Journal articles: 'Insect pests – Tanzania'

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Laizer, Hudson C., Musa N. Chacha, and Patrick A. Ndakidemi. "Farmers’ Knowledge, Perceptions and Practices in Managing Weeds and Insect Pests of Common Bean in Northern Tanzania." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (July 28, 2019): 4076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154076.

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Weeds and insect pests are among the serious constraints in common bean production in most rural communities. A survey of 169 smallholder farmers was conducted in two common bean-growing districts in northern Tanzania. The aim was to assess farmers’ knowledge, perceptions, current management practices and challenges in order to develop sustainable weed and insect pest management strategies. The results revealed that 83% of farmers perceived insect pests as the major constraint in common bean production, while 73% reported weeds as the main drawback. Insect pest management was mainly achieved through the use of synthetic pesticides, however, only 24% of farmers were able to apply, the rest could not afford due to high cost, limited access and lack of knowledge. Only 6.5% of farmers were aware of non-chemical methods and 2.1% did not practice any method in managing insect pests, both in the field and during storage. Moreover, farmers generally relied on experience in managing insect pests and weeds, and about 43% did not see the need to consult extension officers. These findings indicate that there is a need to sensitize and train farmers on the sustainable methods for pest and weed management in common bean farming systems in northern Tanzania.

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Banwo, O. O. "Management of major insect pests of rice in Tanzania – Review." Plant Protection Science 38, No. 3 (February 6, 2012): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4860-pps.

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The major insect pests on rice in Tanzania are listed and described. They are from five orders (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera and Orthoptera) and are discussed as stem borers, stem and root feeders, and leaf and panicle feeders. This review puts together the hitherto fragmented information available on the distribution, host range, biology/life-cycle and ecology, and the management measures of the insect pests of rice. Areas for future research are also mentioned.

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Smith, Jason D., Fekadu F. Dinssa, Robert S. Anderson, Fu-cheng Su, and Ramasamy Srinivasan. "Identification of major insect pests of Amaranthus spp. and germplasm screening for insect resistance in Tanzania." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 38, no. 04 (August 3, 2018): 261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758418000115.

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AbstractVegetable and grain amaranths represent a vital source of micronutrients and protein in Asia and Africa. However, various foliar lepidopteran pests and stem-mining weevils hinder amaranth production. Insect-resistant cultivars can enhance the productivity of this crop. Here, we report on the performances of amaranth varieties screened for their resistance to insect pests under the field conditions at The World Vegetable Center stations in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. We conducted two preliminary screening trials with a total of 263 entries from around the world in Taiwan and a third preliminary screening trial with 49 African-indigenous entries in Tanzania. Promising entries from these preliminary trials were collectively evaluated in an advanced screening trial in Tanzania, to identify lines resistant to foliar and stem-boring pests in East Africa. Four entries exhibited moderate resistance to foliar pests: TZ51 and TZ53 (Amaranthus cruentus), TZ34 (A. dubius) and TZ39 (Amaranthus sp.). Five entries showed moderate resistance to stem weevils: TZ06 and TZ27 (A. cruentus), TZ52 (A. graecizans), TZ59 (A. palmeri) and TZ07 (Amaranthus sp.). Lepidopteran pests affecting leaves were reared to adulthood and identified as Spoladea recurvalis (Crambidae), Spodoptera exigua (Noctuidae) and Spodoptera littoralis (Noctuidae). Stem weevil larvae were also reared and identified as: Neocleonus sannio Herbst, Gasteroclisus pr. rhomboidalis Boheman, Hypolixus pr. haerens Boheman and Baradine sp. (Curculionidae). These results highlight key amaranth pests in East Africa and identify insect-resistant entries that will be useful in breeding programmes and resistance studies.

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January, Bonaventure, Gration M. Rwegasira, and Tadele Tefera. "Farmers’ Perceptions of Rice Production Constraints and Stem Borers Management Practices in Tanzania." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 6 (May 6, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n6p57.

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Rice farmers in Tanzania continue to experience losses due to stem borers. However, the information on farmers’ knowledge and perceptions of rice stem borers is limited and farmers’ efforts on managing this insect have been ineffective. The aim of this study was to investigate constraints affecting rice production and farmers’ approaches of stem borer management in irrigated low land rice ecosystems in Tanzania. Research method: A focus group discussion with farmers using a semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The information collected included: farmers’ socio-economic profiles, farm characteristics, knowledge and perceptions of stem borers and their management practices.Farmers reported insect pests such as stem borers, white flies, leaf rollers and grasshoppers as major constraints of rice production. Other constraints reported were such as diseases, damage by birds, drought, weeds and lack of access to credit for purchasing inputs. Most of the farmers apply chemical insecticides against rice insect pests particularly stem-borers where number of health hazards have been reported. Very few farmers use cultural methods including crop residue disposal and split application of nitrogenous fertilizers for reduction of stem borer damages. The study revealed that, most farmers have limited knowledge on the recommended stem borer management practices and suggests that environmentally friendly pest management methods to be designed and implemented to minimize losses associated with rice stem borers.

