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1
Devi, Gitanjali. "Management of Dipteran Pests Through Entomopathogenic Nematodes." Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International 25, no. 2 (March 7, 2024): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jaeri/2024/v25i2582.
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Dipteran insects are most destructive agricultural pests. They are also vectors of many diseases of human and animal. Much effort has been made to control this pest through chemical treatment. The application of biological control agents has been advocated as an ecofriendly control method for insect pests. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are obligate insect parasites that can be effective biocontrol agents for many agricultural pests including many Dipteran insect pests. EPNs pose much less threat to the environment than chemical pesticides. However, several biotic and abiotic factors along with method of application influence the bioefficacy of this organism against Dipteran insects. This review paper provides an overview of developments in entomopathogenic nematode research and evaluation of their potential for use against Dipteran insect pests.
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Amporn Winotai. "Integrated Pest Management of Important Insect Pests of Coconut1." CORD 30, no. 1 (April 1, 2014): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v30i1.82.
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IPM or Integrated pest management is a strategy that integrates various methods of cultural, physical, mechanical, biological control and selection of pesticides as the last option. IPM is not only cost effective but simultaneously prioritized human and environmental safety. IPM is based on farmer’s local knowledge, acceptance and education. Several insects were reported as coconut pests in Asia and Pacific region. Among these pests, rhinoceros beetle, red palm weevil, coconut hispine beetle, coconut black headed caterpillar and coconut scale currently causing severe damage to coconut palms in the region. Rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is native to South Asia and Southeast Asia. Management of this pest is a combination of sanitation in plantations and surrounding, biological control by using Metarhizium anisopliae, Oryctes virus and pheromone trapping. Red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) outbreaks usually occur after infestation of rhinoceros beetle. Keeping the rhinoceros under control results in keeping the red palm weevil under control too. Pheromone trapping is also developed for reduction of this pest. Coconut hispine beetle, Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Chrysomellidae), is an invasive pest occurs in Southeast Asia and Pacific region. Biological control of the pest is recommended by releasing two species of parasitoids, Asecodes hispinarus Boucek (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Tetrastichus brontispae Ferriere (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Coconut black headed caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) is one of the key pests of coconut in South Asia and invaded Thailand in 2008. Management of this pest in its native region consisted of: 1) removing and burning of the infested leaves; 2) biological control by releasing parasitoids such as Goniozus nephantidis (Muesebeck), Bracon brevicornis (Wesmael), Brachymeria nephantidis Gahan; and 3) chemical control by trunk injection and applying systemic insecticides in the holes. Bacillus thruringiensis has been recommended for biological control of the black headed caterpillar in Thailand. Coconut scale, Aspidiotus destructor Signoret (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) has been reported as a serious in Philippines. Predators are significant biological control agents in limiting A. destructor populations. The most common natural enemies associated with the coconut scales are the coccinellid beetles Chilocorus spp., Azya trinitatis, Cryptognatha nodiceps, Rhyzobius lophanthae and Pentilia castanea. Local parasitoids, Comperiella, Aphytis and Encarsia also play important roles in keeping the pest under control. Application of insecticides could inducee the infestation of the scale. Biological controls is recommended for suppression of other coconut pests, such as slug caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) such as Parasa lepida Cramer; coconut leaf moth, Artona catoxantha Hampton (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae); and coconut leafminer, Promecotheca cumingii Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).
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Styer, E. L., and J. J. Hamm. "Detection and Identification of Viruses in Economically Important Insects." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 666–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600035820.
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Economically important insects include pests of plants, animals and stored products as well as insects produced commercially (honey bees, silkworms, insects for fish bait and food for birds and zoo animals). Other insects are produced in large numbers for experimental purposes, biological control of insect pests and weeds and the production of sterile insects for population suppression. Insect viruses may affect morphology, physiology and behavior, often reducing longevity and reproductive potential. Thus insect viruses can be used as biological control agents of pest insects. Insect viruses may also interfere with the production or function of biological control agents (e.g., parasitoids and predators) and insects used for research purposes. Therefore, it is advantageous to screen commercial and research colonies and imported insects for viruses.Electron microscopy of negatively stained specimens (NS EM) offers a relatively rapid and inexpensive means of screening populations of insects for the presence of viruses or viruslike particles and to monitor the progress of virus control programs.
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Smits, Peter H. "Biological Control of Insect Pests in Turfgrass." Pesticide Science 47, no. 4 (August 1996): 385–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9063(199608)47:4<385::aid-ps428>3.0.co;2-y.
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Ghidiu, Gerald M. "Biological Insecticides to Control Cabbage Insect Pests, 1985." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/11.1.112.
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Abstract ‘Ranger’ cabbage were seeded on 15 Jul to a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were single rows 25 ft long and 5 ft wide replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design; a guard row buffered each treated row. Sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 1 drop nozzle on either side of the row and 1 nozzle over the center calibrated to deliver 41 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Treatments were applied on 6 Sep and 17 Sep. Number of larvae/10 plants was recorded on 26 Sep. Foliage injury ratings were recorded on 20 Sep and are expressed as percent defoliation. Yield (percent marketable heads) were taken on 2 Oct and defined as cabbage heads with no visible feeding and having at least 2 undamaged wrapper leaves.
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Ghidiu, Gerald M. "Biological Insecticides to Control Cabbage Insect Pests, 1987." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 94a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/13.1.94a.
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Abstract ‘Ranger’ cabbage were seeded into a Sassafras sandy loam field on 7 Aug. Plots consisted of a single row 25 ft long and 5 ft wide, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design; a guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with a drop nozzle on either side of the row and one centered over the row calibrated to deliver 60 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Treatments were applied 9, 17, and 23 Sep and 5 Oct. Evaluations for the various treatments included direct larval counts per 10 plants (15 Sep, 8 Oct), foliage injury ratings (expressed as percent defoliation, 25 Sep) and percent marketable heads (clean heads with at least 2 undamaged wrapper leaves, 26 Oct).
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Ghidiu, Gerald M. "Biological Insecticides to Control Cabbage Insect Pests, 1986." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 12, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 100–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/12.1.100.
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Abstract Ranger’ cabbage were seeded on 29 Jul to a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were single rows 25-ft long and 5-ft wide replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design; a guard row buffered each treated row, Sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with one drop nozzle on either side of the row and one nozzle over the center calibrated to deliver 60 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Treatments were applied on 4, 11 Sep and 8 Oct. Number of larvae/10 plants was recorded on 18 Sep and 16 Oct. Foliage injury ratings were recorded on 13 Sep and are expressed as % defoliation. Yield (% marketable heads) were taken on 20 Oct and defined as cabbage heads with no visible feeding and having at least two undamaged wrapper leaves. Ten cabbage heads from each treatment were harvested and weighed on 24 Oct to determine weight/head (lb).
