Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Input differential'

ITC/USA 2007 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Third Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 22-25, 2007 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada<br>The accuracy of channel estimation plays a crucial role in the demodulation of data symbols sent across an unknown wireless medium. In this work a new analytical expression for the channel estimation error of a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system is obtained when the wireless medium is continuously changing in the temporal domain. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate our findings. Space-time (ST) coding using Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM) has spectral advantages relative to linear modulations. In spite of the spectral benefits, Space-Time Trellis Codes (STTC) using the CPM implementation of Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) scheme has inherent inphase and quadrature interference, when the received complex baseband signal is the input into the matchfilter to remove the shaped sinusoid pulses. In this paper a novel optimum transmitting and detecting structure for STTC-MSK is proposed. Treating the Alamouti scheme as an outer code, each STTC MSK waveform frame is immediately followed by the orthogonal conjugate waveform frame at the transmit side. At the receiver first orthogonal wave forming is applied, then a new time-variant yet simple trellis structure of the STTC-MSK signals is developed. This STTC-MSK detector is absolutely guaranteed to be I/Q interference-free and still keeps a smaller computation load compared with STTC-QPSK. Simulations are made over quasi-static AWGN fading channel. It is shown that our detector for ST-MSK has solved the I/Q interference problem and has around 2.8 dB gain compared with the Alamouti Scheme and 3.8 dB gain for bit error rate at 5 X 10^(-3) in a 2 by 1 Multiple Input Single Output system.

Differentielles Testen ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil der Qualitätssicherung von Software, mit dem Ziel Testeingaben zu generieren, die Unterschiede im Verhalten der Software deutlich machen. Solche Unterschiede können zwischen zwei Ausführungspfaden (1) in unterschiedlichen Programmversionen, aber auch (2) im selben Programm auftreten. In dem ersten Fall werden unterschiedliche Programmversionen mit der gleichen Eingabe untersucht, während bei dem zweiten Fall das gleiche Programm mit unterschiedlichen Eingaben analysiert wird. Die Regressionsanalyse, die Side-Channel Analyse, das Maximieren der Ausführungskosten eines Programms und die Robustheitsanalyse von Neuralen Netzwerken sind typische Beispiele für differentielle Softwareanalysen. Eine besondere Herausforderung liegt in der effizienten Analyse von mehreren Programmpfaden (auch über mehrere Programmvarianten hinweg). Die existierenden Ansätze sind dabei meist nicht (spezifisch) dafür konstruiert, unterschiedliches Verhalten präzise hervorzurufen oder sind auf einen Teil des Suchraums limitiert. Diese Arbeit führt das Konzept des hybriden differentiellen Software Testens (HyDiff) ein: eine hybride Analysetechnik für die Generierung von Eingaben zur Erkennung von semantischen Unterschieden in Software. HyDiff besteht aus zwei parallel laufenden Komponenten: (1) einem such-basierten Ansatz, der effizient Eingaben generiert und (2) einer systematischen Analyse, die auch komplexes Programmverhalten erreichen kann. Die such-basierte Komponente verwendet Fuzzing geleitet durch differentielle Heuristiken. Die systematische Analyse basiert auf Dynamic Symbolic Execution, das konkrete Eingaben bei der Analyse integrieren kann. HyDiff wird anhand mehrerer Experimente evaluiert, die in spezifischen Anwendungen im Bereich des differentiellen Testens ausgeführt werden. Die Resultate zeigen eine effektive Generierung von Testeingaben durch HyDiff, wobei es sich signifikant besser als die einzelnen Komponenten verhält.<br>Differential software testing is important for software quality assurance as it aims to automatically generate test inputs that reveal behavioral differences in software. The concrete analysis procedure depends on the targeted result: differential testing can reveal divergences between two execution paths (1) of different program versions or (2) within the same program. The first analysis type would execute different program versions with the same input, while the second type would execute the same program with different inputs. Therefore, detecting regression bugs in software evolution, analyzing side-channels in programs, maximizing the execution cost of a program over multiple executions, and evaluating the robustness of neural networks are instances of differential software analysis with the goal to generate diverging executions of program paths. The key challenge of differential software testing is to simultaneously reason about multiple program paths, often across program variants, in an efficient way. Existing work in differential testing is often not (specifically) directed to reveal a different behavior or is limited to a subset of the search space. This PhD thesis proposes the concept of Hybrid Differential Software Testing (HyDiff) as a hybrid analysis technique to generate difference revealing inputs. HyDiff consists of two components that operate in a parallel setup: (1) a search-based technique that inexpensively generates inputs and (2) a systematic exploration technique to also exercise deeper program behaviors. HyDiff’s search-based component uses differential fuzzing directed by differential heuristics. HyDiff’s systematic exploration component is based on differential dynamic symbolic execution that allows to incorporate concrete inputs in its analysis. HyDiff is evaluated experimentally with applications specific for differential testing. The results show that HyDiff is effective in all considered categories and outperforms its components in isolation.

The work of the laboratory stand as a whole as well as its particular elements is described. The effect of laws of parameters change of hydrostatic transmission fluid machines regulation and the laws of the braking torque change on the basic parameters of hydrostatic mechanical transmissions of different structures (two schemes were discussed: the first one with an inlet differential, the second - with an output differential) at implementation of both acceleration and deceleration processes is determined. The phenomenon of non-simultaneous translation of operating regimes of fluid machines being a part of the hydrostatic mechanical transmission with an “output” differential in the areas of zero speed and power modes is studied.

Next generation wireless communications require transmission of reliable high data rate services. Second generation wireless communications systems use single-input multiple-output (SIMO) channel in the reverse link, meaning one transmit antenna at the user terminal and multiple receive antennas at the base station. Recently, information theoretic research has shown an enormous potential growth in the capacity of wireless systems by using multiple antenna arrays at both ends of the link. Space-time coding exploits the spatial-temporal diversity provided by the multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channels, significantly increasing both system capacity and the reliability of the wireless link. The Virginia Tech Space-Time Advanced Radio (VT-STAR) system presents a test bed to demonstrate the capabilities of space-time coding techniques in real-time. Core algorithms are implemented on Texas Instruments TMS320C67 Evaluation Modules (EVM). The radio frequency subsystem is composed of multi-channel transmitter and receiver chains implemented in hardware for over the air transmission. The capabilities of the MIMO channel are demonstrated in a non-line of sight (NLOS) indoor environment. Also to characterize the capacity gains in an indoor environment this test bed was modified to take channel measurements. This thesis reports the system design of VT-STAR and the channel capacity gains observed in an indoor environment for MIMO channels.<br>Master of Science

Existem métodos de integração de equações algébrico diferenciais não lineares (DAEs) considerados clássicos pela literatura. Porém, neste trabalho, através uma abordagem geométrica, apresenta-se um método de integração de DAEs. Tal método é inspirado na teoria de desacoplamento de sistemas não lineares explícitos, quando se considera que as saídas são restrições algébricas. Neste caso, a DAE pode ser identificada como dinâmica zero. O resultado principal desta abordagem é que, dada uma DAE, sob certas condições, é possível a construção de um sistema explícito, de tal maneira, que as soluções desse sistema explícito convergem para as soluções da DAE.<br>Classical methods for numerical integration of diferential algebraic equations (DAEs) can be formal in the literature. In this work, using a diferential geometric approach, a numerical method of integration of DAEs is established. This method is inspired in the decoupling theory of nonlinear explicit systems, when one considers that the outputs are algebraic constraints. The main result is the construction of an explicit system, whose solutions converge to the solutions of the DAE.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to design active frequency filters based on passive RLC prototype. Three methods of the design of active filters and active functional blocks of electronic circuits working in current or mixed mode are used to this purpose. These blocks allow to process electrical signals with frequencies up to low tens of megahertz. In addition they feature for instance with high slew rate and low supply voltage power. Active high-pass and low-pass 2nd order filters are designed using simulation of inductor by active subcircuit method. Grounded and subsequently floating synthetic inductor is made with the current conveyors in the first case and with the current operational amplifiers with single input and differential output in the second case. This method advantage is relatively simple design and disadvantage is great quantity of active functional blocks. Active filters based on passive frequency ladder 3rd order filter while only one floating inductor is connected, are designed with circuit equation method. In the first design differential input / output current followers are used and in the second case current-differencing buffered amplifiers are used. This method benefits by smaller active blocks number and disadvantage is more complex design of the active filter. Active filter based on passive prototype of low-pass 3rd order filter with two floating inductors is designed with Bruton transformation method. Final active filter uses current operational amplifiers with single input and differential output which together with other passive elements replace frequency depending negative resistor, which arise after previous Bruton transform. This method usage is advantageous if the design consists of larger quantity of inductors and less number of capacitors. High-pass 2nd order filter is simulated by tolerance and parametrical analyses. Physical realisation utilising current feedback operational amplifier which substitute commercially hardly accessible current conveyors is subsequently made. Measurements of constructed active filter show that additional modifications, which allow better amplitude frequency characteristics conformity, are necessary.