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Michael, Gabriel, AMS Nyomora, EF Mvungi, and EM Sangu. "Seasonal diversity of entomofauna, their impact and management practices in tomato fields in Meru district, Tanzania." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 21, no. 04 (May 31, 2021): 17952–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.99.19680.

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Tomato is a highly cultivated vegetable in Tanzania. The intensive tomato cultivation and production in Tanzania has resulted in high pests and diseases build-up. A survey to identify and quantify entomofauna diversity in different seasons and pest management practices in Meru District was conducted. In addition, a laboratory experiment was done to assess the effectiveness of commonly used pesticides SnowBecco (Thiamethoxam)and Belt (Flubendiamide) against two dominating insect pests, white flies (Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889)) and leaf miner (Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917)), respectively. The results obtained revealed that, tomato fields in Meru District had significantly higher entomofauna build up during dry season than the rainy season (U0.05 (df, 24)= 45, p = 0.0441). More than 70% of all collected entomofauna were dominated by the whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) and tomato leaf miners (Tuta absoluta) belonging to orders Hemiptera and Lepidoptera, respectively. It was also observed that, the common pesticides management practices were the use of pesticidal cocktail, broad spectrum insecticides, use of botanical pesticides, frequent application of pesticide and insecticides over dosage. Moreover, yield reduction due to whiteflies and tomato leaf miners infestation were observed in terms of reduced fruits number per plant (38 and 18.4%), fruit size (22.4 and 14.2%), and fruits weight per plant by 43.6 and 26.2%, for Bemisia tabaci and Tuta absoluta, respectively. The study showed that the recommended doses in both tested insecticides caused significant pest mortality (F0.05 (df, 19) = 4.367, p = 0.0199) and (F0.05(df, 19) = 4.761, p = 0.0147) for B. tabaci and T. absoluta, respectively, within a specified period of time. The results suggest that high insect pest infestations could be caused by factors other than development of insecticidal tolerance including inappropriate identification of insect pests due to lack of training, and inappropriate selection and application of insecticides. Consequently, frequent application of broad spectra insecticides not only increases production expenses but also disrupts agroecosystem by killing beneficial entomofauna and disrupting soil organisms that are susceptible to insecticide toxicity.

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Materu, Christopher L., and Essau W. Losujaki. "PRELIMINARY SURVEY ON OCCURRENCE OF APHIDS, THRIPS LEAF MINER IN TOMATO GROWING AREAS IN MOROGORO REGION TANZANIA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 7 (July 31, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i7.2019.675.

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Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L.) is one of the important crop in East Africa as a source of food, income and export. Occurrence of different pest including indigenous and alien in tomato fields are considered as a major threat pests to tomato growers. Worldwide pest problems in horticultural investment need to be considered carefully as their presence increase cost of production. Despite of this information in Tanzania there has been little research to update pest list infesting our tomatoes. The study was conducted in Morogoro region in Kauzeni and Bigwa wards whereby farmers grow different varieties of tomatoes. Farmers spray different fungicides and pesticides twice per week to manage different pests. The selected fields were located at S 04˚47ʹ41.7ʹʹ, E 038˚13ʹ11.8ʹʹ and S 06˚53ʹ38.3ʹʹ, E 037˚36ʹ07.4ʹʹ Random sampling using “W” Pattern was used to get representation of the fields. Occurrence of pest population was estimated from ten plants during 2018/19, searching from young, middle and older leaves. Insect specimens were collected using fine forceps, aspirators, and preserved in ethanol 70% for laboratory identification. The results showed no aphids were detected from frequent sprayed tomato fields, other pests observed include the white flies with mean (57) individuals per plant, followed by leaf miner (70) and the highest number was thrips representing (107) Mean population comparison showed a significant differences P< 0.005. Understanding occurrence of different pests in tomato growing areas could assist in planning sustainable Integrated Pest Management programme in tomato growing areas.

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Guera, Ouorou Ganni Mariel, Federico Castrejón-Ayala, Norma Robledo, Alfredo Jiménez-Pérez, Georgina Sánchez-Rivera, Lilia Salazar-Marcial, and Hilda Elizabet Flores Moctezuma. "Effectiveness of Push–Pull Systems to Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) Management in Maize Crops in Morelos, Mexico." Insects 12, no. 4 (March 29, 2021): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12040298.

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Chemical control is the main method used to combat fall armyworm in maize crops. However, its indiscriminate use usually leads to a more complex scenario characterized by loss of its effectiveness due to the development of resistance of the insect pest, emergence of secondary pests, and reduction of the populations of natural enemies. For this reason, efforts to develop strategies for agroecological pest management such as Push–Pull are increasingly growing. In this context, the present study was carried out to evaluate field effectiveness of Push–Pull systems for S. frugiperda management in maize crops in Morelos, Mexico. In a randomized block experiment, the incidence and severity of S. frugiperda, the development and yield of maize were evaluated in nine Push–Pull systems and a maize monoculture. The Push–Pull systems presented incidence/severity values lower than those of the monoculture. Morphological development and maize yield in the latter were lower than those of most Push–Pull systems. Mombasa—D. ambrosioides, Mulato II—T. erecta, Mulato II—C. juncea, Tanzania—T. erecta and Tanzania—D. ambrosioides systems presented higher yields than those of monocultures.

