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1
Park, Ji-Yeon, Hae-Jin Ko, A.-Sol Kim, Ha-Na Moon, Hye-In Choi, Jin-Hee Kim, Yongmin Chang, and Seong-Hyun Kim. "Effects of Pet Insects on Cognitive Function among the Elderly: An fMRI Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 10 (October 16, 2019): 1705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8101705.
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Animal-assisted therapy has positive effects on cognitive function, depression, performance ability, and social functioning in elderly patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of rearing pet insects on the cognitive function of healthy elderly participants, with fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) being used for this purpose. Community-dwelling right-handed elderly women (≥60 years) with normal cognitive function were enrolled and randomized at a 1:1 ratio into two groups: insect-rearing and control (n = 16) groups, with the insect-rearing group being further classified into two groups for analysis according to the subjects’ scores in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, WCST) at the baseline fMRI: Insect-rearing group I with a relatively high score (n = 13), and insect-rearing group II with a relatively low score (n = 6). The insect-rearing groups received and reared crickets as pet insects for 8 weeks. The WCST consisted of two variations, a high level baseline (HLB) and semi-WCST version. There was a significant difference accuracy of the HLB–semi-WCST (p < 0.05) in insect-rearing group II after 8 weeks from the baseline test. In the fMRI analysis involving the WCST reaction test, increased activation was observed in the right dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex in insect-rearing group II when the semi-WCST, rather than the HLB, was performed. Rearing pet insects showed positive effects on executive functions and performance improvement in elderly women. Further larger studies on the effects of pet insects on cognitive function are warranted.
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Setyaningrum, Haris, Edhi Martono, Alan Soffan, Jianhua Mo, and Siti Subandiyah. "Nuisance Insects of Rearing mass Asian Citrus Psyllid (ACP) Diaphorina citri Under Controlled Conditions." BIO Web of Conferences 80 (2023): 07005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20238007005.
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Rearing insects for pest experiment it’s very critical. The condition of rearing such insects impacted the smooth running of research. This condition also happens in the rearing of Asian Citrus Psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri. ACP is one of the most dangerous pests of citrus since responsible for the huanglongbing disease vector in citrus. Many researchers, either laboratory or field-based use a D.citri for object experiments. A clear and recent description of the types of insects or arthropods that disturb the rearing ACP is needed, especially in Indonesia. The research was conducted in the greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture, Gadjah Mada University, from January 2021 to September 2022. The rearing of ACP uses orange jasmine (Muraya paniculata) and citrus (Citrus nobilis). The collected insect and spider preserved in alcohol or pined in insect tray and identify them based on related literature. This study proposed to assess the nuisance insect that infested on rearing of D.citri based on greenhouse conditions. Our results showing that the many nuisance insects that disturb the growth of rearing in D.citri. A total of nine insect and spider attacking D citri, they are black ants (Dolichoderus sp), aphid (Aphis sp), leaf roller caterpillar (Phyllocnistis citrella), cockroach (Blattella sp), ladybug (Exochomus nigromaculatus), mite (Tetranychus sp), Mealy bug (Pseudoccocus sp), Scale insect (Aonidella aurantia) and Spider. Those nuisance insects and spiders attack D.citri colonies in different ways and stages. The attacking nuisance insect affected to affected the size of the ACP culture.
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Berggren, Å., A. Jansson, and M. Low. "Using current systems to inform rearing facility design in the insect-as-food industry." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 4, no. 3 (August 30, 2018): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2017.0076.
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As wild harvesting of insects gives way to mass rearing, there is an urgent need to develop expertise and methods in insect animal husbandry and facility design. In order to advance the science of animal husbandry and production in this field, comparisons and contrasts of different insect rearing facilities currently in production are likely to be beneficial. Here we initiate this discussion by suggesting a focus on insect rearing facilities at the two ends of the production scale spectrum (small-scale rearing and mass rearing) that have different end products (insects-as-food and insects for other purposes). We suggest that organisations with a philosophy of information sharing (e.g. universities) need to play an active role in this developing production system, by bridging gaps between academia, industry and traditional knowledge to ensure a rapid and societally acceptable development of wide-scale entomophagy.
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SUSRAMA, I. GEDE KETUT. "VARIASI KOMPOSISI PAKAN BUATAN UNTUK SERANGGA: SUATU KAJIAN PUSTAKA." Jurnal Biologi Udayana 22, no. 2 (December 13, 2018): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jbiounud.2018.v22.i02.p02.
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Artificial diet for insect rearing is necessary at the time a lot of insects required periodically and continuously such as for pesticide efficacy research, biodiversity conservation, and for the activity of fruit fly management with the sterile male technique for instance where it needs millions fruit flies weekly to be sterilized and then subsequently released. Insect artificial diet will also increase the efficiency of time, energy and fund in the procurement of insects compared to insect rearing with its natural diet. Various artificial diet classifications and its compositions have been developed so far in varying degrees of rearing success.
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Somerville, Jasmine, Liqin Zhou, and Ben Raymond. "Aseptic Rearing and Infection with Gut Bacteria Improve the Fitness of Transgenic Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella." Insects 10, no. 4 (March 28, 2019): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10040089.
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Mass insect rearing can have a range of applications, for example in biological control of pests. The competitive fitness of released insects is extremely important in a number of applications. Here, we investigated how to improve the fitness of a transgenic diamondback moth, which has shown variation in mating ability when reared in different insectaries. Specifically we tested whether infection with a gut bacteria, Enterobacter cloacae, and aseptic rearing of larvae could improve insect growth and male performance. All larvae were readily infected with E. cloacae. Under aseptic rearing, pupal weights were reduced and there was a marginal reduction in larval survival. However, aseptic rearing substantially improved the fitness of transgenic males. In addition, under aseptic rearing, inoculation with E. cloacae increased pupal weights and male fitness, increasing the proportion of transgenic progeny from 20% to 30% relative to uninfected insects. Aseptic conditions may improve the fitness of transgenic males by excluding microbial contaminants, while symbiont inoculation could further improve fitness by providing additional protection against infection, or by normalizing insect physiology. The simple innovation of incorporating antibiotic into diet, and inoculating insects with symbiotic bacteria that are resistant to that antibiotic, could provide a readily transferable tool for other insect rearing systems.
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Cadinu, Lorenzo A., Paolo Barra, Francesco Torre, Francesco Delogu, and Fabio A. Madau. "Insect Rearing: Potential, Challenges, and Circularity." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 3, 2020): 4567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114567.
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Environmental pollution, population increase, water availability and misuse of land are inexorably driving humans to take on important challenges related to sustainability. The next future is expected to see a significant increase of food and feed demands, which determines a serious threat to well-being levels and even survival of modern societies. Within this scenario, the efficient and sustainable use of insects as protein sources has been invoked as a possible strategic solution. As a candidate for remarkable growth, insect farming promises significant benefits to agri-food industry, offering interesting opportunities for implementing circular economy. In the present work, we review selected literature on insect rearing with the aim of providing a short rigorous introduction to the field to researchers, entrepreneurs and common readers. After a general overview of the field, including a description of insect nutritional values, the review focuses on the three insect species that are seemingly set to beneficially affect aquaculture, which is the activity presently more sensitive to circularity and sustainability innovation. Once traditional and advanced insect rearing methods are described, the challenges that the field is going to tackle are suitably highlighted.