The manufacturing of components with complex internal features, e.g. for automobile industry, aeronautics or medical applications, is a significant challenge. Such components are often machined in temporarily and locally separated stages of production. Due to these separated stages, the form deviations and positioning errors increase, which leads to additional efforts for the quality assurance. The technology that shall be developed within the project SwitchECM is supposed to enable machining of components with differing complex features in one single production stage and shall simultaneously allow for high precision. For this purpose, a multi-cathode system will be developed, in which every single cathode can be switched with specific parameters. The specific switching parameters shall be adjusted according to the requirements of the pre-defined features. For the manufacturing of different pre-defined features with one multi-cathode system the usage of pulsed direct current as well as continuous direct current shall be possible. Hence, removal experiments were carried out on 1.4301 stainless steel using a PEMCenter 8000 with varying feed rates and voltages at a pulsation frequency of 200 Hz. With this comparatively high frequency and a pulse duration of 4 ms pseudo direct current experiments are realized. The results are compared to experiments with a more common pulse frequency of 50 Hz. The mass removal analyses show, in which degree the transferability of experimental results from pulsed current to pseudo direct current or rather direct current is feasible.

This dissertation addresses specific issues on domestic and foreign trade in India. The three chapters of the dissertation are summarized as follows. In the first chapter, we analyze the existence of regional wage differences across Indian states, and how domestic trade affects those premiums. We follow a two-step estimation process used in the literature on Labor Economics. Our empirical results show that higher level of domestic imports tends to reduce the state premiums, and higher domestic exports increase those premiums, which is consistent with a specific factor Ricardo-Viner model. Thus, promoting domestic trade by with states specializing in certain industries may lead to higher welfare within the country. In addition, we find, state premiums depend negatively on state-level amenities measured by per-capita power availability, and does not depend on the richness of the State measured by per-capita Net State Domestic Product. In the second chapter, we look at the pattern and determinants of inter-state manufacturing trade in India. In the paper, we use information on 12 manufacturing industries categorized under 5 sectors from 2005 to 2013 with two-year intervals in between. We find that a 1\% decrease in income ratio between importing state net state domestic product and exporting state net domestic product has significantly varying effects on trade flows across the different sectors. For coal and minerals, the effect is 36.8%, for chemical it is 105%, for metals it is 31.5% and for cement, it is 36.8%. In all these case a decrease in income ratio increases exports. For machinery, a 1% decrease in income ratio lead to approximately 9.3% reduction in trade. This suggests that machineries which are capital goods are more imported by richer states, whereas the other goods which can be classified as intermediate inputs are more imported by poorer states. We also find that infrastructure promotes trade and on average infrastructure reduces the effect of contiguity by around 28.6% and promotes trade even between non-contiguous states. Therefore, infrastructure in the form of roadways, highways, and railways must be built and maintained to promote facilitate trade in India. In chapter three, we compare the effects of tariffs and non-tariff barriers on Indian exports. We use Indian HS-96 four-digit industry level export data from COMTRADE and tariff data from TRAINS database for the study. The overall result suggests that input tariffs have the largest effect on exports, followed by final tariff and foreign tariffs. A 1% reduction in input tariff leads to around 8.6% increase in exports. A similar reduction in final tariffs and foreign tariffs lead to 3.6% and 2.8% increase, respectively in exports. Thus, we conclude that the supply side effect of exports dominates the demand side effects. From a policy perspective, if countries try to improve trade balance by imposing high tariffs, it may lead to a negative effect on exports through the input tariff effects.

Dans cette thèse, nous étudions desproblèmes de stabilisation et de régulation de sortiepour des systèmes de dimension infinie soumisà des perturbations. Tout d’abord, nous considéronsle problème de la stabilisation d’un systèmedynamique abstrait linéaire de dimensions infiniesavec un opérateur de contrôle non borné et soumisà une perturbation située au même endroit que lecontrôle. Pour résoudre ce problème, nous suivonsune stratégie de contrôle par mode glissant. Dansun second temps, nous considérons le problèmede la stabilisation d’un système hyperbolique (uneéquation de transport et un système d’équationsde transport) contrôlé au bord et soumis à uneperturbation située au même endroit que le contrôle.L’objectif ici est de proposer pour ce cas particulierun contrôle qui exige moins pour ce quiest de la sortie. Pour résoudre ce problème, nousproposons un "active disturbance rejection control".Enfin, nous nous intéressons à la constructiond’une fonctionnelle de Lyapunov permettant deprouver la stabilité entrée−état et de resoudre unproblème de regulation de sortie d’une équation deKorteweg-de Vries<br>In this thesis, we study problems ofstabilization and output regulation for infinitedimensionalsystems subjected to disturbances.First, we consider the problem of the stabilizationof an abstract linear infinite-dimensional systemwith unbounded control operators and subject toa matched disturbance. To solve this problem, wefollow a sliding mode control strategy. Secondly, weconsider the problem of the boundary stabilizationof a linear hyperbolic system (a transport equationand a system of transport equations) subjected toa matched disturbance. The objective here is topropose for this particular case a control which requiresmuch less in terms of measurement than thedesign proposed before. To solve this problem, wepropose an active disturbance rejection control. Finally,we are interested in the construction of aninput-to-state stability Lyapunov functional and theoutput regulation of a Korteweg-de Vries equation

This study examined the relationships between resource allocation and student achievement using a modified version of a conceptual model designed by Bulcock (1989) within a general model proposed by Guthrie (1988). Five research questions were developed from a review of literature to investigate the relationship between microlevel student input variables and student output variables--both cognitive and affective. The mediating effects of the student perceptions of the quality of school life on student achievement outcomes were also examined. Multiple regression analyses were utilized and data were analyzed at both the individual and school levels. Models were used to investigate the indirect effects of the quality of school life on student achievement outcomes. Substantively meaningful relationships were identified between linguistic resources, language usage and reading outcomes; socioeconomic level, gender, linguistic resources, language usage, and mathematics achievement; gender, student attitudes, and student well-being. All grade eight Newfoundland students (10,146) were the subjects of the study. Participants in the study completed the Canadian Test of Basic Skills (CTBS) and the Bulcock Attitudinal Inventory (BAI). Females scored higher than males on every test of the CTBS and also had more favourable attitudes towards school as measured using the BAI. Urban students outperformed rural students by the equivalent of nearly one year on the CTBS scores. A variable was constructed to test Bernstein's (1961) theory of language discontinuity. Bernstein contended that the further an individual's language code departed from the standard language code in use in that society, the greater the difficulty that person would have in learning. The language code variable was constructed using the language usage score from the CTBS to create a continuous variable. This language code variable proved to be highly explanatory in that it explained a large percentage of the variance in reading achievement outcomes and in mathematics achievement outcomes. The measure for students' perceptions toward their schooling experiences explained a large percentage of the variance of student well-being. Two other noteworthy findings in the present study arose from relationships identified between mathematics achievement and independent variables. A strong relationship was identified between mathematics achievement and socioeconomic level. In general, the higher one's socioeconomic level the greater were the outcome measures in mathematics achievement. Indirect effects analyses produced a significant relationship between gender and mathematics achievement that favoured girls. The construction of the educational production function in the present study proved to be an accurate model. The present study contributed to research in several ways. This is one of the first studies that has employed Quality of School Life indicators as developed in the BAI in an educational production function model. A second contribution was the inclusion of microlevel student linguistic resources as predictors of cognitive achievement outcomes. The third contribution of the present study was the high percentage of variance of cognitive achievement outcomes explained by the modified Bulcock model.

