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1
Jamieson, L. E., N. E. M. Page-Weir, A. Chhagan, S. Olsson, and P. G. Connolly. "High pressure waterwashing to remove pests from capsicums." New Zealand Plant Protection 63 (August 1, 2010): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2010.63.6551.
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Removal of pests on export fruit before packing using high pressure waterwashing is used commercially in New Zealand for apples and avocados and has the potential to be extended to other fruits and vegetables Mealybugs thrips and mites are intercepted on exported capsicums and the presence of species of quarantine importance results in methyl bromide fumigation which disrupts export reduces fruit quality and is costly The removal of mealybugs from naturally infested capsicums was measured after high pressure water washing at 50 75 100 125 150 175 or 200 psi and compared with results from an untreated control Before treatment capsicums had an average of 1237 live mealybugs per fruit At 3 days after high pressure waterwashing the numbers of live mealybugs on treated capsicums ranged from 38 to 118 per fruit resulting in 5885 reduction This compared with an average of 44 mealybugs on untreated capsicums at 3 days after treatment
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Mansour, Ramzi, Fatma Youssfi, Kaouthar Lebdi, and Salah Rezgui. "Imidacloprid Applied Through Drip Irrigation as a New Promising Alternative to Control Mealybugs in Tunisian Vineyards." Journal of Plant Protection Research 50, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10045-010-0054-9.
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Imidacloprid Applied Through Drip Irrigation as a New Promising Alternative to Control Mealybugs in Tunisian VineyardsMealybugs are serious insect pests in Tunisian vineyards where they can cause major production losses. Thus, a management program of these insects is a priority for grape growers. A summer pesticide trial was conducted in a vineyard, located in the Cap-Bon Region of Tunisia. The trial was carried out to assess the use of imidacloprid, a systemic insecticide, against mealybugs on vine. Imidacloprid was applied through the drip irrigation system for each vine and was then compared to methidathion, a contact insecticide. Imidacloprid was found to be more effective than methidathion on all mealybug developmental stages. In addition to its outstanding, up to 100% efficiency, imidacloprid provided an interesting long-term control of mealybugs. No significant difference was found between the two imidacloprid rates (1 and 2 ml/vine). Methidathion generated an overall low to intermediate efficacy on mealybugs and was more effective on both first instar nymphs and adult females than on the other mealybug developmental stages. Thus, imidacloprid applied through a drip irrigation system is a new promising option to control mealybugs in vineyards. For this reason it can be employed in an integrated management program against these pests in the Tunisian grape-growing area.
3
Parrilli, Martina, Marco Profeta, Luca Casoli, Fabio Gambirasio, Antonio Masetti, and Giovanni Burgio. "Use of Sugar Dispensers to Disrupt Ant Attendance and Improve Biological Control of Mealybugs in Vineyard." Insects 12, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12040330.
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Planococcus ficus (Signoret) and Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are economically important pests occurring in vineyards, causing severe economic losses for growers and compromising bunch production. The partial effectiveness of insecticides used in controlling mealybug infestations as well as their high impact on the environment and on human health have led to the research of alternative and sustainable control methods, including biological control. Several natural enemies are reported to be effective against mealybugs, but their activity may be hindered by tending ants. These social insects are known to exhibit a mutualistic relationship with mealybugs, resulting in extremely aggressive behavior against beneficial insects. Consequently, this study explored a method to mitigate ant attendance by means of sugar dispensers in order to improve ecosystem services, as well as decrease mealybug infestation in vineyards. Field trials were carried out in four commercial vineyards of Northern Italy infested by mealybugs, in which Anagyrus vladimiri Triapitsyn (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were released as biological control agents. Our results showed that sugar dispensers reduced ant activity and mealybug infestation, leading to a significant enhancement of ecosystem services. The technique showed a great potential in boosting biological control against mealybugs in field conditions, though the field application seemed to be labour intensive and needs to be replicated for a multi-year evaluation.
4
Wallis, D. R., and P. W. Shaw. "Mealybugs and their parasitoids in Nelson pipfruit orchards." New Zealand Plant Protection 62 (August 1, 2009): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4866.
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Three species of mealybug are major pests on a wide range of horticultural crops in New Zealand Pseudococcus longispinus P calceolariae and P viburni They can be found throughout New Zealand although they rarely become pests south of Marlborough Because colonies often establish in the calyx and stem of developing fruit they can cause rejection of export fruit During the 2008 Nelson apple harvest an increase in mealybug numbers was recorded for some commercial orchards A sample of 58 mealybuginfested apples was kept in a climate chamber at 20C to determine if any parasitoids were present From these 16 Tectracnemoidea sydneyensis (Hym Encyrtidae) and two Coccophagus gurneyi (Hym Aphelinidae) parasitoids were reared The following season 5400 fruit were examined from an infested block to determine mealybug species and the level of fruit infestation 188 of the fruit were infested 155 by P longispinus and 1 by P calceolariae Another 89 infested fruit were kept in individual containers at 20C From this sample 308 mealybugs were counted of which 305 were P longispinus and three were P calceolariae Fifteen percent of the P longispinus were parasitised by T sydneyensis Results from this study confirmed that P longispinus was the predominant mealybug species and that T sydneyensis was the most common parasitoid
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Mckenna, C. E., S. J. Dobson, and J. M. Phare. "The insect pest complex of Actinidia arguta kiwifruit." New Zealand Plant Protection 62 (August 1, 2009): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4793.