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Bertola, Michela, and Franco Mutinelli. "A Systematic Review on Viruses in Mass-Reared Edible Insect Species." Viruses 13, no. 11 (November 15, 2021): 2280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13112280.
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Edible insects are expected to become an important nutrient source for animals and humans in the Western world in the near future. Only a few studies on viruses in edible insects with potential for industrial rearing have been published and concern only some edible insect species. Viral pathogens that can infect insects could be non-pathogenic, or pathogenic to the insects themselves, or to humans and animals. The objective of this systematic review is to provide an overview of the viruses detected in edible insects currently considered for use in food and/or feed in the European Union or appropriate for mass rearing, and to collect information on clinical symptoms in insects and on the vector role of insects themselves. Many different virus species have been detected in edible insect species showing promise for mass production systems. These viruses could be a risk for mass insect rearing systems causing acute high mortality, a drastic decline in growth in juvenile stages and in the reproductive performance of adults. Furthermore, some viruses could pose a risk to human and animal health where insects are used for food and feed.
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Youmessi, Feugang. "Comparison between insects gathered on a death corpse from the study site and insects obtained by rearing larvae within the laboratory under natural environmental conditions." Forensic Research & Criminology International Journal 11, no. 4 (November 3, 2023): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2023.11.00381.
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Forensic entomology is the use of insect and others arthropods in solving crime. During this purpose, forensic entomologists use carrion insect communities to produce evidence in case of murder, suicide, neglect, accident or poaching, since they are natural witnesses of the crime scene. This offers of insects as physical evidence during legal procedures are use worldwide except in Africa where the documentation of this domain is poor. The present study was to compare the diversity of necrophagous insect gathered at the study site and that of the insect obtain from the rearing of thier larvae in the laboratory under natural environmental conditions. Adult flies were identified to species level. Overall, 3414 adult flies were obtained both from the census on the field and from the rearing in the laboratory. These flies belong to 3 classes of insects namely, Insect, Arachnida and Myriapoda with 3343, 70 and 1 individual respectively, distributed amongst 9 orders, 30 families, 20 genus and 27 species.
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Cohen, Allen Carson. "The Nature of Unnatural Insects Infrastructure of Insect Rearing." American Entomologist 65, no. 2 (2019): 122–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ae/tmz021.
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Cappellozza, Silvia, Maria Giovanna Leonardi, Sara Savoldelli, Domenico Carminati, Anna Rizzolo, Giovanna Cortellino, Genciana Terova, et al. "A First Attempt to Produce Proteins from Insects by Means of a Circular Economy." Animals 9, no. 5 (May 24, 2019): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9050278.
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The worldwide growing consumption of proteins to feed humans and animals has drawn a considerable amount of attention to insect rearing. Insects reared on organic wastes and used as feed for monogastric animals can reduce the environmental impact and increase the sustainability of meat/fish production. In this study, we designed an environmentally closed loop for food supply in which fruit and vegetable waste from markets became rearing substrate for Hermetia illucens (BSF— black soldier fly). A vegetable and fruit-based substrate was compared to a standard diet for Diptera in terms of larval growth, waste reduction index, and overall substrate degradation. Morphological analysis of insect organs was carried out to obtain indications about insect health. Processing steps such as drying and oil extraction from BSF were investigated. Nutritional and microbiological analyses confirmed the good quality of insects and meal. The meal was then used to produce fish feed and its suitability to this purpose was assessed using trout. Earthworms were grown on leftovers of BSF rearing in comparison to a standard substrate. Chemical analyses of vermicompost were performed. The present research demonstrates that insects can be used to reduce organic waste, increasing at the same time the sustainability of aquaculture and creating interesting by-products through the linked bio-system establishment.
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Gourgouta, Marina, Christos I. Rumbos, Vasilios Michail, and Christos G. Athanassiou. "Valorization of Agricultural Side-Streams for the Rearing of Larvae of the Lesser Mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer)." Sustainability 14, no. 13 (June 23, 2022): 7680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14137680.
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During the last decade, insects have shown up as a promising answer to the increasing animal protein demand for a continuously growing human population. A wide spectrum of substrates of plant origin can be currently used as insect feed; the sustainability of insect rearing though greatly increases when organic side-streams and wastes are valorized and upcycled through their bioconversion with insects. Additionally, the exploitation of low-cost organic residues as insect feed can also significantly suppress the rearing cost and, consequently, the price of the insect meal. In this context, the aim of our work was to evaluate organic side-streams, generated through several agro-industrial processes, as feeding substrates for the larvae of the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus. In a laboratory trial, eleven agricultural side-streams were provided to larvae singly to assess their potential to support complete larval development, whereas in the second trial, larvae were fed two groups of isoproteinic diets consisting of the side-streams that performed well in the first trial. Our results showed the suitability of several agricultural side-streams as feed for A. diaperinus larvae, e.g., barley by-products (classes I and II), sunflower meal, cotton cake and oat sidestream, which, when fed singly, efficiently supported larval growth, resulting in high survival rates and final larval weights, comparable to the control. Similarly, several of the side-streams-based diets tested were shown to be suitable for A. diaperinus rearing. These results aim to contribute to the utilization of agricultural side-streams singly or in composed diets for the rearing of A. diaperinus larvae.
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Sikorowski, P. P., and A. M. Lawrence. "Microbial Contamination and Insect Rearing." American Entomologist 40, no. 4 (1994): 240–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ae/40.4.240.
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Varelas. "Food Wastes as a Potential new Source for Edible Insect Mass Production for Food and Feed: A review." Fermentation 5, no. 3 (September 2, 2019): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation5030081.
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About one-third of the food produced annually worldwide ends up as waste. A minor part of this waste is used for biofuel and compost production, but most is landfilled, causing environmental damage. Mass production of edible insects for human food and livestock feed seems a sustainable solution to meet demand for animal-based protein, which is expected to increase due to rapid global population growth. The aim of this review was to compile up-to-date information on mass rearing of edible insects for food and feed based on food wastes. The use and the potential role of the fermentation process in edible insect mass production and the potential impact of this rearing process in achieving an environmentally friendly and sustainable food industry was also assessed. Food waste comprises a huge nutrient stock that could be valorized to feed nutritionally flexible edible insects. Artificial diets based on food by-products for black soldier fly, house fly, mealworm, and house cricket mass production have already been tested with promising results. The use of fermentation and fermentation by-products can contribute to this process and future research is proposed towards this direction. Part of the sustainability of the food sector could be based on the valorization of food waste for edible insect mass production. Further research on functional properties of reared edible insects, standardization of edible insects rearing techniques, safety control aspects, and life cycle assessments is needed for an insect-based food industry.