In Orkney, Bere (a landrace of barley) is traditionally cultivated in marginal areas with very low inputs. There was little information on the effects of different agricultural inputs on Bere. Therefore this research investigated the effects of nitrogen, fungicide and plant growth regulator on grain yield, quality and economic returns of Bere which were compared with Optic (a modern malting barley variety) during 2008 and 2009. The present study found that ears m-2 and 1000-grain weight were two important components responsible for yield variations between Bere and Optic and were consistently lower in the former than the latter. The results indicated that disease score, lodging index and grain nitrogen content were higher in Bere than Optic, and the former had more stable yield than the latter during the study period. Increasing nitrogen fertilizer rate enhanced ears m-2 and grain yield of both varieties. However, the highest N rate (90 kg ha-1) resulted in the highest disease score and lodging index which consequently reduced grain quality of Bere. Fungicide application at Zadoks growth stage 37 reduced disease score and enhanced grain yield of both varieties compared with control plots and this was attributed to higher ears m-2 and 1000-grain weight. The plant growth regulator Upgrade (mixture of ethephon and chlormequat chloride) applied at the recommended rate at Zadoks growth stage 31 resulted in the lowest lodging index in Bere. However, it had no significant effect on grain yield and grain nitrogen content of both varieties. Gross margin analysis indicated that Bere compared favourably with Optic due to its higher grain price. Although, plant growth regulator did not justify its expenditure for controlling lodging, its application is recommended to ease harvesting and to avoid pre-harvest yield and quality losses in Bere.

This dissertation describes efforts to move toward the study of soil and the management of yield variability through research that explored and evaluated the potential of some techniques to provide greater understanding and knowledge of an agricultural field, even in situations where there is no prior knowledge of its behavior. The first experiment used a principal components analysis (PCA) in the study of the spatial and temporal variability of maize grain yield. The results of this experiment demonstrated that the 1st and 2nd principal components could be used to identify field zones with different spatial and temporal behaviors. The second experiment applied stochastic and sequential Gaussian simulation techniques to spatially and temporally forecast and model maize productivity. This technique enabled the modeling of spatial uncertainty in maize productivity based on probabilistic maps with different confidence levels. The third experiment examined different fertilization input scenarios based on yield/nutrient inputs ratio and break-even yields to optimize agronomic, economic and environmental support decisions. According to the results, it is possible to reduce agricultural production costs through the differential management of inputs. The outcomes showed that differential management decisions can maximize returns and reduce activity risk without having to implement major changes on the farm; Sumário: Otimização da produtividade e dos fatores de produção no milho de regadio O presente trabalho de investigação, que considerou três estudos, explora e avalia o potencial de alguns modelos no estudo da gestão da variabilidade espacial e temporal da produtividade e dos nutrientes no âmbito da produção de regadio. O primeiro estudo focou a utilização da técnica estatística Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) no estudo da variabilidade temporal da produtividade da cultura do milho na região do Alto Alentejo. Os resultados desta experiência mostraram que as duas primeiras componentes principais permitem identificar zonas da parcela agrícola com diferente comportamento espacial e ambiental. No segundo estudo avaliou-se o desempenho da simulação sequencial Gaussiana na previsão e modelação da produtividade da cultura do milho. Esta técnica permitiu modelar a incerteza espacial da produtividade com base em mapas de probabilidade com diferentes níveis de confiança. O terceiro estudo avaliou diferentes cenários de fertilização a partir do rácio produtividade/nutrientes e do breakeven da produtividade de forma a otimizar, em termos agronómicos, económicos e ambientais, as tomadas de decisão. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, foi possível obter uma redução substancial dos custos de produção através da sugestão da aplicação diferenciada da fertilização. Os resultados mostraram que é possível reduzir os riscos, quer económicos quer ambientais, da atividade agrícola sem grandes alterações no processo produtivo da exploração agrícola.

The aim of this Master´s thesis is use of instrument transformers and sensors on field of industry protection. We will compare current and voltage transformers, current sensor – based on Rogowski coil, voltage sensor – based on voltage divider. By this measure devices, we can monitoring values of analog quantities in medium voltage switchgear. It is impossible to compare, measure and analyze without this measure devices. There is protection terminal REF542plus, which can compile this values. The REF542plus ability are measuring, monitoring, remote control and protection. First, we will discuss about theory of sensors and convential instrument transformers and analysis of analog signal. We will compare analog input channel on sensor´s analog module and transformer´s analog module. There are few differences between type of analog modules. For analog signal analysis are important frequency filters and Analog/ Digital Convertor (sigma-delta). We will describe functions and options of REF542plus. In practical part of this project, we will test protection functions of protection terminal. First, protection terminal will be connected to sensors. Second protection terminal will be connected to transformers. For testing we chose Earth-fault directional protection and differential protection. We will make only secondary tests. That´s mean, input analog quantities to REF542plus will be simulated by tester. In all we will verify quality of protection. We will focus on lower settings of protection and we will inject protection by low current. Objectives are testing of trip characteristics and measuring of trip time.

Despite significant efforts have been directed toward reducing waste generation and encouraging alternative waste management strategies, landfills still remain the main option for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposal in many countries. Hence, landfills and related impacts on the surroundings are still current issues throughout the world. Actually, the major concerns are related to the potential emissions of leachate and landfill gas into the environment, that pose a threat to public health, surface and groundwater pollution, soil contamination and global warming effects. To ensure environmental protection and enhance landfill sustainability, modern sanitary landfills are equipped with several engineered systems with different functions. For instance, the installation of containment systems, such as bottom liner and multi-layers capping systems, is aimed at reducing leachate seepage and water infiltration into the landfill body as well as gas migration, while eventually mitigating methane emissions through the placement of active oxidation layers (biocovers). Leachate collection and removal systems are designed to minimize water head forming on the bottom section of the landfill and consequent seepages through the liner system. Finally, gas extraction and utilization systems, allow to recover energy from landfill gas while reducing explosion and fire risks associated with methane accumulation, even though much depends on gas collection efficiency achieved in the field (range: 60-90% Spokas et al., 2006; Huitric and Kong, 2006). Hence, impacts on the surrounding environment caused by the polluting substances released from the deposited waste through liquid and gas emissions can be potentially mitigated by a proper design of technical barriers and collection/extraction systems at the landfill site. Nevertheless, the long-term performance of containment systems to limit the landfill emissions is highly uncertain and is strongly dependent on site-specific conditions such as climate, vegetative covers, containment systems, leachate quality and applied stress. Furthermore, the design and operation of leachate collection and treatment systems, of landfill gas extraction and utilization projects, as well as the assessment of appropriate methane reduction strategies (biocovers), require reliable emission forecasts for the assessment of system feasibility and to ensure environmental compliance. To this end, landfill simulation models can represent an useful supporting tool for a better design of leachate/gas collection and treatment systems and can provide valuable information for the evaluation of best options for containment systems depending on their performances under the site-specific conditions. The capability in predicting future emissions levels at a landfill site can also be improved by combining simulation models with field observations at full-scale landfills and/or with experimental studies resembling landfill conditions. Indeed, this kind of data may allow to identify the main parameters and processes governing leachate and gas generation and can provide useful information for model refinement. In view of such need, the present research study was initially addressed to develop a new landfill screening model that, based on simplified mathematical and empirical equations, provides quantitative estimation of leachate and gas production over time, taking into account for site-specific conditions, waste properties and main landfill characteristics and processes. In order to evaluate the applicability of the developed model and the accuracy of emissions forecast, several simulations on four full-scale landfills, currently in operative management stage, were carried out. The results of these case studies showed a good correspondence of leachate estimations with monthly trend observed in the field and revealed that the reliability of model predictions is strongly influenced by the quality of input data. In particular, the initial waste moisture content and the waste compression index, which are usually data not available from a standard characterisation, were identified as the key unknown parameters affecting leachate production. Furthermore, the applicability of the model to closed landfills was evaluated by simulating different alternative capping systems and by comparing the results with those returned by the Hydrological Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP), which is the most worldwide used model for comparative analysis of composite liner systems. Despite the simplified approach of the developed model, simulated values of infiltration and leakage rates through the analysed cover systems were in line with those of HELP. However, it should be highlighted that the developed model provides an assessment of leachate and biogas production only from a quantitative point of view. The leachate and biogas composition was indeed not included in the forecast model, as strongly linked to the type of waste that makes the prediction in a screening phase poorly representative of what could be expected in the field. Hence, for a qualitative analysis of leachate and gas emissions over time, a laboratory methodology including different type of lab-scale tests was applied to a particular waste material. Specifically, the research was focused on mechanically biologically treated (MBT) wastes which, after the introduction of the European Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC (European Commission, 1999) that imposes member states to dispose of in landfills only wastes that have been preliminary subjected to treatment, are becoming the main flow waste landfilled in new Italian facilities. However, due to the relatively recent introduction of the MBT plants within the waste management system, very few data on leachate and gas emissions from MBT waste in landfills are available and, hence, the current knowledge mainly results from laboratory studies. Nevertheless, the assessment of the leaching characteristics of MBT materials and the evaluation of how the environmental conditions may affect the heavy metals mobility are still poorly investigated in literature. To gain deeper insight on the fundamental mechanisms governing the constituents release from MBT wastes, several leaching experiments were performed on MBT samples collected from an Italian MBT plant and the experimental results were modelled to obtain information on the long-term leachate emissions. Namely, a combination of experimental leaching tests were performed on fully-characterized MBT waste samples and the effect of different parameters, mainly pH and liquid to solid ratio (L/S,) on the compounds release was investigated by combining pH static-batch test, pH dependent tests and dynamic up-flow column percolation experiments. The obtained results showed that, even though MBT wastes were characterized by relatively high heavy metals content, only a limited amount was actually soluble and thus bioavailable. Furthermore, the information provided by the different tests highlighted the existence of a strong linear correlation between the release pattern of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and several metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, V, Zn), suggesting that complexation to DOC is the leaching controlling mechanism of these elements. Thus, combining the results of batch and up-flow column percolation tests, partition coefficients between DOC and metals concentration were derived. These data, coupled with a simplified screening model for DOC release, allowed to get a very good prediction of metal release during the experiments and may provide useful indications for the evaluation of long-term emissions from this type of waste in a landfill disposal scenario. In order to complete the study on the MBT waste environmental behaviour, gas emissions from MBT waste were examined by performing different anaerobic tests. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential gas generation capacity of wastes and to assess possible implications on gas generation resulting from the different environmental conditions expected in the field. To this end, anaerobic batch tests were performed at a wide range of water contents (26-43 %w/w up to 75 %w/w on wet weight) and temperatures (from 20-25 °C up to 55 °C) in order to simulate different landfill management options (dry tomb or bioreactor landfills). In nearly all test conditions, a quite long lag-phase was observed (several months) due to the inhibition effects resulting from high concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammonia that highlighted a poor stability degree of the analysed material. Furthermore, experimental results showed that the initial waste water content is the key factor limiting the anaerobic biological process. Indeed, when the waste moisture was lower than 32 %w/w the methanogenic microbial activity was completely inhibited. Overall, the obtained results indicated that the operative conditions drastically affect the gas generation from MBT waste, in terms of both gas yield and generation rate. This suggests that particular caution should be paid when using the results of lab-scale tests for the evaluation of long-term behaviour expected in the field, where the boundary conditions change continuously and vary significantly depending on the climate, the landfill operative management strategies in place (e.g. leachate recirculation, waste disposal methods), the hydraulic characteristics of buried waste, the presence and type of temporary and final cover systems.

