has slight fluctuation with temperature. An application of universal filter is demonstrated to confirm the ability of the proposed configurations. The results of simulation with Pspice program are accordance with the theoretical analysis.

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Soontorn, Srisoontorn, Charoenmee Angkana, Panikhom Suphaphorn, et al. "Reconfigurable of current-mode differentiator and integrator based-on current conveyor transconductance amplifiers." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 1 (2022): 208–18. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5765889.

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The reconfigurable of the differentiator and integrator based on current conveyor transconductance amplifiers (CCTAs) have been presented in this paper. The proposed configurations are provided with two CCTAs and grounded elements. The configurations can be operated in the differentiator and integrator by selecting external passive elements. The input and output currents have low and high impedances, respectively; therefore, the configurations can be cascaded without additional current buffer. The proposed configurations can be electronically tuned by external direct current (DC) bias currents, and it also has slight fluctuation with temperature. An application of universal filter is demonstrated to confirm the ability of the proposed configurations. The results of simulation with Pspice program are accordance with the theoretical analysis.

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23

Soontorn, Srisoontorn, Charoenmee Angkana, Panikhom Suphaphorn, et al. "Reconfigurable of current-mode differentiator and integrator based-on current conveyor transconductance amplifiers." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 1 (2022): 208–18. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i1.pp208-218.

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The reconfigurable of the differentiator and integrator based on current conveyor transconductance amplifiers (CCTAs) have been presented in this paper. The proposed configurations are provided with two CCTAs and grounded elements. The configurations can be operated in the differentiator and integrator by selecting external passive elements. The input and output currents have low and high impedances, respectively; therefore, the configurations can be cascaded without additional current buffer. The proposed configurations can be electronically tuned by external direct current (DC) bias currents, and it also has slight fluctuation with temperature. An application of universal filter is demonstrated to confirm the ability of the proposed configurations. The results of simulation with Pspice program are accordance with the theoretical analysis.

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Dang, Sanlei, Yong Xiao, Baoshuai Wang, et al. "A High-Precision Error Calibration Technique for Current Transformers under the Influence of DC Bias." Energies 16, no. 24 (2023): 7917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16247917.

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A bias current in the power system will cause saturation of the measuring current transformer (CT), leading to an increase in measurement error. Therefore, in this paper, we first conducted measurements of the direct current component in a 10 kV distribution system. Subsequently, a reverse extraction method for the CT distorted current under direct current bias conditions based on Random Forest Classification (RFC) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) was proposed. This method involves two stages for the reverse extraction of CT distorted currents under direct current bias conditions. In the offline stage, data samples were generated by changing the operating environment of the CT. The RFC classification algorithm was used to divide the saturation levels of the CT, and for each sub-class, Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory Network (PSO-LSTM) models were trained to establish the mapping relationship between the secondary distorted current and the primary current fundamental component. In the online stage, the saturated data segments were extracted from the secondary current waveform using wavelet transform, and these segments were input into the offline model for current reverse extraction. The simulation results show that the proposed method exhibited strong robustness under various CT conditions, and achieved high reconstruction accuracy for the primary current.

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Arsen Ahmed Mohammed, Zaidoon Khalaf Mahmood, and Hüseyin Demirel. "New Z copy- current differencing transconductance amplifier active filter using FinFET transistor based current Mode Universal Filter." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 18, no. 2 (2024): 001–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2024.18.2.0019.

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This research paper presents the design of an active current mode device named Z-copy- Current Differencing Transconductance Amplifier (ZC-CDTA) in conjunction with FinFET (Fin Field-Effect Transistor) transistors. An input bias current can be used to adjust its parasitic resistances at its two current input ports. It is ideal for use in current-mode signal processing, which is steadily more common than voltage-style signal processing, because it operates in current mode on all terminals. The suggested component was implemented using Finfet technology, and its performances were assessed using simulations using cadence tools and linear technology SPICE. They demonstrate the new active element's usage, with a maximum bandwidth of 300MHz. The highest power consumption is 1.01 mW, and the supply voltages can be as low as ±0.1 V. The low-power consumption and wide current range tuning of the suggested Zc-CDTA are achieved.