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Lehtovaara, V. J., J. Tahvanainen, J. Sorjonen, A. Valtonen, and H. Roininen. "Space and Shelter Requirement of Nymphs in the Mass-Rearing of the Edible Ruspolia differens (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 112, no. 4 (April 2, 2019): 1651–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz065.
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Abstract The ability to mass-rear insects in high densities is a precondition for the edible insect industry but the space requirement has to be determined specifically for each species. Mass-rearing methods for Ruspolia differens Serville (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae), one of the most consumed edible insect species in East Africa, are currently lacking. Though, these methods are urgently needed to enhance the food security in the region and to reduce the pressure on the wild populations. Here, we experimentally evaluated the effect of rearing density and rearing environment on the survival of R. differens nymphs. We conducted two experiments; in Experiment 1 we used small 0.15-liter rearing containers and in Experiment 2, larger 0.75-liter containers. The rearing densities ranged from 4 to 300 individuals per liter and we used three different rearing environments (‘net’, ‘spikes’, and ‘oat sprouts’). We found that the survival of R. differens nymphs is strongly density-dependent. The suitable rearing density for young R. differens nymphs should be ≤36 nymphs per liter, as in higher densities the mortality of nymphs increases rapidly over the course of time. With rearing densities ≤36 nymphs per liter, a survival rate of 60% can be expected up to 28 d after rearing. The studied environments only had a minor effect on the survival. These results create the basis for the efforts to upscale the rearing of R. differens in the future.
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Maciel-Vergara, G., A. B. Jensen, A. Lecocq, and J. Eilenberg. "Diseases in edible insect rearing systems." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 7, no. 5 (August 13, 2021): 621–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2021.0024.
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Due to a swift and continuous growth of the insect rearing industry during the last two decades, there is a need for a better understanding of insect diseases (caused by insect pathogens). In the insect production sector, insect diseases are a bottleneck for every type and scale of rearing system with different degrees of technology investment (i.e. semi-open rearing, closed rearing, industrial production, small-scale farming). In this paper, we provide an overview of insect pathogens that are causing disease in the most common insect species reared or collected for use in food and feed. We also include a few examples of diseases of insect species, which are not (yet) reported to be used as food or feed; those examples may increase our understanding of insect diseases in general and for the development of disease prevention and control measures. We pay special attention to the effect of selected biotic and abiotic factors as potential triggers of insect diseases. We discuss the effect of such factors in combination with other production variables on disease development and insect immunocompetence. Additionally, we touch upon prevention and control measures that have been carried out and suggested up to now for insect production systems. Finally, we point towards possible future research directions with possibilities to enhance the resilience of insect production to insect disease outbreaks.
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Cohen, Allen Carson. "Ecology of Insect Rearing Systems: A Mini-Review of Insect Rearing Papers from 1906-2017." Advances in Entomology 06, no. 02 (2018): 86–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ae.2018.62008.
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Ruiz-Montoya, Lorena, Mayren Sánchez-Rosario, Emiliano López-Gómez, Maricela Garcia-Bautista, Anahí Canedo-Texón, David Haymer, and Pablo Liedo. "Mass-Rearing Conditions Do Not Always Reduce Genetic Diversity: The Case of the Mexican Fruit Fly, Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Insects 15, no. 1 (January 12, 2024): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects15010056.
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The application of the sterile insect technique (SIT) requires the adaptation of insects to mass-rearing conditions. It is generally accepted that this adaptation may include a reduction in genetic diversity and an associated loss of desirable characteristics for the effective performance of sterile insects in the field. Here, we compare the genetic diversity of two mass-reared strains of the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens, and a wild (WIL) population collected near Tapachula, Mexico, using seven DNA microsatellites as molecular genetic markers. The mass-reared strains were a bisexual laboratory strain (LAB) with approximately 130 generations under mass-rearing and a genetic sexing strain, Tapachula-7 (TA7), also under mass-rearing for 100 generations. Our results revealed an overall low level of genetic differentiation (approximately 15%) among the three strains, with the LAB and WIL populations being genetically most similar and TA7 most genetically differentiated. Although there were some differences in allele frequencies between strains, our results show that overall, the adaptation to mass-rearing conditions did not reduce genetic variability compared to the wild sample in terms of heterozygosity or allelic richness, nor did it appear to alter the level of inbreeding with respect to the wild populations. These results are contrary to the general idea that mass-rearing always results in a reduction in genetic diversity. Overall, our findings can contribute to a better understanding of the impact that adaptation to mass-rearing conditions may have on the genetic make-up of strains.
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Bessette, Edouard, and Bryony Williams. "Protists in the Insect Rearing Industry: Benign Passengers or Potential Risk?" Insects 13, no. 5 (May 21, 2022): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13050482.
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As the insects for food and feed industry grows, a new understanding of the industrially reared insect microbiome is needed to better comprehend the role that it plays in both maintaining insect health and generating disease. While many microbiome projects focus on bacteria, fungi or viruses, protists (including microsporidia) can also make up an important part of these assemblages. Past experiences with intensive invertebrate rearing indicate that these parasites, whilst often benign, can rapidly sweep through populations, causing extensive damage. Here, we review the diversity of microsporidia and protist species that are found in reared insect hosts and describe the current understanding of their host spectra, life cycles and the nature of their interactions with hosts. Major entomopathogenic parasite groups with the potential to infect insects currently being reared for food and feed include the Amoebozoa, Apicomplexa, Ciliates, Chlorophyta, Euglenozoa, Ichtyosporea and Microsporidia. However, key gaps exist in the understanding of how many of these entomopathogens affect host biology. In addition, for many of them, there are very limited or even no molecular data, preventing the implementation of molecular detection methods. There is now a pressing need to develop and use novel molecular tools, coupled with standard molecular diagnostic methods, to help unlock their biology and predict the effects of these poorly studied protist parasites in intensive insect rearing systems.
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Walter, Andreas, Thomas Klammsteiner, Magdalena Gassner, Carina Desirée Heussler, Suzanne Kapelari, Markus Schermer, and Heribert Insam. "Black Soldier Fly School Workshops as Means to Promote Circular Economy and Environmental Awareness." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 17, 2020): 9574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229574.
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Today, insect applications for food and feed are of strong economic, ecological and social interest. Despite their tremendous potential, insects still elicit negative associations in the mindset of Western consumers, which is attributed to a lack of knowledge and scarce opportunities for engagement in this topic. The citizen science project ‘six-legged livestock’ aims to increase the potential of the insect Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly), merging the topics ‘waste re-valorisation’ and ‘protein production’ as a cross-link to circular economy. Workshops were held in four school classes, involving 89 pupils, aged 15 to 18 years old. Making use of organic wastes, participating school classes ran eight rearing systems containing a total of 1800 H. illucens larvae. In the four-week experiments, the pupils monitored larval growth and development. Evidently, the pupils were highly motivated to run their rearing systems and fulfil their working tasks. Furthermore, negative associations with insects, including phobia and scepticism decreased, while excitement for the topic increased after hands-on work with the insects. The presented project may be considered an innovative approach paving the way for the establishment of insects as an important educational tool, since they are still underrepresented in scholarly curricula, despite the public outrage over insect decline.