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E. N. BALINGASA. "STATUS OF COCONUT RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION IN TANZANIA." CORD 5, no. 02 (June 1, 1989): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v5i02.229.

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Coconut is an important economic crop in the coastal belt of Tanzania and the island. However, production has been dwindling through the years due to various constraints, eg, poor plantation management, lack of improved planting materials, insect pests ‑ notably Oryctes monoceros Oliv, and the coreid bug, Pseuclotheraptus wayi Brown plus a lethaf‑disease presently belie to be caused by mycoplasmalike organisms. To offset further decline of the industry, the National Coconut Development Programme was created by the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, assisted by the Federal Republic of Germany and the World Bank. Production promotion activities were implemented ‑ conducting selection works on the East African Tall coconut population, establishment of seed gardens to produce high yielding planting materials and supporting extension to disserninate technical information. Simultaneously, researches in agronomy, breeding, pest and disease control were conducted. Lately, farming systems research was added as a new project component. Significant findings on the various research areas are discussed in this paper plus some aspects of utilization, processing and marketing.

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William, J. G., J. Hella, E. Lars, J. Offenberg, M. Mwatawala, and G. Rwegasira. "Benefit-Cost Analysis of Alternative Insect Pests Management in Cashew and Mango Orchards in Tanzania." Quarterly Journal of Econometrics Research 1, no. 2 (2015): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.88/2015.1.2/88.1.32.44.

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Agboton, B. V., D. Salifu, Z. Seguni, M. E. Sijaona, S. Shomari, S. Ekesi, and N. K. Maniania. "Bioecology of some key cashew insect pests and diseases in diverse habitats and landscapes in Tanzania." Journal of Applied Entomology 137, no. 10 (July 9, 2013): 782–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jen.12069.

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Mboya, Rose Mujila. "An investigation of the extent of infestation of stored maize by insect pests in Rungwe District, Tanzania." Food Security 5, no. 4 (July 6, 2013): 525–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-013-0279-3.

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William, J. G., J. Hella, E. Lars, J. Offenberg, M. Mwatawala, and G. Rwegasira. "Partial Budgeting Analysis of Different Strategies for Management of Insect Pests in Cashew and Mango Orchards in Tanzania." International Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Research 2, no. 4 (2015): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.70/2015.2.4/70.4.98.110.

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Mkenda, Ndakidemi, Stevenson, Arnold, Belmain, Chidege, Gurr, and Woolley. "Characterization of Hymenopteran Parasitoids of Aphis fabae in an African Smallholder Bean Farming System through Sequencing of COI ‘Mini-Barcodes’." Insects 10, no. 10 (October 2, 2019): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10100331.

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Parasitoids are among the most frequently reported natural enemies of insect pests, particularly aphids. The efficacy of parasitoids as biocontrol agents is influenced by biotic and abiotic factors. For example, hyperparasitoids can reduce the abundance of the primary parasitoids as well as modify their behavior. A field study was conducted at three contrasting elevations on Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, to identify the parasitoids of aphids in smallholder bean farming agroecosystems. Sentinel aphids (Aphis fabae) on potted bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) were exposed in 15 bean fields at three elevations for 2 days. The sentinel aphids were then kept in cages in a greenhouse until emergence of the parasitoids, which were collected and preserved in 98% ethanol for identification. Of the 214 parasitoids that emerged from sentinel aphids, the greatest abundance (44.86%) were from those placed at intermediate elevations (1000–1500 m a.s.l), compared to 42.52% from the lowest elevations and only 12.62% from the highest elevation farms. Morphological identification of the parasitoids that emerged from parasitized aphids showed that 90% were Aphidius species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae). Further characterization by sequencing DNA ‘mini-barcodes’ identified parasitoids with ≥99% sequence similarity to Aphidius colemani, 94–95% sequence similarity to Pachyneuron aphidis and 90% similarity to a Charipinae sp. in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. These results confidently identified A. colemani as the dominant primary aphid parasitoid of A. fabae in the study area. A Pachyneuron sp., which was most closely related to P. aphidis, and a Charipinae sp. occurred as hyperparasitoids. Thus, interventions to improve landscapes and farming practice should monitor specifically how to augment populations of A. colemani, to ensure any changes enhance the delivery of natural pest regulation. Further studies are needed for continuous monitoring of the hyperparasitism levels and the dynamics of aphids, primary parasitoids, and secondary parasitoids in different cropping seasons and their implications in aphid control.

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Gogo, Elisha Otieno, Mwanarusi Saidi, Jacob Mugwa Ochieng, Thibaud Martin, Vance Baird, and Mathieu Ngouajio. "Microclimate Modification and Insect Pest Exclusion Using Agronet Improve Pod Yield and Quality of French Bean." HortScience 49, no. 10 (October 2014): 1298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.49.10.1298.