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Arsen, Ahmed Mohammed, Khalaf Mahmood Zaidoon, and Demirel Hüseyin. "New Z copy- current differencing transconductance amplifier active filter using FinFET transistor based current Mode Universal Filter." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 18, no. 2 (2024): 001–5. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10947232.

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This research paper presents the design of an active current mode device named Z-copy- Current Differencing Transconductance Amplifier (ZC-CDTA) in conjunction with FinFET (Fin Field-Effect Transistor) transistors. An input bias current can be used to adjust its parasitic resistances at its two current input ports. It is ideal for use in current-mode signal processing, which is steadily more common than voltage-style signal processing, because it operates in current mode on all terminals. The suggested component was implemented using Finfet technology, and its performances were assessed using simulations using cadence tools and linear technology SPICE. They demonstrate the new active element's usage, with a maximum bandwidth of 300MHz. The highest power consumption is 1.01 mW, and the supply voltages can be as low as ±0.1 V. The low-power consumption and wide current range tuning of the suggested Zc-CDTA are achieved.

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27

Moughal, Saad, and Mohamad Bashir. "Correlation of intracranial and aortic aneurysms: current trends and evidence." Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals 28, no. 5 (2020): 250–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0218492320930848.

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The correlation between intracranial and aortic aneurysms remains elusive. Data in the literature are scattered, and outcome reporting is swamped with heterogeneity and single-center bias. This calamity is adding to confusion on decision-making and delays the instigation of appropriate clinical applications. This literature review delves into the abyss of the lack of clinically driven scientific input, and highlights the trends explored thus far.

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Siripruchyanun, M., and W. Jaikla. "Three-Input Single-Output Electronically Controllable Dual-Mode Universal Biquad Filter Using DO-CCCIIs." Active and Passive Electronic Components 2007 (2007): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/36849.

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This article presents a dual-mode (voltage-mode and current-mode) universal biquadratic filter performing completely standard functions: lowpass, highpass, bandpass, band-reject, and allpass functions, based on plus-type dual-output second-generation, current controlled, current conveyor (DO-CCCII+). The features of the circuit are that the bandwidth and natural frequency can be tuned electronically via the input bias currents: the circuit description is very simple, consisting of merely 2 DO-CCCIIs and 2 capacitors: the circuit can provide either the voltage-mode or current-mode filter without changing circuit topology. Additionally, each function response can be selected by suitably selecting input signals with digital method. Without any external resistors, the proposed circuit is very suitable to further develop into an integrated circuit. The PSPICE simulation results are depicted. The given results agree well with the theoretical anticipation. The maximum power consumption is approximately 1.81 mW at±1.5 V supply voltages.

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Nonthaputha, Thanat, and Montree Kumngern. "Programmable Universal Filters Using Current Conveyor Transconductance Amplifiers." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 26, no. 07 (2017): 1750121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126617501213.

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This paper presents new programmable universal biquadratic filters using current conveyor transconductance amplifiers (CCTAs) by which both voltage- and current-mode filters can be obtained. The proposed filters use second-generation current conveyor (CCII) which is the first stage of CCTA to operate as current conveyor analog switch (CCAS) and this CCAS will be used to program the filtering functions such as low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop and all-pass filters. Unlike previous universal filters, the filtering functions of the proposed filters can be programmed using the bias currents of CCTAs without changing any input and output connections. The natural frequency and quality factor of all filtering functions can be controlled electronically and orthogonally using the bias currents of transconductance amplifiers. Also gain response of all transfer functions can be adjusted. The active and passive sensitivities of the filters are low. The proposed programmable filters have been simulated using 0.18[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m CMOS process from TSMC. PSPICE simulation results are included to confirm workability of the proposed circuits.

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Khateb, Fabian, Montree Kumngern, Tomasz Kulej, and Jiri Vavra. "A 328 nW, 0.45 V Current Differencing Transconductance Amplifier and Its Application in a Current-Mode Universal Filter." Applied Sciences 15, no. 7 (2025): 3471. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073471.

