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Journal articles on the topic 'Insect control and insecticides'
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1
Davlianidze, T. A., and O. Y. Eremina. "PROINSECTICIDES." Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, no. 1 (2021): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33092/0025-8326mp2021.1.54-63.
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Pro-insecticides are chemical compounds, the bioactivation of which occurs in the body of insects, where they are transformed into metabolites with greater insecticidal activity. These substances account for 20% of the total amount of insecticides on the market, and they account for 34% of the value of all world sales. Only after many years of use of insecticides did it become known that a significant part of them are precursors. According to the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC), about 40% of chemical groups contain precursors that require structural changes to manifest their insecticidal properties. Currently, 16 chemical groups of insecticides are known, in which there are representatives of pro-insecticides. The main molecular targets are: nicotine-acetylcholine receptor (NAChR), voltage-gated K- and Na-channels, Cl-channel of the GABAreceptor, Cl-channel of glutamate receptor, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and ryanodine receptor (RyR). The main direction of using pro-insecticides is the control of insecticide-resistant insect populations. The review summarizes and analyzes modern data on pro-insecticides, describes the main representatives and the mechanism of their transformation in the insect organism. Key words: pro-insecticides, insecticide resistance, insecticide mode of action, bioactivation
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Pan, Xiaoyuan, Xuejun Wang, and Fan Zhang. "New Insights into Cockroach Control: Using Functional Diversity of Blattella germanica Symbionts." Insects 11, no. 10 (October 13, 2020): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11100696.
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Insects have close symbiotic relationships with several microbes, which extends the limited metabolic networks of most insects. Using symbiotic microorganisms for the biological control of pests and insect-borne diseases has become a promising direction. Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattaria: Blattidae) is a public health pest worldwide, which is difficult to control because of its strong reproductive ability, adaptability, and resistance to insecticides. In this paper, the diverse biological functions (nutrition, reproductive regulation, insecticide resistance, defense, and behavior) of symbionts were reviewed, and new biological control strategies on the basis of insect–symbiont interaction were proposed. We highlight new directions in B. germanica control, such as suppressing cockroach population using Wolbachia or paratransgenes, and combining fungal insecticides with synergistic agents to enhance insecticidal efficacy.
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Cloyd, Raymond A. "Compatibility of Insecticides with Natural Enemies to Control Pests of Greenhouses and Conservatories." Journal of Entomological Science 41, no. 3 (July 1, 2006): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-41.3.189.
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Natural enemies used as biological control agents may not always provide adequate control of plant-feeding insects in greenhouses and conservatories. Research continues to assess the utilization of natural enemies in conjunction with biorational insecticides including insect growth regulators, insecticidal soaps, horticultural oils, feeding inhibitors, and microbial agents (entomogenous bacteria and fungi, and related microorganisms); and the potential compatibility of both strategies when implemented together. A variety of factors influence the ability of using natural enemies with insecticides. These include whether the natural enemy is a parasitoid or predator, the species of the natural enemy, life stage sensitivity, rate and timing of insecticide application, and mode of action of the insecticide. Insecticides may impact natural enemies by affecting longevity (survival), host acceptance, sex ratio, reproduction (fecundity), foraging behavior, emergence, and development. Despite the emphasis on evaluating the compatibility of natural enemies with insecticides, it is important to assess if this is a viable and acceptable pest management strategy in greenhouses and conservatories.
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Campolo, Orlando, Giulia Giunti, Agatino Russo, Vincenzo Palmeri, and Lucia Zappalà. "Essential Oils in Stored Product Insect Pest Control." Journal of Food Quality 2018 (October 25, 2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6906105.
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Among botanical extracts used as insecticides, essential oils (EOs) are promising alternatives to chemical insecticides. EOs are synthesized by plants, and they play a key role in plant signaling processes including also attractiveness toward pollinators and beneficial insects. Plant species producing essential oils (over 17,000 species) are called aromatic plants and are distributed worldwide. Our review aims to evaluate research studies published in the last 15 years concerning the use of EOs in stored product protection. More than 50% of the retrieved manuscripts have been published by authors from Eastern countries (Iran, China, India, and Pakistan), investigating different aspects related to insect pest management (exposure route, effect on the target pest, and mode of action). Coleoptera was the most studied insect order (85.41%) followed by Lepidoptera (11.49%), whereas few studies targeted new emerging pests (e.g., Psocoptera). Almost all the trials were carried out under laboratory conditions, while no experiments were conducted under real operating conditions. Future research studies concerning the use of EOs as insecticides should focus on the development of insecticide formulations which could be successfully applied to different production realities.
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Mweresa, Collins K., W. R. Mukabana, J. J. A. van Loon, M. Dicke, and W. Takken. "Use of semiochemicals for surveillance and control of hematophagous insects." Chemoecology 30, no. 6 (June 23, 2020): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00049-020-00317-1.
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Abstract Reliance on broad-spectrum insecticides and chemotherapeutic agents to control hematophagous insect vectors, and their related diseases is threatened by increasing insecticide and drug resistance, respectively. Thus, development of novel, alternative, complementary and effective technologies for surveillance and control of such insects is strongly encouraged. Semiochemicals are increasingly developed for monitoring and intervention of insect crop pests, but this has not been adequately addressed for hematophagous insects of medical and veterinary importance. This review provides an insight in the application of semiochemicals for control of hematophagous insects. Here, we provide specific information regarding the isolation and identification of semiochemical compounds, optimization approaches, detection, perception and discrimination by the insect olfactory system. Navigation of insects along wind-borne odor plumes is discussed and methods of odor application in field situations are reviewed. Finally, we discuss prospects and future challenges for the application of semiochemical-based tools with emphasis on mosquitoes. The acquired knowledge can guide development of more effective components of integrated vector management, safeguard against emerging resistance of insects to existing insecticides and reduce the burden of vector-borne diseases.
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Khan, Tiyyabah, Ahmad Ali Shahid, and Hafiz Azhar Ali Khan. "Could biorational insecticides be used in the management of aflatoxigenicAspergillus parasiticusand its insect vectors in stored wheat?" PeerJ 4 (February 22, 2016): e1665. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1665.
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Insect pests in stored wheat cause significant losses and play an important role in the dispersal of viable fungal spores of various species including aflatoxin producingAspergillus parasiticus. The problem of insecticide resistance in stored insects and environmental hazards associated with fumigants and conventional grain protectants underscore the need to explore reduced risk insecticides to control stored insects with the ultimate effect on aflatoxin production. The purpose of this study was to investigate the insecticidal potential of four biorational insecticides: spinosad, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid and indoxacarb, on wheat grains artificially infested withRhyzopertha dominica/Sitophilus oryzaeand/orA. parasiticusspores, and the subsequent effect on aflatoxin production. Spinosad and thiamethoxam were the most effective insecticides againstR. dominicacompared toS. oryzaefollowed by imidacloprid. Spinosad applied at 0.25–1 ppm and thiamethoxam at 2 and 4 ppm concentrations resulted in complete mortality ofR. dominica. However, indoxacarb was more toxic againstS. oryzaecompared toR. dominica. Wheat grains inoculated withR. dominica/S. oryzae+spores elicited higher aflatoxin levels than wheat grains inoculated with or without insecticide+spores. In all the treatment combinations containing insects, aflatoxin production was dependent on insects’ survival rate. In addition, thiamethoxam and imidacloprid had also a significant direct effect on reducing aflatoxin production. Aflatoxin levels were lower in the treatment combinations with any concentration of thiamethoxam/imidacloprid+spores as compared to wheat grains inoculated with spores only. Correlation analyses revealed highly significant and positive association between moisture contents/insect survival rate and production of aflatoxin levels, and insect survival rate and moisture contents of the wheat grains. In conclusion, the results of the present study provide baseline data on the use of biorational insecticides againstR. dominicaandS. oryzaeand subsequent effect on aflatoxin production.
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Isah, U., and M. A. Ahmad. "Microorganisms as bioinsecticides; short review." Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v12i1.42s.
