Relevant bibliographies by topics / Insect pests – Biological control

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Insect pests – Biological control'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Insect pests – Biological control"

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Devi, Gitanjali. "Management of Dipteran Pests Through Entomopathogenic Nematodes." Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International 25, no. 2 (March 7, 2024): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jaeri/2024/v25i2582.

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Dipteran insects are most destructive agricultural pests. They are also vectors of many diseases of human and animal. Much effort has been made to control this pest through chemical treatment. The application of biological control agents has been advocated as an ecofriendly control method for insect pests. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are obligate insect parasites that can be effective biocontrol agents for many agricultural pests including many Dipteran insect pests. EPNs pose much less threat to the environment than chemical pesticides. However, several biotic and abiotic factors along with method of application influence the bioefficacy of this organism against Dipteran insects. This review paper provides an overview of developments in entomopathogenic nematode research and evaluation of their potential for use against Dipteran insect pests.
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Amporn Winotai. "Integrated Pest Management of Important Insect Pests of Coconut1." CORD 30, no. 1 (April 1, 2014): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v30i1.82.

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IPM or Integrated pest management is a strategy that integrates various methods of cultural, physical, mechanical, biological control and selection of pesticides as the last option. IPM is not only cost effective but simultaneously prioritized human and environmental safety. IPM is based on farmer’s local knowledge, acceptance and education. Several insects were reported as coconut pests in Asia and Pacific region. Among these pests, rhinoceros beetle, red palm weevil, coconut hispine beetle, coconut black headed caterpillar and coconut scale currently causing severe damage to coconut palms in the region. Rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is native to South Asia and Southeast Asia. Management of this pest is a combination of sanitation in plantations and surrounding, biological control by using Metarhizium anisopliae, Oryctes virus and pheromone trapping. Red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) outbreaks usually occur after infestation of rhinoceros beetle. Keeping the rhinoceros under control results in keeping the red palm weevil under control too. Pheromone trapping is also developed for reduction of this pest. Coconut hispine beetle, Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Chrysomellidae), is an invasive pest occurs in Southeast Asia and Pacific region. Biological control of the pest is recommended by releasing two species of parasitoids, Asecodes hispinarus Boucek (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Tetrastichus brontispae Ferriere (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Coconut black headed caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) is one of the key pests of coconut in South Asia and invaded Thailand in 2008. Management of this pest in its native region consisted of: 1) removing and burning of the infested leaves; 2) biological control by releasing parasitoids such as Goniozus nephantidis (Muesebeck), Bracon brevicornis (Wesmael), Brachymeria nephantidis Gahan; and 3) chemical control by trunk injection and applying systemic insecticides in the holes. Bacillus thruringiensis has been recommended for biological control of the black headed caterpillar in Thailand. Coconut scale, Aspidiotus destructor Signoret (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) has been reported as a serious in Philippines. Predators are significant biological control agents in limiting A. destructor populations. The most common natural enemies associated with the coconut scales are the coccinellid beetles Chilocorus spp., Azya trinitatis, Cryptognatha nodiceps, Rhyzobius lophanthae and Pentilia castanea. Local parasitoids, Comperiella, Aphytis and Encarsia also play important roles in keeping the pest under control. Application of insecticides could inducee the infestation of the scale. Biological controls is recommended for suppression of other coconut pests, such as slug caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) such as Parasa lepida Cramer; coconut leaf moth, Artona catoxantha Hampton (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae); and coconut leafminer, Promecotheca cumingii Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).
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Styer, E. L., and J. J. Hamm. "Detection and Identification of Viruses in Economically Important Insects." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 666–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600035820.

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Economically important insects include pests of plants, animals and stored products as well as insects produced commercially (honey bees, silkworms, insects for fish bait and food for birds and zoo animals). Other insects are produced in large numbers for experimental purposes, biological control of insect pests and weeds and the production of sterile insects for population suppression. Insect viruses may affect morphology, physiology and behavior, often reducing longevity and reproductive potential. Thus insect viruses can be used as biological control agents of pest insects. Insect viruses may also interfere with the production or function of biological control agents (e.g., parasitoids and predators) and insects used for research purposes. Therefore, it is advantageous to screen commercial and research colonies and imported insects for viruses.Electron microscopy of negatively stained specimens (NS EM) offers a relatively rapid and inexpensive means of screening populations of insects for the presence of viruses or viruslike particles and to monitor the progress of virus control programs.
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Smits, Peter H. "Biological Control of Insect Pests in Turfgrass." Pesticide Science 47, no. 4 (August 1996): 385–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9063(199608)47:4<385::aid-ps428>3.0.co;2-y.

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Ghidiu, Gerald M. "Biological Insecticides to Control Cabbage Insect Pests, 1985." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/11.1.112.

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Abstract ‘Ranger’ cabbage were seeded on 15 Jul to a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were single rows 25 ft long and 5 ft wide replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design; a guard row buffered each treated row. Sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 1 drop nozzle on either side of the row and 1 nozzle over the center calibrated to deliver 41 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Treatments were applied on 6 Sep and 17 Sep. Number of larvae/10 plants was recorded on 26 Sep. Foliage injury ratings were recorded on 20 Sep and are expressed as percent defoliation. Yield (percent marketable heads) were taken on 2 Oct and defined as cabbage heads with no visible feeding and having at least 2 undamaged wrapper leaves.
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Ghidiu, Gerald M. "Biological Insecticides to Control Cabbage Insect Pests, 1987." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 94a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/13.1.94a.

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Abstract ‘Ranger’ cabbage were seeded into a Sassafras sandy loam field on 7 Aug. Plots consisted of a single row 25 ft long and 5 ft wide, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design; a guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with a drop nozzle on either side of the row and one centered over the row calibrated to deliver 60 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Treatments were applied 9, 17, and 23 Sep and 5 Oct. Evaluations for the various treatments included direct larval counts per 10 plants (15 Sep, 8 Oct), foliage injury ratings (expressed as percent defoliation, 25 Sep) and percent marketable heads (clean heads with at least 2 undamaged wrapper leaves, 26 Oct).
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Ghidiu, Gerald M. "Biological Insecticides to Control Cabbage Insect Pests, 1986." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 12, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 100–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/12.1.100.