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This paper presents a low-voltage, low-power current differencing transconductance amplifier (CDTA) utilizing the bulk-driven MOS transistor technique in the subthreshold region for reduced voltage and power consumption. The proposed CDTA includes a z-copy terminal, which enhances its functionality in current-mode circuit applications. Designed in the Cadence Virtuoso environment using 0.18 µm CMOS technology from Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC), the amplifier operates with a supply voltage of 0.45 V and consumes 328 nW of power, with a bias current set to 10 nA. The current bandwidth and offset of the CDTA are 35 kHz and 0.3 nA, respectively. To demonstrate its performance, the CDTA is applied in a current-mode universal filter, which can realize low-pass, band-pass, high-pass, band-stop, and all-pass responses within a single topology. This design eliminates issues related to inverting input signals, input signal matching, or the need for multiple input signals. Additionally, the natural frequency of these filtering functions can be electronically controlled. The low-pass filter achieves a dynamic range of 61 dB, with a total harmonic distortion of 0.8%.

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Wu, Longsheng, Dongsheng Lv, Nengyang Zhao, Ruxue Wang, and Aimin Wu. "Research on Germanium Photodetector with Multi-Mode Waveguide Input." Photonics 10, no. 4 (2023): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10040455.

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In this work, a vertical N-I-P germanium (Ge) photodetector (PD) with a multi-mode waveguide input is presented. The fabricated devices exhibit a low dark current of 10 nA at bias of −1 V, and a high responsivity of exceeding 0.75 A/W over the wavelength range from 1270 to 1350 nm. High-frequency characteristics measurements show that the photodetector has a 3 dB opto-electrical (OE) bandwidth of 23 GHz under −3 V bias, which can be further improved by optimization of the photodetector configuration. A 50 Gb/s clear eye diagram with a non-return-to-zero (NRZ) modulation format is demonstrated. By using a single-mode excitation source, which is used to simulate light coming from the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) devices, and sweeping its position, it is shown that the multi-mode input photodetector can be utilized in a WDM receiver to achieve both high responsivity and a flat-top passband.

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TAMMAM, AMR ABDALLAH, MOHAMED BEN-ESMAEL, and MOHAMMED R. ABAZAB. "CURRENT FEEDBACK OP-AMP UTILIZES NEW CURRENT CELL TO ENHANCE THE CMRR." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 21, no. 05 (2012): 1250038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126612500387.

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Despite excellent high frequency and high speed performance, current-feedback operational amplifiers (CFOAs) generally exhibit poor common-mode rejection (CMRR) properties, which limit their utility [Analogue IC design: The current–mode approach, IEE Circuits and Systems Series, Peter peregrinus, 1990]. A novel current feedback operational amplifier (CFOA) with improved performance is presented. The proposed CFOA has a new current-cell [Novel current-feedback operational amplifier Design Based on a floating circuit technique, IEE Colloquium on Analogue Signal Processing, 1998], to bias the entire circuit, which achieves an incremental output resistance twice that of the well-known "Wilson" circuit. Simulation results of this new CFOA architecture indicate that the amplifier exhibits performance characteristics superior to those obtained with an established input architecture: in particular, the CMRR (common-mode rejection ratio) is 91 dB, and the d.c. offset voltage less than 26 μV.

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Agruzov, Peter, Mikhail Parfenov, Aleksandr Tronev, et al. "Electronic System of Remote Optical Control of LiNbO3 Mach-Zehnder Modulator Operating Point." Electronics 12, no. 1 (2022): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12010206.

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A system for integrated optical LiNbO3 Mach–Zehnder modulator operating point remote control and stabilization was developed. It consisted of a conventional telecom photodiode and a passive electronic circuit at the bias input of the modulator. Light from an amplitude-modulated laser was used to remotely set the output voltage of the electronic circuit at the bias input of the Mach–Zehnder modulator. Information regarding the current operating point that had been provided with feedback system implementation was taken from DC values of high frequency photodetector currents. Efficient remote control of the modulator operating point over 1 km of a single-mode optical fiber, which multiplexes an optical carrier at 1550 nm and a low frequency control signal with a peak power of 2 mW at 1310 nm, was demonstrated. The results could be of interest for antenna remoting, radio-over-fiber (RoF) technology, and other applications with broadband optical transmission from remote sources in a distributed network.

