Journal articles: 'Insect ecology'

1

Morris, M. G., and P. W. Price. "Insect Ecology." Journal of Applied Ecology 23, no. 3 (December 1986): 1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2403960.

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Singer, Michael C., and Peter W. Price. "Insect Ecology." Ecology 67, no. 2 (April 1986): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1938610.

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Rosenthal, Gerald A., William J. Bell, and Ring T. Carde. "Insect Ecology." Ecology 66, no. 1 (February 1985): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1941337.

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Rosenthal, Gerald A. "Insect Ecology." Ecology 66, no. 1 (February 1985): 313–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1941338.

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Rosenthal, Gerald A. "Insect Ecology." Ecology 66, no. 1 (February 1985): 312–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1941336a.

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6

Lentz, G. L. "Insect Ecology." Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 33, no. 4 (December 1, 1987): 266–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/besa/33.4.266.

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7

Jing, Xiangfeng, and Spencer T. Behmer. "Insect Sterol Nutrition: Physiological Mechanisms, Ecology, and Applications." Annual Review of Entomology 65, no. 1 (January 7, 2020): 251–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025017.

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Insects, like all eukaryotes, require sterols for structural and metabolic purposes. However, insects, like all arthropods, cannot make sterols. Cholesterol is the dominant tissue sterol for most insects; insect herbivores produce cholesterol by metabolizing phytosterols, but not always with high efficiency. Many insects grow on a mixed-sterol diet, but this ability varies depending on the types and ratio of dietary sterols. Dietary sterol uptake, transport, and metabolism are regulated by several proteins and processes that are relatively conserved across eukaryotes. Sterol requirements also impact insect ecology and behavior. There is potential to exploit insect sterol requirements to ( a) control insect pests in agricultural systems and ( b) better understand sterol biology, including in humans. We suggest that future studies focus on the genetic mechanism of sterol metabolism and reverse transportation, characterizing sterol distribution and function at the cellular level, the role of bacterial symbionts in sterol metabolism, and interrupting sterol trafficking for pest control.

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Biedermann, Peter H. W., and Fernando E. Vega. "Ecology and Evolution of Insect–Fungus Mutualisms." Annual Review of Entomology 65, no. 1 (January 7, 2020): 431–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-024910.

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The evolution of a mutualism requires reciprocal interactions whereby one species provides a service that the other species cannot perform or performs less efficiently. Services exchanged in insect–fungus mutualisms include nutrition, protection, and dispersal. In ectosymbioses, which are the focus of this review, fungi can be consumed by insects or can degrade plant polymers or defensive compounds, thereby making a substrate available to insects. They can also protect against environmental factors and produce compounds antagonistic to microbial competitors. Insects disperse fungi and can also provide fungal growth substrates and protection. Insect–fungus mutualisms can transition from facultative to obligate, whereby each partner is no longer viable on its own. Obligate dependency has ( a) resulted in the evolution of morphological adaptations in insects and fungi, ( b) driven the evolution of social behaviors in some groups of insects, and ( c) led to the loss of sexuality in some fungal mutualists.

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Mondal, Sankhadeep, Jigyasa Somani, Somnath Roy, Azariah Babu, and Abhay K. Pandey. "Insect Microbial Symbionts: Ecology, Interactions, and Biological Significance." Microorganisms 11, no. 11 (October 30, 2023): 2665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11112665.

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The guts of insect pests are typical habitats for microbial colonization and the presence of bacterial species inside the gut confers several potential advantages to the insects. These gut bacteria are located symbiotically inside the digestive tracts of insects and help in food digestion, phytotoxin breakdown, and pesticide detoxification. Different shapes and chemical assets of insect gastrointestinal tracts have a significant impact on the structure and makeup of the microbial population. The number of microbial communities inside the gastrointestinal system differs owing to the varying shape and chemical composition of digestive tracts. Due to their short generation times and rapid evolutionary rates, insect gut bacteria can develop numerous metabolic pathways and can adapt to diverse ecological niches. In addition, despite hindering insecticide management programs, they still have several biotechnological uses, including industrial, clinical, and environmental uses. This review discusses the prevalent bacterial species associated with insect guts, their mode of symbiotic interaction, their role in insecticide resistance, and various other biological significance, along with knowledge gaps and future perspectives. The practical consequences of the gut microbiome and its interaction with the insect host may lead to encountering the mechanisms behind the evolution of pesticide resistance in insects.

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10

Krueger, Charles C. "Aquatic Insect Ecology." BioScience 35, no. 7 (July 1985): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1310031.

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11

Waterman, Peter G. "Insect Chemical Ecology." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 20, no. 5 (July 1992): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(92)90093-s.

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12

Stout, J. "Aquatic Insect Ecology." Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 32, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/besa/32.3.168.

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13

Carrel, James E. "Insect Chemical Ecology." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 85, no. 6 (November 1, 1992): 807–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/85.6.807.

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14

ANDREW, NIGEL. "Insect Evolutionary Ecology." Austral Ecology 31, no. 4 (June 2006): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2006.01621.x.

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15

Fuxa, James R. "Ecology of insect nucleopolyhedroviruses." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 103, no. 1 (June 2004): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2003.10.013.

