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Journal articles on the topic 'Insect pests. Malaria Plasmodium'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Mala, M., M. Imam, and K. Hassan. "Interaction between parasite and vector for Malaria disease transmission-a review on Malaria." Progressive Agriculture 27, no. 2 (August 17, 2016): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v27i2.29327.

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The parasite, Plasmodium needs an insect vector (mosquito) and a vertebrate host (human) to successful malaria transmission. The parasite use the vertebrate hosts for their asexual reproduction and insect host for sexual multiplication. In order to know the mechanism of disease transmission, knowledge about the possible interactions causes by the three components, vector, parasite and host is important. The mosquito feeding behaviour greatly contributes in the rate of malaria transmission. To assist the rate of transmission of malaria, the parasite, Plasmodium completes a complex developmental stage in the mosquito. In the mosquito the parasite, passes complex developmental stages and ensuing changes into three important forms of their life cycle: ookinete, oocyst and sporozoites. This review study concludes that, the interactions among vector, parasite and host in terms of reproductive behaviour and blood-feeding behaviour helps in transmitting malaria to the vertebrate hosts mainly, human being.Progressive Agriculture 27 (2): 168-174, 2016

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Tiwari, Savitri, Nivedita Sharma, Guru Prasad Sharma, and Neelima Mishra. "Redox interactome in malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum." Parasitology Research 120, no. 2 (January 18, 2021): 423–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-021-07051-9.

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3

Delić, Denis, Mohamed Dkhil, Saleh Al-Quraishy, and Frank Wunderlich. "Hepatic miRNA expression reprogrammed by Plasmodium chabaudi malaria." Parasitology Research 108, no. 5 (November 18, 2010): 1111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-2152-z.

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4

Lindenthal, Christoph, Peter G. Kremsner, and Mo-Quen Klinkert. "Commonly recognised Plasmodium falciparum parasites cause cerebral malaria." Parasitology Research 91, no. 5 (November 1, 2003): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-003-0975-6.

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5

Muhaimin, Muhaimin, Yusnaidar Yusnaidar, and Hilda Amanda. "Antimalaria Activity of Macaranga Gigantea Leaves Extracts." Journal of The Indonesian Society of Integrated Chemistry 10, no. 2 (April 6, 2019): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jisic.v10i2.6581.

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The utilization of traditional medicinal plants to medicate malaria caused by Plasmodium is currently more increased along with drug resistance and rising drug prices, and the side effects of using modern medicine. Additionally, Macaranga gigantea plant species have a unique ecological function such as a pioneer plant with good morphological and physiological adaptability to extreme conditions in dealing with natural stress due to pests, temperatures, and UV rays. Therefore, they have a unique biochemical system and a variety of new natural bioactive compounds produced with various activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiviral in the forest. As the results of previous study, antimalarial activity was shown on the bioactivity of methanol leaves extract of Merkubung (Macaranga gigantea). In short, this study aimed to obtain an active antimalarial fraction of Merkubung leaf (Macaranga gigantea). In this case, fractionation of methanol extract of Merkubung leaf (Macaranga gigantea) was carried out by using different organic solvents followed by an antimalarial bioactivity test using Plasmodium berghei. The results indicated that ethanol fraction of Merkubung left (Macaranga gigantea) had better antimalarial activity than others as a new candidate and supplemental source of antimalarial drugs. Keyword: Macaranga gigantea, malaria, Plasmodium berghei, fraction

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6

Guimarães, Lilian de Oliveira, Roseli França Simões, Carolina Romeiro Fernandes Chagas, Regiane Maria Tironi de Menezes, Fabiana Santos Silva, Eliana Ferreira Monteiro, Marcia Moreira Holcman, et al. "Assessing Diversity, Plasmodium Infection and Blood Meal Sources in Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from a Brazilian Zoological Park with Avian Malaria Transmission." Insects 12, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12030215.

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Avian malaria parasites are widespread parasites transmitted by Culicidae insects belonging to different genera. Even though several studies have been conducted recently, there is still a lack of information about potential vectors of Plasmodium parasites, especially in Neotropical regions. Former studies with free-living and captive animals in São Paulo Zoo showed the presence of several Plasmodium and Haemoproteus species. In 2015, a pilot study was conducted at the zoo to collect mosquitoes in order to find out (i) which species of Culicidae are present in the study area, (ii) what are their blood meal sources, and (iii) to which Plasmodium species might they be potential vectors. Mosquitoes were morphologically and molecularly identified. Blood meal source and haemosporidian DNA were identified using molecular protocols. A total of 25 Culicidae species were identified, and 6 of them were positive for Plasmodium/Haemoproteus DNA. Ten mosquito species had their source of blood meal identified, which were mainly birds, including some species that were positive for haemosporidian parasites in the former study mentioned. This study allowed us to expand the list of potential vectors of avian malaria parasites and to improve our knowledge of the evolutionary and ecological relationships between the highly diverse communities of birds, parasites, and vectors present at São Paulo Zoo.

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7

Collins, William E. "Plasmodium knowlesi: A Malaria Parasite of Monkeys and Humans." Annual Review of Entomology 57, no. 1 (January 7, 2012): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-121510-133540.

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8

Artemov, Gleb, Vladimir Stegniy, Maria Sharakhova, and Igor Sharakhov. "The Development of Cytogenetic Maps for Malaria Mosquitoes." Insects 9, no. 3 (September 17, 2018): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects9030121.