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Hundred thousand tons of chemical insecticides are used annually in Nigeria to combat insect disease vectors especially agricultural pests, but this sort of vector control method is gradually being substituted due to their environmental effects on non-target beneficial insects especially vertebrates through contamination of food and water. To counteract this contamination, attention, efforts and researches were directed to the use of biological control agents including insect pathogens. As a result, the use of bio insecticide, as a component of integrated pest management (IPM), has been gaining acceptance over the world. Microbial pathogens comprise of organisms which cause disease, these organisms are disseminated in the pest population in large quantity in a manner similar to application of chemical pesticides. Insects like other organisms are susceptible to a variety of diseases caused by different groups of microorganisms including virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and nematodes. Microbial pathogens of insects are intensively investigated to develop environment friendly pest management strategies in agriculture. Microbial insecticides represent today the best alternative to chemical insecticides in controlling insect pests, they are safe for non-target species and human health are believed to show low persistence in the environment. This short review indicates that microbial insecticides are the safe alternative way possessing all the requirements to replace chemical insecticides hence, they can be utilized in pest management and control.
Keywords: Bio-insecticides, Microorganisms, biological control, pest, chemical insecticides
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Firmansyah, Efrin, Dadang ., and Ruli Anwar. "AKTIVITAS INSEKTISIDA EKSTRAK TITHONIA DIVERSIFOLIA (HEMSL.) A GRAY (ASTERACEAE) TERHADAP ULAT DAUN KUBIS PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: YPONOMEUTIDAE)." JURNAL HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN TROPIKA 17, no. 2 (October 1, 2017): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.217185-193.
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Insecticidal activity of extracts of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray (Asteraceae) against the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) is one of the most destructive pests on cruciferous plants. Generally farmers use synthetic insecticides to control this pest. Intensive and excessive use of insecticides can cause some undesirable effects such as resistance, resurgence, and contamination of insecticide on environment. One effort to solve the problems caused by synthetic insecticides use is by utilization of botanical materials that are potential to be used as botanical insecticides, one of them is Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae). The purpose of this research was to study the insecticidal activity of T. diversifolia as a botanical insecticide against P. xylostella. The leaf residual and topical application methods were used to assess the mortality effect of the extracts. Insect mortality rate was analyzed using probit analysis to obtain LC50 and LC95 values. The results showed that the flower extract had better activity on insect mortality than the leaf extract both in leaf residual and topical application treatments.
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Davlianidze*, T. A., and O. Yu Eremina. "Sanitary and epidemiological significance and resistance to insecticides of houseflies Musca domestica (Analytical Literature Review, 2000-2021)." PLANT PROTECTION NEWS 104, no. 2 (July 16, 2021): 72–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31993/2308-6459-2021-104-2-14984.
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Insect resistance to insecticides has been and remains a serious problem affecting insect control worldwide. The fight against houseflies is an important part of pest control measures due to the ability of insects to carry pathogens of infectious diseases of humans and animals. But many of the chemicals that have been shown to be effective against them cease to work after just a few years of use. The intensive use of insecticides in world practice has led to the development of natural populations of houseflies that are resistant to all groups of insecticides used to control them. This species is one of the ten insect species that have developed resistance to the maximal amount of active substances. The review summarizes and analyzes the data of foreign and Russian authors on the insecticide resistance of houseflies (Musca domestica L.) over the past 20 years. Data on the resistance of house flies to both traditional insecticides and new chemicals are presented. The main mechanisms of insect resistance and the factors of its development are described. Schemes of rotation of insecticides in the controlling winged flies are given. The review analyzed 101 sources from 11 countries of the world.
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Wang, Yiwen, Lujuan Gao, and Bernard Moussian. "Drosophila, Chitin and Insect Pest Management." Current Pharmaceutical Design 26, no. 29 (September 4, 2020): 3546–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200721002354.
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Insects are a great menace in agriculture and vectors of human diseases. Hence, controlling insect populations is an important issue worldwide. A common strategy to control insects is the application of insecticides. However, insecticides entail three major problems. First, insecticides are chemicals that stress ecosystems and may even be harmful to humans. Second, insecticides are often unspecific and also eradicate beneficial insect species like the honeybee. Third, insects are able to develop resistance to insecticides. Therefore, the efficient generation of new potent insecticides and their intelligent delivery are the major tasks in agriculture. In addition, acceptance or refusal in society is a major issue that has to be considered in the application of a pest management strategy. In this paper, we unify two issues: 1) we illustrate that our molecular knowledge of the chitin synthesis and organization pathways may offer new opportunities to design novel insecticides that are environmentally harmless at the same time being specific to a pest species; and 2) we advocate that the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster may serve as an excellent model of insect to study the effects of insecticides at the genetic, molecular and histology level in order to better understand their mode of action and to optimize their impact. Especially, chitin synthesis and organization proteins and enzymes are excellently dissected in the fruit fly, providing a rich source for new insecticide targets. Thus, D. melanogaster offers a cheap, efficient and fast assay system to address agricultural questions, as has been demonstrated to be the case in bio-medical research areas.
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Oberemok, Volodymyr Volodymyrovych, Kateryna Volodymyrivna Laikova, Yuri Ivanovich Gninenko, Aleksei Sergeevich Zaitsev, Palmah Mutah Nyadar, and Tajudeen Adesoji Adeyemi. "A short history of insecticides." Journal of Plant Protection Research 55, no. 3 (July 1, 2015): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2015-0033.
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AbstractThis review contains a brief history of the use of insecticides. The peculiarities, main advantages, and disadvantages of some modern insecticides are described. The names of the discoverers of some of the most popular insecticide preparations on the world market, are listed. The tendencies to find new insecticides to control the quantity of phytophagous insects are discussed. Special attention is paid to the perspective of creating preparations based on nucleic acids, in particular DNA insecticides. The use of insect-specific, short single-stranded DNA fragments as DNA insecticides, is paving the way in the field of “intellectual” insecticides that “think” before they act. It is worth noting, though, that in the near future, the quantity of produced insecticides will increase due to the challenges associated with food production for a rapidly growing population. It is concluded, that an agreeable interaction of scientists and manufacturers of insecticides should lead to the selection of the most optimal solutions for insect pest control, which would be safe, affordable, and effective at the same time.
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Vásquez-Castro, Javier Alberto, Gilberto Casadei De Baptista, Casimiro Dias Gadanha Jr., and Julio Cesar Bracho-Pérez. "Impact of resistance to fenitrotion and esfenvalerate on the control of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in stored wheat." Revista Colombiana de Entomología 46, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): e7612. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/socolen.v46i2.7612.
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Insecticides resistance can significantly compromise the control programs of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), one of the main wheat pests in warehouses. The objectives of this work were to study the occurrence of resistance to fenitrothion and esfenvalerate in two Brazilian populations of R. dominica from Santa Rosa (SR lineage) and Campo Grande (CG lineage), as well as the insecticidal effect and residual action of these insecticides when used alone or as a mixture in stored wheat. The application system was calibrated to provide grain treatment at theoretical concentrations of 10 and/or 0.5 mg kg-1 fenitrothion and esfenvalerate, respectively. By comparing the fitted mortality curves for lineages within insecticides, as well as insecticides within lineages significant differences were observed in all cases. Esfenvalerate was ineffective in controlling R. dominica. The SR lineage of R. dominica was more resistant to the insecticides tested than the CG lineage. The number of individuals in the F1 offspring of R. dominica was dependent on the lineage, insecticide, and on the time after the application of insecticide. In the untreated grains (control), the CG lineage had a greater number of progeny than the SR lineage, while the opposite was verified in the grains treated. Fenitrothion and esfenvalerate are not useful for the control of R. dominica. Factors influencing control of R. dominica are discussed in this work.
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Sorensen, Kenneth A. "Sweetpotato Insect Management in North Carolina." HortScience 35, no. 4 (July 2000): 569A—569. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.4.569a.
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The 199 sweetpotato growing season was one of extremes: early high temperatures, cool temperatures at planting, drought early and extended, and then hurricane floods. Insect species and population levels were highly variable. Thrips early and armyworms late. Insect control tactics and management strategies were used and include the following. Insect presentations and handouts were made at field days, annual meeting and at several county meetings. A sweetpotato insect field guide was prepared to assist fieldmen with insect scouting. Insect scouting schools were held in several counties to show insects, their damage, and traps to use in detecting their presence and numbers over time. Control studies with insecticide formulations and rates along with timing studies were conducted and prepared for the annual report. Spintor and Admire received registations for worms late and for early season insect control. Aphid vector studies centered on aphid suction traps, yellow sticky traps, and aphid identifications. Foliar and soil insecticides were discussed as to their use and impact. Insecticides of the future were presented and discussed. Cooperative studies and long term plans were discussed.