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Morgan, E. David, and Ian D. Wilson. "ChemInform Abstract: Insect Hormones and Insect Chemical Ecology." ChemInform 32, no. 3 (January 16, 2001): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200103267.

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17

Jin, Shuo, Kun Qian, Lin He, and Zan Zhang. "iORandLigandDB: A Website for Three-Dimensional Structure Prediction of Insect Odorant Receptors and Docking with Odorants." Insects 14, no. 6 (June 15, 2023): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14060560.

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The use of insect-specific odorants to control the behavior of insects has always been a hot spot in research on “green” control strategies of insects. However, it is generally time-consuming and laborious to explore insect-specific odorants with traditional reverse chemical ecology methods. Here, an insect odorant receptor (OR) and ligand database website (iORandLigandDB) was developed for the specific exploration of insect-specific odorants by using deep learning algorithms. The website provides a range of specific odorants before molecular biology experiments as well as the properties of ORs in closely related insects. At present, the existing three-dimensional structures of ORs in insects and the docking data with related odorants can be retrieved from the database and further analyzed.

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Geissmann, Quentin, Paul K. Abram, Di Wu, Cara H. Haney, and Juli Carrillo. "Sticky Pi is a high-frequency smart trap that enables the study of insect circadian activity under natural conditions." PLOS Biology 20, no. 7 (July 7, 2022): e3001689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001689.

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In the face of severe environmental crises that threaten insect biodiversity, new technologies are imperative to monitor both the identity and ecology of insect species. Traditionally, insect surveys rely on manual collection of traps, which provide abundance data but mask the large intra- and interday variations in insect activity, an important facet of their ecology. Although laboratory studies have shown that circadian processes are central to insects’ biological functions, from feeding to reproduction, we lack the high-frequency monitoring tools to study insect circadian biology in the field. To address these issues, we developed the Sticky Pi, a novel, autonomous, open-source, insect trap that acquires images of sticky cards every 20 minutes. Using custom deep learning algorithms, we automatically and accurately scored where, when, and which insects were captured. First, we validated our device in controlled laboratory conditions with a classic chronobiological model organism, Drosophila melanogaster. Then, we deployed an array of Sticky Pis to the field to characterise the daily activity of an agricultural pest, Drosophila suzukii, and its parasitoid wasps. Finally, we demonstrate the wide scope of our smart trap by describing the sympatric arrangement of insect temporal niches in a community, without targeting particular taxa a priori. Together, the automatic identification and high sampling rate of our tool provide biologists with unique data that impacts research far beyond chronobiology, with applications to biodiversity monitoring and pest control as well as fundamental implications for phenology, behavioural ecology, and ecophysiology. We released the Sticky Pi project as an open community resource on https://doc.sticky-pi.com.

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Langor, David W., H. E. James Hammond, John R. Spence, Joshua Jacobs, and Tyler P. Cobb. "Saproxylic insect assemblages in Canadian forests: diversity, ecology, and conservation." Canadian Entomologist 140, no. 4 (August 2008): 453–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n07-ls02.

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AbstractSaproxylic insect assemblages inhabiting dead wood in Canadian forests are highly diverse and variable but quite poorly understood. Adequate assessment of these assemblages poses significant challenges with respect to sampling, taxonomy, and analysis. Their assessment is nonetheless critical to attaining the broad goals of sustainable forest management because such species are disproportionately threatened elsewhere by the reductions in dead wood generally associated with commercial exploitation of northern forests. The composition of the saproxylic fauna is influenced by many factors, including tree species, degree of decay, stand age, and cause of tree death. Wildfire and forest harvesting have differential impacts on saproxylic insect assemblages and on their recovery in postdisturbance stands. Exploration of saproxylic insect responses to variable retention harvesting and experimental burns is contributing to the development of prescriptions for conserving saproxylic insects in boreal forests. Understanding of processes that determine diversity patterns and responses of saproxylic insects would benefit from increased attention to natural history. Such work should aim to provide a habitat-classification system for dead wood to better identify habitats (and associated species) at risk as a result of forest management. This tool could also be used to improve strategies to better maintain saproxylic organisms and their central nutrient-cycling functions in managed forests.

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20

He, Shulin, Bin Jiang, Amrita Chakraborty, and Guozhi Yu. "The Evolution of Glycoside Hydrolase Family 1 in Insects Related to Their Adaptation to Plant Utilization." Insects 13, no. 9 (August 30, 2022): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13090786.

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Insects closely interact with plants with multiple genes involved in their interactions. β-glucosidase, constituted mainly by glycoside hydrolase family 1 (GH1), is a crucial enzyme in insects to digest plant cell walls and defend against natural enemies with sequestered plant metabolites. To gain more insights into the role of this enzyme in plant–insect interactions, we analyzed the evolutionary history of the GH1 gene family with publicly available insect genomes. We found that GH1 is widely present in insects, while the gene numbers are significantly higher in insect herbivores directly feeding on plant cell walls than in other insects. After reconciling the insect GH1 gene tree with a species tree, we found that the patterns of duplication and loss of GH1 genes differ among insect orders, which may be associated with the evolution of their ecology. Furthermore, the majority of insects’ GH1 genes were tandem-duplicated and subsequently went through neofunctionalization. This study shows the evolutionary history of an important gene family GH1 in insects and facilitates our understanding of the evolution of insect–plant interactions.