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Anopheline mosquitoes are important vectors of human malaria. Next-generation sequencing opens new opportunities for studies of mosquito genomes to uncover the genetic basis of a Plasmodium transmission. Physical mapping of genome sequences to polytene chromosomes significantly improves reference assemblies. High-resolution cytogenetic maps are essential for anchoring genome sequences to chromosomes as well as for studying breakpoints of chromosome rearrangements and chromatin protein localization. Here we describe a detailed pipeline for the development of high-resolution cytogenetic maps using polytene chromosomes of malaria mosquitoes. We apply this workflow to the refinement of the cytogenetic map developed for Anopheles beklemishevi.

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9

Kute, Vivek B., Aruna V. Vanikar, Pankaj R. Shah, Jigar D. Shrimali, Manoj R. Gumber, Himanshu V. Patel, Pranjal R. Modi, and Hargovind L. Trivedi. "Postrenal transplant Plasmodium vivax malaria: neglected and not benign." Parasitology Research 112, no. 4 (December 13, 2012): 1791–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-012-3225-y.

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10

Taherian Fard, Atefeh, Amna Salman, Bahram Kazemi, and Habib Bokhari. "In silico comparative genome analysis of malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax chromosome 4." Parasitology Research 104, no. 6 (January 29, 2009): 1361–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-009-1338-8.

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11

Escobar, Denis, Krisnaya Ascencio, Andrés Ortiz, Adalid Palma, Ana Sánchez, and Gustavo Fontecha. "Blood Meal Sources of Anopheles spp. in Malaria Endemic Areas of Honduras." Insects 11, no. 7 (July 16, 2020): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11070450.

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Malaria remains a life-threatening disease in many tropical countries. Honduras has successfully reduced malaria transmission as different control methods have been applied, focusing mainly on indoor mosquitoes. The selective pressure exerted by the use of insecticides inside the households could modify the feeding behavior of the mosquitoes, forcing them to search for available animal hosts outside the houses. These animal hosts in the peridomicile could consequently become an important factor in maintaining vector populations in endemic areas. Herein, we investigated the blood meal sources and Plasmodium spp. infection on anophelines collected outdoors in endemic areas of Honduras. Individual PCR reactions with species-specific primers were used to detect five feeding sources on 181 visibly engorged mosquitoes. In addition, a subset of these mosquitoes was chosen for pathogen analysis by a nested PCR approach. Most mosquitoes fed on multiple hosts (2 to 4), and 24.9% of mosquitoes had fed on a single host, animal or human. Chicken and bovine were the most frequent blood meal sources (29.5% and 27.5%, respectively). The average human blood index (HBI) was 22.1%. None of the mosquitoes were found to be infected with Plasmodium spp. Our results show the opportunistic and zoophilic behavior of Anopheles mosquitoes in Honduras.

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Pavoni, Lucia, Roman Pavela, Marco Cespi, Giulia Bonacucina, Filippo Maggi, Valeria Zeni, Angelo Canale, Andrea Lucchi, Fabrizio Bruschi, and Giovanni Benelli. "Green Micro- and Nanoemulsions for Managing Parasites, Vectors and Pests." Nanomaterials 9, no. 9 (September 9, 2019): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9091285.

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The management of parasites, insect pests and vectors requests development of novel, effective and eco-friendly tools. The development of resistance towards many drugs and pesticides pushed scientists to look for novel bioactive compounds endowed with multiple modes of action, and with no risk to human health and environment. Several natural products are used as alternative/complementary approaches to manage parasites, insect pests and vectors due to their high efficacy and often limited non-target toxicity. Their encapsulation into nanosystems helps overcome some hurdles related to their physicochemical properties, for instance limited stability and handling, enhancing the overall efficacy. Among different nanosystems, micro- and nanoemulsions are easy-to-use systems in terms of preparation and industrial scale-up. Different reports support their efficacy against parasites of medical importance, including Leishmania, Plasmodium and Trypanosoma as well as agricultural and stored product insect pests and vectors of human diseases, such as Aedes and Culex mosquitoes. Overall, micro- and nanoemulsions are valid options for developing promising eco-friendly tools in pest and vector management, pending proper field validation. Future research on the improvement of technical aspects as well as chronic toxicity experiments on non-target species is needed.

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13

Rodriguez, Anna M., Malayna G. Hambly, Sandeep Jandu, Raquel Simão-Gurge, Casey Lowder, Edwin E. Lewis, Jeffrey A. Riffell, and Shirley Luckhart. "Histamine Ingestion by Anopheles stephensi Alters Important Vector Transmission Behaviors and Infection Success with Diverse Plasmodium Species." Biomolecules 11, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11050719.

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An estimated 229 million people worldwide were impacted by malaria in 2019. The vectors of malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.) are Anopheles mosquitoes, making their behavior, infection success, and ultimately transmission of great importance. Individuals with severe malaria can exhibit significantly increased blood concentrations of histamine, an allergic mediator in humans and an important insect neuromodulator, potentially delivered to mosquitoes during blood-feeding. To determine whether ingested histamine could alter Anopheles stephensi biology, we provisioned histamine at normal blood levels and at levels consistent with severe malaria and monitored blood-feeding behavior, flight activity, antennal and retinal responses to host stimuli and lifespan of adult female Anopheles stephensi. To determine the effects of ingested histamine on parasite infection success, we quantified midgut oocysts and salivary gland sporozoites in mosquitoes infected with Plasmodium yoelii and Plasmodium falciparum. Our data show that provisioning An. stephensi with histamine at levels consistent with severe malaria can enhance mosquito behaviors and parasite infection success in a manner that would be expected to amplify parasite transmission to and from human hosts. Such knowledge could be used to connect clinical interventions by reducing elevated histamine to mitigate human disease pathology with the delivery of novel lures for improved malaria control.