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Lou, Yong-Gen, Gu-Ren Zhang, Wen-Qing Zhang, Yang Hu, and Jin Zhang. "Biological control of rice insect pests in China." Biological Control 67, no. 1 (October 2013): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.06.011.
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Heinz, Kevin M., and Michael P. Parrella. "Biological Control of Insect Pests on Greenhouse Marigolds." Environmental Entomology 19, no. 4 (August 1, 1990): 825–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/19.4.825.
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Arnold, Joshua E., Monika Egerer, and Kent M. Daane. "Local and Landscape Effects to Biological Controls in Urban Agriculture—A Review." Insects 10, no. 7 (July 22, 2019): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10070215.
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Urban agriculture is widely practiced throughout the world. Urban agriculture practitioners have diverse motivations and circumstances, but one problem is ubiquitous across all regions: insect pests. Many urban farmers and gardeners either choose to, or are required to forego, the use of chemical controls for pest outbreaks because of costs, overspray in populated areas, public health, and environmental concerns. An alternative form of pest control is conservation biological control (CBC)—a form of ecological pest management—that can reduce the severity of pest outbreaks and crop damage. Urban farmers relying on CBC often assume that diversification practices similar to those used in rural farms may reduce insect pest populations and increase populations of beneficial insects, yet these management practices may be inappropriate for applications in fragmented urban environments. In this review, we assess urban CBC research and provide a synthesis for urban agriculture practitioners. Our findings indicate that local and landscape factors differentially affect insect pests and beneficial arthropods across the reviewed studies, and we identify several on-farm practices that can be implemented to increase biological control in urban agriculture.
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Ghimire, Prakriti. "AN OVERVIEW ON BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECT PESTS: REVIEW ARTICLE." INWASCON Technology Magazine 3 (February 4, 2021): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/itechmag.03.2021.19.26.
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Natural ways of biocontrol are the best option to combat insect pests for ensuring maximum protection against crop failure. Since Nepal is blessed with natural resources, a huge number of biological control agents are available for the exploration of possible management of insect pests without causing any deleterious effects on the environment. They are less toxic, stable, and of no side effects when used in crop fields. The present generation of farmers is in dire need of sustainable biocontrol strategies that ensure optimum crop protection against harmful pests. This paper emphasizes various such biocontrol options that are capable of checking the pest population to prevent farmers from going through economic loss due to crop failure. Control measures with direct natural origin must be preferred over chemically synthesized ones if we hope to leave this Earth for our future generations as well. Researches on this field are still scanty. But with the healthy collaboration of government, research bodies ad local farmers, they could lead to the ultimate solution of insect pests through biological control methods soon.
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Adnan Bodlah, Muhammad, Alishbah Mohsin, Ayesha Younas, Imran Bodlah, Muhammad Asif, Muhammad Tariq Rasheed, Amara Gul e Fareen, and Aneela Ashiq. "INSECT PESTS OF RICE IN PAKISTAN: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF BIOLOGY, DAMAGE, AND MANAGEMENT." Agriculture Extension in Developing Countries 1, no. 2 (May 26, 2023): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/aedc.02.2023.55.61.
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Rice is one of the most significant food crops in the world. It is predominantly a subsistence crop because half of it is consumed where it is grown. The main insect pests of rice in Pakistan include Stem borers, Plant-hoppers, Leafhoppers, rice grass-hopper, leaf-folder, African pink borers, and many others. There have been noticeable changes in Pakistan’s insect pest complex with the introduction of high-yielding cultivars. Many species that work earlier thought to be minor pests are now regarded as serious pests in Pakistan. In traditional Basmati growing regions, stem borers remain a serious issue. From ancient times, the Pakistani farming community used different management strategies to deal with the insect pests of rice. The management strategies involved are cultural, biological, physical, and chemical. Cultural practices have changed, such as the use of greater fertilizers rates in high-yielding varieties, and the leaf folder complex. Rice growers throughout Pakistan are strongly reliant upon traditional cultural practices. But this tendency has slowly changed towards chemical methods. Chemical pesticides are now used more frequently as a primary method of control in Pakistan. Biological control or the use of living organisms as pest control agents is a common natural process in which insects population in crops are continuously decreased by predators, parasites, and pathogens of the pests. Pakistan now has a problem with insect pests, thus utilizing an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy that is effective, affordable, and safe for the environment. Other techniques for pest control include the use of pheromones as attractants, insect growth regulators, insect growth inhibitors, repellents, and sterile insect release systems.
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Martin, W. Randy. "Using Entopathogenic Nematodes for the Control of Insect Pests." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 750C—750. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.750c.
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Recent advances in the development of large-scale, in vitro rearing techniques and formulation technology have prompted the commercialization of entomopathogenic nematodes. The potential for these nematodes as biological control agents is very promising, with proven efficacy against a wide variety of soil-inhabiting insects including root weevils, white grubs, mole crickets, and fungus gnats. Entomopathogenic nematodes are currently marketed in many countries for a variety of horticultural crops, including turfgrass, vegetables, berries, ornamentals, and citrus. Specific examples of successful application of nematodes for the control of insect pests during stand establishment will be discussed.
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Sewify, Gamal H., Maha S. Nada, and Anwar L. Bilgrami. "Entomophthorales Fungi Parasitizing Sucking Insects in Egypt." Asian Journal of Biology 20, no. 7 (June 11, 2024): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajob/2024/v20i7421.
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Entomophthorales are insect pathogenic fungi significant biological control potentials due to their high insect toxicity. This review focuses on the survey and morphological descriptions of entomophthoralean species attacking insect pests in Egypt. Until now 10 species of Entomophthorales fungi, belonging to three families (Entomophthoraceae, Neozygitaceae and Ancylistaceace) have been reported to suck insects as their hosts. These fungi are widely distributed in various climatic conditions in several Governorates, representing Lower and Upper Egypt. The fungi are the only pathogens that regularly and effectively control sucking insect populations in the natural ecosystems and agroecosystems. The present review emphasizes more studies and isolations of Entomophthorales species by using modern identification techniques so that their epidemiology and control potentials can be predicated on their role against insect pests under variable climatic conditions in Egypt. The possible relationship between population densities of sucking insect pests and Entomophthorales can be further studied to explore their effective applications under variable climatic conditions in the country.