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21

van der Kooi, Casper J., Doekele G. Stavenga, Kentaro Arikawa, Gregor Belušič, and Almut Kelber. "Evolution of Insect Color Vision: From Spectral Sensitivity to Visual Ecology." Annual Review of Entomology 66, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 435–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-061720-071644.

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Color vision is widespread among insects but varies among species, depending on the spectral sensitivities and interplay of the participating photoreceptors. The spectral sensitivity of a photoreceptor is principally determined by the absorption spectrum of the expressed visual pigment, but it can be modified by various optical and electrophysiological factors. For example, screening and filtering pigments, rhabdom waveguide properties, retinal structure, and neural processing all influence the perceived color signal. We review the diversity in compound eye structure, visual pigments, photoreceptor physiology, and visual ecology of insects. Based on an overview of the current information about the spectral sensitivities of insect photoreceptors, covering 221 species in 13 insect orders, we discuss the evolution of color vision and highlight present knowledge gaps and promising future research directions in the field.

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22

Collins, Catherine Matilda (Tilly), Helene Audusseau, Chris Hassall, Nusha Keyghobadi, Palatty Allesh Sinu, and Manu E. Saunders. "Insect ecology and conservation in urban areas: An overview of knowledge and needs." Insect Conservation and Diversity 17, no. 2 (March 2024): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/icad.12733.

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Abstract Urban expansion across the globe profoundly impacts local biodiversity. The growing body of urban ecology research on animals has largely focused on mammals and birds, whereas knowledge of insect ecology and conservation in urban areas remains limited. To anchor this Special Issue (SI), we have taken a broad approach to editorial and conducted a structured literature search to set the scene. We provide here an overview of existing literature reviews on urban insect ecology and conservation, indicate where the articles included in this SI contribute to developing our understanding and point to priority areas for further investigation. Key themes in the growing literature (at individual, species, and/or community level) include the influence of habitat quality, quantity and land use type on insect diversity; the impacts of anthropogenic pollution (for instance, heat, noise, light and chemicals); habitat connectivity and changes in habitat structure and impacts of urban density on genetic diversity. Insect diversity and abundance broadly decline with urban density and loss of habitat. Beyond this, variation in responses of different taxa, or in different regions, and methodological limitations of individual studies make it challenging to identify general patterns. Insect ecology and conservation research in urban environments should focus on applying ecological theory to understand variation in diversity patterns; investigating interactions between climate change and urban contexts; identifying impacts of novel environments on insect biodiversity; addressing methodological limitations and harmonising methodological approaches; and exploring the influence of social and historical factors on urban insect biodiversity. Insect conservation must also consider research into how best to communicate the value of urban insects to urban humans.

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23

SYARIFUDDIN, SYARIFUDDIN, ELIDA HAFNISIREGAR, JASMI JAMBAK, and CICIK SURYANI. "The impact of oil palm plantation on ecology of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) insect pollinators." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): 1347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190422.

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Syarifuddin, Hafnisiregar E, Jambak J, Suryani C. 2018. The impact of oil palm plantation on ecology of rambutan(Nephelium lappaceum) insect pollinators. Biodiversitas 19: 1347-1351. The establishment of oil palm plantation in Sumatra was theresult of massive conversion of its rainforest. Many studies have shown that oil palm plantation is a main threat to biodiversity includinginsect pollinators. However, its effect on the ecology of insect pollinators is still poorly studied. In this study, we investigated the impactof oil palm plantation on the species richness and composition, abundance as well as pattern of time period and duration of insect visiton rambutan, Nephelium lappaceum, flowers. Insect visitors of flowers were compared between rambutan grown in the Oil PalmPlantation (OPP) ecotone and the one in the mixed Oil Palm Garden Forest (OPGF) ecotone. Number of visiting insects on eachpannicle in ten minutes period and number of flowers and pannicles visited within 2 minutes were enumerated. The length of time of arandomly selected individual of the most abundant insects visited a flower and a pannicle was also recorded. The results showed thatspecies composition of insect visitors was different between the two ecotones and total insect abundance was significantly higher onrambutan flowers located in the OPGF ecotone compared to rambutan trees grown close to oil palm plantation. The insect visitors onrambutan flowers in the OPGF ecotone were dominated by bees while in the OPP was dominated by Calliphorid fly. Among the mainpollinators, the bee Apis cerana visited far more flowers and pannicles compared to Trigona sp and Chrysomya sp. Thus, more evidenceshowing that oil palm plantation probably has caused the disappearance of main species of bee pollinators, reduced abundance of flowervisitinginsects, change of pollinator species composition, change of the pattern of time and change the duration of insect visit oframbutan flowers.

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Páez, David J., and Arietta E. Fleming-Davies. "Understanding the Evolutionary Ecology of host–pathogen Interactions Provides Insights into the Outcomes of Insect Pest Biocontrol." Viruses 12, no. 2 (January 25, 2020): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12020141.