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14

Kute, Vivek B., Jitendra G. Goswami, Aruna V. Vanikar, Pankaj R. Shah, Manoj R. Gumber, Himanshu V. Patel, Kamal V. Kanodia, and Hargovind L. Trivedi. "Unusual presentation of Plasmodium vivax: a neglected human malaria parasite." Parasitology Research 110, no. 6 (December 29, 2011): 2573–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2776-7.

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15

Sumarnrote, Anchana, Vincent Corbel, Hans J. Overgaard, Olivier Celhay, Nattapol Marasri, Benedicte Fustec, Kanutcharee Thanispong, and Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap. "Plasmodium Infections in Anopheles Mosquitoes in Ubon Ratchathani Province, Northeastern Thailand During a Malaria Outbreak." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 34, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/17-6715.1.

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ABSTRACT An unprecedented malaria outbreak occurred in Ubon Ratchathani Province, northeastern Thailand, in 2014. The province showed the highest number of malaria cases of all Thai provinces. Five entomological surveys were conducted at 8 sentinel sites from September 2013 to September 2015 to address the role of different Anopheles species in malaria transmission. Mosquito collections were conducted using human landing catches and cow bait. A total of 10,369 Anopheles mosquitoes were collected and 2,240 were morphologically identified as potential malaria vectors, including An. dirus (n = 78), An. minimus (n = 18), An. sawadwongporni (n = 4), An. barbirostris s.l. (n = 819), An. philippinensis (n = 612), An. nivipes (n = 676), An. annularis (n = 42), An. aconitus (n = 7), and An. rampae (n = 142). Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to screen for the presence of Plasmodium spp. in salivary glands. The proportion of primary vectors of surveyed villages was very low (<1%), and no Plasmodium-infected specimens were detected among in the 2,240 Anopheles mosquitoes tested. The absence of positive Plasmodium samples during malaria outbreaks suggests that malaria transmission most likely occurred outside the villages, particularly in the deep-forested hilly areas that provided suitable habitats for competent malaria vectors. These results emphasize the need to develop vector control related to village community activities to reduce malaria transmission along Thailand border areas.

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Omori, Sumie, Yukita Sato, Takashi Isobe, Masayoshi Yukawa, and Koichi Murata. "Complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial genomes of two avian malaria protozoa, Plasmodium gallinaceum and Plasmodium juxtanucleare." Parasitology Research 100, no. 3 (October 18, 2006): 661–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-006-0333-6.

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17

Garrido-Cardenas, José Antonio, Lilia González-Cerón, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro, and Concepción Mesa-Valle. "Plasmodium genomics: an approach for learning about and ending human malaria." Parasitology Research 118, no. 1 (November 6, 2018): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-018-6127-9.

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18

Zhang, Yanhui, Yanwei Qi, Jian Li, Shengfa Liu, Lingxian Hong, Tianlong Lin, Carole Long, and Xin-zhuan Su. "A new malaria antigen produces partial protection against Plasmodium yoelii challenge." Parasitology Research 110, no. 4 (September 14, 2011): 1337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2630-y.

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19

Wiersch, S. C., W. A. Maier, and H. Kampen. "Plasmodium (Haemamoeba) cathemerium gene sequences for phylogenetic analysis of malaria parasites." Parasitology Research 96, no. 2 (April 6, 2005): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-005-1324-8.

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20

Uneke, C. J. "Plasmodium falciparum malaria and ABO blood group: is there any relationship?" Parasitology Research 100, no. 4 (October 18, 2006): 759–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-006-0342-5.

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21

SIDÉN-KIAMOS, I., and C. LOUIS. "Intracellular calcium levels in the Plasmodium berghei ookinete." Parasitology 135, no. 12 (September 8, 2008): 1355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182008004939.

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SUMMARYOokinetes are the motile and invasive stages of Plasmodium parasites in the mosquito host. Here we explore the role of intracellular Ca2+ in ookinete survival and motility as well as in the formation of oocysts in vitro in the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei. Treatment with the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 induced death of the parasite, an effect that could be prevented if the ookinetes were co-incubated with insect cells before incubation with the ionophore. Treatment with the intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA/AM resulted in increased formation of oocysts in vitro. Calcium imaging in the ookinete using fluorescent calcium indicators revealed that the purified ookinetes have an intracellular calcium concentration in the range of 100 nm. Intracellular calcium levels decreased substantially when the ookinetes were incubated with insect cells and their motility was concomitantly increased. Our results suggest a pleiotropic role for intracellular calcium in the ookinete.

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Kwon and Smith. "Inhibitors of Eicosanoid Biosynthesis Reveal that Multiple Lipid Signaling Pathways Influence Malaria Parasite Survival in Anopheles gambiae." Insects 10, no. 10 (September 20, 2019): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10100307.