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Katsaruware-Chapoto, Rumbidzai Debra, Paramu L. Mafongoya, and Augustine Gubba. "Farmer Knowledge of Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Strategies in the Management of Vegetable Insect Pests in Zimbabwe." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 12 (November 15, 2017): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n12p194.
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Farmer knowledge of insect pests’ risks in a changing climate is important in managing insect pests’ incidence. A total of 250 vegetable farmers from 5 wards in Zimbabwe were sampled using a semi-structured questionnaire to assess their knowledge on climate change risk, its impact on vegetable insects pests and management strategies to reduce the increased incidence of insect pests. Focus group discussions, key informant interviews and field observations were also used. Droughts and elevated temperatures were perceived to have the greatest impact on vegetable insect pests resulting in their increased incidence. Aphids, cutworms and whiteflies were identified among the major pests that have increased. The majority (53%) of the farmers cited high vegetable losses from insect pests attack. All the respondents (100%) revealed the use of chemical insecticides during production of vegetables. A higher proportion (60%) perceived effective control, 34% perceived reduced efficacy and 6% were not sure of effectiveness of chemical insecticides. Management strategies to cope with the increasing insect pests and diseases on vegetable production also included planting insect resistant cultivars, certified seeds, increased frequency of application of synthetic insecticides, insecticide mixtures, use of more hazardous chemical insecticides and increasing the rates of application resulting in insecticide overuse. There is need for government to facilitate development and adoption of Integrated Insect Pest Management (IIPM) and raise awareness on avoiding overdependence on chemical insecticides. Modelling tools that support adaptation planning needs to be developed to forecast climate change risk and the resultant incidence of insect pests.
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Holmes, Stephen B., and Chris J. K. MacQuarrie. "Chemical control in forest pest management." Canadian Entomologist 148, S1 (January 25, 2016): S270—S295. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2015.71.
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AbstractChemical insecticides have been an important tool in the management of forest insect pests in Canadian forests. Aerial application of insecticides began in the 1920s and expanded greatly after World War II with the widespread adoption of DDT primarily for the suppression of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and other defoliating insects. Significant progress was made in the development of new chemical insecticides and formulations including fenitrothion and tebufenozide, as well as technology for the application of insecticides against various insect pests. However, widespread opposition to the use of chemical insecticides in forest management has led to significant reductions in the number of insecticides registered for use in Canadian forests. Developments in the past 20 years have focussed on new insecticides, formulations, and technologies that seek to limit the impacts on non-target organisms and subsequent ecosystem effects. These developments have resulted in significant improvements in the management of traditional management targets, such as the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens); Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) but also the management of invasive species, especially wood-boring beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae, Cerambycidae).
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Meijer, Nathan, Theo de Rijk, Joop J. A. van Loon, Lisa Zoet, and H. J. van der Fels-Klerx. "Effects of insecticides on mortality, growth and bioaccumulation in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 21, 2021): e0249362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249362.
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Residues of persistent insecticides may be present in the substrates on which insects are reared for food and feed, which may affect insect growth or survival. In addition, insecticidal substances may bio-accumulate in reared insects. The objective of this study was to assess potential effects of selected insecticides on the growth and survival of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL, Hermetia illucens) and on their safety when used as animal feed. Six insecticides (chlorpyrifos, propoxur, cypermethrin, imidacloprid, spinosad, tebufenozide) with different modes of action were tested in two sequential experiments. Cypermethrin was also tested with the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO). Standard BSFL substrate was spiked to the respective maximum residue level (MRL) of each insecticide allowed by the European Union to occur in feed; and BSFL were reared on these substrates. Depending on the observed effects in the first experiment, spiked concentrations tested in the second experiment were increased or reduced. At the concentrations applied (1 and 10 times MRL), three of the six tested substances (chlorpyrifos, propoxur, tebufenozide) did not affect the survival or biomass growth of BSFL, compared to the control (non-spiked) treatments. At MRL, imidacloprid stimulated the growth of BSFL compared to the controls. Spinosad and cypermethrin at the MRL level negatively affected growth and survival. The effects of cypermethrin appeared to be augmented by addition of PBO. A mean bio-accumulation factor of ≤0.01 was found in both experiments for all substances–except for cypermethrin, which was comparatively high, but still below 1 (0.79 at 0.1 mg/kg). The lack of accumulation of insecticides in the larvae suggests that there is no risk of larval products being uncompliant with feed MRLs. However, we conclude that insecticides present in substrates may affect growth and survival of BSFL. More research on a larger variety of substances and insect species is recommended.
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Alao, F. O., and T. A. Adebayo. "Comparative Efficacy of Tephrosia vogelii and Moringa oleifera against Insect Pests of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thumb)." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 51 (May 2015): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.51.5.
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Despite the fact that synthetic insecticides are fast acting, they constitute environmental hazard thereby necessitating the use of ecologically based alternative such as plant based insecticide. This experiment was conducted during the late and early planting seasons of 2011 to determine the insecticidal efficacy of Tephrosia vogelii and Moringa oleifera extracts at three tested concentrations (5, 10 and 20% v/v) against insect pests of watermelon. The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The results showed that M. oleifera extracts had 62% reduction of Phyllotreta cruciferae compared with T. vogelii which had 45% control. However, T. vogelii extracts had 64% control of Diabrotica undecimpunctata and Bactrocera curcubitea but M. olefera extracts had 50% control. The plant extracts proved effective against studied insects when compared with untreated plots. However, the effectiveness of the two plants extracts were concentration dependent. Therefore, the two plant extracts can be used in the control of insect pests of the watermelon
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Alao, F. O., and T. A. Adebayo. "Comparative Efficacy of Tephrosia vogelii and Moringa oleifera against Insect Pests of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thumb)." International Letters of Natural Sciences 35 (March 2015): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.35.71.
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Despite the fact that synthetic insecticides are fast acting, they constitute environmental hazard thereby necessitating the use of ecologically based alternative such as plant based insecticide. This experiment was conducted during the late and early planting seasons of 2011 to determine the insecticidal efficacy of Tephrosia vogelii and Moringa oleifera extracts at three tested concentrations (5, 10 and 20% v/v) against insect pests of watermelon. The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The results showed that M. oleifera extracts had 62% reduction of Phyllotreta cruciferae compared with T. vogelii which had 45% control. However, T. vogelii extracts had 64% control of Diabrotica undecimpunctata and Bactrocera curcubitea but M. olefera extracts had 50% control. The plant extracts proved effective against studied insects when compared with untreated plots. However, the effectiveness of the two plants extracts were concentration dependent. Therefore, the two plant extracts can be used in the control of insect pests of the watermelon
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Vieira, Simone Silva, Regiane Cristina Oliveira de Freitas Bueno, Adeney de Freitas Bueno, Mari Inês Carissimi Boff, and Alysson Luis Gobbi. "Different timing of whitefly control and soybean yield." Ciência Rural 43, no. 2 (February 2013): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782013000200009.
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Trials were carried out in Paraúna, Goiás, Brazil, to evaluate the impact of whitefly on soybean yield. The experimental design was a randomized block, with four treatments and four replications (10m x 20m). The treatments were different levels of infestation, managed by applying insecticide at different timing; the control was kept free of insects by weekly insecticide spraying. The number of insects per leaflet was evaluated weekly, and at harvest the yield (kg ha-1) and the weight of 100 seeds (g) were recorded. The soybean was tolerant to whitefly, since only the treatment where nymphs per leaflet reached 136.31±26.60 (treatment without the use of insecticides) was sufficiently severe to cause yield loss. This loss was likely associated with the sooty mold, caused by the fungus Capnodium sp. that develops in the sugary secretion produced by the whitefly on the surface of plant leaves. Therefore, insecticides should only be sprayed when a whitefly infestation is sufficiently severe to trigger the growth of sooty mold. The relationship between insect number per leaf and the growth of sooty mold still needs to be determined for different soybean cultivars, as well as for different environmental conditions.