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French bean [Phaseolus vulgaris (L.)] is among the leading export vegetable in Africa, mostly produced by small-scale farmers. Unfavorable environmental conditions and heavy infestations by insect pests are among the major constraints limiting production of the crop. Most French bean producers grow their crop in open fields outdoors subject to harsh environmental conditions and repeatedly spray insecticides in a bid to realize high yield. This has led to rejection of some of the produce at the export market as a result of stringent limits on maximum residue levels. Two trials were conducted at the Horticulture Research and Teaching Field, Egerton University, Kenya, to evaluate the potential of using agricultural nets (herein referred to as agronets) to improve the microclimate, reduce pest infestation, and increase the yield and quality of French bean. A randomized complete block design with five replications was used. French bean seeds were direct-seeded, sprayed with an alpha-cypermethrin-based insecticide (control), covered with a treated agronet (0.9 mm × 0.7 mm average pore size made of 100 denier yarn knitted into a mesh impregnated with alpha-cypermethrin), or covered with an untreated-agronet (0.9 mm × 0.7 mm average pore size made of 100 denier yarn knitted into a mesh not impregnated with insecticide). Alpha-cypermethrin and agronets were manufactured by Tagros Chemicals (India) and A to Z Textile Mills (Tanzania), respectively. Covering French bean with the agronets modified the microclimate of the growing crop with air temperature increased by ≈10%, relative humidity by 4%, and soil moisture by 20%, whereas photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and daily light integral (DLI) were decreased by ≈1% and 11.5%, respectively. Populations of silverleaf whitefly [Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)] and black bean aphids [Aphis fabae (Scopoli)] were reduced under agronet covers as contrasted with control plots. Furthermore, populations of both pests were reduced on French bean grown under impregnated agronets compared with untreated agronets, but only on three of the five sampling dates [30, 44, and 72 days after planting (DAP)] for silver leaf whitefly or at only one of the five sampling dates (30 DAP) for black bean aphid. Covering French bean with agronets advanced seedling emergence by 2 days and increased seedling emergence over 90% compared with control plots. French bean plants covered with both agronet treatments had faster development, better pod yield, and quality compared with the uncovered plants. These findings demonstrate the potential of agronets in improving French bean performance while minimizing the number of insecticide sprays within the crop cycle, which could lead to less rejection of produce in the export market and improved environmental quality.

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Boykin, Sseruwagi, Alicai, Ateka, Mohammed, Stanton, Kayuki, et al. "Tree Lab: Portable genomics for Early Detection of Plant Viruses and Pests in Sub-Saharan Africa." Genes 10, no. 9 (August 21, 2019): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10090632.

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In this case study we successfully teamed the PDQeX DNA purification technology developed by MicroGEM, New Zealand, with the MinION and MinIT mobile sequencing devices developed by Oxford Nanopore Technologies to produce an effective point-of-need field diagnostic system. The PDQeX extracts DNA using a cocktail of thermophilic proteinases and cell wall-degrading enzymes, thermo-responsive extractor cartridges and a temperature control unit. This closed system delivers purified DNA with no cross-contamination. The MinIT is a newly released data processing unit that converts MinION raw signal output into nucleotide base called data locally in real-time, removing the need for high-specification computers and large file transfers from the field. All three devices are battery powered with an exceptionally small footprint that facilitates transport and setup. To evaluate and validate capability of the system for unbiased pathogen identification by real-time sequencing in a farmer’s field setting, we analysed samples collected from cassava plants grown by subsistence farmers in three sub-Sahara African countries (Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya). A range of viral pathogens, all with similar symptoms, greatly reduce yield or destroy cassava crops. Eight hundred (800) million people worldwide depend on cassava for food and yearly income, and viral diseases are a significant constraint to its production. Early pathogen detection at a molecular level has great potential to rescue crops within a single growing season by providing results that inform decisions on disease management, use of appropriate virus-resistant or replacement planting. This case study presented conditions of working in-field with limited or no access to mains power, laboratory infrastructure, Internet connectivity and highly variable ambient temperature. An additional challenge is that, generally, plant material contains inhibitors of downstream molecular processes making effective DNA purification critical. We successfully undertook real-time on-farm genome sequencing of samples collected from cassava plants on three farms, one in each country. Cassava mosaic begomoviruses were detected by sequencing leaf, stem, tuber and insect samples. The entire process, from arrival on farm to diagnosis, including sample collection, processing and provisional sequencing results was complete in under 3 h. The need for accurate, rapid and on-site diagnosis grows as globalized human activity accelerates. This technical breakthrough has applications that are relevant to human and animal health, environmental management and conservation.

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Ndomba, Osmund. "Occurrence of Bemisia Argentifolii on Chrysanthemums in Northern Tanzania." Journal of Plant Protection Research 48, no. 1 (March 1, 2008): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10045-008-0003-z.