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The key insect pests of Actinidia arguta kiwifruit were determined by monitoring tagged fruit bunches for insects and insect damage in six orchard blocks from fruit set in November 2007 until harvest in February 2008 and by examining samples of picked fruit at harvest The proportion of fruit damaged by leafroller feeding increased throughout the entire growing season and live caterpillars were present on picked fruit at harvest Greenhouse thrips damage to fruit was noticeable from mid January Armoured scale insects and mealybugs were recorded on the fruit from December but most infestations occurred during the month prior to harvest Leafrollers and greenhouse thrips are the key production pests while leafrollers greedy scale and some mealybug species are potential quarantine species All three commercial A arguta cultivars grown in the Bay of Plenty are susceptible to the key pest species
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Chen, Jian-Wen, Wan-Ju Lin, Hui-Jun Cheng, Che-Lun Hung, Chun-Yuan Lin, and Shu-Pei Chen. "A Smartphone-Based Application for Scale Pest Detection Using Multiple-Object Detection Methods." Electronics 10, no. 4 (February 3, 2021): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10040372.
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Taiwan’s economy mainly relies on the export of agricultural products. If even the suspicion of a pest is found in the crop products after they are exported, not only are the agricultural products returned but the whole batch of crops is destroyed, resulting in extreme crop losses. The species of mealybugs, Coccidae, and Diaspididae, which are the primary pests of the scale insect in Taiwan, can not only lead to serious damage to the plants but also severely affect agricultural production. Hence, to recognize the scale pests is an important task in Taiwan’s agricultural field. In this study, we propose an AI-based pest detection system for solving the specific issue of detection of scale pests based on pictures. Deep-learning-based object detection models, such as faster region-based convolutional networks (Faster R-CNNs), single-shot multibox detectors (SSDs), and You Only Look Once v4 (YOLO v4), are employed to detect and localize scale pests in the picture. The experimental results show that YOLO v4 achieved the highest classification accuracy among the algorithms, with 100% in mealybugs, 89% in Coccidae, and 97% in Diaspididae. Meanwhile, the computational performance of YOLO v4 has indicated that it is suitable for real-time application. Moreover, the inference results of the YOLO v4 model further help the end user. A mobile application using the trained scale pest recognition model has been developed to facilitate pest identification in farms, which is helpful in applying appropriate pesticides to reduce crop losses.
7
Lo, P. L., and J. T. S. Walker. "Soil applications of two neonicotinoid insecticides to control mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) in vineyards." New Zealand Plant Protection 64 (January 8, 2011): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2011.64.5969.
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Grapevine leafrollassociated Virus 3 debilitates grapevines reducing yields and juice quality and eventually makes vineyards uneconomic Mealybugs (Pseudococcus spp) are the key insect pests of grapes in New Zealand because they are the principal vectors of this virus Until recently all insecticides registered for their control depended on direct contact but mealybugs live in hardtotreat parts of vines This research tested the efficacy of two neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid and SCAL 5085 that have translaminar and systemic activity Two field trials were conducted on commercial vineyards with the insecticides applied as soil drenches In the first trial imidacloprid applied at 0525 g ai/vine reduced mealybug abundance by >99 compared with untreated vines and autumn and spring applications were equally effective Half this rate was less effective although drenching in autumn was better than in spring In the second trial treatments were applied in winter and SCAL 5085 at 0263 g ai/vine provided equivalent control to imidacloprid at 0525 g ai/vine
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Lo, P. L., V. A. Bell, and J. T. S. Walker. "Maximising the effectiveness of insecticides to control mealybugs in vineyards." New Zealand Plant Protection 62 (August 1, 2009): 296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4820.