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Rosenheim, Jay A. "Control Failures Following Insecticide Applications in Commercial Agriculture: How Often Do They Occur? A Case Study of Lygus hesperus (Hemiptera: Miridae) Control in Cotton." Journal of Economic Entomology 114, no. 3 (April 16, 2021): 1415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab067.
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Abstract Although surveys of pest populations documenting evolved insecticide resistance often suggest abundant potential for insecticide control failures, studies documenting the actual occurrence of such failures in commercial agriculture are rare. If farmers currently practice adaptive management, abandoning the use of insecticides once resistance emerges, actual control failures could be rare. Here I use data gathered by independent pest management consultants to describe a case study of the realized efficacy of commercial field applications of insecticides, examining the control of Lygus hesperus Knight on cotton. On average, insecticides reduced target pest populations to 19% of their preapplication densities. Short-term efficacy of insecticides was variable, but only one severe control failure was observed (1 of 50, 2%). The rarity of severe control failures observed in this study is in agreement with the few other studies conducted in commercial settings, but additional research is needed to assess the generality of this result. Although pesticides can cause longer-term problems, including target pest resurgences and secondary pest outbreaks, risk-averse attitudes among farmers coupled with relatively consistent short-term insecticide efficacy may be potent forces propelling farmers toward the use of insecticides.
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Mansfield, Sarah, Richard J. Chynoweth, Mark R. H. Hurst, Alasdair Noble, Sue M. Zydenbos, and Maureen O'Callaghan. "Novel bacterial seed treatment protects wheat seedlings from insect damage." Crop and Pasture Science 68, no. 6 (2017): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp17176.
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Insecticidal seed treatments are used commonly worldwide to protect seedlings against root feeding insects. Organophosphate insecticides that have been used for seed treatments are being phased out and replaced with neonicotinoid insecticides. Concerns about the environmental impact of neonicotinoids have prompted a search for alternatives. Microbial insecticides are a biological alternative for seed treatments to target root feeding insects. Six field trials with organophosphate granules (diazinon, chlorpyrifos), neonicotinoid seed treatment (clothianidin) and microbial (Serratia entomophila) seed treatment targeting grass grub, a New Zealand scarab pest, were conducted in wheat crops at several sites over 4 years (2012–2015). Sites were selected each year that had potentially damaging populations of grass grub present during the trials. Untreated seeds led to significant losses of plants and wheat yield due to lower seedling establishment and ongoing plant losses from grass grub damage. Insecticide and microbial treatments increased plant survival in all trials compared with untreated seeds. Better plant survival was associated with higher yields from the insecticide treatments in four out of six trials. Neonicotinoid seed treatment alone gave similar yield increases to combined neonicotinoid seed treatment and organophosphate granules. Microbial seed treatment with S. entomophila gave similar yield increases to insecticide treatments in two out of six trials. Seed treatment with S. entomophila is an alternative for grass grub control; however, development of a commercial product requires effective scale-up of production, further research to improve efficacy, and viability of the live bacteria needs to be maintained on coated seed.
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Kulye, Mahesh, Sonja Mehlhorn, Debora Boaventura, Nigel Godley, Sreedevi Venkatesh, Thimmaraju Rudrappa, Tara Charan, Dinesh Rathi, and Ralf Nauen. "Baseline Susceptibility of Spodoptera frugiperda Populations Collected in India towards Different Chemical Classes of Insecticides." Insects 12, no. 8 (August 23, 2021): 758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12080758.
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Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a major pest of maize in the Americas and recently invaded the Eastern hemisphere. It was first detected in India in 2018 and is considered a major threat to maize production. FAW control largely relies on the application of chemical insecticides and transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins. Assessing FAW resistance and insecticide susceptibility is a cornerstone to develop sustainable resistance management strategies. In this study, we conducted more than 400 bioassays to assess the efficacy of nine insecticides from seven mode-of-action classes against 47 FAW populations collected in 2019 and 2020 across various geographical areas in India. The resistance status of the field-collected populations was compared to an Indian population sampled in 2018, and an insecticide susceptible reference population collected in 2005 in Brazil. Low to moderate resistance levels were observed for thiodicarb, chlorpyriphos, deltamethrin, chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide in several populations (including the reference population collected in 2018). The highest resistance ratios were observed for deltamethrin which likely compromises recommended label rates for pyrethroid insecticides in general. Our data provide a useful baseline for future FAW resistance monitoring initiatives and highlight the need to implement insecticide resistance management strategies.
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Li, Fen, Herbert Venthur, Shang Wang, Rafael A. Homem, and Jing-Jiang Zhou. "Evidence for the Involvement of the Chemosensory Protein AgosCSP5 in Resistance to Insecticides in the Cotton Aphid, Aphis gossypii." Insects 12, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12040335.
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It has been speculated that insect chemosensory proteins (CSPs) may have additional roles beyond olfaction. In this study, the phylogenetic and genomic analyses of the CSPs of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, revealed the presence of gene gain-and-loss among different aphid field populations. Differential expressions of eight CSP genes were demonstrated after treatments with insecticides of different modes of action. The expression of AgosCSP5 was significantly upregulated by the insecticide treatments in a dose-dependent manner. The Drosophila flies overexpressing AgosCSP5 were significantly less susceptible to the insecticides, omethoate, imidacloprid and cypermethrin but not to deltamethrin and tau-fluvalinate, compared with control flies. The transgenic Drosophila flies exhibited an LC50 resistance ratio of 2.6 to omethoate, compared with control flies. Likewise, the mortality of the transgenic flies to imidacloprid and cypermethrin was significantly lower than that of the control flies (p < 0.01). Homology modelling, molecular docking and dynamic simulation supported the interactions and revealed a higher stability of AgosCSP5/insecticide complexes than AgosCSP5/semiochemical complexes. Our study demonstrates for first time the in vivo evidence for the involvement of CSP genes in insecticide resistance of crop insect pests and provides new insights of the newly discovered CSP-mediated insect resistance mechanism to insecticides.
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Sclar, D. Casey, and Whitney S. Cranshaw. "Evaluation of New Systemic Insecticides for Elm Insect Pest Control." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 14, no. 1 (March 1, 1996): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-14.1.22.
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Abstract Use of systemic insecticides that can be injected either into the root system or trunk of woody plants provides several potential advantages, notably in control of drift during application. Recently, new classes of insecticides with systemic activity have been developed, which may supplant the organophosphate and carbamate systemic insecticides that have previously been available. To evaluate their potential to control insects affecting shade trees, studies were conducted using imidacloprid and abamectin on elm. Soil injections of imidacloprid appeared particularly effective, controlling all three of the target pest species in this study (elm leaf beetle, European elm scale, elm leaf aphid). Both imidacloprid and abamectin also were effective against at least some elm insects when injected into trunks. Persistence of irnidacloprid was unusually long, providing second season control of all elm insect pests, although root uptake following soil injections was slow.
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Quesada, Carlos R., and Clifford S. Sadof. "Efficacy of Horticultural Oil and Insecticidal Soap against Selected Armored and Soft Scales." HortTechnology 27, no. 5 (October 2017): 618–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03752-17.
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Insecticidal soap and horticultural oil have the potential to kill individuals within populations of soft-bodied insect pests by suffocation. However, scientific literature is inconsistent about the efficacy of insecticidal soaps and petroleum-based oils against armored scale (Hemiptera: Diaspidae) and soft scale (Hemiptera: Coccidae). We examined the efficacy of horticultural oil and insecticidal soap against armored and soft scales at different developmental life stages. Studies were conducted in the laboratory and field with two species of armored scale [pine needle scale (Chionaspis pinifoliae) and oleander scale (Aspidiotus nerii)] and two species of soft scale [calico scale (Eulecanium cerasorium) and striped pine scale (Toumeylla pini)]. All insecticide applications were made at a rate of 2 gal per 100 gal water. Our laboratory results suggested that horticultural oil and insecticidal soap killed both calico scale (73% and 93%, respectively) and oleander scale (67% and 78%, respectively) when insecticides targeted 1-day-old scales. Scale insects built up tolerance to both materials over time after they settled. However, our field data indicated that horticultural oil had high control of settled armored scale [oleander scale (90%) and pine needle scale (83%)], but failed to control settled soft scale [stripe pine scale (5%)]. Insecticidal soap reduced armored scale [oleander scale (54%)]. Neither horticultural oil nor insecticidal soap significantly reduced populations of adult armored or soft scales compared with a control. Overall, horticultural oil killed a greater percentage of armored scales than soft scales, whereas insecticidal soap gave greater control against soft scales. We suggest that differences were driven by chemical properties of both insect integuments and insecticides. The waxy cover of an armored scale might reduce penetration of polar insecticidal soap whereas polar integument of a soft scale might impede infiltration of the lipophilic horticultural oil. Consequently, timing application to crawler stage is important for effective management of armored or soft scale with horticultural oils and insecticidal soaps.