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The use of viral pathogens to control the population size of pest insects has produced both successful and unsuccessful outcomes. Here, we investigate whether those biocontrol successes and failures can be explained by key ecological and evolutionary processes between hosts and pathogens. Specifically, we examine how heterogeneity in pathogen transmission, ecological and evolutionary tradeoffs, and pathogen diversity affect insect population density and thus successful control. We first review the existing literature and then use numerical simulations of mathematical models to further explore these processes. Our results show that the control of insect densities using viruses depends strongly on the heterogeneity of virus transmission among insects. Overall, increased heterogeneity of transmission reduces the effect of viruses on insect densities and increases the long-term stability of insect populations. Lower equilibrium insect densities occur when transmission is heritable and when there is a tradeoff between mean transmission and insect fecundity compared to when the heterogeneity of transmission arises from non-genetic sources. Thus, the heterogeneity of transmission is a key parameter that regulates the long-term population dynamics of insects and their pathogens. We also show that both heterogeneity of transmission and life-history tradeoffs modulate characteristics of population dynamics such as the frequency and intensity of “boom–bust" population cycles. Furthermore, we show that because of life-history tradeoffs affecting the transmission rate, the use of multiple pathogen strains is more effective than the use of a single strain to control insect densities only when the pathogen strains differ considerably in their transmission characteristics. By quantifying the effects of ecology and evolution on population densities, we are able to offer recommendations to assess the long-term effects of classical biocontrol.

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25

Becerra, Judith X. "On the factors that promote the diversity of herbivorous insects and plants in tropical forests." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 19 (April 20, 2015): 6098–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1418643112.

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Some of the most fascinating and challenging questions in ecology are why biodiversity is highest in tropical forests and whether the factors involved are unique to these habitats. I did a worldwide test of the hypotheses that plant community divergence in antiherbivore traits results in higher insect herbivore diversity, and that predominant attack by specialized herbivores promotes plant richness. I found strong correlative support for both ideas. Butterfly diversity was greatest in regions where the community average species-pairwise dissimilarity in antiherbivore traits among plant species was highest. There was also a strong positive relationship between specialized (insect) vs. generalized (mammal) herbivores and plant richness. Regions where herbivory impact by mammals was higher than that of insects tended to have lower plant diversities. In contrast, regions in which insects are the main consumers, particularly in the Central and South American tropics, had the highest plant richness. Latitude did not explain any residual variance in insect or plant richness. The strong connections found between insect specialization, plant defense divergence, and plant and insect diversities suggest that increasing our understanding of the ecology of biological communities can aid in considerations of how to preserve biodiversity in the future.

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Somme, L., S. R. Leather, K. F. A. Walters, and J. S. Bale. "The Ecology of Insect Overwintering." Journal of Applied Ecology 31, no. 3 (August 1994): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2404454.

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27

Dreistadt, Steve H., Donald L. Dahlsten, and Gordon W. Frankie. "Urban Forests and Insect Ecology." BioScience 40, no. 3 (March 1990): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1311364.

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Lounibos, L. P., S. R. Leather, K. F. A. Walters, and J. S. Bale. "The Ecology of Insect Overwintering." Florida Entomologist 77, no. 2 (June 1994): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3495521.

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29

Bozdoğan, Hakan. "INSECT ECOLOGY: CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS." e-Journal of New World Sciences Academy 12, no. 3 (July 25, 2017): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12739/nwsa.2017.12.3.5a0085.

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30

Godfray, H. C. J. "Insect Ecology. Peter W. Price." Quarterly Review of Biology 74, no. 2 (June 1999): 239–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/393124.

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31

Horák, Jakub. "Insect ecology and veteran trees." Journal of Insect Conservation 21, no. 1 (February 2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10841-017-9953-7.

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32

Makings, P. "The ecology of insect overwintering." Endeavour 17, no. 4 (January 1993): 202–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(93)90079-i.

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33

Brockerhoff, E. G., and A. M. Liebhold. "Ecology of forest insect invasions." Biological Invasions 19, no. 11 (July 20, 2017): 3141–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1514-1.

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34

Cheng, L. "Aquatic insect ecology, Vol. 1." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 160, no. 1 (September 1992): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(92)90116-r.

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Jarosz, J. "Ecology of anti-microbials produced by bacterial associates ofSteinernema carpocapsaeandHeterorhabditis bacteriophora." Parasitology 112, no. 6 (June 1996): 545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000066129.

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SUMMARYBased on the ability of bacterial associates of entomopathogenic nematodes to produce antibiotic compounds on artificial media, it has been commonly accepted thatXenorhabdussp. andPhotorhabdussp. inhibit a wide range of invading microorganisms in insects infected withSteinernemaspp. orHeterorhabditisspp. Therefore, the question of whether antibiotic compounds produced by the primary form of bacterial symbionts associated mutualistically withS. carpocapsaeandH. bacteriophoraexplain why insect carcasses do not putrefy but provide nutritional requirements for insect parasitic rhabditoid nematodes to complete their life-cycle was examined. Laboratory bioassays of anti-bacterial activity on nutrient agar and during parasitism in larvae ofGalleria mellonellahave confirmed earlier observations thatin vitrocolonies of the primary form ofX. nematophilusandP. luminescensproduced agar-diffusible antibiotic compounds of a broad spectrum of anti-bacterial activity; their role in parasitism seems doubtful, however. This hypothesis is supported by a low antibiotic potency of a limited spectrum of anti-bacterial activity throughout the life-cycle of the parasites, principally inGalleriainfected withS. carpocapsae. Since the lack of putrefaction cannot be explained simply by antibiotic inhibition of contaminating bacterial microflora, other competition mechanisms must be operating in parasitized insects. I postulated that a rapid and massive colonization of the insect body by nematophilic bacteria creates unfavourable conditions for the growth and multiplication of bacterial (proteolytic) contaminators making the insect carcass decay-resistant. In the case ofH. bacteriophora, low antibiotic activity at an early stage of parasitism could support the colonization byP. luminescensof the host.