碩士<br>淡江大學<br>電機工程學系<br>85<br>In the last few decades, the analogue designers more thought about processing signal by current mode signal. As the current mode circuit compares with the voltage mode circuit, the former proves to be two conceptual advantages: higher frequency capabilities and larger dynamic range. And the architecture of current mode circuit form, it is more convenient and direct to copy or operate the signal than the voltage mode. Such as the switch current filter in the recently developing. In this thesis, a new CMOS current operational amplifier (COA) with fully differential input and differential output is proposed and analyzed. The amplifier is implemented from a differential current mirror input transimpedance stage followed by a differential output transconductance gain stage. A differential mode design technique is proposed and used in the feedback circuit. The simulation results of the new COA are based upon the 0.5um CMOS process and ±1.5V supply voltage. The new COA exhibits an open-loop differential gain of 51.71dB with the gain-bandwidth product 314MHz and a settling time of 14ns. To design VLSI circuit in the recent, the mix mode circuit design is the future trend in order to cooperate with the digital process. So the low voltage, and low power analogue circuit design is indispensable. Specially in the mobile personal communication system. So in this paper, we first analysis the basis current cell circuits, e.g. low voltage current mirror. And we will discuss the property of the circuit, as follows describe: (a) bandwidth improvement (b) parasitic capacitor effect improvement (c) unit step function time response (d) temperature stability discussion (e) bias circuit and dynamic range discussion In the last, the applications of the COA in processing current signals are proven to be the counterpart of the traditional voltage mode operational amplifier (VOA). The current integrator and the current Biquad filter show their duality with voltage integrator and Biquad. In the domain of filter design, COA is proven to be applicable to MOS-C current filter as well as SC voltage filter. Thus this COA can be used to process the signals on chip.

<p>Biochemical reaction networks with a sufficiently large number of molecules may be represented as systems of differential equations. Many networks receive inputs that fluctuate continuously in time. These networks may never settle down to a static equilibrium and are of great interest both mathematically and biologically. Biological systems receive inputs that vary on multiple time scales. Hormonal and neural inputs vary on a scale of seconds or minutes; inputs from meals and circadian rhythms vary on a scale of hours or days; and long term environmental changes (such as diet, disease, and pollution) vary on a scale of years. In this thesis, we consider the limiting behavior of networks in which the input is on a different time scale compared to the reaction kinetics within the network.</p> <p>We prove analytic results of how the variance of reaction rates within a system compares to the variance of the input when the input is on a different time scale than the reaction kinetics within the network. We consider the behavior of simple chains, single species complex networks, reversible chains, and certain classes of non-linear systems with time-scaled stochastic input, as the input speeds up and slows down. In all cases, as the input fluctuates more and more quickly, the variance of species within the system approaches to zero. As the input fluctuates more and more slowly, the variance of the species approaches the variance of the input, up to a normalization factor.</p><br>Dissertation

Ever since the introduction of current conveyor as basic building block in analog signal processing, several alternative active building blocks have been introduced so far. This has become attainable due to the developments in the semiconductor manufacturing technologies (both bipolar as well as CMOS). throughout the last twenty years, various modifications have been done in the architecture of the current conveyor and many derivatives of this block have appeared in the literature. Current differencing differential input transconductance amplifier combines the features of a current differencing unit (current conveyor) and an operational transconductance amplifier. Current differencing differential input transconductance amplifier can be used to perform the entire regular signal processing application such as amplifier, integrator, differentiator and filters etc. The present work deals with the signal processing application of current differencing differential input transconductance amplifier in filters. In this thesis, we have proposed various circuits which is based on current differencing differential input transconductance amplifier. All the circuits given during this thesis are simulated in PSpice.

碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>電機學院通訊與網路科技產業專班<br>98<br>With the evolution of the fabrication technology, the supply voltage of the electric circuit systems has become lower and lower. Since portable electronic devices are getting very popular, it is the trend to lower power supply voltage in order to decrease power consumption. For digital circuits, when the power supply reduces, the power consumption would be lower while circuit performance stays the same. However, for analog circuits, the low voltage supply might not only bring the downgrade of circuit performance, but also cause failure of some basic circuit structures. It has attracted lots of attentions to design analog circuits to work under low voltage conditions. Two circuits have been proposed to improve the linearity of the transconductors working in the triode region. High transconductance tuning range, low voltage supply, and high linearity are all achieved in the design. The first circuit is designed by biasing input transistor pair in the triode region, in parallel with another input pair working in the weak inversion region, to cancel out the third order harmonic distortion. The power supply voltage is 1.2V and the circuit consumes 0.226mW. The third order harmonic distortion of -71.3dB is achieved with the input signal of 0.4Vpp. The transconductor fabricated by TSMC 0.18um CMOS 1P6M technology occupies the area of . The second transconductor also biases the input transistor pair in the triode region. In addition, high performance mobility compensation mechanism has been implemented. It has successfully suppressed the third order harmonic distortion by 22.4dB. The supply voltage is 1.8V and the circuit consumes 427uW. The third order harmonic distortion of -79dB is achieved with the input signal of 1.2Vpp. The transconductor fabricated by TSMC 0.18um CMOS technology occupies the area of .

This thesis discusses and develops one approach to solve parabolic partial differential equations with random input data. The stochastic problem is firstly transformed into a parametrized one by using finite dimensional noise assumption and the truncated Karhunen-Loeve expansion. The approach, Monte Carlo discontinuous Galerkin (MCDG) method, randomly generates $M$ realizations of uncertain coefficients and approximates the expected value of the solution by averaging M numerical solutions. This approach is applied to two numerical examples. The first example is a two-dimensional parabolic partial differential equation with random convection term and the second example is a benchmark problem coupling flow and transport equations. I first apply polynomial kernel principal component analysis of second order to generate M realizations of random permeability fields. They are used to obtain M realizations of random convection term computed from solving the flow equation. Using this approach, I solve the transport equation M times corresponding to M velocity realizations. The MCDG solution spreads toward the whole domain from the initial location and the contaminant does not leave the initial location completely as time elapses. The results show that MCDG solution is realistic, because it takes the uncertainty in velocity fields into consideration. Besides, in order to correct overshoot and undershoot solutions caused by the high level of oscillation in random velocity realizations, I solve the transport equation on meshes of finer resolution than of the permeability, and use a slope limiter as well as lower and upper bound constraints to address this difficulty. Finally, future work is proposed.