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Bale, J. S., J. C. van Lenteren, and F. Bigler. "Biological control and sustainable food production." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1492 (September 6, 2007): 761–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2182.
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The use of biological control for the management of pest insects pre-dates the modern pesticide era. The first major successes in biological control occurred with exotic pests controlled by natural enemy species collected from the country or area of origin of the pest (classical control). Augmentative control has been successfully applied against a range of open-field and greenhouse pests, and conservation biological control schemes have been developed with indigenous predators and parasitoids. The cost–benefit ratio for classical biological control is highly favourable (1 : 250) and for augmentative control is similar to that of insecticides (1 : 2–1 : 5), with much lower development costs. Over the past 120 years, more than 5000 introductions of approximately 2000 non-native control agents have been made against arthropod pests in 196 countries or islands with remarkably few environmental problems. Biological control is a key component of a ‘systems approach’ to integrated pest management, to counteract insecticide-resistant pests, withdrawal of chemicals and minimize the usage of pesticides. Current studies indicate that genetically modified insect-resistant Bt crops may have no adverse effects on the activity or function of predators or parasitoids used in biological control. The introduction of rational approaches for the environmental risk assessment of non-native control agents is an essential step in the wider application of biological control, but future success is strongly dependent on a greater level of investment in research and development by governments and related organizations that are committed to a reduced reliance on chemical control.
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Mantzoukas, Spiridon, Ioannis Lagogiannis, Aristeidis Ntoukas, George T. Tziros, Konstantinos Poulas, Panagiotis A. Eliopoulos, and Dimitrios Ν. Avtzis. "Could Gnomoniopsis castaneae Be Used as a Biological Control Agent against Insect Pests?" Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (April 29, 2021): 4066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11094066.
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Gnomoniopsis castaneae is the cause of the chestnut brown rot but has been also regarded as an important mortality factor for the chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus. The question to whether G. castaneae could serve as a natural biocontrol agent against insect pests is investigated in the present study. We used three serious insect pests as experimental model insects: Plodia interpuctella and Trogoderma granarium, which are important pests of stored products, and Myzus persicae, a cosmopolitan, serious pest of annual and perennial crop plants. Although chemical pesticides represent effective control means, they are also related to several environmental and health risks. In search for alternative pest management methods, scientific interest has been focused, inter alia, on the use of entomopathogenic fungi. While Isaria fumosorosea has long been recognized as an effective control agent against several pests, G.castaneae has been very little studied. The present study examined whether and to what extent G. castaneae and I. fumosorosea exhibit insecticidal activity against fourth-instar larvae of P. interpunctella and T. granarium and adults of M. persicae. Mortality was examined in interrelation with dosage and time exposure intervals. Both fungi exhibited pesticidal action. However, G. castaneae induced noteworthy mortality only at very high doses. In general, we concluded that G. castaneae failed to cause high insect pathogenicity at normal doses and may not be an efficient biocontrol agent compared with other entomopathogens. On the other hand, our study reiterates the pathogenic potential of I. fumosorosea. More studies are needed to further our insight into the potential of EF species as a component of IPM.
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Sverre Hagen, Kenneth. "ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND FUTURE OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AND INTEGRATED CONTROL IN BRAZIL – PART 1." BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE - Revista de Agricultura 99, no. 1 (April 30, 2024): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37856/bja.v99i1.4354.
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Efforts to biologically control insect pests in Brazil though modest in the past have in recent years been increasing, and the future possibilities of biological control are most promising if certain facilities and conditions are provided. We shall deal here mainly with biological control. Biological control is a natural ecological phenomenon. It is the regulation of plant and animal numbers by natural enemies. Natural enemies are parasites, predators and pathogens.
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Samways, Michael J. "Classical Biological Control and Insect Conservation: Are They Compatible?" Environmental Conservation 15, no. 4 (1988): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900029842.
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Exotic insect pests worldwide are many. They are accidental biotic contaminants. Classical biological control (CBC) agents can be considered as deliberately introduced biotic contaminants that, when successful, reduce the overall biomass of contamination and often bring considerable self-sustaining economic relief to farming communites.Although the introduction of exotic agents would seem to be contrary to conservation philosophy, there are no quantified instances to date where the introduction of arthropod agents has been shown to have harmed a specific conservation programme or has been categorically damaging to native fauna. There is only limited anecdotal evidence that introduced parasitoids may have damaged certain specific native taxa. CBC in some cases actually assists conservation by reducing the level of exotic pests in nature reserves.As CBC is an important socio-economic method of pest control, especially for tropical farmers, and as the taxonomic groups and life-histories of its targets are so different from those insects of endangered status, the two approaches are not in conflict. But as CBC is virtually irretrievable, it must continue to be carried out carefully and selectively only by truly responsible CBC agencies using appropriate quarantine facilities.Tourists and general travellers pose a greater threat to native faunas than do the activities of such CBC agencies. It is well known that vertebrate agents and certain invertebrates, especially snails, can be devastating to certain native biotas. Additionally, and in view of the impending world-wide biotic diversity crisis, even traditional agents such as insect pathogens, insect parasitoids, and insect and mite predators, should be viewed with extreme caution—especially when oligophagous, and unquestionably when polyphagous.
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Stella, I. R., and Mini Ghosh. "Modeling plant disease with biological control of insect pests." Stochastic Analysis and Applications 37, no. 6 (August 1, 2019): 1133–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07362994.2019.1646139.
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Clarke, A. R., and G. H. Walter. ""Strains" and the classical biological control of insect pests." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 10 (October 1, 1995): 1777–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-210.
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The classical biological control technique of introducing two or more populations of the same species of beneficial agent to increase the genetic diversity of that species (and so increase the chances of achieving a successful project) is reviewed. From standard literature sources, all cases of multiple introductions of conspecific populations against insect targets were listed and the effect of subsequent introductions on the outcome of the project was recorded. Of 178 projects identified, involving 417 separate importations, only 11 (6.2%) were successful through a second or later importation of the same morphologically defined species of beneficial agent. Of these, five involved host-related "strains" that are likely to be cryptic species, so the success rate for the introduction of conspecific populations falls to 3.4%. The possibility that some (or even all) of the other six cases also involved cryptic species awaits investigation. Our analysis demonstrates that introducing two or more populations of the same species is less likely to result in enhanced success than if other species of natural enemies are sought for "normal" classical biological control (historical success rate 12–16%). In our discussion we focus on the genetic theory of species which underpins this area of applied biology and find that there is also no theoretical support for the continued introduction of strains.