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Zhao, Yang, Guoming Xia, Qin Shi, and Anping Qiu. "Expanding Bias-instability of MEMS Silicon Oscillating Accelerometer Utilizing AC Polarization and Self-Compensation." Sensors 20, no. 5 (2020): 1455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20051455.

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This paper presents a MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical System) Silicon Oscillating Accelerometer (SOA) with AC (alternating current) polarization to expand its bias-instability limited by the up-converted 1/f noise from front-end transimpedance amplifier (TIA). In contrast to the conventional DC (direct current) scheme, AC polarization breaks the trade-off between input transistor gate size and white noise floor of TIA, a relative low input loading capacitance can be implemented for low noise consideration. Besides, a self-compensation technique combining polarization source and reference in automatic-gain-control (AGC) is put forward. It cancels the 1/f noise and drift introduced by the polarization source itself, which applies to both DC and AC polarization cases. The experimental result indicates the proposed AC polarization and self-compensation strategy expand the bias-instability of studied SOA from 2.58 μg to 0.51 μg with a full scale of ± 30 g, a 155.6 dB dynamic range is realized in this work.

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Wu, Xiushan, Yanzhi Wang, Siguang An, Jianqiang Han, and Ling Sun. "A Four Quadrature Signals’ Generator with Precise Phase Adjustment." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2138794.

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A four-way quadrature signals generator with precise phase modulation is presented. It consists of a phase precision regulator and a frequency divider. The phase precision regulator generates two programmable currents by controlling the conduction of the tail current sources and then changes the currents into two bias voltages which are superimposed on the clock signals to adjust the phase difference of the four quadrature signals generated by the frequency divider, making the phase difference of 90 degrees. The four quadrature signals’ generator with precise phase modulation has been implemented in a 0.18 μm mixed-signal and RF 1P6M CMOS technology. The size of the chip including the pads is675 μm⁎690 μm. The circuit uses a supply voltage of 1.8 V, a bias current of 7.2 μA, and the bits of phase-setting input leveln=6in the design. The measured results of the four orthogonal signals’ phase error can reach ±0.1°, and the phase modulation range can reach ±3.6°.

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Gautam, Anil Kumar. "Bulk Cum QFG-Driven FVF Double Recycling Current Mirror Subthreshold OTA Based CCII+ Cell and Applications." International Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & Telecommunications 13, no. 6 (2024): 467–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijeetc.13.6.467-477.

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This paper presents a low-voltage low-power second generation CCII+ cell using bulk-driven FVF class AB mode operated double recycling current mirror OTA. The OTA is used in the input core of CCII+ cell utilizes bulkcum Quasi Floating Gate (QFG)-based voltage to current converter and Partial Positive Feedback (PPF) to enhance the performance of the circuit. The circuit permits closely railto- rail input common mode range, high output current drive capability with low dual power supply of ± 0.25 V. This circuit produces low input referred noise of 1.65 μV/sqrt Hz, dissipates ultra-low power of 342 nW and is suitable for lowfrequency applications, such as bio-signal processing. Further, to validate this design, a MISO type voltage mode biquadratic filter and voltage mode two phase quadrature oscillator are currently being implemented using this CCII+ cells. The circuit is simulated in tanner EDA tools using 180 nm n-tub CMOS process technology with low bias current of 18 nA.

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Su, C., B. J. Blalock, S. K. Islam, L. Zuo та L. M. Tolbert. "A High-Temperature Folded-Cascode Operational Transconductance Amplifier in 0.8-μm BCD-on-SOI". Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2010, HITEC (2010): 000083–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hitec-csu-ta26.