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Abstract Ranger’ cabbage were seeded on 29 Jul to a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were single rows 25-ft long and 5-ft wide replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design; a guard row buffered each treated row, Sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with one drop nozzle on either side of the row and one nozzle over the center calibrated to deliver 60 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Treatments were applied on 4, 11 Sep and 8 Oct. Number of larvae/10 plants was recorded on 18 Sep and 16 Oct. Foliage injury ratings were recorded on 13 Sep and are expressed as % defoliation. Yield (% marketable heads) were taken on 20 Oct and defined as cabbage heads with no visible feeding and having at least two undamaged wrapper leaves. Ten cabbage heads from each treatment were harvested and weighed on 24 Oct to determine weight/head (lb).
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Lou, Yong-Gen, Gu-Ren Zhang, Wen-Qing Zhang, Yang Hu, and Jin Zhang. "Biological control of rice insect pests in China." Biological Control 67, no. 1 (October 2013): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.06.011.

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Heinz, Kevin M., and Michael P. Parrella. "Biological Control of Insect Pests on Greenhouse Marigolds." Environmental Entomology 19, no. 4 (August 1, 1990): 825–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/19.4.825.

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Arnold, Joshua E., Monika Egerer, and Kent M. Daane. "Local and Landscape Effects to Biological Controls in Urban Agriculture—A Review." Insects 10, no. 7 (July 22, 2019): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10070215.

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Urban agriculture is widely practiced throughout the world. Urban agriculture practitioners have diverse motivations and circumstances, but one problem is ubiquitous across all regions: insect pests. Many urban farmers and gardeners either choose to, or are required to forego, the use of chemical controls for pest outbreaks because of costs, overspray in populated areas, public health, and environmental concerns. An alternative form of pest control is conservation biological control (CBC)—a form of ecological pest management—that can reduce the severity of pest outbreaks and crop damage. Urban farmers relying on CBC often assume that diversification practices similar to those used in rural farms may reduce insect pest populations and increase populations of beneficial insects, yet these management practices may be inappropriate for applications in fragmented urban environments. In this review, we assess urban CBC research and provide a synthesis for urban agriculture practitioners. Our findings indicate that local and landscape factors differentially affect insect pests and beneficial arthropods across the reviewed studies, and we identify several on-farm practices that can be implemented to increase biological control in urban agriculture.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Insect pests – Biological control"

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Malek, Robert Nehme. "Novel Monitoring and Biological Control of Invasive Insect Pests." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/257781.

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Invasive species are alien to the ecosystem under consideration and cause economic or environmental damage or harm to human health. Two alien insects that fit this description are the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys and the spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula. Both invaders are polyphagous pests that feed on a myriad of plant species and inflict severe crop losses. As sustainable control methods depend on the accurate monitoring of species’ invasion and involve the use of natural enemies, we addressed these two facets by exploring novel monitoring techniques and deciphering host-parasitoid interactions for improved integrated pest management. Thus, we adopted ‘BugMap’, a citizen science initiative that enables students, farmers and everyday citizens to report sightings of H. halys from Italy, with emphasis on Trentino-Alto Adige. Aside from fostering citizen participation in scientific endeavors and the enhanced literacy that ensues, BugMap helped uncover the invasion dynamics of H. halys and forecast its potential distribution in Trentino, all while coordinating technical monitoring and informing management strategies. The most promising agent currently under study for the classical biological control of H. halys is the Asian egg parasitoid Trissolcus japonicus. To assess the wasp’s potential non-target impacts, we investigated its foraging behavior in response to chemical traces ‘footprints’ deposited by its main host H. halys and by a suboptimal predatory species, the spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris. Wasps exhibited a ‘motivated searching’ when in contact with footprints originating from both species. However, T. japonicus arrestment was significantly stronger in response to H. halys footprints, compared with P. maculiventris, implying the presence of underlying chemical cues that shape its natural preferences. A series of GC-MS chemical analyses revealed that n-tridecane and (E)-2-decenal were more abundant in H. halys footprints and are probably the key components utilized by the wasp for short range host location. The function of the aforementioned compounds was studied, n-tridecane acted as an arrestant, prolonging T. japonicus residence time, whereas (E)-2-decenal fulfilled its presumed defensive role and repelled the wasp. These results shed new light on the chemical ecology of T. japonicus and help expand the understanding of parasitoid foraging and its implications for classical biological control. Moving to the other invader L. delicatula, an egg parasitoid Anastatus orientalis was reported attacking it at high rates in its native range in Eastern Asia and may play a key role in reducing its populations there. A series of bioassays revealed that wasps responded to footprints deposited by L. delicatula gravid females by initiating a strong searching behavior. Moreover, A. orientalis preferred to oviposit in egg masses with intact oothecae, suggesting that the host’s egg covering functions as a trigger for A. orientalis probing and oviposition. Thus, A. orientalis not only overcomes, but also reverses an important line of host structural defense for its own fitness gains. This dissertation discusses the benefits of combining citizen science with traditional monitoring, and the usefulness of decoding host-parasitoid interactions to design more efficacious management strategies of invasive insect pests.
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Malek, Robert Nehme. "Novel Monitoring and Biological Control of Invasive Insect Pests." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/257781.