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Li, Yuan-mei, Zhen-peng Kai, Juan Huang, and Stephen S. Tobe. "Lepidopteran HMG-CoA reductase is a potential selective target for pest control." PeerJ 5 (January 19, 2017): e2881. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2881.
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As a consequence of the negative impacts on the environment of some insecticides, discovery of eco-friendly insecticides and target has received global attention in recent years. Sequence alignment and structural comparison of the rate-limiting enzyme HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) revealed differences between lepidopteran pests and other organisms, which suggested insect HMGR could be a selective insecticide target candidate. Inhibition of JH biosynthesis in vitro confirmed that HMGR inhibitors showed a potent lethal effect on the lepidopteran pest Manduca sexta, whereas there was little effect on JH biosynthesis in Apis mellifera and Diploptera punctata. The pest control application of these inhibitors demonstrated that they can be insecticide candidates with potent ovicidal activity, larvicidal activity and insect growth regulatory effects. The present study has validated that Lepidopteran HMGR can be a potent selective insecticide target, and the HMGR inhibitors (especially type II statins) could be selective insecticide candidates and lead compounds. Furthermore, we demonstrated that sequence alignment, homology modeling and structural comparison may be useful for determining potential enzymes or receptors which can be eco-friendly pesticide targets.
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Gous, S. F., and B. Richardson. "Stem injection of insecticides to control herbivorous insects on Eucalyptus nitens." New Zealand Plant Protection 61 (August 1, 2008): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2008.61.6832.
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To minimise environmental impact in urban and recreational environments insecticides may be injected directly into the vascular system of trees rather than by conventional foliar spray application In previous stem injection trials the majority of injected insecticides did not provide effective control of herbivorous insects This was largely because of the insolubility of the formulated insecticide products available in New Zealand Three water soluble insecticides acephate imidacloprid and emamectin benzoate were injected directly into the xylem of Eucalyptus nitens In subsequent laboratory bioassays the effect of these insecticides were assessed on two leaf feeding insects Uraba lugens (gum leaf skeletoniser) and Trachymela sloanei (a eucalyptus tortoise beetle) The results indicate that acephate may be a suitable candidate for protecting trees using stem injection of insecticides but in this study imidacloprid and emamectin benzoate were not effective
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Muhoro, Arthur M., and Edit É. Farkas. "Insecticidal and Antiprotozoal Properties of Lichen Secondary Metabolites on Insect Vectors and Their Transmitted Protozoal Diseases to Humans." Diversity 13, no. 8 (July 26, 2021): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13080342.
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Since the long-term application of synthetic chemicals as insecticides and the chemotherapy of protozoal diseases have had various negative effects (non-target effects, resistance), research on less harmful biological products is underway. This review is focused on lichens with potential insecticidal and antiprotozoal activity. Literature sources (27) were surveyed from five bibliographic databases and analyzed according to the taxonomic group of the insect, the protozoal disease and the lichen, the type of bioactive compounds (including method of application and mount applied), and the potential bioactivity based on mortalities caused after 24 h of exposure on insects and on parasitic protozoa. Six species of protozoa and five species of mosquitoes, three kinds of larval stages of insects and three protozoa stages were tested. Insecticidal and antiprotozoal effects of crude extracts and seven lichen secondary metabolites (mostly usnic acid) of 32 lichen species were determined. Physiological and morphological changes on parasitic protozoa were observed. Mortality rates caused by LSMs on insect vectors closer to (or somewhat above) the WHO threshold were considered to be insecticides. The results are based on laboratory experiments; however, the efficacy of metabolites should be confirmed in the field and on non-human primates to control the insect vectors and human protozoal diseases transmitted by insects.
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Baker, M. A., A. H. Makhdum, M. Nasir, A. Imran, A. Ahmad, and F. Tufail. "COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF SYNTHETIC AND BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES AGAINST SUCKING INSECT PEST AND THEIR NATURAL ENEMIES ON COTTON CROP." Journal of Mountain Area Research 1 (August 27, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.53874/jmar.v1i0.6.
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The Synthetic and botanical insecticides are relatively safer for environment and beneficial insects. The study was conducted in Rahim Yar Khan during the cotton cropping season 2014 to evaluate the comparative efficacy of two Synthetic insecticides i.e. Nitenpyram (Jasper 10% SL) and Pyriproxyfen (Bruce 10.8% EC) and two botanical extracts of Calotropic procera and Azadirachta indica, against sucking insect pest complex of cotton and their natural enemies. Upon reaching economic thresholds, the recommended field doses of all the insecticides were applied on cotton cultivar MNH-886. Data against sucking pests and their natural enemies was recorded 24 hours prior to insecticidal application and then 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after insecticidal application. Results revealed that Nitenpyram was much toxic against sucking pests followed by Pyriproxyfen as compared to two botanical extracts. On the other hand, the synthetic insecticides did not prove safer for natural enemies as compared to botanical extracts. It was concluded that as an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy, botanical extracts can be used at low infestation levels so that ecosystem service of biological control may be sustained.
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Isman, M. B., O. Koul, J. T. Arnason, J. Stewart, and G. S. Salloum. "DEVELOPING A NEEM-BASED INSECTICIDE FOR CANADA." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 123, S159 (1991): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm123159039-1.
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AbstractLeaves of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae), have been used for centuries in India to protect stored grain from insect attack. Recent concern for the effects of synthetic insecticides on the environment and human health has provided the impetus for a reappraisal of the utility of neem derivatives as botanical crop protectants. Neem and its active principle, the limonoid azadirachtin, have several properties that are highly desirable for a natural insecticide. Azadirachtin is the most potent natural insect antifeedant discovered to date, suppressing insect feeding at concentrations of less than 1 part per million. Azadirachtin is also a potent insect growth regulator, which acts by disrupting molting and development, and interfering with reproduction in adult insects. These actions have been observed in over 90% of the more than 200 species of pest insects tested to date. Neem also has systemic action in some plants which could prove extremely valuable against stem- and root-feeding pests that are difficult to control. Finally, neem is essentially non-toxic to vertebrates, and in fact has a long history of medicinal use in southeast Asia.In the present paper we review our research aimed at developing a neem-based insecticide for use against pests of Canadian agriculture. We document the potent antifeedant action of azadirachtin in laboratory bioassays against the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner, and the variegated cutworm, Peridroma saucia Hübner, and the molt-disrupting action of the compound in the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes Fab., and the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus Dallas. Both antifeedant and insect growth regulatory activities of various samples of neem seed oil are shown to be correlated to azadirachtin concentrations in the oils. Field trials of an experimental neem insecticide conducted against pests of crucifers, corn, and potato in British Columbia, Ontario, and Prince Edward Island, respectively, indicate that the neem insecticide provides pest control as effective as or better than pyrethrum, the current botanical insecticide of choice for organic growers. The commercial prospectus for neem insecticides in Canada is discussed in light of our results.
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Shukla, Radhe. "ECO-FRIENDLY METHOD TO CONTROL INSECT PEST AND AVOID ENVIROMENTAL POLLUTION." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 9SE (September 30, 2015): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9se.2015.3156.
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Pigeon pea is cultivated in Madhya Pradesh to meet domestic requirement. Fourteen insecticides of different chemical groups were tested against pod borer complex I .e Cypermethrin (0.015%) , Lambda Cyhalothrin ( 0.05%), Deltamethrin (0.04%) and Quinolphos (0.03%) were highly effective in controlling pod borer complex giving good knock down effect.
Farmers use insecticides of different groups injudiciously which pose serious problems like killing of natural enemies and beneficial-insects, health hazards, environmental pollution. Neem contains Alkaloids, ie. Azadirachtin which act as repellent, antifedent can be a part of insect pest management .Four different concentrations of neem is use to control insect pest and protect crop as well to avoid environmental pollution.