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Abilhoa, Vinícius, Jean Ricardo Simões Vitule, and Hugo Bornatowski. "Feeding ecology of Rivulus luelingi (Aplocheiloidei: Rivulidae) in a Coastal Atlantic Rainforest stream, southern Brazil." Neotropical Ichthyology 8, no. 4 (October 15, 2010): 813–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252010005000012.

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Feeding habits of the killifish Rivulus luelingi collected in a black water stream of the Coastal Atlantic Rainforest in southern Brazil were investigated. Eight samplings were made between April 2003 and January 2004. The diet, assessed through a similarity matrix with the estimated contribution values of food items, included microcrustaceans, aquatic immature insects (larvae and pupae), aquatic adult insects, terrestrial insects, insect fragments, spiders, and plant fragments. Differences in the diet according to temporal variations (months) were registered, but changes related with size classes evaluated and high/low precipitation period were not observed. The species presented an insectivorous feeding habit, and its diet in the studied stream was composed of autochthonous (mainly aquatic immature insects) and allochthonous (mainly insect fragments) material.

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Loxdale, Hugh D., and Gugs Lushai. "Slaves of the environment: the movement of herbivorous insects in relation to their ecology and genotype." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 354, no. 1388 (August 29, 1999): 1479–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1999.0492.

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The majority of insect species do not show an innate behavioural migration, but rather populations expand into favourable new habitats or contract away from unfavourable ones by random changes of spatial scale. Over the past 50 years, the scientific fascination with dramatic long–distance and directed mass migratory events has overshadowed the more universal mode of population movement, involving much smaller stochastic displacement during the lifetime of the insects concerned. This may be limiting our understanding of insect population dynamics. In the following synthesis, we provide an overview of how herbivorous insect movement is governed by both abiotic and biotic factors, making these animals essentially ‘slaves of their environment’. No displaced insect or insect population can leave a resource patch, migrate and flourish, leaving descendants, unless suitable habitat and/or resources are reached during movement. This must have constrained insects over geological time, bringing about species–specific adaptation in behaviour and movements in relation to their environment at a micro– and macrogeographical scale. With insects that undergo long–range spatial displacements, e.g. aphids and locusts, there is presumably a selection against movement unless overruled by factors, such as density–dependent triggering, which cause certain genotypes within the population to migrate. However, for most insect species, spatial changes of scale and range expansion are much slower and may occur over a much longer time–scale, and are not innate (nor directed). Ecologists may say that all animals and plants are figuratively speaking ‘slaves of their environments’, in the sense that their distribution is defined by their ecology and genotype. But in the case of insects, a vast number must perish daily, either out at sea or over other hostile habitats, having failed to find suitable resources and/or a habitat on which to feed and reproduce. Since many are blown by the vagaries of the wind, their chances of success are serendipitous in the extreme, especially over large distances. Hence, the strategies adopted by mass migratory species (innate pre–programmed flight behaviour, large population sizes and/or fast reproduction), which improve the chances that some of these individuals will succeed. We also emphasize the dearth of knowledge in the various interactions of insect movement and their environment, and describe how molecular markers (protein and DNA) may be used to examine the details of spatial scale over which movement occurs in relation to insect ecology and genotype.

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Evenden, Maya L., and Peter J. Silk. "The influence of Canadian research on semiochemical-based management of forest insect pests in Canada." Canadian Entomologist 148, S1 (June 11, 2015): S170—S209. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2015.17.

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AbstractInsects use semiochemicals to mediate important behaviours such as mating, oviposition, and foraging for resources. Chemical ecology research aims to identify these message-bearing chemicals and develop synthetic copies of semiochemicals for use in integrated pest management (IPM). There has been, and continues to be, an extensive research effort to understand the chemical ecology of various insects considered to be pests of forests in Canada. Canadian chemical ecology research has had an impact on IPM of forest insect pests in Canada and around the world. Canadian researchers have been involved in the identification of semiochemicals used by forest insects and the development and implementation of semiochemical-based management tactics for forest pest management. Semiochemicals have been incorporated into forest pest management for a variety of insect taxa primarily as tools to monitor and control forest insect pests in Canada. The goals of the current review are to: (1) highlight research conducted on semiochemical-based management of forest pests in Canada; (2) discuss the current and potential uses of semiochemicals in IPM of forest pests in Canada; and (3) evaluate potential areas for increased research and implementation of semiochemicals into the management of forest pests in Canada.

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Shan, Hongwei, Wei Wu, Zongtao Sun, Jianping Chen, and Hongjie Li. "The Gut Microbiota of the Insect Infraorder Pentatomomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) for the Light of Ecology and Evolution." Microorganisms 9, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020464.