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Invasive species are alien to the ecosystem under consideration and cause economic or environmental damage or harm to human health. Two alien insects that fit this description are the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys and the spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula. Both invaders are polyphagous pests that feed on a myriad of plant species and inflict severe crop losses. As sustainable control methods depend on the accurate monitoring of species’ invasion and involve the use of natural enemies, we addressed these two facets by exploring novel monitoring techniques and deciphering host-parasitoid interactions for improved integrated pest management. Thus, we adopted ‘BugMap’, a citizen science initiative that enables students, farmers and everyday citizens to report sightings of H. halys from Italy, with emphasis on Trentino-Alto Adige. Aside from fostering citizen participation in scientific endeavors and the enhanced literacy that ensues, BugMap helped uncover the invasion dynamics of H. halys and forecast its potential distribution in Trentino, all while coordinating technical monitoring and informing management strategies. The most promising agent currently under study for the classical biological control of H. halys is the Asian egg parasitoid Trissolcus japonicus. To assess the wasp’s potential non-target impacts, we investigated its foraging behavior in response to chemical traces ‘footprints’ deposited by its main host H. halys and by a suboptimal predatory species, the spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris. Wasps exhibited a ‘motivated searching’ when in contact with footprints originating from both species. However, T. japonicus arrestment was significantly stronger in response to H. halys footprints, compared with P. maculiventris, implying the presence of underlying chemical cues that shape its natural preferences. A series of GC-MS chemical analyses revealed that n-tridecane and (E)-2-decenal were more abundant in H. halys footprints and are probably the key components utilized by the wasp for short range host location. The function of the aforementioned compounds was studied, n-tridecane acted as an arrestant, prolonging T. japonicus residence time, whereas (E)-2-decenal fulfilled its presumed defensive role and repelled the wasp. These results shed new light on the chemical ecology of T. japonicus and help expand the understanding of parasitoid foraging and its implications for classical biological control. Moving to the other invader L. delicatula, an egg parasitoid Anastatus orientalis was reported attacking it at high rates in its native range in Eastern Asia and may play a key role in reducing its populations there. A series of bioassays revealed that wasps responded to footprints deposited by L. delicatula gravid females by initiating a strong searching behavior. Moreover, A. orientalis preferred to oviposit in egg masses with intact oothecae, suggesting that the host’s egg covering functions as a trigger for A. orientalis probing and oviposition. Thus, A. orientalis not only overcomes, but also reverses an important line of host structural defense for its own fitness gains. This dissertation discusses the benefits of combining citizen science with traditional monitoring, and the usefulness of decoding host-parasitoid interactions to design more efficacious management strategies of invasive insect pests.
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Williams, Elizabeth Catherine. "Entomopathogenic nematodes as control agents of statutory insect pests." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265978.

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Chang, Gary C. "Ecological interaction among natural enemies and its consequences for biological control /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5205.

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Ramos, Olgaly. "Entomopathogenic nematodes for the biological control of stored product insect pests /." Search for this dissertation online, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ksu/main.

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Mazahery-Laghab, Hojjatollah. "Endogenous resistance to insect pests in alfalfa : engineering for enhanced resistance." Thesis, Durham University, 1997. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4695/.

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Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is a valuable forage crop grown throughout the World. While the crop is resistant to attack by many insect pests, it is subject to potentially severe losses through the action of several specific pests, which are adapted to alfalfa as a host. The most economically damaging of these pests is the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica. This thesis investigates the endogenous defences of alfalfa against insects, which are responsible for its resistance to non-pest species, and develops a strategy for increasing the resistance of alfalfa towards pest species, specifically alfalfa weevil. The role of saponins in the resistance of alfalfa towards non-pest species has been investigated by using successive insect bioassays, carried out with extracts, mixtures of compounds, and purified compounds, to identify which compounds present in alfalfa tissues are responsible for toxicity towards insects. Crude saponin extracts, in 80% methanol, from alfalfa seedling tissues were bioassayed against the cowpea seed weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus. Both extracts from shoot and root tissues caused larval mortality and delayed development when incorporated into an artificial diet at levels comparable to those found in alfalfa, but lower levels of root saponin extracts showed probiotic effects, whereas lower levels of shoot saponins were still toxic. Hydrolysis of the saponins present in these extracts decreased their toxicity. Purified saponin mixtures were prepared by butanol partition and ether precipitation, and were bioassayed against potato aphid (Aulacorthum solani) in a liquid artificial diet, which allowed quantitative effects to be accurately assayed. Shoot saponins showed a concentration-dependent toxic effect, decreasing survival over an initial 5 day period, decreasing growth, and inhibiting fecundity (measured by nymph production) in these insects. Alfalfa root saponins showed no deleterious effects below a threshold level, but caused complete mortality above this level. The alfalfa saponin mixtures were separated into fractions by chromatography on a reverse phase column. Bioassays showed that the toxicity towards potato was associated only with fractions containing saponins, and that fractions containing a component identified as soyasaponin I were more toxic to the aphids than others. Finally, two saponins purified from alfalfa, soyasaponin I and medicoside A, were assayed. These assays showed that soyasaponin was consistently more toxic in effects on mortality, growth and fecundity. It was concluded that alfalfa saponins, and in particular soyasaponin I, were major factors in the resistance of alfalfa towards potato aphid, and other insects. A saponin mixture from another species, sugar beet {Beta vulgaris) was also toxic to aphids, supporting the view that saponins have a general role in resistance to insects. Inhibition of insect digestive proteolysis by expression of a foreign protein protease inhibitor was selected as a strategy to protect transgenic alfalfa against alfalfa weevil. The major protease activity in larvae of this msect was shown to be due to cysteine proteases, which could be inhibited by cystatins. Rice cystatin was produced in large quantity using a recombinant protein expression system in E. coli for use in a "proving" experiment. Incorporation of the rice cystatin into an alfalfa weevil larvae artificial diet decreased survival, showing that this approach was feasible.
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Zhou, Yanmin. "Insect adhesion on rough surfaces and properties of insect repellent surfaces." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709055.

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Greenfield, Bethany Patricia Jane. "Metarhizium pathogenesis of mosquito larvae." Thesis, Swansea University, 2014. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42819.