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Bashir, Junaid, Mudasir Mehraj, Zakir Husain Khan, and Md Niamat Ali. "Biological Control of Insect and Fungal Pests by Predominant Coccinellidae Beetles-A Review." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 12, no. 9 (September 10, 2022): 277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2023.1209.027.
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Ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) are a variety of creatures that can be found in a wide range of terrestrial ecosystems. They are members of the Coleoptera order, Polyphaga suborder, Cucujoidea superfamily, and Coccinellidae family. The majority of the coccinellids are predatory in nature and feeds on a variety of pests like aphids, thrips, small larvae, mites, fungus, etc., and thus have huge potential for managing a wide range of pests of economically significant crops. Both the adult and larval stages are predacious in nature and feed on different kinds of pests. Since they are the natural answer to pest control and are far more efficient than hazardous chemicals, their existence in agroecosystems aids in lowering the use of dangerous chemical pesticides. Coccinellids are multivoltine i.e., producing many generations in a year. The life cycle of coccinellids has four developmental stages: eggs, larva, pupa, and adult. By utilizing various tactics, the efficacy of coccinellids as biological control agents can be increased. Such as spraying nutrients like sucrose on crops to enhance the reproductive rate of coccinellids. Numerous insect and fungal pests disrupt ecosystems in horticulture and agriculture around the world; these pests are naturally managed by biocontrol agents. In the present review the role of coccinellids as biological control agents of insects and fungal pests has been analyzed.
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Grgić, Slavko, Jasenka Ćosić, and Ankica Sarajlić. "ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI OF Fusarium: POTENTIAL FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECTS." Poljoprivreda 28, no. 2 (December 20, 2022): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18047/poljo.28.2.7.
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Insects cause multiple losses in agricultural production by inflicting direct or indirect damage and transmitting plant diseases, which is manifested in a reduced quality and crop yield. With the application of chemical insecticides, being most common in conventional agriculture, the effort is invested to find the appropriate alternative ways to control the pests that are environmentally friendly. One such method is a biological insect control by entomopathogenic fungi that have proven to be extremely effective in controlling many insect species from multiple genera. The aim of this study was to determine the possibilities of insect control by entomopathogenic fungi of the genus Fusarium and to show their potential in various forms of application, from a seed treatment, insect specimens, or storage areas. Numerous Fusarium sp. have demonstrated a high insect control efficiency at all stages of their development and are thus suitable for further research.
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Pan, Xiaoyuan, Xuejun Wang, and Fan Zhang. "New Insights into Cockroach Control: Using Functional Diversity of Blattella germanica Symbionts." Insects 11, no. 10 (October 13, 2020): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11100696.
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Insects have close symbiotic relationships with several microbes, which extends the limited metabolic networks of most insects. Using symbiotic microorganisms for the biological control of pests and insect-borne diseases has become a promising direction. Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattaria: Blattidae) is a public health pest worldwide, which is difficult to control because of its strong reproductive ability, adaptability, and resistance to insecticides. In this paper, the diverse biological functions (nutrition, reproductive regulation, insecticide resistance, defense, and behavior) of symbionts were reviewed, and new biological control strategies on the basis of insect–symbiont interaction were proposed. We highlight new directions in B. germanica control, such as suppressing cockroach population using Wolbachia or paratransgenes, and combining fungal insecticides with synergistic agents to enhance insecticidal efficacy.
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Mamedov, Z. M. "BIOLOGICAL CONTROL - AS A MEANS TO CONTROL INSECT PESTS IN AZERBAIJAN." South of Russia: ecology, development, no. 2 (November 15, 2014): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.18470/1992-1098-2013-2-100-102.
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Eman Mohamed Taher Azize, Dalia Abdulelah Mohammed, Aulfat T, Eman Mohamed Taher Azize, Dalia Abdulelah Mohammed, Aulfat T. "Biological Control of Insect Pests by Bacterial Species Present in the Environment: المكافحة الحيوية للآفات الحشرية بفعل أنواع بكتيرية متواجدة في البيئة." Journal of agricultural, environmental and veterinary sciences 5, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 47–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.v070221.
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Because of the severe damage caused by insect pests in agricultural fields, which cost billions of dollars annually, countries used chemical pesticides to eliminate these pests. The continuous use of chemical pesticides led to many environmental impacts, besides the emergence of resistance to insect pests. Therefore, it was necessary to search for an effective treatment for insect pest problems that was environmentally friendly and safe for human health. Biological control of insect pests has gained considerable importance in agricultural fields for its efficiency and safety for humans and other non- target organisms. In addition to its natural presence in the environment, cheaper cost, and more environmentally friendly, And a better alternative to synthetic chemical pesticides as well as being environmentally safe, they not only help establish food security by fighting against insect pests but also ensure food safety, they have enormous potential for achieving agricultural sustainability and environmental safety. In this review, we will highlight the definition and classification of insect pests, microbial pesticides. Besides, the advantages and disadvantages of these kinds of pesticides. We will also focus on the most effective bacterial species used in the production of pesticides and protein toxins that kill insect pests, their mechanism of action, method of marketing, and application to insect pests. We have looked at future research in eradicating insect pests.
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Singh, Dhyani, Kokate, Chakraborty, and Nimsadkar. "Deterioration of World Heritage Cave Monument of Ajanta, India: Insights to Important Biological Agents and Environment Friendly Solutions." Heritage 2, no. 3 (August 30, 2019): 2545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage2030156.
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Heritage monuments across the world are affected by a variety of physical and biological stresses. Damage to heritage monuments due to insects and pests is growing with increasing anthropogenic pressure and changing climatic conditions. Cave monuments are habitats to microbes, algae, fungi, and insects, and are unique biodiversity sites due to their low temperature, little to no sunlight, and high moisture conditions. This study takes stock of available information on important factors that facilitate the growth of insect pests and degrade heritage monuments. Ajanta Caves, a UNESCO world heritage site in India, is a human marvel, important archaeological and heritage site of immense cultural and historic values. The present paper is an attempt to understand a variety of stresses and factors with a focus on insect pests that have substantially affected Ajanta cave paintings in the last few decades. The study also provides information on available approaches for damage control including the need for an integrated insect pest management for protecting cave monuments against rapid degradation across the country in general and Ajanta caves in particular. A light-based approach is the key highlight of the study that can be used as an effective and efficient approach to protect archaeological sites especially cave paintings from insect pests without disturbing the pollinator diversity and surrounding environment.