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Mealybugs (Hemiptera Pseudococcidae) are the most important insect pests in New Zealand vineyards because they vector grapevine leafroll virus which seriously debilitates vines and reduces wine quality A field trial was conducted on a commercial vineyard using the insecticides prothiofos (Tokuthion) and buprofezin (Applaudtrade;) Factors tested were the timing and number of applications water rate (250 500 or 1000 litres/ha) and inclusion of an alkylsilicone or organosilicone spreadertype adjuvant Prothiofos was applied in late September (late dormant) while buprofezin was sprayed at late dormant mid October and late November (preflowering) The best treatments for reducing mealybug numbers and proportion of infested leaves were prothiofos at late dormant and two later applications of buprofezin Two applications of buprofezin were more effective than one more than halving the number of mealybugs A water rate of 500 litres/ha was equally as effective as 1000 litres/ha None of the three adjuvants improved the efficacy of prothiofos or buprofezin
9
Jamieson, L. E., N. E. M. Page-Weir, A. Chhagan, P. G. Connolly, J. Poulton, and A. M. Kean. "The potential of using low oxygen and ethyl formate or ethyl acetate to disinfest fresh fruit in storage." New Zealand Plant Protection 66 (January 8, 2013): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2013.66.5617.
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Low oxygen and/or generally recognised as safe (GRAS)/food additive (FA) treatments in combination with cool storage have the potential to disinfest a range of commodities of various pests This paper reports on research to determine the tolerance of second/third and fifth instar codling moth larvae fifth instar lightbrown apple moth larvae mixed stages of greedy scale and obscure mealybugs and diapausing twospotted mite adults to ultra low oxygen (ULO lt;05 O2) and ULO combined with two GRAS/ FA compounds ethyl acetate and ethyl formate ULO alone did not consistently enhance mortality of these pests compared with air cool storage However addition of 30005000 ppm of ethyl acetate or ethyl formate reduced the time taken to achieve 99 mortality from weeks or months to between 8 h and 5 days depending on the pest
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Griffin, M. J., L. E. Jamieson, A. Chhagan, N. E. M. Page-Weir, J. Poulton, V. A. Davis, F. Zulhendri, and P. G. Connolly. "The potential of ethyl formate carbon dioxide to control a range of horticultural pests." New Zealand Plant Protection 66 (January 8, 2013): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2013.66.5621.
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Ethyl formate (EF) is a generally recognised as safe (GRAS) compound that can be applied as a fumigant to disinfest fresh produce This paper reports initial research to determine the dose responses of various pests to ethyl formatecarbon dioxide treatment during 1 2 3 and 4h treatments at ambient temperatures between 18 and 23C Thrips (mixtures of Thrips tabaci and Frankliniella occidentalis) on lupin flowers obscure mealybugs (Pseudococcus viburni) on potatoes and greedy scale (Hemiberlesia rapax) on potatoes were more susceptible than either lightbrown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana) eggs on plastic and fifth instar larvae on apples or codling moth (Cydia pomonella) second/ third instars and fifth instars on apples Further efficacy studies are warranted to investigate the commercial viability of EFCO2 treatment of fresh produce against other pests effects on fruit quality and commercial application logistics
11
Hata, T. Y., A. H. Hara, and B. K. S. Hu. "Field Insecticidal Trial Against Certain Pests of Red Ginger, Hawaii, 1994." Arthropod Management Tests 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/20.1.297.
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Abstract Efficacy trials were conducted from 20 May through 26 Sep in an existing, 4 year old ginger planting at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, Waiakea Experiment Station (Hilo), HI. Treatments consisted of 4 replicates with 5 plants per replicate arranged in a RCB experimental design. Selected insecticides were applied at the following rates: Talstar T&O; 0.1 lb AI/100 gal, Pageant DF; 0.5 lb AI/100 gal, Marathon 1G; 0.4 lb Al/acre, Mavrik Aquaflow; 0.08 lb AI/100 gal combined with M-Pede 1855 ml AI/100 gal by volume. Foliar insecticides were applied biweekly beginning 14 Jun through 25 Jul for a total of four applications using a solo back pack sprayer (Solo Inc., Newport News, VA) equipped with an 8004 Teejet nozzle at 276 KPa (702 liters/ha). A spreader sticker (Adhere, J. R. Simplot, Lanthrop, CA) was added to all foliar treatments including the control at a rate of 0.39 ml/liter solution. Marathon 1G was applied once, around and within the ginger stalks, and watered immediately after treatment. Treatment efficacy was determined by dissecting the flower bracts and terminal leaf sheath and observing for various insect pests. Flowers were considered infested if a single live (moving) insect was found. The three species of mealybugs and two ant species were each pooled for analysis. The percentages of infested flowers were transformed to arcsine square root and subjected to ANOVA. Back transformed means are presented.
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Zongoma, A. M., D. B. Dangora, M. Sétamou, M. D. Alegbejo, and O. J. Alabi. "Identification of mealybugs, soft scale insects and their predators in vineyards across the savannah agro-ecological region of Nigeria." Zoologist (The) 18, no. 1 (April 8, 2021): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tzool.v18i1.5.