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The rapid growth of the hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) has been driving the demand of high temperature automotive electronics target for the engine compartment, power train, and brakes where the ambient temperature normally exceeds 150°C. An operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) is an essential building block of various analog circuits such as data converters, instrumentation systems, linear regulators, etc. This work presents a high temperature folded cascode operational transconductance amplifier designed and fabricated in a commercially available 0.8-μm BCD-on-SOI process. SOI processes offer several orders of magnitude smaller junction leakage current than bulk-CMOS processes at temperatures beyond 150°C. This amplifier is designed for a high temperature linear voltage regulator; the higher open-loop gain of this amplifier will enhance the overall performance of a linear regulator. In addition, the lower current consumption of the OTA is critical for improving the current efficiency of the linear regulator and reducing the power dissipation at elevated temperature. A PMOS input pair folded cascode OTA topology had been selected in this work, PMOS input pair offers wider ICMR (input common-mode range) and empirically lower flicker noise compared to its NMOS counterpart. By cascoding current mirror load at the output node, the folded cascode OTA obtains higher voltage gain than the symmetrical OTA topology. The PSRR (power supply rejection ratio) is also improved. A on-chip temperature stable current reference is employed to bias the amplifier. The amplifier consumes less than 65μA bias current at 175°C. The core layout area of the amplifier is 0.16mm2 (400 μm × 400 μm).

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Singh, Priyanka, and Rajendra kumar Nagaria. "DV-EXCCCII Based Resistor-Less Current-Mode Universal Biquadratic Filter." Advances in Technology Innovation 8, no. 1 (2023): 12–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46604/aiti.2023.9283.

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This study aims to present a new resistor-less current-mode multi-input single-output universal filter. The current-mode’s design approach is used to obtain the proposed circuit. This circuit employs a single differential voltage extra-X current controlled current conveyor (DV-EXCCCII) and two grounded capacitors. This multifunction filter circuit offers low-pass, high-pass, all-pass, band-pass, and band-reject filters at a single output terminal without passive component matching constraints. The same circuit topology can obtain all second-order filter functions with different input conditions. The proposed circuit design is electronically adjustable with the bias current of DV-EXCCCII. Because of its high output impedance, this arrangement is suitable for cascading other current-mode circuits. The proposed circuit is simulated by Cadence Spectre with 0.18 µm UMC CMOS technology process parameters at ± 0.9 V supply voltages. The simulation results agree well with the theoretical concept of the proposed circuit.

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Nam, Hyungseok, Dang-An Nguyen, Yanghyun Kim, and Chulhun Seo. "Design of 6 GHz Variable-Gain Low-Noise Amplifier Using Adaptive Bias Circuit for Radar Receiver Front End." Electronics 12, no. 9 (2023): 2036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12092036.

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This paper presents a variable-gain low-noise amplifier (VGLNA) based on an adaptive bias (ADB) circuit for the radar receiver front end. The ADB circuit processes the signal separated by a coupler at the LNA output port. First, the ADB circuit rectifies the coupled signal into positive DC voltage through a rectifier, which is then inverted to control a junction-gate field-effect transistor (JFET). The voltage-controlled current of JFET flows through a voltage-divider network and finally produces the DC biasing voltage for the BJT base termination, which decreases with the increase in the input RF power. The proposed VGLNA operates automatically in high gain at low input power and low gain at high input power, providing a wider dynamic range as compared to the constant-bias counterpart. For validation, a prototype is fabricated and measured at 6 GHz. As observed, the base biasing voltage generated by the ADB circuit is changed from 858 mV to 798 mV as the input power increases from −50 dBm to 0 dBm. As a result, the dynamic range represented by the input P1dB point (IP1dB) has an increase of 6.5 dB, while LNA still maintains a high gain of 15.15 dB at low input power.

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Zhyrkova, A. P., and O. P. Ignatenko. "Machine learning methods analysis in the document classification problem." PROBLEMS IN PROGRAMMING, no. 4 (December 2020): 081–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/pp2020.04.081.