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DiGiacomo, K., H. Akit, and B. J. Leury. "Insects: a novel animal-feed protein source for the Australian market." Animal Production Science 59, no. 11 (2019): 2037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19301.
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The increasing demands on natural resources to provide food and feed has led to increased global initiatives to improve production sustainability and efficiency. The use of insects as an alternate source of protein for human food and production-animal feed is one such avenue gaining attention. With there being a large variety of insect species endemic to each region, there is likely to be an ideal candidate for each specific production system and region. Insects require less land and water than do terrestrial animals, have high feed-conversion efficiency (FCE) and emit low levels of greenhouse gases (GHG). Insect species currently investigated for mass production include black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), mealworms and crickets. In western societies, it is less likely that wide-scale adoption of insects as a food source will occur, although speciality products with ‘hidden’ insects, such as cricket flour, are commercially available. It is likely to be more achievable for insects to be included into the diets of production and companion animals. While there has been significant investment in research and development of large-scale insect-production systems, such facilities are yet to start producing at a significant scale. The safety and efficacy of insects as a food or feed must be established in conjunction with the development of mass rearing facilities and the optimisation of insect-rearing substrates. Insects also have nutraceutical properties that may have beneficial impacts on animal health and growth, with scope for these properties to be exploited as feed or food additives. The present review will explore the following question: ‘are insects a future livestock industry for Australia?’.
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Coudron, C. L., D. Deruytter, S. Craeye, and P. Bleyaert. "Entomoponics: combining insect rearing and greenhouse vegetable production – a case study with Tenebrio molitor and high-wire cucumber cultivation." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 8, no. 4 (April 8, 2022): 427–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2021.0130.
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Insect production is generally a monoculture where insects are kept in an enclosed environment with a stable climate to maximise production. To maintain these conditions air treatment is necessary, which results in high operational costs. Combining insect rearing with hydroponic greenhouse cultivation (HGC) of fruit vegetables might offer an opportunity for cost reduction. Fruit vegetables generally require more elevated air temperature, while leaving enough space under the substrate supporting gutters to allow insect rearing. In this study the feasibility of combining both production systems was evaluated with mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) and cucumber HGC serving as model species. The influence of the greenhouse climate was assessed by rearing mealworms simultaneous at two locations (a climate room and a cucumber HGC). Furthermore, pruning waste and aesthetically declined fruits could serve as a feed for insects. This was tested by comparing 4 different wet feeds (whole and mashed cucumber pruning, tomatoes and agar-agar). Larval growth was monitored and at harvest the mealworm yield was compared among treatments. Mealworm growth in the greenhouse was on average 8.1% slower than growth in a climate room even though the average ambient temperature in the greenhouse was lower and more variable (22.1±3.30 °C standard deviation compared to 27.0±0.34 °C). Moreover, the results showed that the tested HGC residues can be used as wet feed given that mashed cucumber pruning gave similar results as agar-agar (control) and tomatoes even outperformed the control significantly in terms of growth. ‘Entomoponics’ is introduced as the name for the combination of insect production and HGC of vegetables as a way to create added value in unused heated space inside a greenhouse and valorise greenhouse residues.
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Quintela, Eliane D., Edmar C. de Moura, and Jose F. A. Silva. "Weevil Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman, 1883) (Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) Rearing in Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)." Entomological Communications 2 (May 30, 2020): ec02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.37486/2675-1305.ec02007.
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Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman, 1833) is a cosmopolitan pest, occurring in all countries that grow dry bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. To assure the development of quality bioassays with this insect, a rearing procedure was implemented according to Standards of Good Laboratory Practices. An average of 2,751.94 adults was produced from 300 couples, in a kilogram of dry bean, in approximately one month. The rearing methodology described herein has been conducted successfully for several generations, providing insects of quality, which have been used routinely for academic and research purposes.
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Mlček, Jiří, Anna Adámková, Martin Adámek, Marie Borkovcová, Martina Bednářová, Lenka Kouřimská, and Veronika Hlobilová. "Selected aspects of edible insect rearing and consumption – A review." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 39, No. 3 (June 29, 2021): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/288/2020-cjfs.
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The presented work brings a comprehensive study of edible insect farming with an impact on the environment and human health. The review focuses not only on commonly monitored parameters such as carbon footprint or feed conversion but also on waste management. It also highlights the positive and negative aspects of eating edible insect regarding human health. Compared to other livestock, the rearing of edible insect brings less environmental burden and higher environmental protection. This review aimed to summarise current knowledge and broaden the complex view of the issue.
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Markina, T. Y. "New approaches to quality control for cultures of insects for rearing." Biosystems Diversity 24, no. 1 (March 4, 2016): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/011620.
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An analytical review of existing methods of quality control for cultures of insects for rearing is presented. It is shown that there is a need to search for new approaches to solving this problem. The suggested methods for quality control for insect cultures are based on the rule of taxis intensity dependence on insect viability level. Testing of new methods of control and prediction of biological material viability was carried out on several breeds of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) and a laboratory culture of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.). It was established that the caterpillars of silkworm breeds with high viability show higher chemotaxis intensity. It was found that intensity of taxis manifestation can be considered as a criterion of population condition. Selection of the most promising breeds of silkworm can be carried out at the moment of hatching without expensive rearing. It was shown that testing of neonate caterpillars by chemotaxis intensity provides the control of viability in all stages of insect development. Evaluation of chemotaxis intensity of adult males on female sex pheromone gives the possibility to select the specimens with the highest physiological properties for hybridization as well as to predict viability for progeny. The method of biological material selection by chemotaxis intensity was improved due to decrease the time of selection from 30 to 15 minutes and preliminary starvation of these insects. Positive correlation was evaluated between general viability of silkworm culture and intensity of chemotaxis of neonate larvae to the smell of mulberry leaf during 15 minutes after 12 hours of starvation. A significant increase of viability for silkworm breeds and hybrids was registered using such selection method during the spring and summer rearing. This selection method can be used also for assessment of culture viability. A new express-method of biological material selection for insect cultures establishment has been approbated. It is based on the positive correlation between insect viability parameters and their trophotaxis intensity. It is shown that for establishment of a laboratory culture of gypsy moth it is necessary to obtain the material from populations with the highest chemotaxis intensity. It was experimentally proved that parameters of chemotaxis intensity and insect viability reflect a certain level of population heterozygosity. The higher is the intensity of chemotaxis, the higher is the relative level of population heterozygosity. This fact gives the possibility to determine the level of heterozygosity for artificial insect populations by testing larvae for chemotaxis intensity. This method may be suitable for monitoring of natural populations condition in zones with intensive anthropogenic loading.