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Insect-vectored viruses are a major threat to grapevine production but there is a dearth of information on the occurrence and distribution of key grapevine pests in Nigeria. The recent detection of grapevine leafroll associated virus-1 (GLRaV-1), a known insect-vectored ampelovirus, in Nigeria elevates the importance of the identification of its potential vectors as a precursor to assessing the risk of grapevine leafroll disease spread. This study was conducted to determine the occurrence and diversity of potential vectors of grapevine viruses and their natural enemies in vineyards across the savannah agro-ecological region of Nigeria. Forty vineyard and nursery locations were surveyed during 2016 and 45 arthropod samples were collected. The samples were first morphologically identified, and DNA barcoding was conducted on a subset of 16 representative samples using universal primers specific to the Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) gene of most insects. The results indicated the presence of two species of scale insects (Parasaissetia nigra and Saissetia coffeae) and two mealybug species (Maconellicoccus hirsutus and Ferrisia virgata), some ofwhich are potential grapevine virus vectors, in Nigerian vineyards. In addition, the natural enemies of these insect species were detected which includes three species of parasitoids (Anagyrus kamali, Anagyrus pseudococci and Encarsia inaron) and one predator (Hyperaspidius mimus). While the detection of mealybugs and scale insects underscore the risk of vector-mediated virus spread in Nigerian vineyards, the identification of their natural enemies indicates presence of natural biological control agents to facilitate an integrated management of economically important grapevine virus diseases in the country.
Keywords: Mealybugs; scale insects; parasitoids and predators; insect vectors; grapevine viruses.
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Ricalde, Marcelo Perrone, Dori Edson Nava, Alci Enimar Loeck, Enilton Fick Coutinho, Alexandre Bisognin, and Flávio Roberto Mello Garcia. "Insects related to Olive culture in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil." Ciência Rural 45, no. 12 (September 1, 2015): 2125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20141477.
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The increased cultivation of olive trees in Rio Grande do Sul State and its potential production arouse the need to characterize the assemblage of insects in olive groves, especially those with potential as pests. Therefore, the insect fauna was sampled monthly for two years, in the canopy of olive trees, using beat cloth, and collection of buds in five municipalities in Southern Rio Grande do Sul State. The faunal indices analyzed were abundance, constancy, dominance and frequency. The olive caterpillar Palpita forficifera Munroe 1959 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and mealybugs Saissetia oleae (Olivier, 1791) and Saissetia coffeae (Walker, 1952) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) are the main phytophagous insects in olive farms in the Rio Grande do Sul State, with potential to reach pest status. Eleven insect species were recorded for the first time in olive groves in Brazil. The occurrence of P. forficifera is a new record for the Rio Grande do Sul State.
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Jamieson, L. E., N. E. M. Page-Weir, A. Chhagan, D. W. Brash, D. Klementz, B. L. Bycroft, P. G. Connolly, et al. "Phosphine fumigation to disinfest kiwifruit." New Zealand Plant Protection 65 (January 8, 2012): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2012.65.5370.
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Global use of phosphine as a fumigant has increased in response to the need to replace methyl bromide and with the improved formulations ECO2FUME and VAPORPH3OS Phosphine is registered as a postharvest fumigant on kiwifruit in New Zealand and has been used commercially to reduce the risk of detecting live pests Scale insects mealybugs and diapausing twospotted spider mites were exposed to a range of phosphine treatments A 48h low temperature (1746C) fumigation (64083311 ppm) achieved 100 mortality of all life stages of oleander scale insects while a 12h exposure killed all longtailed mealybug life stages A 36h low temperature (2533C) fumigation (43322712 ppm) treatment achieved 100 mortality of all greedy scale insect life stages A 48 to 96h treatment (36001200 ppm) at 115C caused 913100 mortality of diapausing twospotted spider mite adults Use of phosphine as a commercial treatment for kiwifruit is discussed
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Grabovska, T., M. Jelínek, and V. Shevchenko. "Effect of organic farming on the ladybird beetle diversity (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)." Agrobìologìâ, no. 1(163) (May 25, 2021): 188–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9270-2021-163-1-188-197.