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The stinkbugs of the infraorder Pentatomomorpha are a group of important plant sap-feeding insects, which host diverse microorganisms. Some are located in their complex morphological midgut compartments, while some within the specialized bacteriomes of insect hosts. This perpetuation of symbioses through host generations is reinforced via the diverse routes of vertical transmission or environmental acquisition of the symbionts. These symbiotic partners, reside either through the extracellular associations in midgut or intracellular associations in specialized cells, not only have contributed nutritional benefits to the insect hosts but also shaped their ecological and evolutionary basis. The stinkbugs and gut microbe symbioses present a valuable model that provides insights into symbiotic interactions between agricultural insects and microorganisms and may become potential agents for insect pest management.

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Rosenberg, David M., and H. V. Danks. "AQUATIC INSECTS OF PEATLANDS AND MARSHES IN CANADA: INTRODUCTION." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 119, S140 (1987): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm119140fv.

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AbstractIn general, the aquatic insects of freshwater wetlands have been inadequately studied despite their apparent importance in wetland habitats, especially in energy and nutrient transfer. The Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) recognized the deficiencies in knowledge of taxonomy and ecology of insect species in wetland habitats and sponsored a "Conference on the aquatic insects of peatlands and marshes" in St. Andrews, New Brunswick, on 3 October, 1984. The Conference summarized current knowledge on the systematics and ecology of aquatic insects of Canadian peatlands and marshes, the wetland habitats chosen for emphasis, and sought to identify needs for research on the structure and dynamics of aquatic insect faunas in these habitats. The proceedings of the Conference are published here. The first two papers provide background information on the habitats under consideration and the interactions among invertebrates and vertebrates in these habitats. A second group of papers considers features of the Hydracarina, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Hemiptera, Trichoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera in peatlands and marshes. A final paper summarizes data on the occurrence of aquatic insects in bogs, fens, and marshes, addresses broader questions related to the nature of the insect fauna, and identifies needs for further research. By making accessible systematic and ecological information on aquatic insects of Canadian peatlands and marshes, the proceedings should support and encourage further work in these habitats.

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Choo, Juanita. "Potential ecological implications of human entomophagy by subsistence groups of the Neotropics." Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 1, no. 1 (2008): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187498308x345442.

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AbstractThe practice of human entomophagy is important to the livelihood of many subsistence cultures. Insect foods are a source of protein in traditional diets and are often considered delicacies. While considerable research has been conducted on the nutritional benefits of insects to human welfare, there has been little focus on understanding how harvests of insect foods can potentially impact local ecology. In this paper, I address the potential ecological consequences of insect harvesting activities with a focus on Neotropical subsistence communities. I confine my discussion to four insect foods - palm weevils, bruchid beetles, ants, and termites. Insect harvesting has the potential to not only influence insect populations but also to alter ecological interactions between plant and insects. I propose that rigorous studies on insect harvest intensity, in space and time, are necessary steps in understanding the full effects of harvesting activities on insect populations and broader forest communities. Research on the ecological implications of insect harvests are important in the face of potential increases in the demand for insect food as a result of rapid population growth within indigenous communities and increased hunting pressures on wild game.

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O'Malley, Robert C., and William C. McGrew. "Primates, insects and insect resources." Journal of Human Evolution 71 (June 2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.02.010.

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Rosenberg, David M., and H. V. Danks. "INTRODUCTION." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 119, no. 140 (April 1, 1987): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm119140001-1.

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In general, the aquatic insects of freshwater wetlands have been inadequately studied despite their apparent importance in wetland habitats, especially in energy and nutrient transfer. The Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) recognized the deficiencies in knowledge of taxonomy and ecology of insect species in wetland habitats and sponsored a "Conference on the aquatic insects of peatlands and marshes" in St. Andrews, New Brunswick, on 3 October, 1984. The Conference summarized current knowledge on the systematics and ecology of aquatic insects of Canadian peatlands and marshes, the wetland habitats chosen for emphasis, and sought to identify needs for research on the structure and dynamics of aquatic insect faunas in these habitats. The proceedings of the Conference are published here. The first two papers provide background information on the habitats under consideration and the interactions among invertebrates and vertebrates in these habitats. A second group of papers considers features of the Hydracarina, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Hemiptera, Trichoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera in peatlands and marshes. A final paper summarizes data on the occurrence of aquatic insects in bogs, fens, and marshes, addresses broader questions related to the nature of the insect fauna, and identifies needs for further research. By making accessible systematic and ecological information on aquatic insects of Canadian peatlands and marshes, the proceedings should support and encourage further work in these habitats.

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Lokeshwari, R. K., and T. Shantibala. "A Review on the Fascinating World of Insect Resources: Reason for Thoughts." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2010 (2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/207570.