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Current situation with official documentary in the world, and especially in Ukraine, requires tools for electronical processing. One of the main tasks at this field is seal (or stamp) detection, which leads to documents classification based on mentioned criterion. Current article analyzes some of existed methods to resolve the problem, describes a new approach to classify documentary and reflects dependence of model accuracy to input data amount. As a result of this work is a convolutional neural network that classify 708 out of 804 images of official documents correctly. A corresponded percentage of model accuracy is 88.03, despite the fact of bias presence in input data.

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Damin, Zhang, Wang Shitao, Kang Shaobo, and Zhang Ji. "Implementation of the Predictive Current Control of Multi-Pulse Flexible Topology Thyristor Rectifier Under Unbalanced Source Voltages." Open Electrical & Electronic Engineering Journal 11, no. 1 (2017): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874129001711010014.

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Predictive current control strategy has captured much concern recently in power converters. As for the multi-pulse flexible-topology thyristor rectifiers (m-PFTTR), the symmetry of the input line-to-line voltages has great influence upon the implementation of the control strategy. Existing literatures have mainly focused on the implementation under ideal condition, i.e., the input line-to-line voltages, being critical to the predictive current controller, were supposed to be symmetrical. In fact, the unbalance of the input line-to-line voltages usually exists in the windings of the zigzag transformer at front end and the A/D converter of the digital signal processor (DSP). This paper presents a new method to dynamically regulate the input line-to-line voltages to ensure the symmetry of each other. It is realized through the instantaneous correction of the bias values in the course of sampling, and the correction is embodied in the modified control algorithm. The paper includes analyses of the m-PFTTR as well as the control algorithm, simulation and experiments. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented method.

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Wang, Chunhua, and Hairong Lin. "Multifunction Current Differencing Cascaded Transconductance Amplifier (MCDCTA) and Its Application to Current-Mode Multiphase Sinusoidal Oscillator." Journal of Electrical Engineering 66, no. 5 (2015): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2015-0040.

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AbstractIn this study, a new versatile active element, namely multifunction current differencing cascaded transconductance amplifier (MCDCTA), is proposed. This device which adopts a simple configuration enjoys the performances of low-voltage, low-input and high-output impedance, wide bandwidth etc. It simplifies the design of the current-mode analog signal processing circuit greatly, especially the design of high-order filter and oscillator circuits. Moreover, an example as a new current-mode multiphase sinusoidal oscillator (MSO) using MCDCTA is described in this paper. The proposed oscillator, which employs only one MCDCTA and minimum grounded passive elements, is easy to be realized. It can provide random n (n being odd or even) output current signals and these output currents are equally spaced in phase all at high output impedance terminals. Its oscillation condition and the oscillation frequency can be adjusted independently, linearly and electronically by controlling the bias currents of MCDCTA. The operation of the proposed oscillator has been testified through PSPICE simulation and experimental results.

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43

Ball, Edward A. "Predicting the Performance of a 26 GHz Transconductance Modulated Downconversion Mixer as a Function of LO Drive and DC Bias." Electronics 11, no. 16 (2022): 2516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11162516.

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The dependency of RF performance on the local oscillator (LO) drive amplitude and DC bias is an important topic for RF mixers, especially as carrier frequency increases and generation of RF power thus becomes more complex. The prediction of mixer performance, without initial reliance on full circuit simulations, can provide important insights. In this work, mathematical models without the prior use of circuit simulation are developed, leading to a strategy to predict the conversion gain (Gc), DC current, 1 dB input compression point (IP1dB) and third order input intercept point (IIP3) for a SiGe bipolar transistor transconductance mixer. The models show the possibility to trade-off LO RF power and DC bias to achieve a desired performance. The concepts allow a prediction of the necessary DC bias required to support a chosen LO level and desired conversion transconductance or linearity. The mathematical model results, circuit simulation results, and measured hardware results from a 26 GHz prototype of a single-ended mixer are presented and compared, showing good agreement. In a lab-measured example, LO power reduction from +10 dBm to +3 dBm resulted in only a 1 dB reduction in conversion gain, by modifying the DC bias as predicted. The peak conversion gain predicted by the models is within 2.0 dB of circuit simulation and 2.5 dB of measured PCB results. The RMS error for predicted DC current, compared to circuit simulation, is 1.9 mA or better.