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Coccinellidae perform the function of biological control of pests in nature, they eat aphids and other insects, which is important in organic agriculture. The aim of the work was to establish the distribution and species composition of the family Coccinellidae in the organic agro-landscape. The research was conducted at the Skvyra research station of organic production (Kyiv region, Ukraine). Insects were collected by entomological mowing with a net in four stages of plant development. The organic agro-landscape included crops of buckwheat, oats, soybeans and winter wheat. Data from neighbor conventional soybean and winter wheat ecosystems were used for comparison. The agroecosystems of these crops, which included felds, ecotones ”feld – feld protective forest shelter belt”, feld protective forest shelter belts, were studied. The study identifed 10 species of the family Coccinellidae, the number of species ranged from 1 to 89/100 waves, the largest in the ecosystem of organic winter wheat. H. axiridis belonged to the recedents and was found in fve agroecosystems in the amount of 1-7 individuals / 100 waves. The most common species were C. septempunctata, T. sedecimpunctata and larvae of Coccinellidae, which were eudominant in the organic agro-landscape. Species Vibidia sp. was found only in organic agroecosystems of buckwheat and oats. The variety of ladybugs in organic winter wheat was higher than in conventional. Organic soybeans, in contrast, had less variety of Coccinellidae than conventional soybeans, as confrmed by cluster analysis. Species richness in crop ecosystems ranged from 3 to 8 in different study periods. High correlations of insect numbers were found between felds, ecotones and forest shelter belts, as well as between neighbor ecotones and neighbor forest belts, which indicates the migration of insects between these areas. Thus, the diversity and prevalence of Coccinellidae in the organic agro-landscape, compared to the traditional one, has been established. Key words: ladybugs, organic farming, agrolandscape, agroecosystem, crops, species.
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ZARKANI, AGUSTIN, DWINARDI APRIYANTO, FERIT TURANLI, CANSU ERCAN, and MEHMET BORA KAYDAN. "A checklist of Indonesian scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha)." Zootaxa 5016, no. 2 (August 5, 2021): 151–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5016.2.1.
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Scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorryncha: Coccomorpha) are a very important insect group containing numerous pests of woody and herbaceous plants worldwide. The only complete study of any scale insects in Indonesia was by D.J. Williams on the mealybugs (Pseudococcidae sensu lato), published in 2004; the other scale insect families have only been documented in various small publications. Here we provide a complete checklist of the scale insects of Indonesia, which now contains 364 species belonging to 136 genera in 16 families. The family Diaspididae is the most diverse, with 158 species belonging to 44 genera, followed by Pseudococcidae with 105 species belonging to 32 genera, and Coccidae with 65 species belonging to 22 genera. The other families are, in order of size: Monophlebidae (26 species belonging to 9 genera), Rhizoecidae (12 species belonging to 4 genera), Asterolecaniidae (11 species belonging to 5 genera), Leconodiaspidae (7 species belonging to 3 genera), Cerococcidae (5 species belonging to 3 genera), Xenococcidae (5 species belonging to 2 genera), Ortheziidae (4 species belonging to 3 genera), Eriococcidae (4 species belonging to 2 genera), Aclerdidae (2 species belonging to 1 genus), and Kermesidae (1 species belonging to 1 genus).
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Arora, Arinder K., Noah Clark, Karen S. Wentworth, Stephen Hesler, Marc Fuchs, Greg Loeb, and Angela E. Douglas. "Evaluation of RNA Interference for Control of the Grape Mealybug Pseudococcus maritimus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)." Insects 11, no. 11 (October 28, 2020): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11110739.
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The grape mealybug Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn, 1900) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a significant pest of grapevines (Vitis spp.) and a vector of disease-causing grape viruses, linked to its feeding on phloem sap. The management of this pest is constrained by the lack of naturally occurring resistance traits in Vitis. Here, we obtained proof of concept that RNA interference (RNAi) using double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules against essential genes for phloem sap feeding can depress insect survival. The genes of interest code for an aquaporin (AQP) and a sucrase (SUC) that are required for osmoregulation in related phloem sap-feeding hemipteran insects (aphids and whiteflies). In parallel, we investigated the grape mealybug genes coding non-specific nucleases (NUC), which reduce RNAi efficacy by degrading administered dsRNA. Homologs of AQP and SUC with experimentally validated function in aphids, together with NUC, were identified in the published transcriptome of the citrus mealybug Planococcus citri by phylogenetic analysis, and sequences of the candidate genes were obtained for Ps. maritimus by PCR with degenerate primers. Using this first sequence information for Ps. maritimus, dsRNA was prepared and administered to the insects via an artificial diet. The treatment comprising dsRNA against AQP, SUC and NUC significantly increased insect mortality over three days, relative to dsRNA-free controls. The dsRNA constructs for AQP and NUC were predicted, from sequence analysis to have some activity against other mealybugs, but none of the three dsRNA constructs have predicted activity against aphids. This study provides the basis to develop in planta RNAi strategies against Ps. maritimus and other mealybug pests of grapevines.
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Hogendorp, Brian K., Raymond A. Cloyd, and John M. Swiader. "Silicon-based Fertilizer Applications Have No Effect on the Reproduction and Development of the Citrus Mealybug, Planococcus citri Risso (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Feeding on Fiddleleaf Fig, Ficus lyrata (Warb.)." HortScience 44, no. 6 (October 2009): 1616–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.6.1616.