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Eicosanoids are bioactive signaling lipids derived from the oxidation of fatty acids that act as important regulators of immune homeostasis and inflammation. As a result, effective anti-inflammatory drugs have been widely used to reduce pain and inflammation which target key eicosanoid biosynthesis enzymes. Conserved from vertebrates to insects, the use of these eicosanoid pathway inhibitors offer opportunities to evaluate the roles of eicosanoids in less-characterized insect systems. In this study, we examine the potential roles of eicosanoids on malaria parasite survival in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Using Plasmodium oocyst numbers to evaluate parasite infection, general or specific inhibitors of eicosanoid biosynthesis pathways were evaluated. Following the administration of dexamethasone and indomethacin, respective inhibitors of phospholipid A2 (PLA2) and cyclooxygenase (COX), oocyst numbers were unaffected. However, inhibition of lipoxygenase (LOX) activity through the use of esculetin significantly increased oocyst survival. In contrast, 12-[[(tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]dec-1-ylamino)carbonyl]amino]-dodecanoic acid (AUDA), an inhibitor of epoxide hydroxylase (EH), decreased oocyst numbers. These experiments were further validated through RNAi experiments to silence candidate genes homologous to EH in An. gambiae to confirm their contributions to Plasmodium development. Similar to the results of AUDA treatment, the silencing of EH significantly reduced oocyst numbers. These results imply that specific eicosanoids in An. gambiae can have either agonist or antagonistic roles on malaria parasite survival in the mosquito host.

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Hughes, Katie R., and Andy P. Waters. "Rapid inducible protein displacement in Plasmodium in vivo and in vitro using knocksideways technology." Wellcome Open Research 2 (March 14, 2017): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11005.1.

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A deeper understanding of the biology of the Plasmodium parasite is essential in order to identify targets for interventions, with the ultimate aim of eliminating malaria. Determining the function(s) of essential proteins in Plasmodium has, until recently, been hampered by the lack of efficient conditional systems to abrogate proteins. We report the adaptation of a conditional technology, knocksideways (KS), for use in Plasmodium berghei, which can potentially rapidly inactivate proteins of interest through relocalisation. The system is induced using rapamycin, which allows for KS both in vitro and in vivo and is effective more rapidly than any other reported system. KS utilises pairs of fluorescent tags that facilitate live imaging and allows for rapid confirmation of efficient protein redistribution on live parasites, allowing for streamlined workflows. We demonstrate the characteristics of the system using transgenically expressed cytoplasmic GFP and provide proof of principle by inducibly redistributing a number of proteins with different native, subcellular locations. We also demonstrate that KS can be applied to both mammalian and insect stages of Plasmodium. KS expands the range of (conditional) technologies for genetic manipulation of malaria parasites and offers the potential to be further developed for medium throughput phenotype screens.

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Barfod, Lea, Morten A. Nielsen, Louise Turner, Madeleine Dahlbäck, Anja T. R. Jensen, Lars Hviid, Thor G. Theander, and Ali Salanti. "Baculovirus-Expressed Constructs Induce Immunoglobulin G That Recognizes VAR2CSA on Plasmodium falciparum- Infected Erythrocytes." Infection and Immunity 74, no. 7 (July 2006): 4357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01617-05.

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ABSTRACT We raised specific antisera against recombinant VAR2CSA domains produced in Escherichia coli and in insect cells. All were reactive in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, but only insect cell-derived constructs induced immunoglobulin G (IgG) that was reactive with native VAR2CSA on the surface of infected erythrocytes. Our data show that five of the six VAR2CSA Duffy-binding-like domains are surface exposed and that induction of surface-reactive VAR2CSA-specific IgG depends critically upon antigen conformation. These findings have implications for the development of vaccines against pregnancy-associated Plasmodium falciparum malaria.

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Valtierra-de-Luis, Daniel, Maite Villanueva, Colin Berry, and Primitivo Caballero. "Potential for Bacillus thuringiensis and Other Bacterial Toxins as Biological Control Agents to Combat Dipteran Pests of Medical and Agronomic Importance." Toxins 12, no. 12 (December 5, 2020): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12120773.

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The control of dipteran pests is highly relevant to humans due to their involvement in the transmission of serious diseases including malaria, dengue fever, Chikungunya, yellow fever, zika, and filariasis; as well as their agronomic impact on numerous crops. Many bacteria are able to produce proteins that are active against insect species. These bacteria include Bacillus thuringiensis, the most widely-studied pesticidal bacterium, which synthesizes proteins that accumulate in crystals with insecticidal properties and which has been widely used in the biological control of insects from different orders, including Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera. In this review, we summarize all the bacterial proteins, from B. thuringiensis and other entomopathogenic bacteria, which have described insecticidal activity against dipteran pests, including species of medical and agronomic importance.

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Missinou, Michel A., Jürgen F. Kun, Bertrand Lell, and Peter G. Kremsner. "Change in Plasmodium falciparum genotype during successive malaria episodes in Gabonese children." Parasitology Research 87, no. 12 (December 2001): 1020–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004360100492.

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Chandra, Ramesh, and S. K. Puri. "Arteether resistance reversal by ketoconazole/fluconazole in rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium vinckei." Parasitology Research 114, no. 3 (January 25, 2015): 1239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4321-6.

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Kalmbach, Yvonne, Angelica B. W. Boldt, Benjamin Mordmüller, Maryvonne Kombila, Martin P. Grobusch, Peter G. Kremsner, and Jürgen F. J. Kun. "Reduced CD3/TCR complex expression leads to immunosuppression during Plasmodium falciparum malaria." Parasitology Research 104, no. 3 (October 31, 2008): 575–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-008-1232-9.

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COOPER, R. D., R. A. MEZA, and IMOGENE SCHNEIDER. "Anopheles farauti refractoriness to malaria infection with cultured gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 8, no. 4 (October 1994): 389–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1994.tb00105.x.