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Boulogne, Isabelle, Lucienne Desfontaine, Harry Ozier-Lafontaine, and Gladys Loranger-Merciris. "Sustainable Management of Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich): How Botanical Insecticides and Fungicides Should Promote an Ecofriendly Control Strategy." Sociobiology 65, no. 3 (October 2, 2018): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v65i3.1640.
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The leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich) causes serious damage to crops and protected areas due to its foraging activity. The main method of control of this species consists of the use of synthetic insecticides that can lead to environmental damage and negative side effects on human health. Consequently, alternative strategies, such as biopesticides, are needed. Insecticide evaluation by ingestion assays was performed using A. octospinosus in vitro bioassay and laboratory nests. Chemical analyses were also performed to know the contents of plant extracts. This study showed that Mammea americana L. is the most promising insecticidal plant extract in the control of A. octospinosus. Indeed, the lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC99) an the lethal dose (LD99) of the M. americana extract (51.31 mg.mL-1, 131.92 mg.mL-1, and 17.36 mg/g of ant respectively) were the closest to those of Fipronil, 0.03 g/kg, the commercial insecticide used as positive control.
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Seidenglanz, Marek, Jaroslav Šafář, Nikoleta Rubil, Miriama Ruseňáková, and Veronika Roskóová. "Control of cabbage stem weevil and pollen beetle with one insecticide application." Plant Protection Science 56, No. 2 (March 11, 2020): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/36/2019-pps.
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Over the course of three years (2016–2018), the effects of insecticides on stem-mining weevils [(Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus (Marsham, 1802), Ceutorhynchus napi (Gyllenhal, 1837)] were assessed under field conditions. The dates for spraying were determined on the basis of the recorded percentages of weevil females carrying mature eggs in their ovaries (timing I: the first females with mature eggs present in yellow water traps; timing II: more than 50% of the females with mature eggs present). Delaying the first spring insecticide application till timing II made it possible to combine the control of the stem weevil along with the control of the pollen beetle, Brassicogethes aeneus (Fabricius, 1775). However, the poor effectiveness of the tested insecticides on the stem-mining weevils, regardless of the date they were sprayed, indicates it is impossible to successfully control the insect pests with one insecticide application during the seasons with prolonged egg-laying periods.
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Zhang, Peiwen, Deqiang Qin, Jianjun Chen, and Zhixiang Zhang. "Plants in the Genus Tephrosia: Valuable Resources for Botanical Insecticides." Insects 11, no. 10 (October 21, 2020): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11100721.
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Synthetic insecticides are effective in controlling insect pests but can also harm nontarget organisms and the environment. During the last 40 years, there has been an increasing interest in alternative insecticides, particularly those derived from plants, commonly known as botanical insecticides. However, commercially available botanical insecticides remain limited. Rotenone is one of the earliest identified compounds and was used as fish poison and pest management. Due to its link with Parkinson disease, the use of rotenone was banned in many developed countries. Rotenone used to be isolated from Derris spp. and Lonchocarpus spp., and it can also be isolated from Tephrosia species. In this article, we present basic botanical information on selected Tephrosia species and their major compounds related to insecticidal activities and highlight the current use of extracts derived from some species, Tephrosia vogelii in particular, for control of insect pests in stored grains and crop production. The crude extracts contain multiple bioactive compounds, mainly rotenone, deguelin, rotenolone, and tephrosin, which act in either additive or synergistic fashion, resulting in effective control of insect pests. There are about 400 species in the genus Tephrosia, and species and even strains or variants vary greatly in these active compounds. We argue that a systematic evaluation of bioactive compounds in different species are needed, and species or strains with high insecticidal activities should be selected for use in the sustainable control of insect pests.
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Simms, Ellen L. "Ecological genetics and evolution in insect pests: Implications for lower input agriculture." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 2, no. 4 (1987): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300009267.
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AbstractThis paper has three goals: (1) to convince ecologists and evolutionary biologists to study the evolution in insects of the ability to overcome crop protection measures, (2) to provide insights into the kinds of data needed to develop methods for retarding the evolution of such traits, and (3) to suggest that the study of these phenomena can further our understanding of evolution. The evolution of resistance to chemical insecticides often results in higher application rates and constant development of new classes of these potentially environmentally degrading toxicants. Moreover, it is important to understand resistance phenomena related to alternative crop protection measures involving plant genetic resistance and biological insecticides so that these less environmentally damaging control measures can be maintained. Insecticide resistance evolves in insect populations in response to selection by chemical compounds. Similarly, selection by host-plant defenses of resistant crops leads to the evolution of virulence to those varieties. The evolution of these traits constitutes an important subject of applied evolutionary biology. In the context of single-gene evolutionary models, this article reviews the most common strategies that have been suggested for retarding the evolution of insecticide resistance. These models are also used to illustrate the effects of ecological factors and genetical properties of insect populations on the evolution of resistance. Where appropriate, the relevance of these models to the evolution of virulence to resistant crop varieties is also described. Durability in the insecticidal effectiveness of a plant protective chemical is not incompatible with the requirement for health safety in the same material.
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Andriessen, Rob, Janneke Snetselaar, Remco A. Suer, Anne J. Osinga, Johan Deschietere, Issa N. Lyimo, Ladslaus L. Mnyone, et al. "Electrostatic coating enhances bioavailability of insecticides and breaks pyrethroid resistance in mosquitoes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 39 (August 31, 2015): 12081–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510801112.
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Insecticide resistance poses a significant and increasing threat to the control of malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases. We present a novel method of insecticide application based on netting treated with an electrostatic coating that binds insecticidal particles through polarity. Electrostatic netting can hold small amounts of insecticides effectively and results in enhanced bioavailability upon contact by the insect. Six pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles mosquito strains from across Africa were exposed to similar concentrations of deltamethrin on electrostatic netting or a standard long-lasting deltamethrin-coated bednet (PermaNet 2.0). Standard WHO exposure bioassays showed that electrostatic netting induced significantly higher mortality rates than the PermaNet, thereby effectively breaking mosquito resistance. Electrostatic netting also induced high mortality in resistant mosquito strains when a 15-fold lower dose of deltamethrin was applied and when the exposure time was reduced to only 5 s. Because different types of particles adhere to electrostatic netting, it is also possible to apply nonpyrethroid insecticides. Three insecticide classes were effective against strains of Aedes and Culex mosquitoes, demonstrating that electrostatic netting can be used to deploy a wide range of active insecticides against all major groups of disease-transmitting mosquitoes. Promising applications include the use of electrostatic coating on walls or eave curtains and in trapping/contamination devices. We conclude that application of electrostatically adhered particles boosts the efficacy of WHO-recommended insecticides even against resistant mosquitoes. This innovative technique has potential to support the use of unconventional insecticide classes or combinations thereof, potentially offering a significant step forward in managing insecticide resistance in vector-control operations.
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Labbé, Roselyne M., Dana Gagnier, Rebecca Rizzato, Amanda Tracey, and Cara McCreary. "Assessing New Tools for Management of the Pepper Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Greenhouse and Field Pepper Crops." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 4 (May 15, 2020): 1903–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa092.
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Abstract The pepper weevil, Anthonomus eugenii Cano, is an economically important pest of field and greenhouse pepper crops in North America. In this study, a series of insecticides covering a broad-spectrum of insecticidal modes of action were assessed for their potential in managing the pepper weevil under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. To accomplish this, laboratory mini-spray tower and greenhouse cage trials were conducted that evaluated the efficacy of 16 conventional, reduced-risk, and microbial insecticides. In laboratory trials, adult weevils were sprayed with insecticides, placed on treated leaves within a cup cage, and were monitored for their survival over 10 d. Of the 16 insecticides tested, 8 provided greater than 60% weevil control, a threshold considered necessary for including products in further greenhouse testing. In greenhouse trials, adult weevil mortality, bud and foliar damage, bud and fruit abortion, and subsequent weevil offspring emergence were measured following each of three weekly insecticide applications. The most efficacious insecticides included kaolin clay and mineral oil, which performed as well as the thiamethoxam-positive control, and incurred 70 and 55% of adult weevil mortality, respectively. Additionally, kaolin clay and mineral oil reduced offspring weevil emergence by 59 and 54%, respectively, compared with untreated controls. Despite the clear challenge that controlling this pest represents, this study has identified useful new tools for the integrated management of the pepper weevil, which may accelerate the rate at which these become available for use in greenhouse and field pepper production.