碩士<br>國立雲林科技大學<br>電子與光電工程研究所碩士班<br>101<br>The internal voltage of recent digital integrated circuit has been gradually decreased, while its operating speed continuous to grow. This makes high speed operation and signal strength maintenance a great challenge to digital integrated circuit. The most frequently used component in synchronized digital integrated circuit is D-type flip-flop. It would be an important issue if D-type flip-flop is to be designed with low voltage, high speed and working robust circuit. The special characteristic of advanced circuits, such as USB, eSATA and HDMI is that they can operate in high speed while resisting noise. The other characteristic shared by these advanced circuits is that they all adopt common-mode noise-rejectoin digital differential circuit design. This study focused on the circuit design of differential D-type flip-flop, which is expected to replace traditional single-ended D-type flip-flop in performing accurate logic computation in high-noise, high-speed and low-voltage environment. From digital logic circuit design concept we can learn that, one of the characteristics of high-speed circuit is its extremely small input capacitance. This thesis started with the design concept of minimizing load capacitance, and proposed several high-speed digital differential latch circuits based on DCVSL circuit style, according to which a differential D-type flip-flop was implemented. Only one NMOS input capacitance being triggered on both inputs of the bit line and the differential master-servant latch circuits, which equipped it with the characteristic of high speed. The study also explored the operation speed of MOS transistor under different threshold voltage in a same process technology. To compare and examine the low input capacitance differential and high speed D-type flip-flops proposed in this thesis, we designed a feedback-driven and a non-feedback driven frequency divider circuit to observe their high-speed operating performance. In 0.18um CMOS 1.8V process, eighteen D-type flip-flop circuits have been implemented with high-speed prescaler for real chip verifications. After simulation, validation and comparison, the fastest combination was found, which was the Normal VT differential NMOS diode feedback-driven type circuit. The circuit can achieve an operating frequency of 3.25GHz, which is 6% higher than traditional differential D-type flip-flop. The power consumption of the circuit was only 0.43mW under 3.25GHz in a layout area of 960um x 840um. After simulating and comparing in 90nm CMOS 1V process, we found that the combination with the fastest operating speed is the circuit configuration of PMOS and NMOS Low VT single-ended nmos diode non-feedback-driven type, for its operating frequency can achieve 4.5GHz, which is 7% higher than traditional differential D-type flip-flop. Its power consumption was only 86uW under 4.5GHz in a layout area of 463.6um x 323um.

碩士<br>雲林科技大學<br>電子與資訊工程研究所<br>97<br>The thesis proposes a new high-performance low-cost multi-input exclusive OR gate. This new circuit adopts the known Differential Cascode Voltage Switch Pass Gate (DCVSPG) architecture which was originally modified from Differential Cascode Voltage Switch (DCVS) and combined with pass transistor gates to eliminate the floating node. In thesis, some well known multi-input XOR gates were studied and analyzed, and the results show that our new proposed XOR has lower power, shorter delay, less layout area and easier design features than the traditional one. Under a TSMC 0.18µm 1.8V process technology, our new 4-input XOR gate reaches 1GHz operational speed. When compare with the known fastest traditional DCVSPG XOR, our new circuit performs even faster than 25%. The total transistor area is reduced by 29% to 93% when compare with the traditional C-CMOS at 150MHz, PTL CMOS at 350MHz, Pseudo NMOS at 800MHz, respectively. Therefore, our new multi-input XOR is the smallest one among the traditional circuits. For verifying the effectiveness of our new XOR, a reordered normal basis finite field multiplier (FFM) is chosen being a test vehicle. Before the circuit is implemented, four basic architectures of FFM have been surveyed. Inspired by their circuit topology, we then proposed a new compact full-parallel reordered normal basis FFM, and it reduced about 20% gate count. The new compact FFM implementation results, using TSMC 0.18µm 1.8V process technology, show that our new 4-input XOR has less 7% transistor count than the known traditional smallest two-stage 2-input DCVSPG XOR gates. The total power consumption of new FFM has only 306mW at 1GHz operational speed.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2007.<br>Advisor: Max Gunzburger, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Mathematics and School of Computational Science. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed July 5, 2007). Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 160 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>電信工程系所<br>94<br>This thesis presents a low-voltage CMOS fifth-order elliptic low-pass gm-C filter with large differential input swings and wide common-mode ranges. The Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) is a low-voltage CMOS voltage-to-current (V-I) converter. The basic OTA cell with NMOS-inputs is connected in parallel with its counterpart PMOS-input OTA circuit, in conjunction with NMOS and PMOS output current mirrors, to achieve large input signal and common-mode voltage ranges. For the gm-C filter, additional tuning circuitry is required in order to compensate the process and temperature variation.. In this OTA design, two frequency tuning circuits are utilized, respectively, to adjust the control voltage of NMOS-input and PMOS-input OTAs so as to fix the filter cutoff frequency and also maintain the equivalence between the two transconductance of NMOS-input and PMOS-input OTAs. The gm-C filter operates with supply voltage of 1.8V, has cutoff frequency of 1.6MHz to 2.4MHz, dissipates 0.75mW power, and has large differential input signals and wide common-mode voltage ranges of ±0.7V.

碩士<br>輔仁大學<br>電子工程學系<br>92<br>In this work, we present three low-voltage CMOS amplifiers. The first amplifier with dual P-channel differential pairs, that combines a P-channel differential input pair and a level-shift P-channel differential input pair, obtain rail-to-rail signaling. Under 1 volts supply voltage, the input common mode range is 0.15~0.93V. The second amplifier with dual P-channel differential pairs and current driven bulk （C.D.B.）skill, that apply C.D.B. skill to reduce Vt of differential pairs , obtain rail-to-rail signaling. Under 1 volts supply voltage, the input common mode range is 0.02~0.98V. The third amplifier with dual N-channel differential pairs, that combines a N-channel differential input pair and a level-shift N-channel differential input pair, obtain rail-to-rail signaling. Under 1 volts supply voltage, the input common mode range is 0.01~0.97V. These 3 amplifiers are fabricated by TSMC 0.35um. The total chip size is 1476X927um2.

碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>電機工程學系<br>105<br>This study proposes a fifth-order Butterworth operational transconductance amplifier-C (OTA-C) low-pass filter (LPF) with multiple-output differential-input (MODI) OTA structure and metal–insulator–metal capacitors for electrocardiography applications. The current division technology is used as an alternative output pair to provide multiple outputs and achieve high linearity. This technique reduces the number of OTAs of the fifth-order LPF from 11 to 6 as compared with the conventional structure. The design issue of linearity and noise are also considered in the implementation of LPF. In order to achieve a filter with large-time constant and low noise, linearized MODI OTA structures with reduced transconductance and impedance scaler circuits for capacitors are used. OTA-based circuits is operated in the subthreshold region and supply voltage of 1V to conserve power consumption due to the battery life of the portable device and the critical area of the digital processor required in the circuit. The proposed filter is fabricated in a 0.18 µm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor technology with a core area of 0.135 mm2. The experimental results show that the dynamic range (DR) is 58.44 dB, achieved a total harmonic distortion (THD) of -59 dB under a bandwidth of 250 Hz and input voltage of 100 mV at a 1 V supply voltage. The total power dissipation is 390 nW.