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Tsuji, Moriya, Cornelia C. Bergmann, Yoshiko Takita-Sonoda, Ken-Ichiro Murata, Elaine G. Rodrigues, Ruth S. Nussenzweig, and Fidel Zavala. "Recombinant Sindbis Viruses Expressing a Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Epitope of a Malaria Parasite or of Influenza Virus Elicit Protection against the Corresponding Pathogen in Mice." Journal of Virology 72, no. 8 (August 1, 1998): 6907–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.72.8.6907-6910.1998.

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ABSTRACT Subcutaneous administration in mice of recombinant Sindbis viruses expressing a class I major histocompatibility complex-restricted 9-mer epitope of the Plasmodium yoelii circumsporozoite protein or the nucleoprotein of influenza virus induces a large epitope-specific CD8+ T-cell response. This immunization also elicits a high degree of protection against infection with malaria or influenza A virus.

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Zoh, Dounin D., Ahoua Yapi, Maurice A. Adja, Négnorogo Guindo-Coulibaly, Didier M. S. Kpan, André B. Sagna, Arsène K. Adou, et al. "Role of Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles coluzzii (Diptera: Culicidae) in Human Malaria Transmission in Rural Areas of Bouaké, in Côte d’Ivoire." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 4 (January 26, 2020): 1254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa001.

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Abstract Studies done in Bouaké (Côte d’Ivoire) about 20-yr ago reported that Anopheles gambiae s.l. Giles was the major malaria vector. The present study aimed to update these data and to identify the main vectors. Mosquitoes were collected in Allokokro and Petessou villages between June 2014 and December 2015 using the human landing catching method. Potential breeding sites of An. gambiae s.l. were identified in August and October 2014 and mapped using GPS. Anopheles species were morphologically and molecularly [polymerase chain reaction (PCR)] identified. Ovaries of female were dissected to determine the parity and infection with Plasmodium was detected in head and thorax by quantitative PCR. In Allokokro, the biting rate of An. gambiae s.s was significantly greater than Anopheles coluzzii, whereas, in Petessou, biting rates of both species were comparable. Plasmodium falciparum (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae), Plasmodium malariae (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae), and Plasmodium ovale (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae) identified in both villages. The infection rates of An. gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii were not significantly different. The entomological inoculation rate (EIR) of An. gambiae s.s. for P. falciparum was 9-fold greater than that of An. coluzzii in Allokokro; however, in Petessou, the EIRs of both species were comparable. In both village, An. gambiae s.s was responsible for P. falciparum and P. ovale transmission whereas An. coluzzii transmitted all three Plasmodium species.

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Khater, Emad I., Robert E. Sinden, and Johannes T. Dessens. "A malaria membrane skeletal protein is essential for normal morphogenesis, motility, and infectivity of sporozoites." Journal of Cell Biology 167, no. 3 (November 8, 2004): 425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200406068.

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Membrane skeletons are structural elements that provide mechanical support to the plasma membrane and define cell shape. Here, we identify and characterize a putative protein component of the membrane skeleton of the malaria parasite. The protein, named PbIMC1a, is the structural orthologue of the Toxoplasma gondii inner membrane complex protein 1 (TgIMC1), a component of the membrane skeleton in tachyzoites. Using targeted gene disruption in the rodent malaria species Plasmodium berghei, we show that PbIMC1a is involved in sporozoite development, is necessary for providing normal sporozoite cell shape and mechanical stability, and is essential for sporozoite infectivity in insect and vertebrate hosts. Knockout of PbIMC1a protein expression reduces, but does not abolish, sporozoite gliding locomotion. We identify a family of proteins related to PbIMC1a in Plasmodium and other apicomplexan parasites. These results provide new functional insight in the role of membrane skeletons in apicomplexan parasite biology.

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Carlson, Jenny S., Brittany Nelms, Christopher M. Barker, William K. Reisen, Ravinder N. M. Sehgal, and Anthony J. Cornel. "Avian malaria co-infections confound infectivity and vector competence assays of Plasmodium homopolare." Parasitology Research 117, no. 8 (May 29, 2018): 2385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-018-5924-5.

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Uneke, C. J. "Congenital Plasmodium falciparum malaria in sub-Saharan Africa: a rarity or frequent occurrence?" Parasitology Research 101, no. 4 (June 5, 2007): 835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-007-0577-9.

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Pitaluga, Andre N., Charalampos Filippou, Josephine Blakiston, Robert H. A. Coutts, George K. Christophides, and Ioly Kotta-Loizou. "A Mycovirus Mediates the Virulence of an Insect-Killing Fungus against the Malaria Mosquito Vector." Proceedings 50, no. 1 (August 27, 2020): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020050148.