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Mealybugs are major insect pests of greenhouses, interiorscapes, and conservatories feeding on a wide range of horticultural crops. However, mealybugs are difficult to regulate with insecticides as a result of the presence of a nearly impervious protective waxy covering, which means that alternative management strategies are required. As such, this study was designed to determine the value of applying silicon-based fertilizers such as potassium silicate to fiddleleaf fig, Ficus lyrata, plants as a means of alleviating outbreaks of the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri. The study evaluated the effects of applying a commercially available silicon-based fertilizer product, ProTek® 0-0-3 The Silicon Solution, as a drench to the growing medium at different rates (0, 100, 400, 800, and 1600 ppm silicon). We determined the effect of the silicon-based fertilizer rate treatments on citrus mealybug life history parameters, including number of eggs laid by the female, body size (mm), and development time (days) from first instar to ovipositing adult female. In addition, we used a plant alkaline fusion technique to assess the concentration (mg·kg−1 or ppm) of silicon in the aboveground tissues (leaves and stems) of fiddleleaf fig plants at variable time intervals (days). This technique involves dry-ashing plant tissue in a muffle furnace followed by alkaline fusion and then colorimetric analysis. We found that the silicon-based fertilizer rate treatments did not negatively affect any of the citrus mealybug life history parameters measured. Citrus mealybug female egg load ranged from 132.3 to 159.2 and the development time (days) ranged from 66.9 to 68.7 d. The silicon concentrations present in the fiddleleaf fig plants on the final harvest date were between 4419.2 and 7241.7 mg·kg−1 silicon with fiddleleaf fig plants that received the 1600 ppm silicon-based fertilizer rate treatment having the highest silicon concentration. Moisture content was not significantly different among plants receiving the different silicon concentrations. Our results seem to suggest that fiddleleaf fig may actually be a silicon “rejector” and, as such, applications of silicon-based fertilizers are not beneficial to fiddleleaf fig plants because they do not accumulate sufficient quantities of silicon to impact citrus mealybugs.
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Correa, M. C. G., T. Zaviezo, J. Le Maguet, E. Herrbach, and T. Malausa. "Characterization of microsatellite DNA libraries from three mealybug species and development of microsatellite markers for Pseudococcus viburni (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 104, no. 2 (December 17, 2013): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485313000667.
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AbstractMealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are important pests for crops worldwide. Different species, cryptic taxa under the same species name or even populations within a species can differ in biological characteristics, such as phenology, resistance to insecticides, virus transmission and susceptibility to natural enemies. Therefore, their management efficacy depends on their accurate identification. Microsatellite genetic markers are efficient in revealing the fine-scale taxonomic status of insects, both at inter- and intra-specific level. Despite their potential uses, microsatellites have been developed only for one mealybug species so far. Hence, it is unclear whether microsatellites may be useful to assess mealybug population differentiation and structuring. In this work, we tested the feasibility of developing microsatellite markers in mealybugs by: (i) producing and characterizing microsatellite DNA libraries for three species: Pseudococcus viburni, Pseudococcus comstocki and Heliococcus bohemicus, and (ii) by developing and testing markers for Ps. viburni. The obtained libraries contained balanced percentages of dinucleotide (ranging from 15 to 25%) and trinucleotide (from 5 to 17%) motifs. The marker setup for Ps. viburni was successful, although 70% of the primers initially tested were discarded for a lack of polymorphism. Finally, 25 markers were combined in two multiplex polymerase chain reactions with 21 displaying no evidence of deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Ps. viburni markers were tested on one population from France and one from Chile. The markers revealed a significant genetic differentiation between the two populations with an Fst estimate of 0.266.
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Siahaan, Parluhutan, Jusak Wongkar, Susan Wowiling, and Rowland Mangais. "Patogenisitas Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Viull. yang Diisolasi dari Beberapa Jenis Inang Terhadap Kepik Hijau, Nezara viridula L. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)." JURNAL ILMIAH SAINS 21, no. 1 (March 6, 2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/jis.21.1.2021.31172.