The convenience of Operational Modal Analysis (OMA), over conventional Experimental Modal Analysis (EMA), has seen to its increasing popularity over the last decade for the purpose of evaluating dynamic properties of structures. OMA features an advantage of requiring only output information, which is in tandem with its main drawback of lacking scaled modeshape information. While correctly scaled modeshapes can be assumed under a restrictive assumption of spectrally white inputs, in reality, input spectra are at best broadband in nature. In this thesis, an OMA method for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) applications in mechanical structures is developed. The aim is to separate MIMO responses into a collection of Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) processes (matrix FRF) using cepstral-based methods, under less restrictive and hence more realistic coloured broadband excitation. Existing cepstral curve-fitting techniques can be subsequently applied to give regenerated FRFs with correct relative scaling. This cepstral-based method is based on the matrix Mean Differential Cepstrum (MDC) and operates in the frequency domain. Application of the matrix MDC onto MIMO responses leads to a matrix differential equation which together with the use of finite differences, directly solves or identifies the matrix FRF in a propagative manner. An alternative approach based on whitened MIMO responses can be similarly formulated for the indirect solution of the matrix FRF. Both the direct and indirect approaches can be modified with a Taylor series approximation to give a total of four propagative solution sequences. The method is developed using relatively simple simulated and experimental systems, involving both impulsive and burst random excitations. Detailed analysis of the results is performed using more complicated Single-Input Multiple-Output (SIMO) and MIMO systems, involving both driving and non-driving point measurements. The use of the matrix MDC method together with existing cepstral curve-fitting technique to give correct relative scaling is demonstrated on a simulated MIMO system with coloured inputs. Accurate representation of the actual FRFs is achieved by the matrix MDC technique for SIMO set-ups. In MIMO scenarios, excellent identification was obtained for the case of simulated impulsive input while the experimental and burst random input cases were less favourable. The results show that the matrix MDC technique works in MIMO scenarios, but possible noise-related issues need to be addressed in both experimental and burst random input cases for a more satisfactory identification outcome.

Questa tesi analizza le dinamiche qualitative e quantitative del modello di crescita economica Solow-Swan con differenti tassi di risparmio per lavoratori e capitalisti considerando differenti funzioni di produzione, al fine di studiare come le dinamiche di lungo periodo di un’economia sono influenzate dall’elasticità di sostituzione tra i fattori della produzione e da differenti propensioni al risparmio. Nel primo capitolo è discusso il problema di stabilire una relazione tra elasticità di sostituzione ed i livelli di capitale ed output pro capite quando si considera una funzione di produzione con elasticità di sostituzione variabile. Nel capitolo vengono proposte definizioni di elasticità di sostituzione associata a differenti attrattori ed è introdotto un metodo di misura. L’obiettivo è di comparare modelli dinamici di crescita con funzioni di produzione di tipo VES, sigmoidale o CES. A tal fine, il metodo proposto è applicato al modello di Kaldor considerando una tecnologia VES. Ne emerge che quando le dinamiche sono semplici (convergenza ad un punto fisso), un Paese in cui l’elasticità di sostituzione tra capitale e lavoro è più elevata è caratterizzato da un più alto livello di equilibrio del capitale e dell’output pro capite. Nel caso in cui l’equilibrio di lungo periodo è invece un ciclo o una dinamica più complessa, tale relazione è ambigua. Nel secondo capitolo è analizzato il modello di Kaldor assumendo che la tecnologia sia descritta dalla funzione di produzione Shifted Cobb-Douglas, una funzione di produzione che, differentemente dalla CES e VES precedentemente considerate in letteratura, permette di analizzare le dinamiche sia delle economie non sviluppate che di quelle in via di sviluppo e delle economie sviluppate. Il modello che ne risulta è descritto da una mappa discontinua con presenza di trappola della povertà. Inoltre fenomeni di multistabilità possono emergere: oltre al “vizioso circolo della povertà”, le dinamiche di lungo periodo possono includere fluttuazioni economiche o convergenza ad un livello positivo di capitale pro capite. Possono inoltre emergere bacini complessi; in tal caso una politica economica finalizzata ad aumentare il capitale pro capite può fallire e l’economia può essere catturata dalla trappola della povertà. Nell’ultimo capitolo il modello di crescita neoclassico a tempo discreto e con differenti propensioni al risparmio è studiato assumendo la funzione di produzione Kadiala, rilevante dal punto di vista economico per la sua peculiarità di presentare una elasticità di sostituzione simmetrica rispetto al capitale ed al lavoro. Viene mostrato che, se i lavoratori risparmiano più dei capitalisti, il percorso di crescita è limitato ed il limite è indipendente dal tasso di risparmio dei capitalisti. Inoltre, la crescita delle economie non sviluppate è influenzata dal tasso di risparmio dei capitalisti mentre il livello di capitale pro capite delle economie sviluppate è influenzato dalla propensità al risparmio dei lavoratori. Fenomeni di multistabilità possono emergere, pertanto il modello è in grado di spiegare la coesistenza di economie non sviluppate, in via di sviluppo e sviluppate. Fluttuazioni e dinamiche complesse si verificano quando l’elasticità di sostituzione tra i fattori della produzione è minore di uno ed i capitalisti risparmiano più dei lavoratori.

To isolate and study various components of a nuclear reaction, elaborate equipment must be developed to aid in this process. This thesis presents the design and implementation of an ultra-high slew rate Bradbury-Nielsen gate driver circuit with high-voltage input isolation. This design will be used in a multi-pass time-of-flight isomer spectrometer and separator application integrated into an overall instrument called the Oak Ridge Isomer Spectrometer and Separator (ORISS). The output drive signals of this circuit are transmitted through a vacuum feed-through system to supply the necessary signals to the Bradbury-Nielsen gate contained within the vacuum. A differential driving signal with a 100-V magnitude and switching times on the order of nanoseconds is presented in this design. The “on time” of this signal is comparable to the amount of time required for it to transition states, creating complex design constraints. The implementation of this design is based on a 4-layer printed circuit board and the use of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components.

碩士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>電子工程系<br>102<br>This paper presents a 1.8-V 10-bit 20MS/s successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) implemented in the TSMC 0.18-um CMOS process. By applying a single-sided switching method that reduces DAC switching energy, the proposed SAR ADC achieves lower power consumption. In order to avoid using an external high frequency clock to drive the ADC, asynchronous control logic is used. A pre-amplifier based comparator reduces the kickback noise from the logic circuit. A bootstrapped switch increases the sample linearity of the ADC. The SAR ADCs were simulated by HSPICE and SpectreRF. The 10-bit ADC was taped out by TSMC. The measured results for differential and integral nonlinearity of the 10-bit ADC are within 1.2/-0.4 LSB (Least Significant Bit) and -1.54~1.1LSB respectively at full sampling rate. The measurement results show an effective number of bits (ENOB) of 8.85-bits with a sampling frequency of 20 MHz at a 10 KHz input frequency. The chip area, including pads, is 0.57 mm2. Power consumption of this ADC is 910μW with a 1.8 V supply voltage.

碩士<br>淡江大學<br>電機工程學系碩士班<br>98<br>The geometrical shape of antenna arrays for maximizing the average channel capacity of the system in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) link is investigated. The optimum element spacing of the transmitting antenna is also included. In this paper, channel capacity of multiple-input multiple-output narrowband system in indoor wireless channels at 5-GHz U-NII (Unlicensed-National Information Infrastructure) bands is calculated. An optimization procedure for the element spacing of the antenna transmitter in narrowband wireless communication system is presented. The frequency responses of different transceiver antenna element spacing are computed by shooting and bouncing ray/image (SBR/Image) techniques, and the channel frequency response is further used to calculate corresponding channel capacity. The transmitter is in the center of the indoor environment and the receivers are uniform intervals distribution, which 150 measurements with 0.25m intervals in the whole wooden table in indoor environment. And the inter-element separation of Receiver antennas (Rx) is 0.03m. Linear shaped array, L shaped array, T shaped array and rectangular shaped array geometries with non-uniform inter-element spacing are investigated for both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-LOS (NLOS) scenarios. The optimal element spacing of antenna for maximizing the channel capacity is searched by dynamic differential evolution (DDE). Numerical results have shown that our proposed method is effective for increasing average channel capacity. It is also found that L shaped array has the highest channel capacity and the improvement ratio for rectangular shaped array is largest.