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Hanifasasti, Alika, Syaiful Bakhri, Sukarman, R. Helmi Fauzi, Gilang Septawijaya, and P. Rankai Rasya. "A Comparative Study on Picoammeter Designs as Alternatives for Nuclear Reactor Power Measurement Systems." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2828, no. 1 (2024): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2828/1/012022.

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Abstract The study investigates the picoammeter, a highly sensitive current measurement device capable of measuring currents in the picoampere (pA) range. It discusses the typical amplification technique in picoammeters, utilizing an Op-Amp in a trans-impedance amplifier (TIA) circuit to convert the current into a voltage signal. The paper explores the impact of different IC Op-Amps on the picoammeter’s performance, evaluating AD549, MAX4230, LMC662, TLV272, and MCP6001. The result reveals that AD549 Op-Amp ICs are more suitable for picoammeter design due to their low noise performance and low input bias current. Noise output and AC stability are assessed through numerical analysis and simulations using a circuit simulator. The resulting picoammeter exhibits low noise, high sensitivity, and precise measurement accuracy, making it an optimal choice for precise low-current measurements in CIC detectors.

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45

Abdi, Fatemeh, Mahnaz Janipoor Deylamani, and Parviz Amiri. "Slew Rate and Transient Response Enhancement in MOLDO with Modifying Error Amplifier Structure." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 26, no. 12 (2017): 1750197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126617501973.

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In this paper, we use bias current boosting and slew rate enhancement in multiple-output Low-dropout structure to achieve a faster transient response. This method reduces ripples of output voltage during sudden changes in load current and input voltage. The proposed MOLDO circuit was simulated with a 0.18[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m CMOS process in buck mode with four-output legs. Integrating of proposed circuit is easier because there is the symmetry in the circuit designing. The results of our work show that when input voltage changes between 2.5–3.3[Formula: see text]V, the output voltage after 25[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]s with load current of 100[Formula: see text]mA, is determined with ripple less than 1.8[Formula: see text]mV. In sudden changes, the load current at the range 0–100[Formula: see text]mA, and output voltages after a maximum 15.5[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]s with an input voltage of 3.3[Formula: see text]V have the highest ripple in output voltage of 4[Formula: see text]mV.

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46

Guangming, Xue, Zhang Peilin, He Zhongbo, Li Dongwei, Yang Zhaoshu, and Zhao Zhenglong. "Displacement model of the giant magnetostrictive actuator with strong bias magnetic field at low frequency." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 230, no. 19 (2016): 3568–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406215614334.

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A giant magnetostrictive actuator is designed with strong bias magnetic field. The influence of the strong bias field is introduced, and the corresponding exciting input signal is selected. Magnetic reluctance estimation, approximate linearity between the strain and magnetic field, and a mass–spring–damper system assumption are employed to analyze the actuator’s displacement with low-frequency signal input. An experimental system is designed, and properties of the proposed actuator are tested. With the help of square wave test, appropriate direction of exciting signal for the magnetostrictive actuator is determined. With the help of sinusoidal wave test, the established model is validated and the relationship between the maximum value of the displacement and of the current is analyzed. With exciting frequency lower than 200 Hz, the errors between the calculating and testing results are within 1.0 m, which validates the model.

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Ren, Hao, and Yunping Niu. "A miniaturized low frequency direct-current magnetic-bias-integrated magnetoelectric wireless power transfer system with enhanced energy conversion efficiency." AIP Advances 12, no. 7 (2022): 075012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0094511.