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Souza, Jamilly Bignon de, Gabriela Pereira Lima, Maria Denise Feder, Isabella Rodrigues Lancellotti, and Marcelo Guerra Santos. "Dicksonia sellowiana Hook. and Nepholepis cordifolia (L.) Lellinger extracts as potential green pesticides: insecticidal activity." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 8 (June 27, 2020): e120985182. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i8.5182.
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Known as green insecticides, natural plant-based products have become a promising alternative to conventional insecticides. The primary objective of the present study was to analyze, under laboratory conditions, the insecticidal activity of crude ethanol extracts of the fern species Dicksonia sellowiana and Nephrolepis cordifolia against Oncopeltus fasciatus (Hemiptera). Fern leaves were collected from Itatiaia National Park (Brazil), dried and ground using 96% ethanol, with the extract concentrated in a rotary evaporator. The crude extract was used to prepare a 50 mg/mL solution, with acetone as solvent. Qualitative analysis of the terpenoid and phenolic substance profile in the extracts was performed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Fourth-instar insects were used, in groups of 10 animals per treatment, with three repetitions. Four treatments were used: D. sellowiana and N. cordifolia extracts, acetone control and water control. Then, 1 μL either of the respective solution was topically applied to the insect abdominal cuticle. After 21 days, all the insects in the water control group had reached adult. The N. cordifolia extract was responsible for 63% (p < 0.0001) of insect mortality around 16 days after treatment, whereas the D. sellowiana exhibited 50% (p < 0.0001) on the 21st day post-treatment. The extracts also caused delays in insect molting and metamorphosis. The D. sellowiana and N. cordifolia extracts exhibited 18% similarity in the terpenoid profile and 0% for phenolic substances. N. cordifolia and D. sellowiana show potential for research on selective biodegradable substances for use as green insecticides.
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Matthews, G. A. "Cotton Insect Pest Control." Outlook on Agriculture 18, no. 4 (December 1989): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072708901800406.
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Despite competition from other natural and man-made fibres cotton remains the world's most important textile, of great economic importance in many of the countries in which it is grown. It is prone to a number of pests which reduce yield and the control of these presents many problems. While integrated pest management can solve many of these, some use of insecticides cannot be avoided.
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Levchenko and Silivanova. "TACTICS OF MUSCA DOMESTICA CONTROL AT OBJECTS OF VETERINARY AND SANITARY SUPERVISION." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 20 (May 14, 2019): 308–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-9902340-8-6.2019.20.308-312.
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Prolonged use of chemical insecticides at veterinary and sanitary inspection facilities often leads to a decrease in the efficiency of disinsection measures, which is associat-ed with the development of resistance in natural insect populations, including Musca domestica L., house flies. The purpose of the presented work was to study the level of sensitivity of M. domestica to modern insecticides in livestock and poultry farms of the Tyumen region. Under laboratory conditions, the activity of modern insecticides from the pyrethroid, neonicotinoids, phenylpyrazols, pyrroles, and avermectins groups against the first generation of adult M. domestica of natural populations was measured using metered-dose contact. Using probit analysis, pooled lethal doses (LD50) of insecticides for natural populations of flies and sensitive laboratory culture were calculated. Next, we determined the resistance index for each insecticide as the ratio of their LD50 values for the natural and laboratory population. It has been found that flies of natural populations were sensitive to tested insecticides to varying degrees. The highest resistance indicator (57) was recorded for the acetamids of the fly population from the livestock farm. A population of flies sensitive to fipronil was also found in the poultry farm with resistance index 1. Given the results of labora-tory studies, this farm was effectively disinsected against M. domestica using fipronil-containing preparation. The tactics of pest control measures, based on preliminary laboratory studies of the sensitivity of flies and the selection of chemical insecticidal agents against a specific natural population, will effectively control the number of Musca domestica on objects of veterinary sanitary inspection.
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Ziaee, Masumeh, and Asgar Babamir-Satehi. "Characterization of Nanostructured Silica as Carrier for Insecticides Deltamethrin, Pyriproxyfen, and Chlorpyrifos and Testing the Insecticidal Efficacy Against Trogoderma granarium (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) Larvae." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 1 (October 21, 2019): 511–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz264.
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Abstract Nanostructured silica can be used as a carrier of pesticides to enhance stability and controlled release of agrochemicals with an effective concentration on target pests. Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) were synthesized by sol–gel process and employed as a carrier of three different insecticides including deltamethrin, pyriproxyfen, and chlorpyrifos. The SNPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and the insecticides-loaded in SNPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The toxicity of insecticides alone and loaded in SNPs was evaluated against small and large larvae of Trogoderma granarium Everts on concrete surfaces. The immediate mortality was counted after 1, 3, and 7 d of exposure, and then surviving individuals were transferred to untreated surfaces for seven more days, with delayed mortality was recorded. Small larvae were more susceptible than large ones on all insecticide treatments. In addition, insecticides loaded in silica nanoparticles were more effective when compared with application of the insecticides alone. For immediate mortality, deltamethrin loaded in SNPs was the most efficient treatment causing 70.5% mortality on small and 55.5% mortality on large larvae after 7 d of exposure to the highest concentration. Pyriproxyfen loaded in SNPs caused low immediate mortality, but the mortality increased in delayed count indicated that the insecticide could control the larvae even after they have been removed from treated surfaces. It can be concluded that loading insecticides in SNPs could significantly increase their insecticidal efficiency, but this increase was compound-dependent.
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Wu, Chao, Swapan Chakrabarty, Minghui Jin, Kaiyu Liu, and Yutao Xiao. "Insect ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporters: Roles in Xenobiotic Detoxification and Bt Insecticidal Activity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 11 (June 10, 2019): 2829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20112829.
Full textAbstract:
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, a large class of transmembrane proteins, are widely found in organisms and play an important role in the transport of xenobiotics. Insect ABC transporters are involved in insecticide detoxification and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin perforation. The complete ABC transporter is composed of two hydrophobic transmembrane domains (TMDs) and two nucleotide binding domains (NBDs). Conformational changes that are needed for their action are mediated by ATP hydrolysis. According to the similarity among their sequences and organization of conserved ATP-binding cassette domains, insect ABC transporters have been divided into eight subfamilies (ABCA–ABCH). This review describes the functions and mechanisms of ABC transporters in insecticide detoxification, plant toxic secondary metabolites transport and insecticidal activity of Bt toxin. With improved understanding of the role and mechanisms of ABC transporter in resistance to insecticides and Bt toxins, we can identify valuable target sites for developing new strategies to control pests and manage resistance and achieve green pest control.
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Dhungana, Sanjeev Kumar, Bishnu Adhikari, Arjun Adhikari, Il-Doo Kim, Jeong-Ho Kim, and Dong-Hyun Shin. "Comparative effect of different insecticides on the growth and yield of soybeans." Plant Protection Science 56, No. 3 (June 11, 2020): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/77/2019-pps.
Full textAbstract:
The yield of soybeans, an economically important crop worldwide, is substantially reduced by different abiotic and biotic factors, including insect pests. Different insecticides are applied to control soybean insect pests. The application of insecticides may also affect the plants along with the pests. The effects of four insecticides (fenitrothion, etofenprox, thiamethoxam, and lambda-cyhalothrin-cum-thiamethoxam; LT) on the growth and yield of two soybean cultivars over two years were investigated. The plant height (PH), pod number, shoot dry matter without seed (SDWS), total shoot dry matter, seed yield per plant (SYP), harvest index (HI), and hundred-seed weight significantly varied with the insecticides. However, the primary branch number was not significantly affected by the insecticides. Significant interactions between the year and insecticide, except for the SDWS and HI, indicated that the growing environment also affected the influence of the insecticides. The PH was significantly tall in the thiamethoxam (50.07 cm) and short for the LT (46.66 cm) application. The SYP was significantly high for the LT (20.51 g) and low for the fenitrothion (11.51 g). This study showed that the type of insecticide could significantly affect the plant growth and yield of the soybean.
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Semtner, Paul J., and William B. Wilkinson. "Tobacco Insect Control with Systemic Insecticides, 1993." Arthropod Management Tests 19, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/19.1.288.