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Dolanchapa Sikdar and Rosalin Nath, Avisikta Ghosh Dastidar, Swagatalakshmi Chakraborty. "Entomophagy: A Future Feed Security System." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology 6, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst061256.
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From the point of view of the current environmental situation which leads to non-availability of agricultural land, water resource, emission of greenhouse gases ultimately causing global warming, Entomophagy i.e. practice of eating edible insects comes as a rescue to the future feed security system. Edible insects, considered as an inexhaustible natural resource have larger food value with high content of fat, protein, crude fiber, vitamins and minerals making it nutritionally comparable with other protein sources. Some edible insects also have increased levels of omega-6 & 3 fatty acids. Studies have calculated that livestock rearing leads to about 18% greenhouse gas emission whereas barring a few insects like cockroaches, termites which produce small amount of CH4, others have practically no such harmful environmental impact. Socio- economic picture of edible insect trade comes clearly from South-East Asia with its well-established farms and trade routes. The market value for insects often exceeds from that of its other protein counterparts, as a result of which, insect farming can prove to be a rich source of income for farmers. Insect rearing requires very little technical knowledge and principal investment, so it can be taken on by anyone. In future, as prices of conventional protein rises, insects may well prove to be a cheaper source. Here in this review paper, Insect’s contribution to food security, solution to the problem of protein shortages, recent growth in demand for edible insects, consumer awareness and acceptance of insects as food has been discussed.
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Azagoh, C., A. Hubert, and S. Mezdour. "Insect biorefinery in Europe: ‘DESigning the Insect bioRefinery to contribute to a more sustainABLE agro-food industry’." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 1, no. 2 (January 1, 2015): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2014.0009.
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This paper offers a brief overview of the potential technical barriers that need to be overcome in order to develop a new insect industry based on the rearing of insects on waste products, their transformation and the formulation of animal meals. This work will also include conduct of a detailed life cycle assessment of the system. In-depth studies and analyses will be performed on every component and then consolidated globally at the scale of the industry. Although insects appear to constitute a pertinent source of food for humans, these studies will focus on the potential incorporation of insect proteins in animal feeds, mainly for fish and poultry, as a substitute for fish and soybean-based meals.
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Gielen, Robin, Hendrik Meister, Toomas Tammaru, and Kadri Põldmaa. "Fungi Recorded on Folivorous Lepidoptera: High Diversity Despite Moderate Prevalence." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7010025.
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The knowledge about the diversity and ecological role of entomopathogenic fungi is primarily based on agroecosystems whereas information derived from natural insect populations is much more limited. To contribute to filling this gap, we recorded the prevalence of fungal infections in laboratory rearing experiments with five species of Lepidoptera, and in a field rearing experiment including one of these moths. The diversity of detected fungi was found to be high; we isolated 25 species of fungi from insects that had died in the course of these experiments. Six species belonged to the family Cordycipitaceae known to include unambiguous insect pathogens. The trophic niche of the representatives of other taxa is less clear and requires further studies. Regarding the most abundant species, Cordyceps farinosa, in which this question could be addressed, there was no indication of specialization on particular insect hosts, whereas several of the less common species may have been recorded from lepidopteran hosts for the first time. Across the subsets of the data, the prevalence of fungal infections generally remained below 5%. Our results are thus consistent with the idea that entomopathogenic fungi are always present in insect populations but rarely reach epizootic levels. The detected species richness shows that much is to be gained from mapping the diversity of fungal species associated with folivorous insects in natural populations.
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Gorrens, Ellen, Antoine Lecocq, and Jeroen De Smet. "The Use of Probiotics during Rearing of Hermetia illucens: Potential, Caveats, and Knowledge Gaps." Microorganisms 11, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020245.
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Given the novelty of the industrial production of the edible insects sector, research has primarily focused on the zootechnical performances of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) in response to different substrates and rearing conditions as a basis to optimize yield and quality. However recently, research has started to focus more on the associated microbes in the larval digestive system and their substrates and the effect of manipulating the composition of these communities on insect performance as a form of microbiome engineering. Here we present an overview of the existing literature on the use of microorganisms during rearing of the BSFL to optimize the productivity of this insect. These studies have had variable outcomes and potential explanations for this variation are offered to inspire future research that might lead to a better success rate for microbiome engineering in BSFL.
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Wilkie, Rhoda M. "‘Minilivestock’ farming: Who is farming edible insects in Europe and North America?" Journal of Sociology 54, no. 4 (December 2018): 520–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783318815304.
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An innovative food sector is emerging in North America and Europe: edible insects. Eating insects is not new; farming insects for human consumption is novel. This article provides an overview of entomophagy to contextualise this upsurge in ‘minilivestock’ farming. It also charts the rise of ‘feeder’ insect farms, because their ability to mass rear invertebrates – for exotic pets, reptiles and other insectivores – is of much interest to those starting and intensifying edible insect farms. A descriptive characterisation of frontier farmers will be provided by preliminary profile findings from 17 semi-structured pilot interviews with people with varying experience of rearing feeder and/or food insects. Since conventional livestock workers were the ‘forgotten pillar’ in agricultural research, this article affords timely insights into the socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle interests and farming experiences of ‘entopreneurs’ shaping this new ‘insect industry’.
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Meyer-Rochow, Victor Benno, Ruparao T. Gahukar, Sampat Ghosh, and Chuleui Jung. "Chemical Composition, Nutrient Quality and Acceptability of Edible Insects Are Affected by Species, Developmental Stage, Gender, Diet, and Processing Method." Foods 10, no. 5 (May 10, 2021): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10051036.
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Edible insects have been considered as either nutritious food itemsper se, or as wholesome ingredients to various dishes and components of traditional subsistence. Protein, fat, mineral and vitamin contents in insects generally satisfy the requirements of healthy food, although there is considerable variation associated with insect species, collection site, processing method, insect life stage, rearing technology and insect feed. A comparison of available data(based on dry weight) showed that processing can improve the nutrient content, taste, flavour, appearance and palatability of insects, but that there are additional factors, which can impact the content and composition of insect species that have been recommended for consumption by humans. This review focuses on factors that have received little attention in connection with the task to improve acceptability or choice of edible insects and suggests ways to guarantee food security in countries where deficiencies in protein and minerals are an acute and perpetual problem. This review is meant to assist the food industry to select the most suitable species as well as processing methods for insect-based food products.
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Alverson, Janet. "Effects of Aspergillus niger Contamination on Biological Fitness of Lygus hesperus (Heteroptera: Miridae)." Journal of Entomological Science 37, no. 4 (October 1, 2002): 338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-37.4.338.