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Smith, Ethan A. "Is everything connected? following the predators, pests, and plants within a no-till, western Montana agroecosystem /." CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2006. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-12212006-142245/.

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Adedipe, Folukemi Ebunoluwa. "Investigation of ecological behavior of two Coccinellidae beetle adults for biological control." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10491.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2009.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 60 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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Books on the topic "Insect pests – Biological control"

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Rosas-Garcia, Ninfa M. Biological control of insect pests. Houston: Studium Press LLC, 2011.

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National Symposium on "Biological Control of Insect Pests" (2002 Entomology Research Institute). Biological control of insect pests. New Delhi: Phoenix Pub. House, 2003.

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United States. Agricultural Research Service., ed. Principles of insect parasitism analyzed from new perspectives: Practical implications for regulating insect populations by biological means. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1992.

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Rechcigl, Jack E. Biological and biotechnological control of insect pests. Boca Raton, Fla: Lewis Publishers, 1998.

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Rechcigl, Jack E. Biological and biotechnological control of insect pests. Boca Raton, Fla: Lewis Publishers, 1999.

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National Symposium on Advances in Biological Control of Insect Pests (1993 Muzzafarnagar, India). Biological control of insect pests: Proceedings of the National Symposium on Advances in Biological Control of Insect Pests. Edited by Goel Suresh C and Uttar Pradesh Zoological Society. Muzaffarnagar: Uttar Pradesh Zoological Society, c/o PG-Dept. of Zoology, 1994.

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David, B. Vasantharaj, and S. Ignacimuthu. Non-chemical insect pest management. New Delhi: Elite Pub. House, 2010.

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US DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Biological control: spreading the benefits. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1989.

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Waterhouse, D. F. Biological control of insect pests: Southeast Asian prospects. Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 1998.

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S, Ignacimuthu, and Sen Alok, eds. Biopesticides in insect pest management. New Delhi: Phoenix Pub. House, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Insect pests – Biological control"

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De, Arnab, Rituparna Bose, Ajeet Kumar, and Subho Mozumdar. "Biological Control of Insect Pests." In SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science, 27–28. New Delhi: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1689-6_7.

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Dent, David, and Richard H. Binks. "Biological control." In Insect pest management, 151–97. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789241051.0151.

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Rayl, Ryan J., Morgan W. Shields, Sundar Tiwari, and Steve D. Wratten. "Conservation Biological Control of Insect Pests." In Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 28, 103–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90309-5_3.

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Scherber, Christoph, Blas Lavandero, Katrin M. Meyer, David Perovic, Ute Visser, Kerstin Wiegand, and Teja Tscharntke. "Scale Effects in Biodiversity and Biological Control: Methods and Statistical Analysis." In Biodiversity and Insect Pests, 121–38. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118231838.ch8.

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Abdel-Raheem, Mohamed, and Santeshwari Srivastava. "Biological Control of Sugar Beet Insect-Pests." In Sugar Beet Cultivation, Management and Processing, 659–75. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2730-0_32.

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Wäckers, Felix L., and Paul C. J. van Rijn. "Pick and Mix: Selecting Flowering Plants to Meet the Requirements of Target Biological Control Insects." In Biodiversity and Insect Pests, 139–65. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118231838.ch9.

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Thomas, J. "Biological Control of Insect Pests of Small Cardamom." In Biocontrol Potential and its Exploitation in Sustainable Agriculture, 389–99. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1377-3_23.

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Sindhu, Satyavir S., Anju Sehrawat, Ruchi Sharma, and Aakanksha Khandelwal. "Biological Control of Insect Pests for Sustainable Agriculture." In Advances in Soil Microbiology: Recent Trends and Future Prospects, 189–218. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7380-9_9.

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Jacas, Josep Anton, and Alberto Urbaneja. "Biological Control in Citrus in Spain: From Classical to Conservation Biological Control." In Integrated Management of Arthropod Pests and Insect Borne Diseases, 61–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8606-8_3.

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Mracek, Zdenek. "Use of Entomoparasitic Nematodes (EPANs) in Biological Control." In Advances in Microbial Control of Insect Pests, 235–64. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4437-8_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Insect pests – Biological control"

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Gevorkyan, I. S. "APPLICATION OF THE IONIZING RADIATION IN THE PEST CONTROL." In V International Scientific Conference CONCEPTUAL AND APPLIED ASPECTS OF INVERTEBRATE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND BIOLOGICAL EDUCATION. Tomsk State University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-94621-931-0-2020-67.

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The article briefly discusses the available and existing methods of control of insects-pests of grain reserves and food products. The author concludes about the preferences of the grain reserves irradiation by ionizing radiation. The author points out that to actual date, have been experimentally determined such doses of ionizing radiation, which sterilize or kill the most common insect pests. However, the data obtained are still not enough to organize a wide and comprehensive application of ionizing radiation in pest control. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct further in-depth and comprehensive experimental studies of the sensitivity of all types of insect pests to ionizing radiation in order to justify the optimal conditions and modes of irradiation of agricultural and food products. Accumulation of experimental material will allow to study more deeply the reasons and mechanisms of infringement of vital functions of an organism of insects-wreckers under the influence of ionizing radiation, and, thereby, to provide successful fight against these wreckers of stocks.
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Gurr, Geoff M. "Ecological approaches to enhance biological control of insect pests." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.93045.

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Moldovan, Anna, Ion Toderaș, and Natalia Munteanu-Molotievskiy. "Noi agenți bacterieni de control biologic al insectelor dăunătoare in Republica Moldova." In International symposium ”Actual problems of zoology and parasitology: achievements and prospects” dedicated to the 100th anniversary from the birth of academician Alexei Spassky. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975665902.70.