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The cosmopolitan insect-pathogenic fungus and popular biocontrol agent Beauveria bassiana can be used to control Anopheles mosquito populations and restrict the spread of malaria, the deadliest vector-borne infectious disease in the world caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium. Here, we establish that infection with a double-stranded (ds)RNA mycovirus, Beauveria bassiana polymycovirus (BbPmV)-1, significantly reduces B. bassiana virulence against A. coluzzii, the main vector of malaria. The BbPmV-1-mediated hypovirulence can be at least partially attributed to slow fungal growth on the mosquitos. Analysis of the dual next-generation sequencing of the B. bassiana and A. coluzzii transcriptomes provided insight into the molecular mechanisms of the BbPmV-1-mediated effects. BbPmV-1-free B. bassiana has a wide impact on the A. coluzzii transcriptome, affecting immunity and metabolism, and led to the identification of novel immune response proteins. BbPmV-1 regulates the gene expression profile of its fungal host, directing the use of available resources towards sporulation and suppressing the mosquito immune system. Additionally, BbPmV-1-infected and -free B. bassiana strains differentially modulate mosquito gut microbiota; the former reduces the bacterial genus Elizabethkingia and the latter Serratia. Co-transfection of mosquitos with B. bassiana and P. berghei revealed a reduction of ookinetes in the presence of BbPmV-1, potentially due to the upregulation of a mycotoxin. Finally, BbPmV-1-mediated hypovirulence is at least partially dependent on the A. coluzzii RNAi pathway, and silencing of the dicer-2 gene restores virulence. Taken together, our data clearly demonstrate the crucial role of mycovirus infection in mediating B. bassiana virulence against A. coluzzii and suggest that BbPmV-1 protects A. coluzzii from B. bassiana, the mosquito’s own immune system, potentially harmful gut microbiota, and Plasmodium parasites.

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Jarju, Lamin BS, Ulrike Fillinger, Clare Green, Vasilis Louca, Silas Majambere, and Steven W. Lindsay. "Agriculture and the promotion of insect pests: rice cultivation in river floodplains and malaria vectors in The Gambia." Malaria Journal 8, no. 1 (2009): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-8-170.

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Kakani, Parik, Mithilesh Kajla, Tania Pal Choudhury, Lalita Gupta, and Sanjeev Kumar. "Anopheles stephensi Dual Oxidase Silencing Activates the Thioester-Containing Protein 1 Pathway to Suppress Plasmodium Development." Journal of Innate Immunity 11, no. 6 (2019): 496–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000497417.

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We characterized the dual oxidase (Duox) gene in the major Indian malaria vector Anopheles stephensi, which regulates the generation of reactive oxygen species. The AsDuox gene encodes for a 1,475-amino-acid transmembrane protein that contains an N-terminal noncytoplasmic heme peroxidase domain, a calcium-binding domain, seven transmembrane domains, and a C-terminal cytoplasmic NADPH domain. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that A. stephensi Duox protein is highly conserved and shares 97–100% amino acid identity with other anopheline Duoxes. AsDuox is expressed in all the developmental stages of A. stephensi and the pupal stages revealed relatively higher expressions. The Duox gene is induced in Plasmodium-infected mosquito midguts, and RNA interference-mediated silencing of this gene suppressed parasite development through activation of the thioester-containing protein 1 pathway. We propose that this highly conserved anopheline Duox, being a Plasmodium agonist, is an excellent target to control malaria parasite development inside the insect host.

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Kranjc, Nace, Andrea Crisanti, Tony Nolan, and Federica Bernardini. "Anopheles gambiae Genome Conservation as a Resource for Rational Gene Drive Target Site Selection." Insects 12, no. 2 (January 23, 2021): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12020097.

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The increase in molecular tools for the genetic engineering of insect pests and disease vectors, such as Anopheles mosquitoes that transmit malaria, has led to an unprecedented investigation of the genomic landscape of these organisms. The understanding of genome variability in wild mosquito populations is of primary importance for vector control strategies. This is particularly the case for gene drive systems, which look to introduce genetic traits into a population by targeting specific genomic regions. Gene drive targets with functional or structural constraints are highly desirable as they are less likely to tolerate mutations that prevent targeting by the gene drive and consequent failure of the technology. In this study we describe a bioinformatic pipeline that allows the analysis of whole genome data for the identification of highly conserved regions that can point at potential functional or structural constraints. The analysis was conducted across the genomes of 22 insect species separated by more than hundred million years of evolution and includes the observed genomic variation within field caught samples of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii, the two most dominant malaria vectors. This study offers insight into the level of conservation at a genome-wide scale as well as at per base-pair resolution. The results of this analysis are gathered in a data storage system that allows for flexible extraction and bioinformatic manipulation. Furthermore, it represents a valuable resource that could provide insight into population structure and dynamics of the species in the complex and benefit the development and implementation of genetic strategies to tackle malaria.

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Al-Quraishy, Saleh, Mohamed A. Dkhil, Abdel-Azeem S. Abdel-Baki, Marcos J. Araúzo-Bravo, Denis Delic, and Frank Wunderlich. "Testosterone persistently dysregulates hepatic expression of Tlr6 and Tlr8 induced by Plasmodium chabaudi malaria." Parasitology Research 113, no. 10 (July 24, 2014): 3609–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-014-4026-2.

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Dinglasan, Rhoel R., Iesha Fields, Mohammed Shahabuddin, Abdu F. Azad, and John B. Sacci. "Monoclonal Antibody MG96 Completely Blocks Plasmodium yoelii Developmentin Anophelesstephensi." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 12 (December 2003): 6995–7001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.12.6995-7001.2003.