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The effect of Aspergillus niger (USDA, ARS Robert T. Gast Rearing Laboratory, Mississippi State, MS isolate) contaminated artificial diet on Lygus hesperus Knight (Heteroptera: Miridae) is described. A standard number of A. niger spores was inoculated into an artificial diet used to rear L. hesperus, and the effect on biological fitness of the insect was measured. Biological fitness was defined as total number of surviving adults, mean biomass (dry weight) accumulated per cage over the total test period, egg production, time to adult emergence, and time to the beginning of egg laying. These measurements were all significantly different for insects reared on the inoculated diet from those reared on the control diet. The insects reared on the diet inoculated with A. niger showed a high mortality of nymphs, a decrease in mean biomass, delayed development time, and a decrease in egg production. This study demonstrates the devastating effect A. niger diet contamination can have on a laboratory colony of L. hesperus and emphasizes the need for constant vigilance and adherence to strict sanitation methods in an insect rearing facility.
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Markova, T. O., M. V. Maslov, and N. V. Repsh. "Modifications of rearing cages for insect research." Euroasian Entomological Journal 17, no. 1 (January 2019): 345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15298/euroasentj.17.5.06.
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Suarthana, Eva, Angela Shen, Paul K. Henneberger, Kathleen Kreiss, Norman C. Leppla, David Bueller, Daniel M. Lewis, Toni A. Bledsoe, Erika Janotka, and Edward L. Petsonk. "Post-Hire Asthma Among Insect-Rearing Workers." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 54, no. 3 (March 2012): 310–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jom.0b013e31823fe098.
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Cohen, Allen Carson. "Formalizing Insect Rearing and Artificial Diet Technology." American Entomologist 47, no. 4 (2001): 198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ae/47.4.198.
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Gianotten, Natasja, Lise Soetemans, and Leen Bastiaens. "Agri-Food Side-Stream Inclusions in the Diet of Alphitobius diaperinus Part 1: Impact on Larvae Growth Performance Parameters." Insects 11, no. 2 (January 23, 2020): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11020079.
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Insects are attracting increased attention in western countries as a protein source for feed and food industries. Currently, insect farmers use high-quality (cereal-based) diets. Part of the ingredients in these diets can also be used directly in food applications. To avoid competition and improve the sustainable and economical aspect of insect rearing, a search for alternative insect diets is ongoing. Side-streams from the agri-food sector offer potential. The lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) is an insect that is commercially reared on large scale for food application. The current paper reports on six agri-food side-streams that were included in the diet of the lesser mealworm. The impact of 29 diets (single side-streams or mixtures) on the larvae growth was evaluated by monitoring the larval yield, efficiency of conversion of ingested feed, and larval weight. The larvae were able to grow on all diets, but differences in growth were observed. Two side-streams, wheat middlings and rapeseed meal, were proven to support good larval performance when used as a single ingredient. A combination of these two with brewery grains as moisture source provided (1) the best larval growth and (2) the most economically profitable diet. In conclusion, this study illustrates successful rearing of the lesser mealworm on side-stream-based diets.
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Grau, Thorben, Andreas Vilcinskas, and Gerrit Joop. "Sustainable farming of the mealworm Tenebrio molitor for the production of food and feed." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 72, no. 9-10 (September 26, 2017): 337–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2017-0033.
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AbstractThe farming of edible insects is an alternative strategy for the production of protein-rich food and feed with a low ecological footprint. The industrial production of insect-derived protein is more cost-effective and energy-efficient than livestock farming or aquaculture. The mealwormTenebrio molitoris economically among the most important species used for the large-scale conversion of plant biomass into protein. Here, we review the mass rearing of this species and its conversion into food and feed, focusing on challenges such as the contamination of food/feed products with bacteria from the insect gut and the risk of rapidly spreading pathogens and parasites. We propose solutions to prevent the outbreak of infections among farmed insects without reliance on antibiotics. Transgenerational immune priming and probiotic bacteria may provide alternative strategies for sustainable insect farming.
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Dicke, M., J. Eilenberg, J. Falcao Salles, A. B. Jensen, A. Lecocq, G. P. Pijlman, J. J. A. van Loon, and M. M. van Oers. "Edible insects unlikely to contribute to transmission of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 6, no. 4 (August 11, 2020): 333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2020.0039.
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In the context of food safety, edible insects are evaluated for biological hazards such as microbial pathogens according to regulations currently in place. When the European Food Safety Authority evaluated the hazards of edible insects as a potential source of pathogenic viruses for humans and livestock, the novel zoonotic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 had not yet emerged but other pathogenic coronaviruses such as SARS (SARS-CoV) and MERS (MERS-CoV) were known. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, animal sources of protein for human consumption are being evaluated for the risks of being a transmission vector of coronaviruses, like SARS-CoV-2. Insects lack a receptor that can bind SARS-CoV-2, thus preventing the virus from replicating in insects, unlike some vertebrate livestock species and companion animals. Despite extensive monitoring, coronaviruses have never been recorded in insect microbiomes. Contamination of insects produced for food or feed may occur during the production process, resulting from rearing substrate or from insect farmers. However, the currently permitted rearing substrates do not include animal products and the farming process is highly automated, thus limiting interactions between farmers and insects. If contamination would still occur, the fact that the insects in production are not hosts to SARS-CoV-2 precludes virus replication and the further processing of the insects will destroy the contamination. We conclude that the hazard of edible insects being a transmission vector of SARS-CoV-2 is extremely low.
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Tavares, Pedro Paulo Lordelo Guimarães, Matheus dos Santos Lima, Luiggi Cavalcanti Pessôa, Roberta Barreto de Andrade Bulos, Thâmilla Thalline Batista de Oliveira, Larissa Farias da Silva Cruz, Denilson de Jesus Assis, Elba Santos da Boa Morte, Cláudio Vaz Di Mambro Ribeiro, and Carolina Oliveira de Souza. "Innovation in Alternative Food Sources: A Review of a Technological State-of-the-Art of Insects in Food Products." Foods 11, no. 23 (November 24, 2022): 3792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11233792.
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Insects present great potential for the food industry due to their easier rearing conditions and high nutritional value, in comparison with traditional livestock. However, there is a lack of evaluation of the technological status of food products developed with edible insects. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the emergent technological and scientific applications of edible insects in the food industry through a prospective study of patent documents and research articles. Espacenet was used as a research tool, applying the terms Insect, Pupa, Larva, or Nymph and the codes A23L33 and A23V2002. A total of 1139 documents were found—341 were related to the study. Orbit® was used to evaluate technological domains and clusters of concepts. Scopus database research was performed to assess the prevalence of insect research, with the term “edible and insect*”. The main insects used were silkworms, bees, beetles, mealworms, crickets, and cicadas. Protein isolates were the predominant technology, as they function as an ingredient in food products or supplements. A diverse application possibility for insects was found due to their nutritional composition. The insect market is expected to increase significantly in the next years, representing an opportunity to develop novel high-quality/sustainable products.
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Franco, Antonio, Rosanna Salvia, Carmen Scieuzo, Eric Schmitt, Antonella Russo, and Patrizia Falabella. "Lipids from Insects in Cosmetics and for Personal Care Products." Insects 13, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13010041.