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Modern agriculture faces numerous problems, many of which are caused by the excessive use of synthetic pesticides to control pests. Development of a sustainable agriculture system is a priority for the Republic of Moldova, the main objectives being food security, protection of environment, support the competitiveness of local farmers on national and international market. Biological control proved to be a successful approach to the sustainable management of harmful insects. Thus, it is necessary to make continuous efforts to address the demand of business and national economy in environmentally friendly pesticide products. This study aimed to highlight new agents for biological control of insect pests based on local Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains. Highlighted strains show promising results having a high insecticidal activity against lepidopteran (Lymantria dispar, Cydia pomonella and Archips rosana) and coleopteran (Neocoenorhinidius pauxillus, Phyllobius oblongus and Sitona lineatus) pest species. It therefore will allow local production of biopesticides, which will significantly reduce the final cost of the product, making it more accessible to farmers. Use of local Bt strains will also help avoid the ecological risks associated with the introduction of new organisms into ecosystems.
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Dannon, Elie. "Biological control: A non-obvious option for managing insect pests in cowpea." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.106004.

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Mishchenko, Andrey V. "ON THE ISSUE OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF MINING INSECTS OF FOREST-STEPPE LANDSCAPES OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA." In Treshnikov readings – 2021 Modern geographical global picture and technology of geographic education. Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. N. Ulyanov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33065/978-5-907216-08-2-2021-55-56.

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Darmawan, Raden, Sashi Agustina, Nisa'ul Afifah Aini, Michellia Pramoryza, and Sri Rachmania Juliastuti. "Utilizing Organic Waste for Biopesticide: Efficacy and Mortality Test against <i>Spodoptera litura</i> with Entomopathogenic Microorganisms." In 4th International Seminar on Fundamental and Application of Chemical Engineering. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-1nv7ih.

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Spodoptera litura is an agricultural pest that attacks almost all types of herbaceous plants, especially vegetable commodities. Spodoptera litura causes serious damage during the immature or larval stage. The attack of Spodoptera litura larvae can cause significant losses to farmers. To deal with these pests, they still use chemicals that have a negative effect on the environment. Therefore, a good solution is required by utilizing biological agents to control agricultural insect pests. It is an alternative strategy that is more environmentally friendly than the use of chemical pesticides. Research on the use of biocontrol agents as biological control agents for insect pests is still being pursued, one of which is the use of entomopathogenic microorganisms. Biological control using entomopathogenic bacteria is an alternative strategy that is effective and environmentally friendly compared to the use of synthetic insecticides. This study aims to determine the mortality rate from the use of organic waste and bacteria against pathogenic pests Spodoptera litura and to determine the activity of pathogenic pests Spodoptera litura after treatment. This study begins with observations to determine the log phase of bacterial growth by culturing bacteria. The tested bacterial cultures were grown on nutrient broth media so that the bacteria were observed and counted using a hemocytometer method to determine the contact time. The next step was to make nutrient broth liquid media and sterilize using an autoclave at 121°C for 15 minutes. Prepare organic waste of coconut water and 10% molasses to be contacted between the substrate and bacteria. Spodoptera litura was collected from Keputran Market Surabaya - Indonesia every day. Spodoptera litura was treated with biopesticide and mustard greens once at t = 0 hours and the activity and mortality rates were observed at 4 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours. The results showed that the best variable in % mortality was the consortium of bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and the bacterial community of Sidoarjo mud and a mixture of organic waste coconut water with a pathogenicity value of LT50 for 22 hours and mortality rate at 100%.
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Stingaci, Aurelia, and Leonid Volosciuc. "Particularitățile identificării VPN și VG a Hyphantria Cunea prin aplicarea microscopiei optice și electronice." In International symposium ”Functional ecology of animals” dedicated to the 70th anniversary from the birth of academician Ion Toderas. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975315975.61.

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Biopesticides are mass-produced, biologically based agents used for the control of plant pests. They are an important part of integrated pest management (IPM), which aims to use complementary methods to manage pest populations at low levels, rather than eliminate them entirely. Biopesticides are being used on increasing scales and there is considerable interest in their potential as alternatives to conventional pesticides. Biopesticides have also attracted great interest in the international research community, with a significant increase in the number of publications devoted to the subject. At Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection are prepared the bioinsecticides for use in Republic Moldova, mostly for the control. In order to reduce the population of insect it is recommended utilization of inoffensive preparations baculoviruses highlypathogenic for the leaf-champing vermis of the Hyphantria cunea, were selected from the insect natural populations which is an efficient preparation for combating this pest in agricultural, onamental and forest biocenosis. This study aimed to highlight new agents for biological control of pest. The results of the present study revealed the larvicidal potential of baculovirusess isolates found in the larvae of H. cunea, local production of biopesticides, which will reduce the final cost of the product and will more accessible to farmer.
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Pickett, John Anthony. "Plant defence induction and priming for conservation biological control of phytophagous insect pests by parasitoids." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.92825.

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Withers, Toni M. "Biosafety testing and risk assessment for biological control of forest insect pests in New Zealand." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.94667.

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Subbotina, A. O., V. V. Martemyanov, and I. A. Belousova. "METHOD FOR MOLECULAR DETECTION OF A NEW STRAIN OF DENDROLIMUS SIBIRICUS CYPOVIRUS-1 IN ALTERNATIVE HOST." In X Международная конференция молодых ученых: биоинформатиков, биотехнологов, биофизиков, вирусологов и молекулярных биологов — 2023. Novosibirsk State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1526-1-260.

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Biological insecticides are recognized as more environmentally friendly for insect pest control. A new strain of Dendrolimus sibiricus Cypovirus-1 is considered as a candidate for mass production of biological pest control agents. An alternative host — Manduca sexta was chosen as a suitable species for further cultivation and production of a DsCPV-1 strain. New molecular method needed to detect viral accumulation in M. sexta during mass production.
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Reports on the topic "Insect pests – Biological control"

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Hackett, Kevin, Shlomo Rottem, David L. Williamson, and Meir Klein. Spiroplasmas as Biological Control Agents of Insect Pests. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613017.bard.