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ABSTRACT In spite of research efforts to develop vaccines against the causative agent of human malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, effective control remains elusive. The predominant vaccine strategy focuses on targeting parasite blood stages in the vertebrate host. An alternative approach has been the development of transmission-blocking vaccines (TBVs). TBVs target antigens on parasite sexual stages that persist within the insect vector, anopheline mosquitoes, or target mosquito midgut proteins that are presumed to mediate parasite development. By blocking parasite development within the insect vector, TBVs effectively disrupt transmission and the resultant cascade of secondary infections. Using a mosquito midgut-specific mouse monoclonal antibody (MG96), we have partially characterized membrane-bound midgut glycoproteins in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles stephensi. These proteins are present on the microvilli of midgut epithelial cells in both blood-fed and unfed mosquitoes, suggesting that the expression of the protein is not induced as a result of blood feeding. MG96 exhibits a dose-dependent blocking effect against Plasmodium yoelii development in An. stephensi. We achieved 100% blocking of parasite development in the mosquito midgut. Preliminary deglycosylation assays indicate that the epitope recognized by MG96 is a complex oligosaccharide. Future investigation of the carbohydrate epitope as well as gene identification should provide valuable insight into the possible mechanisms of ookinete attachment and invasion of mosquito midgut epithelial cells.

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Hoffman, Jordan, Ilinca Ciubotariu, Limonty Simubali, Twig Mudenda, William Moss, Giovanna Carpi, Douglas Norris, and Jennifer Stevenson. "Phylogenetic Complexity of Morphologically Identified Anopheles squamosus in Southern Zambia." Insects 12, no. 2 (February 8, 2021): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12020146.

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Despite dramatic reductions in malaria cases in the catchment area of Macha Hospital, Choma District, Southern Province in Zambia, prevalence has remained near 1–2% by RDT for the past several years. To investigate residual malaria transmission in the area, this study focuses on the relative abundance, foraging behavior, and phylogenetic relationships of Anopheles squamosus specimens. In 2011, higher than expected rates of anthropophily were observed among “zoophilic” An. squamosus, a species that had sporadically been found to contain Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. The importance of An. squamosus in the region was reaffirmed in 2016 when P. falciparum sporozoites were detected in numerous An. squamosus specimens. This study analyzed Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light trap collections of adult mosquitoes from two collection schemes: one performed as part of a reactive-test-and-treat program and the second performed along a geographical transect. Morphological identification, molecular verification of anopheline species, and blood meal source were determined on individual samples. Data from these collections supported earlier studies demonstrating An. squamosus to be primarily exophagic and zoophilic, allowing them to evade current control measures. The phylogenetic relationships generated from the specimens in this study illustrate the existence of well supported clade structure among An. squamosus specimens, which further emphasizes the importance of molecular identification of vectors. The primarily exophagic behavior of An. squamosus in these collections also highlights that indoor vector control strategies will not be sufficient for elimination of malaria in southern Zambia.

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HOPWOOD, JANE A., ASHRAF M. AHMED, ANTHONY POLWART, GWYN T. WILLIAMS, and HILARY HURD. "MALARIA-INDUCED APOPTOSIS IN MOSQUITO OVARIES." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 16 (August 15, 2001): 2773–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.16.2773.

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SUMMARY Many insects are able to adjust their egg production according to physiological conditions such as nutrient supply and mating success. One way in which this is achieved is by resorption of some, or all, of the ovarian follicles at some stage during oogenesis. We have shown that the mosquito Anopheles stephensi responds in this manner when ookinetes of the malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis first begin to invade the midgut. Little is known about the initiation and regulation of follicle resorption in any insect. Here, we demonstrate that there is a significant positive correlation between follicle resorption and the presence of follicular epithelial cells that are undergoing apoptosis. The parasite causes significantly more follicles to contain apoptotic cells from 16 h post-infection onwards. Injection of a caspase inhibitor immediately after feeding on an infective blood meal prevents parasite-induced resorption of follicles and thus demonstrates that apoptosis precedes resorption. Ultrastructural studies show that patches of follicular epithelial cells contain condensed nuclear chromatin, a characteristic of apoptosis, and that no patency develops in these cells. Our work suggests that apoptosis plays a role in malaria-initiated inhibition of mosquito oogenesis and that caspase is central to this process. Follicle resorption is one of the main factors contributing to malaria-induced fecundity reduction in mosquitoes.

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Vardo-Zalik, A. M. "Clonal diversity of a malaria parasite, Plasmodium mexicanum, and its transmission success from its vertebrate-to-insect host." International Journal for Parasitology 39, no. 14 (December 2009): 1573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.05.014.

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44

Oduwole, O. A., C. M. Oringanje, A. O. Oduola, N. S. Nwachuku, M. M. Meremikwu, and A. A. A. Alaribe. "Species Composition of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) in Selected Forested Tourist Areas of Nigeria Endemic for Malaria." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 6 (June 19, 2020): 2007–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa110.

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Abstract The study was carried out to determine relative abundance, species diversity, of Anopheles species (Diptera: Culicidae) in selected forested areas in Cross River State, Nigeria and the prevalence of malaria infection in the specimens. Mosquitoes were collected using pyrethrum spray catch and Centre for Disease Control light traps modified with yeast and sugar to generate carbon dioxide (CO2) and identified using morphological identification keys. We used a multiplex polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) to simultaneously distinguish sibling species of the An. gambiae s.l, including separation of An. gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii (Diptera: Culicidae). The samples were also screened for Plasmodium infection using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. One hundred and four Anopheles specimens were collected during the study of which 97% was An. gambiae complex and 3% was An. rufipes (Diptera: Culicidae). Only 77% of the An. gambiae s.l. was identify to species level. The result shows that 41.6% was An. gambiae s.s. and 34.6% was An. coluzzii. No sporozoite of Plasmodium was detected in the Anopheles species. The study also found a hybrid form of An. gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii. These findings suggest the first documented evidence of hybrid forms of An. gambiae s.s./An. coluzzii in South Eastern Nigeria although its epidemiological implication is still not clear.