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Maningding, Renalyn, Catherine Joy Garcia, Jonathan Galindez, and Elaida Fiegalan. "Arthropod Diversity in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) MERRILL) with Tagetes erecta." CLSU International Journal of Science & Technology 7, no. 2 (August 31, 2023): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22137/ijst.2023.v7n2.04.
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Habitat manipulation aims to conserve insect population on agricultural landscapes by augmenting and conserving the population of natural enemies of pests or biological control agents. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of habitat manipulation on the yield of soybean by assessing the population of insects and other associated arthropods. Companion planting of Tagetes with soybean using inter-row and border row planting designs was followed. A total of 4, 388 individuals representing 11 insect Orders, and 128 species were collected through net sweeping and yellow sticky board traps. These two methods of insect collection were further compared using the two-planting designs. Border row planting design revealed a low population of insect pests, and thus better than the inter-row design. Also, higher number of biological control agents such as coccinellids was found in these plots than in soybean inter-row with Tagetes erecta, and soybean alone.
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van Lenteren, Joop C. "Implementation of biological control." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 3, no. 2-3 (1988): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300002265.
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AbstractThe number of species of insect pests, estimated to be maximally 10,000 worldwide, forms only a small part of the millions of species of plant-eating insects. Chemical pest control is becoming increasingly difficult and objectionable in terms of environmental contamination so that other methods of pest control need to be developed. One of the best alternatives is biological control. Natural and inoculative biological control has already proven successful against a variety of pests over large areas. One is inclined to forget, however, how successful a biological control program has been as soon as the pest problem has been solved. Other types of biological control involving the regular introduction or augmentation of natural enemies are better known, although these have been applied on a much smaller scale; a survey of the present-day application of these latter types of biological control is presented here. Phases in the implementation of biological control are illustrated and needed future developments in research are discussed. The main limitation on the development of biological control is not the research, since natural enemies are easier found and with a much lower investment than new chemical pesticides, but rather the attitudes held by growers and disinterest on the part of industry, policy-makers, and politicians. The first priority for those concerned with the development and application of safer pest control should, therefore, be to change the perceptions that these other groups have of biological control.
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Lashomb, James H., William Metterhouse, and Robert Chianese. "Use of biological control measures in the intensive management of insect pests in New Jersey." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 3, no. 2-3 (1988): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s088918930000223x.
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AbstractThe U.S. public is expressing strong preference for the use of biological control methods in the management of U.S. agricultural, forest, and rangeland insect pests. This follows from a widespread understanding among citizens that synthetic insecticides have potentially harmful side effects on humans and that they are spreading increasingly as pollutants in the environment. Major recent increases in the number of pesticide-resistant insect species also put pressure on the agricultural community toward adoption of alternative non-agchemical plant and animal protection strategies. Movement in the direction of such alternatives has been facilitated by the fact that in the last two decades much progress has been made in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) through an improved understanding of the interactions of pests with their hosts. In that time period, many advances have been made in describing and predicting insect movement, seasonal cycles, and the effects of secondary plant compounds on insect reproduction. Simultaneously, much has been learned about the behavior, physiology, and population dynamics of insect parasitoids, i.e. parasites on insect pests. In the 1990's and subsequently, Biological Control Intensive Pest Management (BCIPM) will require continuing research to attain needed advancement in knowledge of growth and development of host plants, population dynamics of pests and parasitoids, and ecology of secondary pests that may interfere with implementation of BCIPM programs. Extension and research personnel will then be increasingly able to devise useful control methods for pests within selected cropping systems. We describe here examples to illustrate present and potential future use of BCIPM in different practical plant systems in New Jersey.
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Smith, S. M. "Insect parasitoids : a Canadian perspective on their use for biological control of forest insect pests." Phytoprotection 74, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/706036ar.
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An overview of biological control programs against forest insect pests is presented with emphasis on Canadian case histories. The work is examined in the context of conservation, introduction, and augmentation (environmental manipulation and inoculative and inundative release) of insect natural enemies, specifically parasitoids. Historically, studies have concentrated on introductions of exotic parasitoids for control of introduced pests where a number of successes have been recorded. More recent work has entailed inoculative and inundative releases of parasitoids against native pests in an attempt to establish new host-parasitoid relationships to reduce pest populations. These have had limited success and are still being explored by Canadian researchers. Current strategies for using natural enemies are inundative release of native species against native pests and conservation of native parasitoids through selective insecticide timing and forest manipulation. Future directions in biological control programs will include these approaches with increased emphasis on biotechnology and the genetic selection or manipulation of 'desired strains' for release. Continued ecological studies will be essential to ensure a more complete understanding of the interaction between these 'selected parasitoids' and the forest/tree parameters which will influence their success (tri-trophic interactions). These parameters, such as tree vigour (pest resistance), spatial distribution and diversity, will also be targeted for selection to improve the effect of insect natural enemies in the forest environment.
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GULL, Shaziya, and Razia RASHEED. "Predatory insects as biological control agents against walnut aphids in Kashmir, India." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 120, no. 1 (March 29, 2024): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2024.120.1.13569.
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Management of pests by biological control agents is a natural and environmental friendly method. It is an important part of integrated pest management programs where biological predators play a significant role in controlling various pests. During the present study, different insect pests were observed infesting walnut trees and fruits causing significant damage to the walnut orchards. Among these pests, sap suckers were found to cause notable damage out of which aphids were most dominating pests. High population of walnut aphids causes leaf drop, reduced tree vigour, nut quality and size. In addition to this, some insect predators were also observed on these walnut aphids. Six species of predaceous coccinellid beetles were found on walnut leaves in interaction with walnut aphids and they were identified belonging to sub family Coccinellinae. Among which Calvia punctata (Mulsant, 1853) and Harmonia dimidiata (Fabricius, 1781) were the most encountered species. Besides, one species from syrphidae family Metasyrphus latifasciatus (Macquart, 1859) was also observed. Moreover, extreme feeding potential was noted among these predators.
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Yuni, Sri Wahyuni Wahyuni, and Nomi Noviani Novi Ani. "ISOLASI JAMUR ENDOFIT AKAR KEDELAI DAN UJI PENGHAMBATANNYA TERHADAP FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM SEBAGAI AGEN PENGENDALI HAYATI." BIOLINK (Jurnal Biologi Lingkungan Industri Kesehatan) 5, no. 2 (January 21, 2019): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/biolink.v5i2.1735.