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Toward development of spiroplasmas as novel toxin-delivery systems for biocontrol of beetle pests in the United States (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) and Israel (Maladera matrida), media for cultivating beetle-associated spiroplasmas were improved and surveys of these spiroplasmas were conducted to provide transformable strains. Extensive surveys of spiroplasmas yielded promising extrachromosomal elements for vector constructs. One, plasmid pCT-1, was cloned, characterized, and used as a source of spiroplasma origin of replication in our shuttle vectors. The fibrillin gene was isolated and sequenced and its strong promoter was also used in the constructs. Means for transforming these vectors into spiroplasmas were developed and optimized, with electroporation found to be suitable for most applications. Development and optimization of means for using large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) in spiroplasma transformation represents a breakthrough that should facilitate insertion of large clusters of virulence genes. With completion of the vector, we should thus be poised to genetically engineer spiroplasmas with genes that will express toxins lethal to our target beetles, thus providing an effective and inexpensive alternative to conventional means of beetle control.
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Glazer, Itamar, Randy Gaugler, Yitzhak Spiegel, and Edwin Lewis. Host Adaptation in Entomopathogenic Nematodes: An Approach to Enhancing Biological Control Potential. United States Department of Agriculture, April 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613023.bard.

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The overall objective of our research was to develop methods to match species of entomopathogenic nematodes against the insect pests which they would be best adapted to control. The underlying hypothesis for this work was that entomopathogenic nematodes should be most effective when used against insect species to which they are naturally adapted to parasitize. Toward this end, we undertook a number of related studies focusing primarily on nematode foraging strategies. We found that foraging strategies affected host associations directly and indirectly. Nematodes' responses to host cues, and the role of their sensory organs based on lectin binding, led to new approaches to determining host range for these parasites. Based on this work, we developed a laboratory bioassay of host recognition behavior designed to predict field results. We also determined that nematodes that forage in a stationary manner (ambushers) have a slower metabolic rate than do active forgers (cruisers), thus their infective stage juveniles are longer lived. This study helps predict the duration of field activity after application and may partially explain field distributions of natural populations of entomopathogenic nematodes. The common thread linking all of these studies was that they led to a deeper understanding of the associations between entomopathogenic nematodes and insects as hosts.
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Gurevitz, Michael, Michael E. Adams, and Boaz Shaanan. Structural Elements and Neuropharmacological Features Involved in the Insecticidal Properties of an Alpha Scorpion Neurotoxin: A Multidisciplinary Approach. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7573061.bard.

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Integrated pest management in modern crop protection requires the use of chemical or biological insecticides in many instances. Nontheless, the use non-selective chemical insecticides poses risks to the environment and livestock and consequently urgent need exists for safer alternatives, which target insects more specifically. Scorpions produce anti-insect selective polypeptide toxins that are biodegradable and not toxic to wam-blooded animals. Therefore, mobilization of these substances into insect pest targets is of major interest. Moreover, clarification of the molecular basis of this selectivity may provide valuable information pertinent to their receptor sites and to the future design of peptidomimetic anti-insect specific substances. These toxins may also be important for reducing the current overuse of chamical insecticides provided they have a synergistic effect with conventional pesticides. All of these objectives were addressed in this research. A direct approach for plant protection was the mobilization of toxins into target pests using baculoviral vectors. The other approach was to develop a suitable system enabling the elucidation of the toxin bioactive site, which would enable design of insecticidal peptidomimetics. In parallel, the mode of action and synergistic effects of scorpion insecticidal toxins, were studied at the sodium channel receptor site. All the above approaches show great promise and clearly indicate that scorpion insecticidal toxins may provide powerful means in insect pest control.
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Quiroga, Ginna, Ana Jiménez, Luis Montes, Alex Bustillo, and Martha Goméz. Growth temperature and UVB radiation stress responses in Metarhizium anisopliae strain CPMa1502. Corporación colombiana de investigación agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.poster.2019.11.

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The oil palm is an economically important crop due to its high productivity and broad industrial applicability (Sabate 2016). In Colombia, this crop is grown in di erent agro-ecological zones (Borrerio 2018) where the environmental conditions are favorable to several insect pests. One of the most economically important pests is the fruit scraper Demotispa neivai (Bondar, 1940) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (Aldana et al. 2004). To control this pest, CENIPALMA isolated in Colombia (Barrancabermeja), and selected the strain of Metarhizium anisopliae CPMa1502 as a new active principle for biological control because it showed the highest mortality on adults of D. neivai (87.7%) on laboratory conditions (Aldana et al. 2004, Bustillo, 2014; Montes et al. 2016). Temperature and UVB radiation are factors that can a ect the mass production and biocontrol activity of the fungus. The evaluation of its in uence is an important part of the development of a future bioproduct. This work evaluated the conidia tolerance to di erent stress conditions of temperature (20, 25, 30, 35°C) and several exposure times of UVB radiation, measuring conidial vigor and germination, cellular viability, and radial growth rate.
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Houck, Marilyn, Uri Gerson, and Robert Luck. Two Predator Model Systems for the Biological Control of Diaspidid Scale Insects. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570554.bard.