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Kepik Hijau (Nezara viridula L.) merupakan hama penting bagi beberapa tanaman pangan seperti kedelai, padi dan jagung. Salah satu upaya untuk mengendalikan hama adalah dengan pemanfaatan entomopatogen, seperti virus, bakteri maupun jamur. Salah satu jamur entomopatogen yang berpotensi untuk dieksploitasi adalah Beauveria bassiana yang mempunyai berbagai jenis inang. Belum diketahui patogenesitas B. bassiana yang diisolasi dari beberapa jenis inang terhadap hama kepik hijau (N. viridula), untuk itulah penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui patogenesitas B. bassiana yang diisolasi dari inang yang berbeda terhadap hama kepik hijau (N. viridula). Penelitian ini dilakukan di Laboratorium Agens Hayati (LAH) Kalasey, Balai Perlindungan dan Pengujian Mutu Tanaman Pangan dan Hortikultura (BPPMTPH), Dinas Pertanian dan Peternakan Daerah Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Penelitian dilakukan secara in- vitro dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 6 perlakuan yaitu (Kontrol negatif , N1: suspensi B. bassiana isolat WBC (wereng batang coklat), N2: suspensi B. bassiana isolat Jati Sari sebagai kontrol positif (rekomendasi Kementan), N3: suspensi B. bassiana isolat Paraeucosmetus pallicornis (kepik hitam), N4: suspensi B. bassiana isolat Leptocorisa acuta (walang sangit) dan N5: suspensi B. bassiana isolat Scotinopara coarctata (kepinding tanah). Perlakuan menggunakan konsentrasi atau kerapatan konidia 109/ml air, dengan 5 ulangan. Data dianalisis dengan Uji Anava 95% dan analisis probit untuk menentukan LT50 (Lethal Time 50). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jamur B. bassiana isolat Jati Sari memiliki patogenisitas tertinggi dengan membunuh kepik hijau (N. viridula) sampai 100% pada hari ke-5 HSP (hari setelah perlakuan), sedangkan isolat lain semuanya pada hari ke-6 HSP. Nilai LT50 (waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk membunuh 50% serangga uji) terdapat pada isolat P. pallicornis yaitu 2,1 hari. Persentasi mortalitas pada hari ke-3 HSP tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan isolat P. pallicornis dengan rata-rata mortalitas sebesar 78% diikuti isolat L. acuta dan S. coarctata masing-masing sebesar 68% dan isolat Jati sari sebesar 58%, sedangkan mortalitas terendah terdapat pada perlakuan isolat WBC yaitu sebesar 32%. Tidak ada perbedaan patogenisitas yang signifikan diantara isolat Jati Sari, P. pallicornis, L. acuta maupun S. coarctata kecuali isolat WBC.Kata kunci: Beauveria bassiana; Entomopatogen; Nezara viridula Pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Viull. Isolated from Several Host Species Against Green Ladybug, Nezara viridula L. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) ABSTRACTGreen Ladybugs (Nezara viridula L.) are important pests for several food crops such as soybeans, rice and corn. One of the efforts to control this pest is the use of entomopathogens, such as viruses, bacteria and fungi. One of the entomopathogenic fungi that has the potential to be exploited is the fungus Beauveria bassiana. The fungi B. bassiana has various of hosts. There are no data on the pathogenicity of B. bassiana isolated from several host species against green ladybugs (Nviridula), for that reason this study was conducted with the aim of knowing the pathogenicity of B. bassiana isolated from different hosts against green ladybugs (N. viridula).. This research was conducted at Laboratory of Biological Control Agents, the Center for the Protection and Quality Testing of Food Crops and Horticulture, the Regional Agriculture and Livestock Service Office of North Sulawesi Province. The research was conducted in-vitro using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 6 treatments, namely (Negative control, N1: suspension B. bassiana, WBC isolate (brown planthopper), N2: B. bassiana suspension, Jati Sari isolate as a positive control (Ministry of Agriculture Recommendation), N3 : B. bassiana suspension isolate Paraeucosmetus pallicornis (black ladybug), N4: suspension B. bassiana isolate Leptocorisa acuta (Rice ear bug) and N5: suspension B. bassiana isolate Scotinopara coarctata (rice black bug) Treatment using conidia concentration or density 109 / ml water, with 5 replications. Data were analyzed with Anava test 95% and probit analysis to determine LT50 (Lethal Time 50). The results showed that the fungus B. bassiana Jati Sari isolate had the highest pathogenicity, because this isolate was able to kill green ladybugs (N viridula) to 100% on the 5th day of DAT (the day after treatment), while the other isolates were all on the 6th DAT. While the value of LT50 (time needed to kill 50% of the insect test) was found in P. pallicornis isolates which were 2,1 days of DAT. Because LT50 in all isolate treatments was between the 2nd and 3rd day of DAT, the Anava test for mortality was carried out on the 3rd day of DAT. The highest percentage of mortality on the 3rd day of DAT was found in the treatment of P. pallicornis isolates with an average mortality of 78% followed by L. acuta and S. coarctata isolates each at 68% and Jati sari isolates at 58%, while the lowest mortality was found in the treatment of WBC isolates, namely 32%. There was no significant difference in pathogenicity between Jati Sari, P. pallicornis, L. acuta and S. coarctata isolates except for WBC isolates.Keywords: Beauveria bassiana; Entomopatogen; Nezara viridula
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Bahder, B. W., M. L. Bollinger, M. R. Sudarshana, and F. G. Zalom. "Preparation of Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) for Genetic Characterization and Morphological Examination." Journal of Insect Science 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/iev086.