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Insects, the most varied group of known organisms on Earth, are arousing great interest also for the possibility to use them as a feed and food source. The mass rearing of some species, defined as “bioconverters”, is spreading worldwide, thanks to their sustainability. At the end of the bioconversion process, breeders obtain eco-friendly biomolecules of high biological and economic value, including proteins and lipids, from larvae of bioconverter insects, in particular Hermetia illucens. Besides the most classical use of insect lipids as food additives, they are also used in the formulation of several products for personal care. The composition of insect lipids depends on the substrate on which the insects are reared but also on the insect species, so the cosmetic producers should consider these features to choose their insect starting point. The most abundant fatty acids detected in H. illucens are lauric, myristic, palmitic, and oleic acids, regardless of feed substrate; its fatty acids composition is favorable for soap composition, while their derivatives are used for detergent and shampoo. Here, we offer an overview of insect lipids, their extraction methods, and their application in cosmetics and personal care products.
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Singh, Abhishek, Vikram Kumar, M. Majumdar, Lopamudra Guha, and Kartik Neog. "A Comprehensive Review of Insect Pest Management in Muga Silkworm (Antheraea assamensis Helfer): Current Scenario and Future Prospects." Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 46, no. 5 (March 7, 2024): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i52355.
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Muga silkworm (Antheraea assamensis Helfer), renowned for its natural production of prized golden silk, is native to Assam and adjacent regions in North-Eastern India. However, outdoor rearing of Muga silkworms exposes them to environmental fluctuations year-round, resulting in significant crop losses due to insect pests. Notably, pre-seed crops (Aherua and Jarua) and seed crops (Chotua and Bhodia) experience significantly higher losses compare to commercial crops (Jethua and Kotia). This paper presents a thorough analysis of insect pests impacting Muga silkworm rearing, classified according to activity periods and intensity of attacks. Primary insect pests include Exorista sorbillans (Uzi fly), Apanteles glomeratus (Brachonid fly), ants and wasps. Uzi fly inflicts damage during winter (November to February), primarily affecting 4th and 5th instar Muga larvae, leading to substantial losses during cocoon harvest in March-April, jeopardizing seed production for subsequent Jethua (April-May) commercial crops. Apanteles glomeratus and ants pose threats during summer. Vespa orientalis (wasp) causes damage to late instars from April to September. Chemical control methods are discouraged due to their adverse effects on silkworms. Therefore, urgent research into environmentally sustainable pest management strategies tailored to Muga rearing's specific needs and limitations are warranted. This review synthesizes detailed descriptions of identified pests, challenges in insect pest management, and discusses various mitigation strategies, offering insights into the biology of major insect pests affecting Muga silkworms and evaluating the effectiveness of different pest management approaches.
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van Huis, A. "Insects as food and feed, a new emerging agricultural sector: a review." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 6, no. 1 (February 6, 2020): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2019.0017.
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During the last five years the scientific knowledge on insects as food and feed has been growing exponentially. At the same time, the industrial sector is increasingly engaged in rearing, processing and marketing of edible insects. Considerable attention is given to the black soldier fly as it can convert organic waste streams and transform it into several feed, food and industrial products. The farming of insects has an environmental impact which is lower than that of livestock species. The profitability of industrial production of insects as feed depends very much on the availability and applicability of cheap non-utilised side-streams. Microbial communities and their relationship with insects deserve full attention as it may help in the conversion of organic side streams of low economic value. Nutrition and health benefits for animals and humans need further exploration, also considering that insects have the largest anti-microbial peptide reservoir of all animals. Plant health can also be promoted by using chitin-containing leftover substrates as fertiliser. As insects have only recently been considered as food or feed, legislation trails developments. Therefore, politicians need to be assured that rearing and processing techniques are such that insect products are guaranteed free of chemical and microbial contaminants. Consumers are becoming more and more aware that insects as food are a viable option. Insects need to be processed into ingredients, that can be applied for safe and appetising products. The insect sector is maturing fast, but still faces many challenges, which can only be met when all stakeholders closely cooperate.
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Kikuchi, Yoshitomo, Takahiro Hosokawa, and Takema Fukatsu. "Insect-Microbe Mutualism without Vertical Transmission: a Stinkbug Acquires a Beneficial Gut Symbiont from the Environment Every Generation." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 13 (May 4, 2007): 4308–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00067-07.
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ABSTRACT The broad-headed bug Riptortus clavatus (Heteroptera: Alydidae) possesses a number of crypts at a posterior midgut region, which house a dense population of a bacterial symbiont belonging to the genus Burkholderia. Although the symbiont is highly prevalent (95 to 100%) in the host populations, the symbiont phylogeny did not reflect the host systematics at all. In order to understand the mechanisms underlying the promiscuous host-symbiont relationship despite the specific and prevalent association, we investigated the transmission mode and the fitness effects of the Burkholderia symbiont in R. clavatus. Inspection of eggs and a series of rearing experiments revealed that the symbiont is not vertically transmitted but is environmentally acquired by nymphal insects. The Burkholderia symbiont was present in the soil of the insect habitat, and a culture strain of the symbiont was successfully isolated from the insect midgut. Rearing experiments by using sterilized soybean bottles demonstrated that the cultured symbiont is able to establish a normal and efficient infection in the host insect, and the symbiont infection significantly improves the host fitness. These results indicated that R. clavatus postnatally acquires symbiont of a beneficial nature from the environment every generation, uncovering a previously unknown pathway through which a highly specific insect-microbe association is maintained. We suggest that the stinkbug-Burkholderia relationship may be regarded as an insect analogue of the well-known symbioses between plants and soil-associated microbes, such as legume-Rhizobium and alder-Frankia relationships, and we discuss the evolutionary relevance of the mutualistic but promiscuous insect-microbe association.
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Vandeweyer, D., J. De Smet, N. Van Looveren, and L. Van Campenhout. "Biological contaminants in insects as food and feed." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 7, no. 5 (August 13, 2021): 807–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2020.0060.
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During the last decade, edible insects have successfully taken a meaningful position in the feed and food chain. To expand this position, product safety continuously needs to be warranted. This review focuses on the current knowledge and the future challenges on the prevalence of human foodborne pathogens in edible insects. The top three of the bacterial pathogens associated with insects for food are Staphylococcus aureus, pathogenic Clostridium spp. and pathogenic species of the Bacillus cereus group. Less is known about other types of biological contaminants, the fungi, viruses, protozoa and prions. For insects for feed, even less reports on pathogens are available so far, although the microbiota of Hermetia illucens is increasingly being studied in the latest years. In addition to the evaluation of endogenous microorganisms in insects, an overview is given of inoculation experiments to study the fate of specific food pathogens during rearing. Future challenges that are identified mainly relate to the fact that risk assessments directed to specific insect species are needed. Also, more research data are needed on the microbiological quality of substrates and residue, in connection with decontamination treatments. The house flora of rearing facilities has not been investigated before. The insect supply chain can generate insights in the microbiological quality of the integral chain by implementing exhaustive sampling plans and by applying predictive microbiology. Additionally, microbiological methods used in research and quality control require standardisation. Rather unexplored so far is the unculturable fraction of the insect microbial community and its importance in food safety. Last but not least, the most important microbiological challenge may well be situated in the further development of the sector: upscaling in terms of capacity and number of companies will increase the complexity of the sector. That will have implications for monitoring and control of biological contaminants.