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Hemisarcoptes (Acari: Hamisarcoptidae) is a parasite of scale insects (Diaspididae), tenacious pests of vascular plants. Hemisarcoptes also has a stenoxenic phoretic (dispersal) relationship with Chilocorus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Chilocorus feeds on diaspidids, transports mites as they feed, and has been applied to the control of scales, with limited success. U.S.-Israeli cooperation focused on this mite-beetle interaction so that a two-component system could be applied to the control of scale insects effectively. Life history patterns of Hemisarcoptes were investigated in response to host plant type and physical parameters. Field and lab data indicated that mites attack all host stages of scales tested, but preferred adult females. Scale species and host plant species influenced the bionomics of Hemisarcoptes. Beetle diet also influenced survival of phoretic mites. Mites use a ventral sucker plate to extract material from Chilocorus, that is essential for development. Seven alkaloids were found in the hemolymph of Chilocorus and three were characterized. Examination of the subelytral surface of Chilocorus indicated that microsetae play a role in the number and distribution of mites a beetle transports. While Hemisarcoptes can be innoculatd into agroecosystems using various indigenous or imported Chilocorus species, the following are preferred: C. bipustulatus, C. cacti, C. distigma, C. fraternus, C. orbus, and C. tristis.
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Roush, Richard, and David Rosen. Understanding the Causes and Genetic Effects of Thelytoky in the Aphelinidae: A Key to Improving Biological Control. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1992.7561058.bard.

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Helytoky is a type of parthenogenesis whereby females produce only female offspring without the involvement of males, even where males are occasionally produced. In the last few years, strong circumstantial evidence has implied that thelytoky can be caused by micro-organisms called Wolbachia in at least some species of wasps. The thelytoky can be "cured" by treatment with antibiotics. Further Wolbachia-like organisms can be found in microscopic examinations and genetically identified through their DNA. The aphelinid wasps, and especially species in the genus Aphytis, are among the most important of all classical biological control agents. Aphytis species are critical in the biological control of scale insect pests in commercial orchards and ornamental plantings. About 30% of Aphytis species are thelytikous, of which we were able to study three in detail. In all three, thelytoky was curable by treatment with antibiotics and Wolbachia were identified morphologically and through their DNA. In contrast, Wolbachia were not detectable in biparental species of Aphytis. Studies of Wolbachia gene sequences obtained from Aphytis showed that they were most closely related to those from a very distantly related wasp, Muscidifurax uniraptor, strongly implying that the Wolbachia can be horizontally transferred. As revealed by electron microscopy, the Wolbachia show a strong association with the nurse and follicle cells of the female wasps.
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Glazer, Itamar, Randy Gaugler, Daniel Segal, Parwinder Grewal, Yitzhak Spiegel, and Senthamizh Selvan. Genetic Enhancement of Environmental Stability and Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Biological Control. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7695833.bard.

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The overall obejctive of the research project was to enhance the intrinsic biological control potential of entomopathogenic nematodes through genetic manipulation. We have chosen heat and desiccation tolerance as prime traits to be enhanced in order to increase the overall efficacy of these nematodes against insect pests under harsh conditions. Initially, we used mutagenesis and selection approaches to enhance these traits. In the mutagenesis experiments several morphological mutants of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HP88 were isolated and characterized phenotypically and genetically. Infective juveniles of H. bacteriophora HP88 were subjected to heat and desiccation selection regimes for several generations. Small increase was recorded, after 4 and 6 rearing cycles for both traits. However, in both selection regimes a significant deterioration in the reproductive capability of the nematodes was observed. In a screen of new nematode populations, from arid regions in Israel, a heat tolerant (IS5 strain) and desiccation tolerant (IS6 strain) were isolated. Both strains were taxonomically identified and their beneficial characteristics (environmental tolerance, insecticidal virulence and reproduction) were determined. We further investigated the stability of the enhanced heat tolerance trait in, and the storage capacity of, the newly discovered IS5 strain. Genetic studies demonstrated that the heat tolerance of the IS5 strain is genetically based and is dominant. The trait for heat tolerance was transferred from the IS5 strain to the HP88 strain of H. bacteriophora. The transfer was accomplished by allowing the heat tolerant strain (IS5) to mate with the commercial strain (HP88). The hybrid nature of the progeny was confirmed using a recessive marker mutant of the HP88 strain (H-dpy-2). We have used (RAPD-PCR) to compare genetic variation in the IS5 and the HP88 strains of H. baceriophora. The results indicated that genetic variation in the HP88 was significantly less than in the IS5 strain which was recently isolated from the field. The new IS5 strain may be used as an effective biological control agent in warm environments. In addition, IS5 can be used as a genetic source for cross-hybridization with other H. bacteriophora strains.
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Lundgren, Jonathan, Moshe Coll, and James Harwood. Biological control of cereal aphids in wheat: Implications of alternative foods and intraguild predation. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699858.bard.

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The overall objective of this proposal is to understand how realistic strategies for incorporating alternative foods into wheat fields affect the intraguild (IG) interactions of omnivorous and carnivorous predators and their efficacy as biological control agents. Cereal aphids are a primary pest of wheat throughout much of the world. Naturally occurring predator communities consume large quantities of cereal aphids in wheat, and are partitioned into aphid specialists and omnivores. Within wheat fields, the relative abilities of omnivorous and carnivorous predators to reduce cereal aphids depend heavily on the availability, distribution and type of alternative foods (alternative prey, sugar, and pollen), and on the intensity and direction of IG predation events within this community. A series of eight synergistic experiments, carefully crafted to accomplish objectives while accounting for regional production practices, will be conducted to explore how cover crops (US, where large fields preclude effective use of field margins) and field margins (IS, where cover crops are not feasible) as sources of alternative foods affect the IG interactions of predators and their efficacy as biological control agents. These objectives are: 1. Determine the mechanisms whereby the availability of alternative prey and plant-provided resources affect pest suppression by omnivorous and carnivorous generalist predators; 2. Characterize the intensity of IGP within generalist predator communities of wheat systems and assess the impact of these interactions on cereal aphid predation; and 3. Evaluate how spatial patterns in the availability of non-prey resources and IGP affect predation on cereal aphids by generalist predator communities. To accomplish these goals, novel tools, including molecular and biochemical gut content analysis and geospatial analysis, will be coupled with traditional techniques used to monitor and manipulate insect populations and predator efficacy. Our approach will manipulate key alternative foods and IG prey to determine how these individual interactions contribute to the ability of predators to suppress cereal aphids within systems where cover crop and field margin management strategies are evaluated in production scale plots. Using these strategies, the proposed project will not only provide cost-effective and realistic solutions for pest management issues faced by IS and US producers, but also will provide a better understanding of how spatial dispersion, IG predation, and the availability of alternative foods contribute to biological control by omnivores and carnivores within agroecosystems. By reducing the reliance of wheat producers on insecticides, this proposal will address the BARD priorities of increasing the efficiency of agricultural production and protecting plants against biotic sources of stress in an environmentally friendly and sustainable manner.
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Gurevitz, Michael, Michael E. Adams, Boaz Shaanan, Oren Froy, Dalia Gordon, Daewoo Lee, and Yong Zhao. Interacting Domains of Anti-Insect Scorpion Toxins and their Sodium Channel Binding Sites: Structure, Cooperative Interactions with Agrochemicals, and Application. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7585190.bard.