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Occurrence ofBemisia Argentifoliion Chrysanthemums in Northern TanzaniaSamples of whiteflies were collected fromDendranthemaspp. in major growing areas of Tanzania. The insects were transferred onto test plants to confirm host specificity. Infested with insects, test plants were then protected with polyethylene bags. Samples of whiteflies from infested plants were taken at 10 day intervals post-infestation (dpi), 28 dpi and 35 dpi, for behavioural studies. At 10 dpi eggs were seen as oval bodies while at 28 dpi crawling bodies and newly emerged adults were observed, leaving behind characteristic shiny hollow cases. At 35 dpi, all the stages of development were seen. The features observed are typical ofBemisia argentifoliiand the area is endangered by the occurrence and spread of viruses transmitted by this species. This identification, which is an integral part of pest surveillance, initiates a study of the viruses and will lead to pest records for regulatory purposes. The international scientific and trading community is assured that the report reflects the real situation. The pest is thought to be present in the reported areas only and the pest status is actionable and under surveillance.

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Purrini, K. "On disease agents of insect pests of wild palms and forests in Tanzania1." Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 99, no. 1-5 (August 26, 2009): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1985.tb01983.x.

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Mdangi, M., D. Muhamba, A. W. Massawe, and S. L. Mulungu. "Rice insect pest management in selected rice irrigation schemes in Morogoro Region, Tanzania." African Journal of Agricultural Research 14, no. 15 (April 11, 2019): 698–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajar2017.12309.

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Mohamed, R. A., and J. M. Teri. "Farmers' strategies of insect pest and disease management in small-scale bean production systems in Mgeta, Tanzania." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 10, no. 06 (December 1989): 821–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758400012595.

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Guera, Ouorou Ganni Mariel, Federico Castrejón-Ayala, Norma Robledo, Alfredo Jiménez-Pérez, and Georgina Sánchez-Rivera. "Plant Selection for the Establishment of Push–Pull Strategies for Zea mays–Spodoptera frugiperda Pathosystem in Morelos, Mexico." Insects 11, no. 6 (June 4, 2020): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11060349.

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Regulations imposed on the use of chemical insecticides call for the development of environmental-friendly pest management strategies. One of the most effective strategies is the push–pull system, which takes advantage of the behavioral response of the insect to the integration of repellent stimuli; it expels the pest out of the main crop (push), while attracting stimuli (attractants) pull the pest to an alternative crop or trap (pull). The objective of this study was to design a push–pull system to control Spodoptera frugiperda in maize crops (Zea mays) in Morelos, Mexico. Data on reproductive potential, larvae development, food consumption and olfactometry were used to obtain a Trap Plant Selection Index (TRAPS) based on Principal Component Analysis. This TRAPS was used to select the most suitable plants. The degree of repellency of potential plants to be used as the trap crop was studied with four-way olfactometers. S. frugiperda females oviposited more eggs on Brachiaria hybrid cv. Mulato II, Panicum maximum cv. Mombasa and Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania than on Z. mays, regardless of the fact that these plants delayed the development of their offspring. Dysphania ambrosioides, Tagetes erecta and Crotalaria juncea were less attractive to S. frugiperda females. Therefore, the former plants could be used as crop traps, and the latter as intercropped repellent plants in a push–pull system.

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Mkiga, Abdullah, Samira Mohamed, Hannalene du Plessis, Fathiya Khamis, and Sunday Ekesi. "Field and Laboratory Performance of False Codling Moth, Thaumatotibia Leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Troticidae) on Orange and Selected Vegetables." Insects 10, no. 3 (February 28, 2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10030063.

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False codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta is a key pest of citrus orange and other plants causing fruit loss through larval feeding. Although this pest is native to sub-Saharan Africa little is known on its performance on orange and vegetables in Kenya and Tanzania. Our objective was to assess the incidence, oviposition preference and offspring performance of FCM on orange and vegetables, namely, okra, African eggplant, chili and sweet peppers. A higher percentage of orange with FCM damage symptoms was recorded from the ground than from the tree sampled fruit. However, FCM larval incidence was higher for the latter (tree sampled fruit). The highest FCM larval incidence amongst the vegetables was recorded on African eggplant (12%) while the lowest was on okra (3%). Orange was the most while African eggplant was the least preferred for oviposition by FCM. Among the vegetables tested, strong oviposition preference was found for sweet pepper; however, larval survival was lowest (62%) on this crop. Highest larval survival (77%) was recorded on orange. Most demographic parameters (i.e., intrinsic rate of increase, doubling time) were comparable among the studied host plants. The results are discussed in line of FCM management.

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Fast, Thora Samsø, Jørgen Aagaard Axelsen, Gina Kier Lynegaard, Maulid Mwatawala, and Joachim Offenberg. "Search Rate and Functional Response of a Eusocial Insect (Oecophylla longinoda) in a Tanzanian Mango Orchard." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/817251.