Relativamente a crianças monolingues, o uso mais prototípico do complemento direto preposicionado (o uso da preposição a para marcar a animacidade) dá-se antes dos três anos de idade (Rodríguez-Mondoñedo 2008). No entanto, poucos são os estudos que se debruçam sobre a aquisição deste fenómeno em crianças bilingues. A presente dissertação foca-se na aquisição do complemento direto preposicionado em crianças bilingues português europeu-espanhol ibérico, residentes em Portugal, com 4 e 5 anos. Foi utilizado um teste de produção induzida que considerava a variável animacidade, tendo em conta a escala de Aissen (2003). Procurou-se também determinar se o tipo de input a que a criança está exposta em casa tinha influência no seu desempenho. Os resultados obtidos mostram que as crianças até aos 5 anos ainda não dominam completamente todas as propriedades associadas ao complemento direto preposicionado, confirmando a complexidade do fenómeno que envolve a interface entre diferentes tipos de conhecimento gramatical. As crianças manifestaram mais dificuldades na realização de complementos diretos animados (humanos e não humanos) do que na realização de complementos diretos não animados. As crianças cujos pais tinham ambos o espanhol como língua materna e que interagiam com a criança nessa língua tiveram melhores desempenhos do que as crianças que tinham pais falantes nativos de línguas maternas diferentes.<br>Regarding monolingual children, the acquisition of Differential Object Marking (DOM) occurs before the age of three (Rodríguez-Mondoñedo 2008). However, few studies have addressed the acquisition of this phenomenon in bilingual children. The present study focuses on the acquisition of DOM in European Portuguese-Iberian Spanish bilingual children living in Portugal. The participants performance was tested through an elicited production test that considered the animacy variable in this structure taking into account for the Aissen scale (2003). The fact that it envolves interface properties which may make it harder to acquire, was also considered, as was the relevance of certain input aspects such as the parents’ native language which may influence the acquisition of this structure. The results showed that the children under 5 years old do not yet ully master the DOM properties investigated, confirming the complexity of the phenomenon towards the interfaces involved. The scale of animacy seems relevant during the process of acquisition as 5-year-old children already appear to distinguish human and nonhuman animate objects. The children whose parents have both Spanish as their native language and communicate with the child in Spanish have better results than those parents have different native languages.

Neuronal communication in the mammalian brain relies on the presynaptic release of neurotransmitters which bind to ligand-gated ion channels found on postsynaptic neurons to modulate neuronal excitability. One such neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (ACh), a small molecule that is the signalling messenger of the cholinergic system. The cholinergic system is involved in a variety of behavioural functions including motor activity, sensory function, and higher executive commands. Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the basal ganglia in general have long been implicated in initiation and completion of voluntary movement. Studies have shown that cholinergic neurons from two brainstem nuclei, the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and the pedunculopontine nucleus, project onto substantia nigra dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the midbrain and release ACh, GABA or both to modulate motor behaviours. However, with prior research primarily focused on demonstrating the phenomenon of co-transmission itself, the subcellular distribution and dynamics of ACh and GABA release onto SN DA neurons receiving co-transmitted inputs largely remains to be investigated. The present study investigates the spatial and physiological properties of ACh/GABA co- transmission from brainstem cholinergic axons synapsing onto medial SN DA neurons to understand its role in tuning the neuron’s excitatory-inhibitory balance. To that end, we developed a channelrhodopsin (ChR2)-based functional input mapping technique with high spatial resolution to probe the dendritic distribution of ACh and GABA synaptic inputs onto DA neurons in ChATcre::ChR2 mice. Using this technique, we discovered three different types of monosynaptic inputs from cholinergic axons onto DA cells: co-transmitted ACh/GABA, GABA only, and ACh only. Furthermore, we revealed a somatodendritic patterning of cholinergic input distribution onto DA cells with a predominant GABA conductance along the lateral dendrites and a soma-centered mix ACh/GABA transmission. Physiological findings were corroborated using immunolabeling against VGAT and VAChT, which showed many closely spatially clustered ACh and GABA- specific cholinergic terminals and few truly colocalized VAChT and VGAT terminals. This result revealed that true co-transmission represents a minority of the presynaptic mode of release from cholinergic axons onto medial SN DA neurons, and that the majority actually share closely spatially clustered ACh and GABA-specific cholinergic terminals. To investigate the dynamic properties of soma-centered ACh/GABA transmission, we restricted our stimulation field to the cell body to measure the contribution of nAChR and GABAR-mediated conductances without recruiting the lateralized population of primary GABA inputs. We then employed a deconvolution method to understand the relative plasticity of contributions of nAChRs and GABARs to ACh/GABA transmission onto DA cells. We confirmed an initial dominant GABAergic component of ACh/GABA transmission that was previously reported. However, we found that the GABAergic contribution had a greater decay compared to the ACh component with repeated stimulations. As such the predominant initial inhibition is followed by a subsequent equalization of excitatory and inhibitory conductances. Finally, we performed similar experiments to compare the short-term plasticity of the isolated GABA conductance during 15 Hz stimulation between the populations of mix ACh/GABA inputs proximally and the population of primary GABA inputs found on the lateral dendrites 160 μm from the cell body. Interestingly, the lateral GABA component was more sustained across repeated stimulations compared to the proximal GABA conductance, suggesting a differential contribution to excitation/inhibition balance by spatially distributed populations of ACh and GABA inputs from cholinergic axons onto the dendrites of medial SN DA neurons. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the distribution and dynamics of ACh/GABA transmission onto midbrain DA system using fine-scale ChR2-assisted subcellular input mapping and conductance deconvolution.<br>Graduate<br>2022-04-12

碩士<br>國立清華大學<br>電子工程研究所<br>97<br>In this work, TSMC SiGe0.35μm technology is used to design a low noise analog integrated circuit. This work is called 「Noise Improvement of Low-frequency , Low-power Rail-To-Rail Differential Input Op-Amp」, and is simulated by H-SPICE. It uses BiCMOS technology replacing CMOS technology in the differential input stage to improve noise in Op-Amp circuits. Through simulation and comparison, the results show that noise in the BiCMOS rail-to-rail differential input Op-Amp is better than noise in CMOS rail-to-rail differential input Op-Amp. Finally, rail-to-rail instrumentation Amps are integrated by these two kinds of Op-Amp, and then they are simulated and compared again. The simulation and comparison results show that noise is significantly improved when using BiCMOS rail-to-rail differential input Op-Amps. In addition, this paper mentions the designed rail-to-rail instrumentation Amps could be applied as ECG Amplifier in the medical electronic. This paper also introduces what is ECG and ECG related electronics.

It is well known that communication using multiple antennas provides high data rate and reliability. Coding across space and time is necessary to fully exploit the gains offered by multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems. One such popular method of coding for MIMO systems is space-time block coding. In applications where the terminals do not have enough physical space to mount multiple antennas, relaying or cooperation between multiple single antenna terminals can help achieve spatial diversity in such scenarios as well. Relaying techniques can also help improve the range and reliability of communication. Recently it has been shown that certain space-time block codes (STBCs) can be employed in a distributed fashion in single antenna relay networks to extract the same benefits as in point to point MIMO systems. Such STBCs are called distributed STBCs. However an important practical issue with STBCs and DSTBCs is its associated high maximum likelihood (ML) decoding complexity. The central theme of this thesis is to systematically construct STBCs and DSTBCs applicable for various scenarios such that are amenable for low decoding complexity. The first part of this thesis provides constructions of high rate STBCs from crossed product algebras that are minimum mean squared error (MMSE) optimal, i.e., achieves the least symbol error rate under MMSE reception. Moreover several previous constructions of MMSE optimal STBCs are found to be special cases of the constructions in this thesis. It is well known that STBCs from orthogonal designs offer single symbol ML decoding along with full diversity but the rate of orthogonal designs fall exponentially with the number of transmit antennas. Thus it is evident that there exists a tradeoff between rate and ML decoding complexity of full diversity STBCs. In the second part of the thesis, a definition of rate of a STBC is proposed and the problem of optimal tradeoff between rate and ML decoding complexity is posed. An algebraic framework based on extended Clifford algebras is introduced to study the optimal tradeoff for a class of multi-symbol ML decodable STBCs called ‘Clifford unitary weight (CUW) STBCs’ which include orthogonal designs as a special case. Code constructions optimally meeting this tradeoff are also obtained using extended Clifford algebras. All CUW-STBCs achieve full diversity as well. The third part of this thesis focusses on constructing DSTBCs with low ML decoding complexity for two hop, amplify and forward based relay networks under various scenarios. The symbol synchronous, coherent case is first considered and conditions for a DSTBC to be multi-group ML decodable are first obtained. Then three new classes of four-group ML decodable full diversity DSTBCs are systematically constructed for arbitrary number of relays. Next the symbol synchronous non-coherent case is considered and full diversity, four group decodable distributed differential STBCs (DDSTBCs) are constructed for power of two number of relays. These DDSTBCs have the best error performance compared to all previous works along with low ML decoding complexity. For the symbol asynchronous, coherent case, a transmission scheme based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is proposed to mitigate the effects of timing errors at the relay nodes and sufficient conditions for a DSTBC to be applicable in this new transmission scheme are given. Many of the existing DSTBCs including the ones in this thesis are found to satisfy these sufficient conditions. As a further extension, differential encoding is combined with the proposed transmission scheme to arrive at a new transmission scheme that can achieve full diversity in symbol asynchronous, non-coherent relay networks with no knowledge of the timing errors at the relay nodes. The DDSTBCs in this thesis are proposed for application in the proposed transmission scheme for symbol asynchronous, non-coherent relay networks. As a parallel to the non-coherent schemes based on differential encoding, we also propose non-coherent schemes for symbol synchronous and symbol asynchronous relay networks that are based on training. This training based transmission scheme leverages existing coherent DSTBCs for non-coherent communication in relay networks. Simulations show that this training scheme when used along with the coherent DSTBCs in this thesis outperform the best known DDSTBCs in the literature. Finally, in the last part of the thesis, connections between multi-group ML decodable unitary weight (UW) STBCs and groups with real elements are established for the first time. Using this connection, we translate the necessary and sufficient conditions for multi-group ML decoding of UW-STBCs entirely in group theoretic terms. We discuss various examples of multi-group decodable UW-STBCs together with their associated groups and list the real elements involved. These examples include orthogonal designs, quasi-orthogonal designs among many others.