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Saeb, Armaghan, Sarah M. Grundmann, Denise K. Gessner, Sven Schuchardt, Erika Most, Gaiping Wen, Klaus Eder, and Robert Ringseis. "Feeding of cuticles from Tenebrio molitor larvae modulates the gut microbiota and attenuates hepatic steatosis in obese Zucker rats." Food & Function 13, no. 3 (2022): 1421–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1fo03920b.
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Pietri, Jose E., and Ritesh Ray. "A simplified protocol for in vitro rearing of human body lice." Parasite 27 (2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2020007.
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Human body lice (Pediculus humanus) are neglected ectoparasites and pathogen vectors. Difficulties in raising and maintaining colonies of body lice in a laboratory setting remain a barrier to fundamental studies of physiology and vector-pathogen interactions in these insects. Several in vivo and in vitro rearing systems have been previously described and used by multiple research groups. However, these methods suffer from drawbacks that still complicate the rearing of body lice relative to many other commonly studied hematophagous insects. Here, a simplified protocol for raising and maintaining body lice in vitro using the commercially available Hemotek apparatus is described. This protocol draws from published methods for rearing body lice as well as other hematophagous insect species to further reduce labor, time, costs, and regulatory requirements typically associated with keeping human body lice in the laboratory. Using this protocol, the insects consistently fed on commercially available rabbit blood with little mortality, reached adulthood at a high rate, and produced a significant number of viable eggs, resulting in a 4.8-fold increase in population over a period of 40 days. The data suggest that the process described here can propagate modest populations for ongoing laboratory experiments and is a useful alternative to existing methods. The use and further optimization of in vitro rearing systems may facilitate dynamic studies of body lice by a wider range of investigators, enabling new progress in combating lice infestations, and louse-borne infections.
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Thomson, Bart R., Steffen Hagenbucher, Robert Zboray, Michelle Aimée Oesch, Robert Aellen, and Henning Richter. "Automated computed tomography based parasitoid detection in mason bee rearings." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 13, 2022): e0275891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275891.
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In recent years, insect husbandry has seen an increased interest in order to supply in the production of raw materials, food, or as biological/environmental control. Unfortunately, large insect rearings are susceptible to pathogens, pests and parasitoids which can spread rapidly due to the confined nature of a rearing system. Thus, it is of interest to monitor the spread of such manifestations and the overall population size quickly and efficiently. Medical imaging techniques could be used for this purpose, as large volumes can be scanned non-invasively. Due to its 3D acquisition nature, computed tomography seems to be the most suitable for this task. This study presents an automated, computed tomography-based, counting method for bee rearings that performs comparable to identifying all Osmia cornuta cocoons manually. The proposed methodology achieves this in an average of 10 seconds per sample, compared to 90 minutes per sample for the manual count over a total of 12 samples collected around lake Zurich in 2020. Such an automated bee population evaluation tool is efficient and valuable in combating environmental influences on bee, and potentially other insect, rearings.
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Bąk, J. "The occurrence of Megastigmus pictus (Förster) (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) and Resseliella skuhravyorum Skrzypcz. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in the Chełmowa Góra forest reserve of theŚwiętokrzyskiNational Park (Poland)." Journal of Forest Science 52, No. 6 (January 9, 2012): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4508-jfs.
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A study conducted in 1999–2000 in 6 compartments of the Chełmowa Góra forest reserve, situated in the ŚwiętokrzyskieMountains, was aimed at harmful insects infesting cones and seeds of Larix decidua Mill. subsp. polonica (Racib.) Domin. Insect rearing and seed and cone cutting yielded 1,045 specimens of insects belonging to <br />8 species. Resseliella skuhravyorum Skrzypcz. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and Megastigmus pictus (Förster) (Hymeno-ptera: Torymidae) were the most abundantly represented species. They were present in cone samples of all investigated trees. The index of infestation of cones by insects (WZS) was higher in the case of trees growing at the forest edge. The analysis by cutting showed an insignificant percent increase – 6.7% of sound seeds while 88.9% of seeds were blind. M. pictus damaged 2.6% of larch seeds, while R. skuhravyorum 1.7%. The parasitoid Mesopolobus zetterstedtii (Dalla Tore) was received from the mass rearing where its host is M. pictus.
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Mahavidanage, Siyumi, Tamara M. Fuciarelli, Xiaobing Li, and C. David Rollo. "The effects of rearing density on growth, survival, and starvation resistance of the house cricket Acheta domesticus." Journal of Orthoptera Research 32, no. 1 (February 21, 2023): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jor.32.86496.
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Alternative food sources have become an important focus of research due to increased food demand coupled with reductions in traditional food productivity. In particular, substitutes for protein sources have been of increasing interest due to the unsustainability of traditional protein sources. Insects have been identified as a sustainable alternative to traditional protein sources, as they are easy to produce and contain essential proteins, fats, and minerals. However, mass-rearing insects requires similar considerations as farming traditional protein sources. To increase productively, growth and survival must be maximized at the highest possible densities while minimizing disease and food requirements. Here, we use the house cricket Acheta domesticus, a highly cultivated insect species, to investigate optimal densities for mass rearing at 14 days of age (4th instar). Nymphs were separated into density groups of 0.09, 0.19, 0.47, and 0.93 cricket/cm2 and monitored for growth and survival. Multiple regression revealed sex (p < 0.0001), density (p < 0.0001), and sex*density interaction (p = 0.0345) as predictors of growth rate. Survival to maturation was significantly reduced in both 0.47 (31%) and 0.93 (45%) cricket/cm2 groups compared to the controls. A second experiment was then conducted to investigate the starvation resistance of adult crickets reared from 14 days of age at 0.09, 0.19, 0.93, and 1.86 cricket/cm2. A second multiple regression analysis revealed only density (p < 0.0001) and to a lesser extent sex (p = 0.0005) to be predictors of starvation resistance. These results indicate that mass-rearing house crickets is most optimal at densities < 0.93 cricket/cm2, where impacts on survival and starvation are minimal. Although these results have implications for cricket mass rearing, research on other endpoints, including reproduction and the synergistic effects of other environmental factors, such as temperature and humidity, should be conducted.
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Mitsuhashi, Jun. "AXENIC REARING OF INSECT VECTORS OF PLANT VIRUSES*." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 118, no. 6 (December 16, 2006): 384–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1964.tb33987.x.
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Clements, A. N. "Handbook of insect rearing Vols. I and II." Parasitology Today 2, no. 10 (October 1986): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4758(86)90143-2.
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