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Wireless power transfer (WPT), which transfers energy without a physical link, has recently received significant research interest. Due to the advantages of small dimension, low operation frequency, and low transmission loss, magnetoelectric WPT (ME-WPT) has been shown to be a promising technology for internet of things (IoT) and implantable medical device (IMD) applications. However, ME-WPT requires a direct-current (DC) magnetic bias for optimal performance and prior arts have implemented large electromagnets, Helmholtz coils, or externally positioned magnet bias systems, which increase the system dimension. Furthermore, the highest energy conversion efficiency (ECE) reported by prior ME-WPT studies is 0.62%, which needs to be improved. In this paper, we present an ME-WPT system with a novel miniaturized ME-WPT receiver and a spiral coil based transmitter. Four DC magnets are integrated onto the ME-WPT receiver to significantly reduce its dimension while providing a DC magnetic bias of 190 Oe for optimal performance. Electrochemical polarization characterizations are introduced to analyze the performance of the WPT receiver, which reveal that a maximum output power of 4.096 mW is obtained. A record ECE of 2.64% is reported, the highest among all ME-WPTs to date. The output power is improved by at least 49.3 times compared with the ME-WPT without integrated DC magnets. The influence of the input voltage and the distance between transmitter/receiver on the performance of the ME-WPT system is studied, which shows that the output power increases as the distance decreases and the input voltage increases. The proposed ME-WPT system with integrated DC magnets has potential applications in IoT and IMDs.

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Tan, E., J. G. Simmons, D. A. Thompson, and C. Blaauw. "A three-terminal N-channel InGaAsP–InP-based double heterostructure optoelectronic switch (DOES)." Canadian Journal of Physics 74, S1 (1996): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p96-823.

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In this work, we give the first report on the physical and functional characteristics of a three-terminal InGaAsP–InP-based double heterostructure optoelectronic switch (DOES) device. In this device, electrical contact is made to the emitter, collector, and active layers while optical input is made via a window in the emitter contact. The DC current–voltage characteristic of a 100 μm × 80 μm device exhibits a switching voltage of 6.6 V with an OFF-state resistance of 200 kΩ and an ON-state resistance of <50 Ω. In conjunction with the electrical outputs, optical emission is generated with a ratio of >10 in the light emission between the ON (2 mA) and OFF states. We show that injection of current and (or) injection of light into the active region reduces the switching voltage. This is used to switch the device from the OFF state to the ON state without having to alter the output circuit bias (emitter–collector bias). The ability to switch the three-terminal InGaAsP–InP DOES with both electrical and optical inputs demonstrate its functionality, flexibility, and suitability for use in optoelectronic switching applications and for InP-based optoelectronic integrated circuits.

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Baptist, Simon, and Cameron Hepburn. "Intermediate inputs and economic productivity." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 371, no. 1986 (2013): 20110565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0565.

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Many models of economic growth exclude materials, energy and other intermediate inputs from the production function. Growing environmental pressures and resource prices suggest that this may be increasingly inappropriate. This paper explores the relationship between intermediate input intensity, productivity and national accounts using a panel dataset of manufacturing subsectors in the USA over 47 years. The first contribution is to identify sectoral production functions that incorporate intermediate inputs, while allowing for heterogeneity in both technology and productivity. The second contribution is that the paper finds a negative correlation between intermediate input intensity and total factor productivity (TFP)—sectors that are less intensive in their use of intermediate inputs have higher productivity. This finding is replicated at the firm level. We propose tentative hypotheses to explain this association, but testing and further disaggregation of intermediate inputs is left for further work. Further work could also explore more directly the relationship between material inputs and economic growth—given the high proportion of materials in intermediate inputs, the results in this paper are suggestive of further work on material efficiency. Depending upon the nature of the mechanism linking a reduction in intermediate input intensity to an increase in TFP, the implications could be significant. A third contribution is to suggest that an empirical bias in productivity, as measured in national accounts, may arise due to the exclusion of intermediate inputs. Current conventions of measuring productivity in national accounts may overstate the productivity of resource-intensive sectors relative to other sectors.

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Dusseau, Laurent, Muriel Bernard, JÉrÔme Boch, et al. "Review and Analysis of the Radiation-Induced Degradation Observed for the Input Bias Current of Linear Integrated Circuits." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 55, no. 6 (2008): 3174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2008.2006835.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Input Bias Current'

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