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Weaver ants,Oecophyllaspp., are famous for being efficient biological control agents as they prey on a variety of insects, and they are capable of suppressing a large number of pest species. Here, the search rate and functional response ofOecophylla longinodawere investigated in a Tanzanian mango orchard using feeding experiments. This was done by following the removal of prey, which constituted the foundation for estimating the search rate by aid of the Nicholson-Bailey and Lotka-Volterra models. The overall mean search rate was3.2 ×10-4and1.7 ×10-4over 30 minutes, when calculating the search rate using the Nicholson-Bailey equation and the Lotka-Volterra equation (modified Holling equation), respectively. The functional response investigations showed a linear relationship between removed prey and available prey, suggesting type I functional response or, alternatively, the initial phase of type II functional response. The results presented here are probably the first attempt to identify the functional response type of a colony of living predatory eusocial insects.

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Geurts, K., M. W. Mwatawala, and M. De Meyer. "Dominance of an invasive fruit fly species, Bactrocera invadens, along an altitudinal transect in Morogoro, Eastern Central Tanzania." Bulletin of Entomological Research 104, no. 3 (February 3, 2014): 288–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485313000722.

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AbstractBactrocera invadens, a fruit fly from Asia, is an invasive pest species across Africa. It appears to continue spreading, not only in latitude but also in altitude. To assess its capacity to infest a large variety of hosts and its competition with other fruit fly species, a study along an altitudinal gradient was conducted. At low altitudes, the high abundance in the field and high infestation of B. invadens in different fruit species make it a serious pest. At high altitudes, colonization has started and B. invadens occurs in low numbers by reproducing successfully in high altitude fruits. Overall the abundance and infestation of B. invadens is influenced by its direct competitor Ceratitis rosa and the presence of its preferred host species. C. rosa is still the dominant species in temperate fruits grown at high altitude. Ceratitis cosyra, however, is negatively affected by B. invadens, this species seems to have shifted hosts to avoid competition. The broad host range and competitive potential of B. invadens increase the risk for further spread not only to higher areas, but also to subtropical regions.

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Mkindi, Angela G., Yolice Tembo, Ernest R. Mbega, Beth Medvecky, Amy Kendal-Smith, Iain W. Farrell, Patrick A. Ndakidemi, Steven R. Belmain, and Philip C. Stevenson. "Phytochemical Analysis of Tephrosia vogelii across East Africa Reveals Three Chemotypes that Influence Its Use as a Pesticidal Plant." Plants 8, no. 12 (December 12, 2019): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8120597.

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Tephrosia vogelii is a plant species chemically characterized by the presence of entomotoxic rotenoids and used widely across Africa as a botanical pesticide. Phytochemical analysis was conducted to establish the presence and abundance of the bioactive principles in this species across three countries in East Africa: Tanzania, Kenya, and Malawi. Analysis of methanolic extracts of foliar parts of T. vogelii revealed the occurrence of two distinct chemotypes that were separated by the presence of rotenoids in one, and flavanones and flavones that are not bioactive against insects on the other. Specifically, chemotype 1 contained deguelin as the major rotenoid along with tephrosin, and rotenone as a minor component, while these compounds were absent from chemotype 2, which contained previously reported flavanones and flavones including obovatin-3-O-methylether. Chemotype 3 contained a combination of the chemical profiles of both chemotype 1 and 2 suggesting a chemical hybrid. Plant samples identified as chemotype 1 showed chemical consistency across seasons and altitudes, except in the wet season where a significant difference was observed for samples in Tanzania. Since farmers are unable to determine the chemical content of material available care must be taken in promoting this species for pest management without first establishing efficacy. While phytochemical analysis serves as an important tool for quality control of pesticidal plants, where analytical facilities are not available simple bioassays could be developed to enable extension staff and farmers to determine the efficacy of their plants and ensure only effective materials are adopted.

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Acharya, Rajendra, Ashraf Akintayo Akintola, Matabaro Joseph Malekera, Patrick Kamulegeya, Keneth Benedictor Nyakunga, Munyaradzi Kennedy Mutimbu, Yam Kumar Shrestha, et al. "Genetic Relationship of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) Populations That Invaded Africa and Asia." Insects 12, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12050439.

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The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is an important agricultural pest native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Western Hemisphere, and has invaded Africa and further spread into most countries of Asia within two years. Here, we analyzed the genetic variation of invaded populations by comparing the nucleotide sequences of two genes: the nuclear Z-chromosome linked gene triose phosphate isomerase (Tpi) and the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) of 27 specimens collected in Africa (DR Congo, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zimbabwe) and Asia (Bangladesh, Korea, Nepal, and Vietnam). The results revealed that 25 specimens were from a heterogeneous hybrid (Tpi-corn strain and COI-rice strain; Tpi-C/COI-R) of the corn strain male and rice strain female, but two specimens were from a homogenous corn strain (Tpi-corn strain and COI-corn strain; Tpi-C/COI-C). The further analysis of the fourth exon and the fourth intron sequences of the Tpi gene identified at least four subgroups of the corn strain. These four genetic subgroups were identified in Africa and Asia, suggesting no significant genetic change due to the rapid migration within two years. Our study provides essential information for understanding the genetic diversity of fall armyworm in new habitats.