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Abstract Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are economically significant agricultural pests on many different crops. Because of their small size and lack of easily visible characters for identification, determination of their taxonomic status is difficult and requires technical competency to prepare a slide-mounted specimen. The standard mounting technique does not allow for analysis of the genome of the specimen. Conversely, preparatory techniques for genetic analysis of mealybugs cause either loss of the entire individual or physical damage that can make morphology-based identification difficult. This study describes a simple protocol that does not impact physical integrity of the specimen for fixation and microscopic examination yet enables simultaneous DNA extraction for DNA-based identification of four mealybug species. All species prepared yielded high quality slide mounts, identified as Planococcus citri Risso, Pseudococcus viburni Signoret, Rhizoecus kondonis Kuwana, or Rhizoecus californicus Ferris. DNA extracted in this manner had higher purity and yield in the final eluate than in samples extracted using standard methods. DNA extracted was successfully amplified by polymerase chain reaction using primers for the cytochrome oxidase I gene and subsequently sequenced for all specimens. This protocol is likely to be applicable to other Hemiptera taxa that are preserved by slide mounting, allowing for both the preparation of a high-quality voucher specimen for morphological identification and simultaneous analysis of DNA for the same specimen. The methods used are technically less challenging than current standard procedures.
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Acevedo, Flor E., Mauricio Jiménez, Juan P. Pimentel, and Pablo Benavides. "Spatial Distribution of Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccoidea) in the Root System of Pruned and Non-pruned Coffea arabica Trees." Journal of Economic Entomology, October 12, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz242.
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Abstract Root mealybugs are important pests of coffee in many parts of the world. Despite the importance of these insects very little is known about their biology, ecology, and coffee susceptibility at different developmental stages. This study determined the effects of coffee tree pruning on root biomass, the number and within-plant spatial distribution of root-associated mealybugs, and weed-mealybug associations near coffee root systems. We made destructive root sampling of pruned and non-pruned coffee trees every 3 mo during the first-year post-pruning. In each sampling, we quantified coffee root biomass, and the number and spatial distribution of mealybug genera. Mealybugs feeding on weed roots were sampled every 2 wk for the duration of 10 wk. We identified the mealybug genera Puto Signoret (Hemiptera: Putoidae), Dysmicoccus Ferris (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Ripersiella Tinsley (Hemiptera: Rhizoecidae), Rhizoecus Künckel (Hemiptera: Rhizoecidae), and Geococcus Green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) associated with coffee roots. Species from Puto and Ripersiella were the most abundant representing 91% of the total mealybugs found in non-pruned trees, and 75% of the ones found in pruned trees. Coffee tree pruning reduced root biomass by 60% and mealybug numbers during the first 9 mo post-pruning. Mealybugs associated with a variety of weeds growing near coffee roots increased their number during the first 6 wk after coffee pruning. Our results suggest that coffee tree pruning causes a high percentage of root death, which correlates with a decrease of root-associated mealybugs that probably migrate to weed roots. This study provides basic information for designing mealybug control strategies in pruned coffee trees. Las cochinillas de las raíces son plagas importantes del café en varias partes del mundo. A pesar de la importancia de estos insectos se conoce muy poco sobre su biologia, ecología y sobre la susceptibilidad de plantas de café en diferentes etapas de desarrrollo. Este estudio determinó el efecto de la poda de árboles de café en la biomasa de raíces, el número y la distribución espacial in-planta de cochinillas asociadas a las raíces, y asociaciones de cochinillas con arvenses en el plato de los árboles de café. Se realizaron muestreos destructivos de raíces en árboles de café podados y no podados cada tres meses durante el primer año después de la poda. Las cochinillas alimentándose de raíces de arvenses fueron muestreadas cada dos semanas durante diez semanas. En cada muestreo se cuantificó la biomasa de raíces de café, se identificó el género de cochinillas, su cantidad y su distribución espacial. Se identificaron los géneros de cochinillas Puto Signoret (Hemiptera: Putoidae), Dysmicoccus Ferris (Hemiptera: Pseudoccocidae), Ripersiella Tinsley (Hemiptera: Rhizoecidae), Rhizoecus Künckel (Hemiptera: Rhizoecidae), y Geococcus Green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) asociados a raíces de café. Especies de Puto y Ripersiella fueron las más abundantes representando el 91% del total de cochinillas encontradas en árboles no podados y el 75% de aquellas encontradas en árboles podados. La poda de árboles de café redujo la biomasa de raíces en un 60% y el número de cochinillas durante los primeros nueve meses después de la poda. Las cochinillas asociadas a varias especies de arvenses presentes en los platos de los árboles de café incrementaron su número durante las primeras seis semanas después de la poda de los árboles. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que la poda de árboles de café causa una alta muerte de raíces, lo cual se correlaciona con una reducción en las cochinillas quienes probablemente migran hacia las raíces de las arvenses. Este estudio proporciona información básica para el diseño de estrategias de control de cochinillas en árboles de café podados.