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Poolphol, Petchaboon, Ralph E. Harbach, Patchara Sriwichai, Kittipat Aupalee, Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Chalermpon Kumpitak, Wichai Srisuka, et al. "Natural Plasmodium vivax infections in Anopheles mosquitoes in a malaria endemic area of northeastern Thailand." Parasitology Research 116, no. 12 (October 29, 2017): 3349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-017-5653-1.

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Orjih, Augustine U. "Maturation of Plasmodium falciparum in multiply infected erythrocytes and the potential role in malaria pathogenesis." Parasitology Research 113, no. 11 (August 15, 2014): 4045–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-014-4073-8.

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47

Sowunmi, Akintunde, Grace O. Gbotosho, Ahmed A. Adedeji, Babasola A. Fateye, Morenikeji F. Sabitu, Christian T. Happi, and Fatai A. Fehintola. "Effects of acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria on body weight in children in an endemic area." Parasitology Research 101, no. 2 (February 25, 2007): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-007-0494-y.

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Merrick, Catherine J., and Manoj T. Duraisingh. "Epigenetics in Plasmodium: What Do We Really Know?" Eukaryotic Cell 9, no. 8 (June 18, 2010): 1150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00093-10.

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ABSTRACT In the burgeoning field of Plasmodium gene expression, there are—to borrow some famous words from a former U.S. Secretary of Defense—“known knowns, known unknowns, and unknown unknowns.” This is in itself an important achievement, since it is only in the past decade that facts have begun to move from the third category into the first. Nevertheless, much remains in the middle ground of known or suspected “unknowns.” It is clear that the malaria parasite controls vital virulence processes such as host cell invasion and cytoadherence at least partly via epigenetic mechanisms, so a proper understanding of epigenetic transcriptional control in this organism should have great clinical relevance. Plasmodium, however, is an obligate intracellular parasite: it operates not in a vacuum but rather in the complicated context of its metazoan hosts. Therefore, as valuable data about the parasite's basic epigenetic machinery begin to emerge, it becomes increasingly important to relate in vitro studies to the situation in vivo. This review will focus upon the challenge of understanding Plasmodium epigenetics in an integrated manner, in the human and insect hosts as well as the petri dish.

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Yuda, Masao, Hiroshi Sakaida, and Yasuo Chinzei. "Targeted Disruption of the Plasmodium berghei Ctrp Gene Reveals Its Essential Role in Malaria Infection of the Vector Mosquito." Journal of Experimental Medicine 190, no. 11 (December 6, 1999): 1711–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.190.11.1711.

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CTRP (circumsporozoite protein and thrombospondin-related adhesive protein [TRAP]-related protein) of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei (PbCTRP) makes up a protein family together with other apicomplexan proteins that are specifically expressed in the host-invasive stage 1. PbCTRP is produced in the mosquito-invasive, or ookinete, stage and is a protein candidate for a role in ookinete adhesion and invasion of the mosquito midgut epithelium. To demonstrate involvement of PbCTRP in the infection of the vector, we performed targeting disruption experiments with this gene. PbCTRP disruptants showed normal exflagellation rates and development into ookinetes. However, no oocyst formation was observed in the midgut after ingestion of these parasites, suggesting complete loss of their invasion ability. On the other hand, when ingested together with wild-type parasites, disruptants were able to infect mosquitoes, indicating that the PbCTRP gene of the wild-type parasite rescued infectivity of disruptants when they heterologously mated in the mosquito midgut lumen. Our results show that PbCTRP plays a crucial role in malaria infection of the mosquito midgut and suggest that similar molecular mechanisms are used by malaria parasites to invade cells in the insect vector and the mammalian host.

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Ciubotariu, Ilinca I., Christine M. Jones, Tamaki Kobayashi, Thierry Bobanga, Mbanga Muleba, Julia C. Pringle, Jennifer C. Stevenson, Giovanna Carpi, and Douglas E. Norris. "Genetic Diversity of Anopheles coustani (Diptera: Culicidae) in Malaria Transmission Foci in Southern and Central Africa." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 6 (July 2, 2020): 1782–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa132.

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Abstract Despite ongoing malaria control efforts implemented throughout sub-Saharan Africa, malaria remains an enormous public health concern. Current interventions such as indoor residual spraying with insecticides and use of insecticide-treated bed nets are aimed at targeting the key malaria vectors that are primarily endophagic and endophilic. Anopheles coustani s.l., an understudied vector of malaria, is a species previously thought to exhibit mostly zoophilic behavior. Like many of these understudied species, An. coustani has greater anthropophilic tendencies than previously appreciated, is often both endophagic and exophagic, and carries Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. The aim of this study was to explore genetic variation of An. coustani mosquitoes and the potential of this species to contribute to malaria parasite transmission in high transmission settings in Zambia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Morphologically identified An. coustani specimens that were trapped outdoors in these study sites were analyzed by PCR and sequencing for species identification and bloodmeal sources, and malaria parasite infection was determined by ELISA and qPCR. Fifty An. coustani s.s. specimens were confirmed by analysis of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2). Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of COI and ITS2 sequences revealed two distinct phylogenetic groups within this relatively small regional collection. Our findings indicate that both An. coustani groups have anthropophilic and exophagic habits and come into frequent contact with P. falciparum, suggesting that this potential alternative malaria vector might elude current vector control measures in northern Zambia and southern DRC.

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