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Insect resources are vast and diverse due to their enormous diversity. The exploitation and utilization of insect resources is broadly classified into four different categories. The first category is the insects of industrial resources. This level includes the utilization of silk worm, honeybee, lac insect, dye insect, and aesthetic insect. The second category is the utilization of insects for edible and therapeutic purposes. Insects are high in protein and many are rich sources of vitamins and minerals. The third category is the use of insects in forensic investigation. By analyzing the stages of succession of insects at first, rough estimation of the postmortem intervals can be done. The fourth category is the insects of ecological importance. Many insect species act as potential predators and parasites of destructive pests of insect order Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Orthoptera. Insects are also used as bioindicator to assess the cumulative effects of environmental stressors such as pollutants. Despites these fascinating benefits, insect resources are often neglected in India due to lack of proper documentation, less expertise, and advance enterprises in these fields. Hence, the paper reviews the different fascinating facets of insect resources in order to explore and utilize it in a sustainable way with reference to Indian region.

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Hauri, Kayleigh C., and Zsofia Szendrei. "A Meta-analysis of Interactions Between Insect Herbivores and Plant-Parasitic Nematodes." Environmental Entomology 51, no. 1 (November 19, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvab131.

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Abstract Insect herbivores and plant-parasitic nematodes are global, economically devastating pests that are present in nearly every crop and natural system worldwide. Although they may be spatially separated, they indirectly interact with each other by altering both plant chemical defense and nutrition. However, the outcome of these interactions is highly variable across different focal species. We performed a meta-analysis to determine how plant and nematode traits influence insect herbivore growth and reproduction, as well as nematode abundance and reproduction. We investigated how interactions between plant-parasitic nematodes and insect herbivores influence plant biomass, carbon, and nitrogen in the roots and shoots. We found no overall effect of nematodes on insect herbivores or insect herbivores on nematodes. However, while phloem-feeding insect reproduction was not affected by nematode feeding guild or plant family, chewing insect growth increased in the presence of cyst nematodes and decreased in the presence of gall nematodes. The effect of nematodes on chewing insect herbivore growth was also affected by the focal plant family. Nematode presence did not alter plant biomass when plants were exposed to aboveground insect herbivory, but carbon and nitrogen were higher in roots and nitrogen was higher in shoots of plants with nematodes and insects compared to plants with insects alone. Our results indicate that the mechanisms driving the outcome of aboveground–belowground interactions are still unclear, but those chewing insects may have more variable responses to nematode damage than phloem-feeders.

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Busse, Maria, Felix Zoll, Rosemarie Siebert, Annette Bartels, Anke Bokelmann, and Phillipp Scharschmidt. "How farmers think about insects: perceptions of biodiversity, biodiversity loss and attitudes towards insect-friendly farming practices." Biodiversity and Conservation 30, no. 11 (July 19, 2021): 3045–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02235-2.

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AbstractAn alarming decrease of insects in number and variety calls for measures of protection and promotion, since insects are crucial for the functioning of ecosystems and provide multiple ecosystem services. Agricultural landscapes can provide vast insect habitats if they are managed accordingly. However, little is known about farmers’ problem awareness and attitudes toward insect biodiversity loss, related farming practises, or alternative acceptable insect-friendly solutions. To fill these research gaps, this paper aimed to reveal farmers’ perceptions and attitudes regarding these aspects in two German case studies. We conducted 23 semi-structured interviews with farmers in 2019 and qualitatively analysed them using semantic web analysis. Farmers mostly reported awareness of insects’ ecosystem services and disservices related to agricultural production rather than mentioning the holistic ecological importance of insects. About half of the farmers confirmed insect loss based on their own observations, whereas a similar number doubted there had been a decrease of insects. Most farmers are open-minded towards insect-friendly measures if financially compensated. The farmers also mentioned a joint societal responsibility for insects, economic pressure on farmers to use pesticides due to global market prices, and unbalanced agricultural policies. This study revealed in-depth insights into farmers’ thinking about insects and how farmers contextualise arguments. Our results identified overlaps in farmers’ mental models, which paves the way for co-designing insect-friendly farming practices in landscape labs. Local transformation efforts can also demonstrate new pathways for a shift on the higher levels.

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Linardi, Aldo, and Agustinus Sutanto. "HIVE CITY : KONSERVASI DAN WISATA PADA KAWASAN KECAMATAN CILEUNGSI BOGOR." Jurnal Sains, Teknologi, Urban, Perancangan, Arsitektur (Stupa) 3, no. 2 (February 3, 2022): 1499. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/stupa.v3i2.12351.