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Endophytes are microbes (bacteria, fungi, or actinomycetes) that live and colonize the host tissue without causing negative effects, even giving benefits to the host. One of the advantages is as a biological control agent for both insect pests and pathogens that cause plant diseases. As a biological agent, endophytes can reduce plant damage by insects, nematodes, or pathogens that cause disease through induction of plant resistance. In addition, endophytes can also function as biological agents through antagonistic interactions and competition. The purpose of this study was to obtain endophytic fungi which are potentially as biological agents of insect pests; the mechanism, as well as the application of endophytes in plantation crops. The potential of enndofit fungus in controlling Fusarium sp carried by soybean seeds was also tested.
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Rani Daneti, Sudha. "Constraints in Adopting Biological Based Pest Management Strategies." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 30, Suppl (2024): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2024.v30i02s.062.
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Biological control of insect pests is a “viable alternative” to insecticides with an aim to suppress the pest populations below economic injury levels and is the need of the hour. The key biological based management strategies include erection of pheromone traps for mass trapping/monitoring the incidence of moths (adults) of insect pests; conservation of natural enemies like predators/parasitoids in crop ecosystem; augmentation and inundative release of bio-agents like parasitoids and predators against the targeted pests; and application of bio-rational or “reduced risk” insecticides that effectively controls the insect pests and non toxic to other organisms with meager environment risk. Many research findings had strongly witnessed the biological pest management as superior method in suppressing the pest infestation levels in almost all crops, but the success rate is not substantial at farmer’s level. In order to assess the constraints in adopting biological methods and restraints in low success rate of these methods in suppressing the insect pests an explorative research study was conducted for a period of two successive years i.e., 2020-2021 and 2021-22. A total of ten mandals in Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh was selected for the study wherein biological based management strategies are being practiced by the farmers. From each mandal three villages were randomly selected and from each mandal ten farmers were chosen for personal interview to document the constrains in adopting bio-control methods. The methodologies being practiced by farmers were also recorded. The results inferred that among the various restraints, non availability of bio-control agents/materials at market level (63%), adopting the methods at improper time (59%) and lack of knowledge on pest behavior/ecology (55%) are the major influencing factors for low success rate of biological control at farmer’s level. It can be accomplished from the present study that adoption levels of biological pest management strategies at farmers are to be strengthened by conducting regular training programmes, result demonstrations, front line demonstrations and also by encouraging farmers through some incentives and certifications of the harvested organic produce.
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Elzen, G. W. "Evaluation of Biological Insecticides for Control of Lepidopterous Pests, 1992." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 18, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 366–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/18.1.366a.
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Abstract Formulated biological insecticides were evaluated for toxicity to lepidopterous pests of cotton in the laboratory. Bioassays were conducted by applying insecticides to cotton terminals (‘STV 213’) held in water pics using a laboratory spray table. The spray table was calibrated to deliver 6 gal/acre at 2 mph with 30 psi at one TX6 nozzle. Each treatment consisted of 3 replicates of 15 terminals/replicate. Controls were treated with water only. Laboratory strains of each insect were reared on artificial diet and each species was tested separately. The average weight of insects tested in mg was: TB, 6.5 ± 1.4; BW, 9.2 ± 2.7; BA, 6.9 ± 1.6; SL, 8.3 ± 1.8. One larva was placed on each terminal 30 min after spraying and held under ventilated cups at 85°F and 55-60% RH. Mortality was determined 72 h after treatment. Mortality was corrected for control mortality by Abbott‘s formula. Data were transformed to arcsin J for analysis; actual percent mortalities are shown.
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Qureshi, S. A., D. J. Midmore, S. S. Syeda, and D. J. Reid. "A comparison of alternative plant mixes for conservation bio-control by native beneficial arthropods in vegetable cropping systems in Queensland Australia." Bulletin of Entomological Research 100, no. 1 (March 27, 2009): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485309006774.
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AbstractCucurbit crops host a range of serious sap-sucking insect pests, including silverleaf whitefly (SLW) and aphids, which potentially represent considerable risk to the Australian horticulture industry. These pests are extremely polyphagous with a wide host range. Chemical control is made difficult due to resistance and pollution, and other side-effects are associated with insecticide use. Consequently, there is much interest in maximising the role of biological control in the management of these sap-sucking insect pests. This study aimed to evaluate companion cropping alongside cucurbit crops in a tropical setting as a means to increase the populations of beneficial insects and spiders so as to control the major sap-sucking insect pests. The population of beneficial and harmful insects, with a focus on SLW and aphids, and other invertebrates were sampled weekly on four different crops which could be used for habitat manipulation: Goodbug Mix (GBM; a proprietary seed mixture including self-sowing annual and perennial herbaceous flower species); lablab (Lablab purpureus L. Sweet); lucerne (Medicago sativa L.); and niger (Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.). Lablab hosted the highest numbers of beneficial insects (larvae and adults of lacewing (Mallada signata (Schneider)), ladybird beetles (Coccinella transversalis Fabricius) and spiders) while GBM hosted the highest numbers of European bees (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) and spiders. Lucerne and niger showed little promise in hosting beneficial insects, but lucerne hosted significantly more spiders (double the numbers) than niger. Lucerne hosted sig-nificantly more of the harmful insect species of aphids (Aphis gossypii (Glover)) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer)) and heliothis (Heliothis armigera Hübner). Niger hosted significantly more vegetable weevils (Listroderes difficillis (Germar)) than the other three species. Therefore, lablab and GBM appear to be viable options to grow within cucurbits or as field boundary crops to attract and increase beneficial insects and spiders for the control of sap-sucking insect pests. Use of these bio-control strategies affords the opportunity to minimise pesticide usage and the risks associated with pollution.
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Picanço, Marcelo Coutinho. "Natural Biological Control of Lepidopteran Pests by Ants." Sociobiology 59, no. 4 (August 26, 2014): 1389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v59i4.511.