It is well known that communication using multiple antennas provides high data rate and reliability. Coding across space and time is necessary to fully exploit the gains offered by multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems. One such popular method of coding for MIMO systems is space-time block coding. In applications where the terminals do not have enough physical space to mount multiple antennas, relaying or cooperation between multiple single antenna terminals can help achieve spatial diversity in such scenarios as well. Relaying techniques can also help improve the range and reliability of communication. Recently it has been shown that certain space-time block codes (STBCs) can be employed in a distributed fashion in single antenna relay networks to extract the same benefits as in point to point MIMO systems. Such STBCs are called distributed STBCs. However an important practical issue with STBCs and DSTBCs is its associated high maximum likelihood (ML) decoding complexity. The central theme of this thesis is to systematically construct STBCs and DSTBCs applicable for various scenarios such that are amenable for low decoding complexity. The first part of this thesis provides constructions of high rate STBCs from crossed product algebras that are minimum mean squared error (MMSE) optimal, i.e., achieves the least symbol error rate under MMSE reception. Moreover several previous constructions of MMSE optimal STBCs are found to be special cases of the constructions in this thesis. It is well known that STBCs from orthogonal designs offer single symbol ML decoding along with full diversity but the rate of orthogonal designs fall exponentially with the number of transmit antennas. Thus it is evident that there exists a tradeoff between rate and ML decoding complexity of full diversity STBCs. In the second part of the thesis, a definition of rate of a STBC is proposed and the problem of optimal tradeoff between rate and ML decoding complexity is posed. An algebraic framework based on extended Clifford algebras is introduced to study the optimal tradeoff for a class of multi-symbol ML decodable STBCs called ‘Clifford unitary weight (CUW) STBCs’ which include orthogonal designs as a special case. Code constructions optimally meeting this tradeoff are also obtained using extended Clifford algebras. All CUW-STBCs achieve full diversity as well. The third part of this thesis focusses on constructing DSTBCs with low ML decoding complexity for two hop, amplify and forward based relay networks under various scenarios. The symbol synchronous, coherent case is first considered and conditions for a DSTBC to be multi-group ML decodable are first obtained. Then three new classes of four-group ML decodable full diversity DSTBCs are systematically constructed for arbitrary number of relays. Next the symbol synchronous non-coherent case is considered and full diversity, four group decodable distributed differential STBCs (DDSTBCs) are constructed for power of two number of relays. These DDSTBCs have the best error performance compared to all previous works along with low ML decoding complexity. For the symbol asynchronous, coherent case, a transmission scheme based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is proposed to mitigate the effects of timing errors at the relay nodes and sufficient conditions for a DSTBC to be applicable in this new transmission scheme are given. Many of the existing DSTBCs including the ones in this thesis are found to satisfy these sufficient conditions. As a further extension, differential encoding is combined with the proposed transmission scheme to arrive at a new transmission scheme that can achieve full diversity in symbol asynchronous, non-coherent relay networks with no knowledge of the timing errors at the relay nodes. The DDSTBCs in this thesis are proposed for application in the proposed transmission scheme for symbol asynchronous, non-coherent relay networks. As a parallel to the non-coherent schemes based on differential encoding, we also propose non-coherent schemes for symbol synchronous and symbol asynchronous relay networks that are based on training. This training based transmission scheme leverages existing coherent DSTBCs for non-coherent communication in relay networks. Simulations show that this training scheme when used along with the coherent DSTBCs in this thesis outperform the best known DDSTBCs in the literature. Finally, in the last part of the thesis, connections between multi-group ML decodable unitary weight (UW) STBCs and groups with real elements are established for the first time. Using this connection, we translate the necessary and sufficient conditions for multi-group ML decoding of UW-STBCs entirely in group theoretic terms. We discuss various examples of multi-group decodable UW-STBCs together with their associated groups and list the real elements involved. These examples include orthogonal designs, quasi-orthogonal designs among many others.

L’Agenda Digitale Europea stabilisce il ruolo chiave delle tecnologie dell’informazione e della comunicazione (TIC) grazie a un mercato digitale unico basato su internet veloce e superveloce e su applicazioni interoperabili, al fine di ottenere vantaggi socioeconomici sostenibili COM(2010)245. Le TIC producono un'innovazione di prodotto e cambiamenti strutturali all'interno di tutto il sistema economico e possiamo affermare che dal punto di vista multisettoriale hanno un ruolo moltiplicativo sulla crescita economica, poiché l’aumento della domanda di TIC stimola a sua volta tutte le altre produzioni. Inoltre come riscontrato in letteratura economica, nelle istituzioni internazionali, nonché confermate dai dati periodici rilasciati dagli uffici statistici nazionali, una maggiore incidenza della popolazione attiva formalmente istruita in associazione con l'adozione delle TIC è altamente correlata ad una crescita robusta, sostenibile ed equa. In questo quadro è importante valutare il ruolo delle TIC nel sistema economico, in particolare verrà analizzato il ruolo delle TIC sia rispetto ad un particolare settore quello della sanità, che dal lato dei soggetti che dovrebbero essere parte attiva nella gestione delle TIC ovvero la situazione delle abilità digitali dei lavoratori dipendenti. Il primo articolo si focalizza sul ruolo delle TIC nella determinazione dell’output del settore sanitario, utilizzando il database WIOD (World Input Output Database), di 24 paesi nell’arco temporale 2000-2014, tenendo conto anche dei differenti sistemi sanitari nazionali. La produzione del settore “Sanità e Servizi Sociali” assume, almeno in alcuni paesi specifici, il ruolo di stimolo all’innovazione che compensa ampiamente quello di peso sul bilancio pubblico. Nel secondo articolo analizziamo come l’uso delle TIC stia progressivamente aumentando nel sistema sanitario italiano e in particolare come l'introduzione del Fascicolo Sanitario Elettronico (FSE), strumento di condivisione dei dati sanitari del singolo cittadino, potrebbe determinare cambiamenti nella produzione sui servizi sanitari. Verranno analizzati gli eventuali cambiamenti strutturali dei processi produttivi e della produzione totale applicando l'Analisi Strutturale di Decomposizione (SDA). La base dati di riferimento sarà la tavola di Input-Output riferita a due diversi periodi al fine di individuare i risultati sia degli effetti tecnologici sia della domanda finale a livello settoriale. Infine l’ultimo articolo ha l’obiettivo di valutare le conseguenze dei cambiamenti nella composizione dell'occupazione per competenza digitale all’interno del flusso di produzione e distribuzione del reddito. Verrà costruita una Matrice di Contabilità Sociale (SAM) che consente di rappresentare le relazioni tra i cambiamenti di produzione delle attività e i cambiamenti di compensazione dei dipendenti per competenze, grado di digitalizzazione e genere. LA SAM sviluppata nel documento è relativa all'Italia nel 2013; il lavoro è disaggregato in competenze formali / non formali / informali e, inoltre, competenze digitali / non digitali. Le abilità digitali del lavoro seguono la definizione di “competenza formale” della Commissione Europea (2000): i) competenza formale a seconda del livello di istruzione e formazione; ii) competenza non formale acquisita sul posto di lavoro e attraverso le attività delle organizzazioni e dei gruppi della società civile; iii) competenza informale non acquisita intenzionalmente durante la vita. In questo quadro è stata introdotta un'ulteriore classificazione di input di lavoro basata sull'uso / non utilizzo di computer collegati a Internet. Sulla base della SAM, è stato implementato un modello multisettoriale esteso. Infine, verrà individuata una struttura adeguata di domanda finale che consente di ottenere i migliori risultati in termini di valore aggiunto distribuiti a lavoratori più qualificati con una elevata competenza digitale.