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Doomsday is a condition in which all the life of this world ends. Everything in this world is sure to end someday but this incident can happen much faster. Human neglect and greed in dealing with the surrounding ecology can accelerate the end of the world. This world is filled with various kinds of living things ranging in size from large to small, each creature has its own role and is related to one another. Currently 40% of the insect population is threatened with extinction and if the insects become extinct there will be a mass extinction of living things, this is called the Insect Doomsday. This can occur because insects play an important role in pollination, pest control, waste processing, and decomposers as well as a source of food in the ecosystem. This project uses the Biomimicry method which uses the geometric shape of the characteristics of the honeycomb. The resulting geometric shape becomes a metaphor for the insects to live in. The basic concept of this project is to create an open conservation that can increase the bee and butterfly population in the Cileungsi Area and become a place for insects that have lost their food sources due to changes in the function of the green area. Rapid action is needed to prevent the decline in insect populations in order to prevent the Insect Doomsday. The authors designed the project on the basis of Beyond Ecology. With conservation projects and insect tourism, it can increase insect populations and increase biodiversity by using horticulture that uses insects to develop its plants. Keywords: Insect Doomsday; Conservation; Beyond Ecology Abstrak Kiamat adalah sebuah kondisi dimana seluruh kehidupan dunia ini berakhir. Segala sesuatu di dunia ini pasti suatu saat akan berakhir akan tetapi kejadian ini bisa terjadi jauh lebih cepat. Kelalaian dan ketamakan manusia dalam berhubungan dengan ekologi sekitar dapat mempercepat akhirnya dunia. Dunia ini diisi dengan berbagai macam makhluk hidup mulai dari ukuran besar sampai kecil, setiap makhluk mempunyai perannya masing-masing dan saling berkaitan. Saat ini 40% populasi serangga terancam punah dan jika serangga punah maka akan terjadi kepunahan masal makhluk hidup, inilah yang disebut dengan Kiamat Serangga. Hal tersebut dapat terjadi karena serangga memegang peran penting dalam penyerbukan, pengontrol hama, pengolah limbah, dan decomposer serta sumber makanan dalam ekosistem. Proyek ini menggunakan metode Biomimikri yang menggunakan bentuk geometri dari karakteristik sarang lebah. Bentuk Geometri yang dihasilkan menjadi metafora tempat tinggal para serangga. Konsep dasar dari proyek ini adalah menciptakan sebuah konservasi terbuka yang dapat menambah populasi serangga lebah dan kupu-kupu di Kawasan Cileungsi serta menjadi tempat bagi serangga yang kehilangan sumber makanan akibat perubahan fungsi kawasan hijau. Diperlukan aksi cepat dalam mencegah penurunan populasi serangga dalam mencegah Kiamat Serangga penulis merancang proyek dengan basis Beyond Ecology. Dengan proyek konservasi dan wisata serangga dapat menambah populasi serangga serta menambah keanekaragaman hayati dengan hortikultura yang menggunakan serangga dalam mengembangkan tumbuhannya.

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Symes, Laurel, Hannah M. ter Hofstede, Sharon J. Martinson, Inga Geipel, Ciara E. Kernan, and Shyam Madhusudhana. "Using passive acoustic monitoring and machine learning analysis to investigate katydid ecology and behavior." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (April 2022): A29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010553.

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Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) can provide detailed information on the spatial and temporal distribution of sound producing insects. When combined with machine learning approaches for extracting data from multiple sites and multiple years, PAM can provide exceptionally detailed information about the ecology of the calling insect community. We placed recording devices in the forest canopy on Barro Colorado Island in Panamá and used a combination of manual annotation and machine learning analysis in Koogu (an open source python package) to test the following hypotheses in Neotropical forest katydids: (1) The forest canopy species assemblage will consist disproportionately of katydid species with high flight and dispersal ability (reflected by low wing-loading coefficients), (2) katydids aggregate on an individual tree during the short window when a tree flushes new leaves (resulting in short concordant peaks of signaling activity across multiple katydid species), and (3) in species with relatively short calling seasons, males will have little time to accumulate nuptial gifts for females and will instead invest in mate searching (reflected by high male:female sex ratios in insects captured at lights). In changing forests, consistent approaches for insect sampling will be key for understanding insect ecology and generating interpretable and actionable data.

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Yamazaki, Yumiko, Shigeharu Moriya, Shinpei Kawarai, Hidetoshi Morita, Takefumi Kikusui, and Atsushi Iriki. "Effects of enhanced insect feeding on the faecal microbiota and transcriptome of a family of captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 22, 2022): e0279380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279380.

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Common marmosets have been widely used in biomedical research for years. Nutritional control is an important factor in managing their health, and insect intake would be beneficial for that purpose because common marmosets frequently feed on insects in natural habitats. Here, we examined the effect of enhanced insect feeding on the gut by analysing the faecal microbiota and transcripts of captive marmosets. A family consisting of six marmosets was divided into two groups. During the seven-day intervention period, one group (the insect feeding group, or Group IF) was fed one cricket and one giant mealworm per marmoset per day, while the other (the control group, or Group C) was not fed these insects. RNA was extracted from faecal samples to evaluate the ecology and transcripts of the microbiota, which were then compared among time points before (Pre), immediately after (Post), and two weeks after the intervention (Follow_up) using total RNA sequencing. The gut microbiota of marmosets showed Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria as dominant phyla. Linear discriminant analysis showed differential characteristics of microbiota with and without insect feeding treatment. Further analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed increases and decreases in Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, respectively, corresponding to the availability of insects under both Post and Follow_up conditions. Significant changes specific to insect feeding were also detected within the transcriptome, some of which were synchronized with the fluctuations in the microbiota, suggesting a functional correlation or interaction between the two. The rapid changes in the microbiota and transcripts may be achieved by the microbiota community originally developed in the wild through marmosets’ feeding ecology. The results were informative for identifying the physiological impact of insect feeding to produce a better food regimen and for detecting transcripts that are currently unidentifiable.

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Breed, Michael D., and Thomas D. Seeley. "Behavioral Ecology of a Social Insect." Evolution 40, no. 6 (November 1986): 1358. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2408965.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Insect ecology'

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