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The predatory ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidade) are social insects and important natural enemies of pests in agroecosystems. Despite the importance of these predators, little is known about their role, especially in tropical regions. Among the major Lepidopteran pests of vegetables are Ascia monuste (Pieridae), Diaphania nitidalis (Crambidae), Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Crambidae) and Tuta absoluta (Gelechiidae). Thus, this work aimed to study the natural biological control of A. monuste, D. nitidalis, N. elegantalis and T. absoluta by ants. For this, we evaluated the natural biological control of A. monuste on kale and D. nitidalis on cucumber both species in the dry season. Whilst the natural biological control of N. elegantalis and T. absoluta on tomato plants were evaluated in the rainy and dry seasons. Ants preyed on Lepidoptera in the pupa stadium. They also preyed on eggs of D. nitidalis. The activity of predatory ants occurred mainly during the night. The ants were the main causes of pupae mortality of A. monuste, D. nitidalis and T. absoluta. Beyond the ants, the physiological disturbances and birds were also important factors of pupae mortality of N. elegantalis. The ants Labidus coecus and Solenopsis sp. were observed preying on pupae whereas the Paratrechina sp. was observed preying eggs of D. nitidalis. The pupae mortality of D. nitidalis and T. absoluta by ants were higher than the pupae mortality of N. elegantalis and A. monuste. The rate of pupae predation of N. elegantalis by ants was similar in rainy and dry seasons and the same occurred with T. absoluta.
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Driesche, R. G. Van. "Classical Biological Control of Environmental Pests." Florida Entomologist 77, no. 1 (March 1994): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3495870.
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Momunova, G. "Fruit Trees Pests and Pest Control." Bulletin of Science and Practice, no. 6 (June 15, 2023): 138–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/91/17.
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Currently, pests cause great harm to fruit trees. 22 pests damaging fruit trees were identified and their species composition was determined. Some of them, under favorable conditions, multiply abundantly and damage the fruits, trunks, roots, branches and leaves of trees. In gardens, depending on the number of species, biological characteristics, harmfulness and nature of damage, the following activities can be carried out: 1) agrotechnical; 2) physical and mechanical; 3) biological methods. In recent years, much attention has been paid to the use of predominantly biological methods in pest control. Chemical methods of pest control have lost their effectiveness in recent years. This is due to the fact that in the course of the fight against this or that pest, hundreds and thousands of beneficial insects also disappear in nature. Not only that, but the birds that feed on them, etc., the animals are also poisoned, and their numbers are decreasing. Большой вред плодовым деревьям наносят их вредители. Выявлено 22 вредителя, повреждающих плодовые деревья, и определен их видовой состав. Некоторые из них при благоприятных условиях обильно размножаются и повреждают плоды, стволы, корни, ветви и листья деревьев. В садах, в зависимости от количества видов, биологических особенностей, вредоносности и характера повреждений, можно проводить следующие мероприятия: 1) агротехнические; 2) физико-механические; 3) биологические методы. В последние годы большое внимание уделяется использованию в борьбе с вредителями преимущественно биологических методов. Химические методы борьбы с вредителями в последние годы утратили свою эффективность. Это связано с тем, что в ходе борьбы с тем или иным вредителем в природе также исчезают сотни и тысячи полезных насекомых, птиц и т. д. Количество животных также уменьшается.
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Li, Dun-Song, Chunyan Liao, Bao-Xin Zhang, and Zi-Wei Song. "Biological control of insect pests in litchi orchards in China." Biological Control 68 (January 2014): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.06.003.
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Zhou, Hongxu, Yi Yu, Xiumei Tan, Aidong Chen, and Jianguo Feng. "Biological control of insect pests in apple orchards in China." Biological Control 68 (January 2014): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.06.009.
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Ye, Gong-Yin, Qiang Xiao, Mao Chen, Xue-xin Chen, Zhi-jun Yuan, David W. Stanley, and Cui Hu. "Tea: Biological control of insect and mite pests in China." Biological Control 68 (January 2014): 73–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.06.013.
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Lou, Yong-Gen, Gu-Ren Zhang, Wen-Qing Zhang, Yang Hu, and Jin Zhang. "Reprint of: Biological control of rice insect pests in China." Biological Control 68 (January 2014): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.09.018.
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Alford, David V. "Biological control of insect pests on oilseed rape in Europe." Pesticide Outlook 11, no. 5 (2000): 200–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b008023n.
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Greathead, D. J., and A. H. Greathead. "Biological control of insect pests by insect parasitoids and predators: the BIOCAT database." Biocontrol News and Information 13, no. 4 (November 7, 1992): 61N—68N. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews/19921166435.
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The structure of the BIOCAT database, which contains records of the introductions of insect natural enemies for the control of insect pests worldwide, and is now available online, is explained. It is a useful summary of biological control effort and a guide to factors which may influence the success of introduction programmes, but is not detailed enough for making firm predictions.
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Abbas, Arzlan, Farman Ullah, Muhammad Hafeez, Xiao Han, Muhammad Zulqar Nain Dara, Hina Gul, and Chen Ri Zhao. "Biological Control of Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda." Agronomy 12, no. 11 (October 31, 2022): 2704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112704.
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The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is one of the most important invasive pests worldwide, resulting in considerable losses in host crops. FAW comprises two genetic strains, such as the “rice strain”, which prefers rice and other grass species, and the “maize strain”, which feeds upon maize and sorghum. Potential control measures are generally more applicable to the farmers who lack financial assets to buy chemical insecticides or costly pure seeds. The adverse effects of pesticides on the ecosystem and human’s health and the development of resistance to insect pests have exaggerated efforts to find an alternative strategy that is cost-effective, low-risk and target-specific. Therefore, biological control is widely considered as one of the most important options for insect pest management. This comprehensive review amasses the information on biological control in all phases of their development, including predators, parasitoids, entomopathogenic fungi, viruses, nematodes, bacteria, and biopesticides, with a special focus on their effectiveness against FAW. The findings regarding biological control are briefly discussed in light of improving management programs of the invasive pest S. frugiperda.
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Seehausen, M. Lukas, Catarina Afonso, Hervé Jactel, and Marc Kenis. "Classical biological control against insect pests in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East: What influences its success?" NeoBiota 65 (June 10, 2021): 169–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.65.66276.