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Rapp, G., and M. S. Salum. "Ant fauna, pest damage and yield in relation to the density of weeds in coconut sites in Zanzibar, Tanzania." Journal of Applied Entomology 119, no. 1-5 (January 12, 1995): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1995.tb01241.x.

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Gumovsky, A. V., and M. M. Ramadan. "Biology, immature and adult morphology, and molecular characterization of a new species of the genusEntedon(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) associated with the invasive pestSpecularius impressithorax(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) onErythrinaplants." Bulletin of Entomological Research 101, no. 6 (July 12, 2011): 715–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485311000290.

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AbstractEntedon erythrinaesp. n. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a gregarious egg-larval endoparasitoid of the Erythrina bruchineSpecularius impressithorax, an invasive pest of the coral tree seeds (Erythrinaspp.), is described from the Hawaiian Islands and Africa (South Africa, Tanzania and Mozambique). The biology and morphology of preimaginal stages of this new species are described in details.It is remarkable that the early embryo of the parasitoid represents a mass of undifferentiated cells surrounded by a peculiar membrane formed by the peripheral enlarged polygonal cells. The young larva developing inside this membrane corresponds morphologically to the second instar of congeneric species. Various peculiarities of the parasitoid-host relationships in gregarious and solitaryEntedonparasitoids are discussed. The DNA sequences of 28S D2 (nuclear), Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI, mitochondrial) and Cytochrome B (CytB, mitochondrial) genes are provided for this new species and compared with the sequences of some other Afrotropical and Palearctic species of the genus.

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Ajene, Inusa J., Fathiya Khamis, Shifa Ballo, Gerhard Pietersen, Barbara van Asch, Nurhussen Seid, Ferdu Azerefegne, Sunday Ekesi, and Samira Mohamed. "Detection of Asian Citrus Psyllid (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in Ethiopia: A New Haplotype and its Implication to the Proliferation of Huanglongbing." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 4 (June 13, 2020): 1640–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa113.

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Abstract Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, also known as the Asian citrus psyllid, is a pest of citrus known for its transmission of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Ca. L. asiaticus), the causal bacterium of Huanglongbing. The African citrus triozid Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) has been the putative vector of Candidatus Liberibacter africanus (Ca. L. africanus) which causes the African citrus greening disease, until the recent detection of D. citri on the continent. Following reports of D. citri in Kenya and Tanzania, we surveyed citrus plants to establish the presence/absence of D. citri in Ethiopia in citrus-growing regions ranging from 900 to 2,460 m above sea level (masl). Diaphorina citri adults were detected in five of the surveyed sites in Ethiopia. Adult insects encountered were collected using an aspirator and stored in 97% ethanol. The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (mt COI) gene of the collected insects was amplified using LepF1/LepR1 primers, and sequences obtained showed low variation, which fell within the acceptable range of species. BLAST was used to query the sequences obtained, and all the sequences linked to D. citri accessions that are available in GenBank. The analysis of the sequences revealed a new haplotype of the species that differs from haplotypes previously reported. Phylogenetic relationships of our samples and other D. citri reference sequences was inferred using the Maximum-likelihood method. Monophyly was observed between the samples and the publicly available sequences from global accessions. This is the first report of the presence of D. citri in Ethiopia.

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Minja, E. M., T. G. Shanower, J. M. Songa, J. M. Ong'aro, W. T. Kawonga, P. J. Mviha, F. A. Myaka, S. Slumpa, H. Okurut-Akol, and C. Opiyo. "Studies of pigeonpea insect pests and their management in farmers' fields in Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, and Uganda." African Crop Science Journal 7, no. 1 (January 1, 1999). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v7i1.27778.

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Chawe, Kissa G., Pavithravani B. Venkataramana, and Patrick A. Ndakidemi. "Assessment of Farmers’ Indigenous Knowledge and Preferences: A Tool for Sustainable Lablab Bean (Lablab purpureus. L. Sweet) Improvement and Utilization in Northern Tanzania." Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology, March 27, 2019, 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2019/v21i130081.

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Participatory farmers’ selection of preferred lablab bean (Lablab purpureus L. Sweet) was conducted in Moshi Rural, Kilimanjaro in northern Tanzania to identify farmers preferred traits and accessions. An experimental plot was laid down in augmented block design where a total of 41 accessions including the local check (Katumani) and improved variety (HA4) were sown in three blocks at the spacing of 75 cm x 40 cm. Semi-structured questionnaire and checklists were prepared to gather the farmers’ preferences and knowledge as well as factors for lablab crop abandonment. The factors for crop abandonment identified were unavailability of quality and improved varieties, low yield, the high cost of agro-chemicals, the presence of diseases and insect pests. In this study, farmers’ selection criteria of the accessions were resistance to diseases and insect pest, the number of pods per plant, early maturity, high yielding capacity, seed colourand size. The results showed that accessions D163 scored higher votes followed by D137, D88, D27, D85, D155, D7, D159, and D151 while the least preferred accession was D140 with Garrets’ mean score of 50.11, 50.06, 50.05, 50.02, 50.00, 49.88, 49.77, 49.59, 49.56 and 49.52, respectively. Farmers’ ranked traits to be incorporated for future bean breeding in order of importance as; high yielding, better taste, earliness and short cooking time. Therefore, successful selection of germplasm through participatory research can raise awareness, adoption, and utilization of the lablab crop which change the portfolio of varieties available in the area and open the new door for plant breeders.