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Integrated pest management in modern crop protection may combine chemical and biological insecticides, particularly due to the risks to the environment and livestock arising from the massive use of non-selective chemicals. Thus, there is a need for safer alternatives, which target insects more specifically. Scorpions produce anti-insect selective polypeptide toxins that are biodegradable and non-toxic to warm-blooded animals. Therefore, integration of these substances into insect pest control strategies is of major importance. Moreover, clarification of the molecular basis of this selectivity may provide valuable information pertinent to their receptor sites and to the future design of peptidomimetic anti-insect specific substances. These toxins may also be important for reducing the current overuse of chemical insecticides if they produce a synergistic effect with conventional pesticides. Based on these considerations, our major objectives were: 1) To elucidate the three-dimensional structure and toxic-site of scorpion excitatory, "depressant, and anti-insect alpha toxins. 2) To obtain an initial view to the sodium channel recognition sites of the above toxins by generating peptide decoys through a phage display system. 3) To investigate the synergism between toxins and chemical insecticides. Our approach was to develop a suitable expression system for toxin production in a recombinant form and for elucidation of toxin bioactive sites via mutagenesis. In parallel, the mode of action and synergistic effects of scorpion insecticidal toxins with pyrethroids were studied at the sodium channel level using electrophysiological methods. Objective 1 was achieved for the alpha toxin, LqhaIT Zilberberg et al., 1996, 1997; Tugarinov et al., 1997; Froy et al., 2002), and the excitatory toxin, Bj-xtrIT (Oren et al., 1998; Froy et al., 1999; unpublished data). The bioactive surface of the depressant toxin, LqhIT2, has been clarified and a crystal of the toxin is now being analyzed (unpublished). Objective 2 was not successful thus far as no phages that recognize the toxins were obtained. We therefore initiated recently an alternative approach, which is introduction of mutations into recombinant channels and creation of channel chimeras. Objective 3 was undertaken at Riverside and the results demonstrated synergism between LqhaIT or AaIT and pyrethroids (Lee et al., 2002). Furthermore, negative cross-resistance between pyrethroids and scorpion toxins (LqhaIT and AaIT) was demonstrated at the molecular level. Although our study did not yield a product, it paves the way for future design of selective pesticides by capitalizing on the natural competence of scorpion toxins to distinguish between sodium channels of insects and vertebrates. We also show that future application of anti-insect toxins may enable to decrease the amounts of chemical pesticides due to their synergism.
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Chiel, Elad, and Christopher J. Geden. Development of sustainable fly management tools in an era of global warming. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598161.bard.

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House flies (Muscadomestica) are global pests of animal agriculture, causing major annoyance, carrying pathogens among production facilities and humans and thus have profound impacts on animal comfort and productivity. Successful fly control requires an integrated pest management (IPM) approach that includes elements of manure management, mass trapping, biological control, and selective insecticide use. Insecticidal control of house flies has become increasingly difficult due to the rapidity with which resistance develops, even to new active ingredients. Global climate change poses additional challenges, as the efficacy of natural enemies is uncertain under the higher temperatures that are predicted to become more commonplace in the future. The two major objectives of this research project were: 1) to develop a cost-effective autodissemination application method of Pyriproxifen (PPF), an insect growth regulator, for controlling house flies; 2) to study the effect of increasing temperatures on the interactions between house flies and their principal natural enemies. First, we collected several wild house fly populations in both countries and established that most of them are susceptible to PPF, although one population in each country showed initial signs of PPF-resistance. An important finding is that the efficacy of PPF is substantially reduced when applied in cows’ manure. We also found that PPF is compatible with several common species of parasitoids that attack the house fly, thus PPF can be used in IPM programs. Next, we tried to develop “baited stations” in which house flies will collect PPF on their bodies and then deliver and deposit it in their oviposition sites (= autodissemination). The concept showed potential in lab experiments and in outdoor cages trials, but under field conditions the station models we tested were not effective enough. We thus tested a somewhat different approach – to actively release a small proportion of PPF-treated flies. This approach showed positive results in laboratory experiments and awaits further field experiments. On the second topic, we performed two experimental sets: 1) we collected house flies and their parasitoids from hot temperature and mild temperature areas in both countries and, by measuring some fitness parameters we tested whether the ones collected from hot areas are better adapted to BARD Report - Project 4701 Page 2 of 16 heat. The results showed very little differences between the populations, both of flies and parasitoids. 2) A “fast evolution” experiment, in which we reared house flies for 20 generations under increasing temperatures. Also here, we found no evidence for heat adaptation. In summary, pyriproxyfen proved to be a highly effective insect growth regulator for house flies that is compatible with it’s natural enemies. Although our autodissemination stations yielded disappointing results, we documented the proportion of flies in a population that must be exposed to PPF to achieve effective fly control. Both the flies and their principal parasitoids show no evidence for local adaptation to high temperatures. This is an encouraging finding for biological control, as our hypothesis was that the fly would be adapting faster to high temperatures than the parasitoids. BARD Report - Project 4701 Page 3 of 16
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