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Many factors can affect the success and failure of classical biological control. However, these factors have mainly been studied independently of each other, which leaves their relative importance within the complexity of classical biological control (CBC) programmes unknown. Therefore, we set out to take a more holistic view on the factors that may impact the outcome of CBC of insect pests by insect predators and parasitoids. To this end, we filtered the BIOCAT catalogue to extract entries for the Greater Western Palearctic ecozone and added 15 new explanatory variables. These mainly concerned traits of released biological control agents, target pests, and host plants of the target, but also included the number of introductions for specific agent-target combinations as a management aspect. We then analysed the data regarding three levels of success: agent establishment, impact on the target population, and complete control of the target. Between 1890 and 2010 a total of 780 introductions of insects for biological control were undertaken in the analysed area, constituting 416 agent-target combinations. Overall success of agent establishment was 32%, successful impact of single agents on their target was 18%, and success of complete control was 11%. The number of factors significantly influencing the outcome of CBC decreased with increasing level of success. Remarkably few agent-related factors influenced the success: insect predators as agents decreased the probability of establishment and using oligophagous parasitoids significantly decreased the chances of complete control. Other significant factors were related to traits of target pests or their host plants. For example, sap feeders and target pests attacking reproductive plant parts were more likely to be successfully controlled. The rate of success increased with the number of introductions of CBC agents, in particular against univoltine target pests. These findings suggest that a focus on agent-related traits to increase the chances of successful CBC is not fully justified and should be complemented with the consideration of lower trophic levels and other aspects of CBC, such as abiotic factors and management.
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Hulme, Michael A. "The recent Canadian record in applied biological control of forest insect pests." Forestry Chronicle 64, no. 1 (February 1, 1988): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc64027-1.
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The applied biological control of 21 forest insect pests was recently evaluated in Canada. One-third of these pests have been almost permanently controlled in their present environment. One-third of the pests can be controlled for one to several pest generations. The remaining third were either not controlled or the evaluation of the applied biological control has not been completed. Benefit:cost data are scant and those available are rudimentary. Ratios of at least 20:1 were calculated for two successes with long-term control. Higher ratios were obtained when the control economics were examined from the perspective of the forest manager. Only the production of Bacillus thuringiensis is sufficiently profitable for private industry to undertake supply. Applied biological control has a good record of environmental compatibility. Prospects for the control method are briefly outlined.
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Patel, Tarun Kumar. "Entomopathogenic Fungi: Nature's Secret Weapon Against Agricultural Pests." Journal of Ravishankar University (PART-B) 36, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.52228/jrub.2023-36-2-8.
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Insect pests pose significant challenges to agricultural productivity and crop yield worldwide. Conventional pest control methods, such as chemical pesticides, have limitations and adverse environmental effects. Therefore, there is a growing need for sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives in pest management. This review explores the potential of entomopathogenic fungi as a promising biological control agent for insect pests in agriculture. The review begins by providing an overview of entomopathogenic fungi and their significancce. These fungi possess unique mechanisms to infect and kill insect pests. The mode of action involves attachment of fungal spores to the insect's cuticle, followed by penetration, colonization, and release of toxic metabolites within the host. Various factors influence the efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi, including environmental conditions, insect host susceptibility, and formulation/application methods. The benefits of entomopathogenic fungi as biological control agents are discussed, including their compatibility with integrated pest management (IPM) strategies and minimal impact on non-target organisms. However, challenges exist in scaling up their commercial application. The review presents case studies showcasing successful field applications of entomopathogenic fungi in pest management. Future prospects and research directions are identified, emphasizing the importance of continued advancements in understanding the interactions between entomopathogenic fungi and insect pests. Regulatory frameworks and public acceptance are crucial for the widespread adoption of these fungi in agriculture. In conclusion, entomopathogenic fungi offer immense potential as sustainable and effective tools for biological control of insect pests in agriculture. Their ability to target specific pests, compatibility with IPM, and minimal environmental impact make them a viable alternative to chemical pesticides. Further research, collaboration, and implementation are necessary to fully harness the potential of entomopathogenic fungi in integrated pest management strategies.
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Olson, William H., and Richard P. Buchner. "Leading Edge of Plant Protection for Walnuts." HortTechnology 12, no. 4 (January 2002): 615–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.12.4.615.
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English walnut (Juglans regia) producers in California compete with many insect and disease pests to produce an acceptable crop. Traditional control strategies work reasonably well for most pests. However, environmental concerns, loss of certain pesticides and new or impending regulations threaten the use of many traditional techniques for control of many of the pests. Codling moth (Cydia pomonella), walnut husk fly (Rhagoletis completa), and walnut aphid (Chromaphis juglandicola) are the major insects that affect California walnut production. Control strategies that use integrated pest management programs, beneficial insects, mating disruption, insect growth regulators, improved monitoring techniques and precise treatment timing based on the insect's life cycle are leading edge techniques currently available for insect control in walnuts. Major diseases include walnut blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. juglandis), crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) and crown and root rot (Phytophthora spp). Both copper resistant and copper sensitive strains of the walnut blight bacterium are best controlled with combinations of copper bactericides and maneb instead of copper materials alone. A new computer model, Xanthocast, used to forecast the need for walnut blight treatment is under evaluation. Crown gall is managed using a preplant biological control agent and a heat treatment to eradicate existing galls. Phytophthora crown and root rot is dealt with primarily by site selection, irrigation management and rootstock selection.
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Tripathi, Subina, Kabita Kumari Shah, Injila Tiwari, and Jiban Shrestha. "Farmers’ Perception about Major Insect Pests of Cucurbits and Their Management." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Research 3, no. 3 (November 17, 2020): 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/injar.v3i3.4414.
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A survey was undertaken in five Village Development Committees (VDCs) of Lamjung District, Nepal from June to August 2018 to investigate major insect pests and their management practices in cucurbits. A total of ninety-five cucurbit growers were selected and interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. The study revealed that the major insect pests attacking cucurbits were fruit fly, red pumpkin beetle, aphid, whitefly, epilachna beetle, cucurbit sting bug, cutworm, and blister beetle. The majority of farmers responded that fruit fly was the most prevalent insect pest, followed by aphid and red pumpkin beetle. Most of the farmers used chemical methods, that includes biological, mechanical, and cultural techniques to control the insects. For the mechanical method, they used sex-pheromone traps i.e. cue-lure. Among botanical pesticides, Neem (Azadirachta indica), Malabar Nut (Justicia adhatoda), Chinaberry (Melia azedarch), Mugwort (Artemisia spp.) were used. Commonly used insecticides by farmers were Cypermethrin, Dimethoate, Malathion, and Endosulfan. The indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides resulted in pest resistance, resurgence, and sometimes outbreak of insect pests. Majority of farmers were using chemical methods to control pests. Apart from this, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) was also adopted for good agricultural practices (GAP) to prevent chemical hazards on human health and the environment. To control insect pests, trained farmers should be encouraged to follow the sanitation of fields and protection of natural enemies by avoiding the use of pesticides a long as possible.