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Smith, Durward, Jay B. Fitzgerald, and George E. Meyer. "Control of Insects on Ornamental Cuttings by Vacuum Disruption." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 676e—676. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.676e.
Full textAbstract:
Insect infestation of plant material is a serious problem to the greenhouse industry. Nonpesticidal destruction of insects on plant material before they are placed in the greenhouse would supply producers and growers with pest-free plant materials and decrease pesticide usage and exposure of workers and the environment to chemical insecticides. The efficacy of vacuum treating chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) and poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) plants for the reduction of insect pests (aphids and greenhouse whiteflies) was investigated. The effects of surfactants on insect elimination was determined. Properly controlled vacuum treatment in conjunction with surfactants was found to disrupt the physical integrity of the insects in all stages of their life cycle.
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Pankey, Joseph H., James L. Griffin, B. Rogers Leonard, Donnie K. Miller, Robert G. Downer, and Richard W. Costello. "Glyphosate–Insecticide Combination Effects on Weed and Insect Control in Cotton." Weed Technology 18, no. 3 (September 2004): 698–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-03-153.
Full textAbstract:
Field studies were conducted to evaluate weed control with combinations of glyphosate at 750 g ae/ha and the insecticides acephate (370 g ai/ha), dicrotophos (370 g ai/ha), dimethoate (220 g ai/ha), fipronil (56 g ai/ha), imidacloprid (53 g ai/ha), lambda-cyhalothrin (37 g ai/ha), oxamyl (280 g ai/ha), or endosulfan (420 g ai/ha) and insect control with coapplication of the herbicide with insecticides acephate, dicrotophos, dimethoate, and imidacloprid. Applying lambda-cyhalothrin or fipronil with glyphosate reduced control of hemp sesbania by 19 and 9 percentage points, respectively, compared with glyphosate alone. Acephate, dicrotophos, dimethoate, imidacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin, oxamyl, and endosulfan did not affect hemp sesbania, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, and redweed control by glyphosate. Lambda-cyhalothrin and fipronil did not affect glyphosate control of weeds other than hemp sesbania. Addition of glyphosate to dicrotophos improved cotton aphid control 4 d after treatment compared with dicrotophos alone. Thrips control was improved with addition of glyphosate to imidacloprid. Insect control was not reduced by glyphosate regardless of insecticide.
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Oliveira-Marra, Sharrine Omari Domingues, Raul Narciso Carvalho Guedes, Cristina Schetino Bastos, Pedro Henrique Alves Marra, Lucia Madalena Vivan, and Anderson de Moura Zanine. "Insecticide resistance and control failure likelihood among populations of the boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) from Mato Grosso (Brazil)." Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy 41 (September 5, 2019): e42714. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v41i1.42714.
Full textAbstract:
The cotton producers from southern Mato Grosso are currently experiencing control failure with the use of the use of insecticides against the cotton boll weevil Anthonomus grandis Boheman, the main pest species of this commodity. Therefore, the present study was designed to survey insecticide resistance and the associated likelihood of control failure among boll weevil populations in the region. Ten insect populations were sampled during the 2016/2017 season and subjected to time-mortality (contact) bioassays in glass vials impregnated with dried insecticide residues at their respective label rates. The three insecticides most frequently used in the region were surveyed: the organophosphate malathion and the pyrethroids beta-cyfluthrin and zeta-cypermethrin. The survival curves showed estimates of the respective median survival time (LT50) for each combination of insecticide and insect copulation. However, there were no significant differences in susceptibility among populations. The estimates of control failure likelihood for each compound at their respective label rates also indicated negligible risk of control failure with their use. These findings are consistent with time-mortality results indicating the lack of insecticide resistant populations at the surveyed sampling sites, suggesting that the reported field control failures result from other causes such as problems with insecticide application.
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Smith, Hugh A. "Biopesticides for Management of Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 5 (June 18, 2020): 2310–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa131.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 Gennadius, is a global pest of tomato, transmitting Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). Management of B. tabaci is challenging in part because of its ability to develop resistance to insecticides. Biopesticides include materials that control B. tabaci via mechanisms that do not select for resistance. Field experiments were conducted in the spring and fall of 2016 and 2017 at the University of Florida’s Gulf Coast Research and Education Center in west central Florida to compare biopesticides to conventional insecticides for management of B. tabaci and TYLCV. Insecticide rotations were designed in part around the concept that conventional insecticide programs should group modes of action according to 5-wk treatment intervals, corresponding to an estimated 5-wk generation time for the pest. In 2016, when tomato was treated during the first 5-wk treatment interval with either biopesticides or neonicotinoid insecticides, insecticidal soap contributed to a reduction in whitefly egg numbers and percentage TYLCV that was comparable to results achieved with dinotefuran. In contrast, egg numbers and virus incidence in plants treated with kaolin clay tended to be numerically higher than the untreated control. In spring 2017, comparisons of biopesticides and conventional ovicides/nymphicides during the second 5-wk treatment interval showed that biopesticides can provide comparable reduction in nymph numbers to conventional insecticides. While data from these trials confirm that biopesticides can reduce numbers of whitefly eggs and nymphs, they indicate that season-long programs of the biopesticides evaluated may not reduce transmission of TYLCV below economically acceptable levels.
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Huang, Jingfei, Sufen Tian, Ke Ren, Yong Chen, Shuo Lin, Yixin Chen, Houjun Tian, et al. "Effect of Treatment With 3-Octylthio-1,1,1-Trifluoropropan-2-One in the Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) to the Toxicity of Diafenthiuron, Indoxacarb, and Bacillus thuringiensis." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 3 (March 16, 2020): 1419–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa041.
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Abstract The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), is a worldwide insect pest of cruciferous crops. Although insecticides have long been used for its control, diamondback moth rapidly evolves resistance to almost any insecticide. In insects, juvenile hormone (JH) is critically involved in almost all biological processes. The correct activity of JH depends on the precise regulation of its titer, and juvenile hormone esterase (JHE) is the key regulator. Thus, JH and JHE have become important targets for new insecticide development. Trifluoromethyl ketones are specific JHE inhibitors, among which 3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-one (OTFP) has the highest activity. The interaction effects between pretreatment with or combination of OTFP and the insecticides diafenthiuron, indoxacarb, and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) were investigated in diamondback moth larvae to determine OTFP’s potential as an insecticide synergist. In third-instar larvae, both pretreatment and combination treatment with OTFP decreased or antagonized the toxicities of diafenthiuron, indoxacarb, and Bt at all set concentrations. In fourth-instar larvae, combination treatment with OTFP decreased or antagonized the toxicities of diafenthiuron and indoxacarb at all set concentrations. However, it increased or synergized the toxicity of Bt at lower concentrations despite the limited effect at higher concentrations. Our results indicated that the effect of OTFP on the toxicities of insecticides varied with the type and concentration, larval stage, and treatment method. These findings contribute to the better use of OTFP in diamondback moth control.
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Tirello, Paola, Enrico Marchesini, Pamela Gherardo, Damiano Raniero, Filippo Rossetto, Alberto Pozzebon, and Carlo Duso. "The Control of the American Leafhopper Erasmoneura vulnerata (Fitch) in European Vineyards: Impact of Synthetic and Natural Insecticides." Insects 12, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12020085.
Full textAbstract:
The American leafhopper Erasmoneura vulnerata, detected in Europe in the early 2000s, has recently become a pest in North-Italian vineyards. Infestations were recorded in organic and conventional vineyards despite the application of insecticides targeting other pests. Erasmoneura vulnerata completes three generations per year, and the second generation is frequently associated with large populations. The selection of appropriate active ingredients and the timing of their application is crucial for effective pest control. Field trials were carried out in Northeastern Italy, using a randomized design, to evaluate the impact of insecticides applied against other grapevine leafhoppers on E. vulnerata populations. The beginning of the second generation was selected as the best time for insecticide application. For natural products, two applications were planned. Among the selected insecticides, the most effective were acetamiprid, flupyradifurone and lambda-cyhalothrin. Regarding natural products, the most effective was kaolin which could represent an alternative to pyrethrins in organic vineyards. The identification of pest threshold levels and the evaluation of side effects of the most effective insecticides on key natural enemies occurring in vineyards are required.