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"Potentiality of field margin with insecticidal plants in the reduction of insect pests’ damage in common bean production, Northern Tanzania." International Journal of Biosciences (IJB), August 18, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/17.2.149-157.

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Mwenda, Emmanuel T., Justin H. Ringo, and Ernest R. Mbega. "Physiochemical Properties and Identification of Elite Genotypes for Improved Sorghum Breeding in Tanzania." Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology, February 15, 2019, 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2018/v20i130067.

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Variability in physiochemical properties in sorghum is critical in cultivar development for optimum grain quality and crop resistance against fungal and insect pests. These traits are not well studied. The objective of this study was to characterize sorghum genotypes based on kernel phenotypic and biochemical traits and identify promising genotypes for better utilization of these traits in sorghum breeding. 98 sorghum genotypes comprised by the released varieties, breeding lines, hybrids and local cultivars were studied using qualitative and quantitative parameters. 75.51% of these genotypes have thick pericarp, 33.67% have testa layer, and 7.0% showed mostly-corneous endosperm texture. Results revealed a wide variability among studied genotypes in terms of phenotypic and biochemical properties (p<0.001). A cross IES11038 X A1GD 34553 recorded the highest 100 seed weight (6.2g). Pato and IESV 92174DL were the hardest genotypes with 110.33 and 108.4N respectively. Protein content ranged from 6.52 to 12.23%, of which Naco Mtama 1 and IESV 24030SH were the promising genotypes. Genotypes ICSA 88006 x IESV92172DL, ICSA15 x R8602 and GADAM recorded the highest starch concentration (79 g/100g). The identified elite genotypes could enable selection and hybridization of useful traits.

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Sequeros, Teresa, Justus Ochieng, Pepijn Schreinemachers, Papias H. Binagwa, Zenaida M. Huelgas, Ratri Tri Hapsari, Maurice Ogada Juma, et al. "Mungbean in Southeast Asia and East Africa: varieties, practices and constraints." Agriculture & Food Security 10, no. 1 (January 21, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40066-020-00273-7.

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Abstract Background Improving the productivity of grain legumes is important to address global challenges of food security and soil degradation. This study’s objective was to quantify the adoption of improved mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) varieties and agricultural practices and to identify production constraints for six countries in Southeast Asia and three countries in East Africa. Methods A Delphi method using expert elicitation was applied at subnational levels and then aggregated to national levels. Each panel employed repetitive and independent questioning of experts. The study organized 31 expert panels involving 387 experts across 9 countries. Results The share of improved varieties in the planted area, as estimated by the expert panels, was 92% for the Philippines, 91% for Vietnam, 99% for Thailand, 84% for Cambodia, 60% for Indonesia, 35% for Laos, 91% for Kenya, 30% for Uganda and 25% for Tanzania. The average age of improved varieties was 19 years in Asia and 12 years in East Africa. Of the mungbean area in Southeast Asia, 61% was planted to varieties developed by the World Vegetable Center, but this was only 2% in East Africa. Production constraints generally included insect pests and plant diseases, unstable markets with low price and low market demand, and the lack of quality seed of suitable varieties. Conclusions There are ample opportunities to improve mungbean productivity through wider use of improved varieties and practices, which is important to meet the contemporary challenges of improving human nutrition and agricultural sustainability.

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Elfekih, S., W. T. Tay, A. Polaszek, K. H. J. Gordon, D. Kunz, S. Macfadyen, T. K. Walsh, S. Vyskočilová, J. Colvin, and P. J. De Barro. "On species delimitation, hybridization and population structure of cassava whitefly in Africa." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (April 12, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87107-z.

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AbstractThe Bemisia cassava whitefly complex includes species that cause severe crop damage through vectoring cassava viruses in eastern Africa. Currently, this whitefly complex is divided into species and subgroups (SG) based on very limited molecular markers that do not allow clear definition of species and population structure. Based on 14,358 genome-wide SNPs from 62 Bemisia cassava whitefly individuals belonging to sub-Saharan African species (SSA1, SSA2 and SSA4), and using a well-curated mtCOI gene database, we show clear incongruities in previous taxonomic approaches underpinned by effects from pseudogenes. We show that the SSA4 species is nested within SSA2, and that populations of the SSA1 species comprise well-defined south-eastern (Madagascar, Tanzania) and north-western (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi) putative sub-species. Signatures of allopatric incipient speciation, and the presence of a ‘hybrid zone’ separating the two putative sub-species were also detected. These findings provide insights into the evolution and molecular ecology of a highly cryptic hemipteran insect complex in African, and allow the systematic use of genomic data to be incorporated in the development of management strategies for this cassava pest.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Insect pests – Tanzania'

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