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1
Feyereisen, R. "Evolution of insect P450." Biochemical Society Transactions 34, no. 6 (October 25, 2006): 1252–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0341252.
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The first fully sequenced insect genomes were those of the fruitfly and the mosquito, both from the order Diptera. Now, with an increasing number and diversity of insect genomes becoming available, the diversity of insect P450 genes can be better appreciated and tentative ideas about the evolution of the CYP (cytochrome P450) superfamily in insects can be proposed. There are four large clades of insect P450 genes that existed before the divergence of the class Insecta and that are also represented by CYP families in vertebrates: the CYP2 clade, the CYP3 clade, the CYP4 clade and the mitochondrial P450 clade. P450s with known or suspected physiological functions are present in each of these clades and only a dozen genes appear to have orthologues or very close paralogues in each insect genome. P450 enzymes from each of these clades have been linked to insecticide resistance or to the metabolism of natural products and xenobiotics. In particular, insects appear to maintain a repertoire of mitochondrial P450 paralogues devoted to the response to environmental challenges.
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Hutchinson, Pearse, and Jorge R. Sagastume. "Feithid / Insecto / Insect." Sirena: poesia, arte y critica 2005, no. 1 (2005): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sir.2005.0017.
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Raloff, Janet. "Insects: Audubon's insect cafeteria." Science News 173, no. 18 (September 30, 2009): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/scin.2008.5591731817.
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Abdulbaki, M. K., E. Nwebor, D. Uzu, O. M. Arohunmolase, D. S. Daramola, D. E. Nwokpoku, F. O. Onyegbule, and S. I. Nwaubani. "Comparative Bioactivity of Bamboo Leaf Ash and Bularafa Diatomaceous Earth against Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky)." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 26, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 961–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v26i5.25.
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Maize is one of the major staple foods in Sub-Saharan Africa and there is serious loss in maize storage due to insect damage. This study compared the bioactivity of Bamboo Leaf Ash (BLA) and Bularafa Diatomaceous Earth (BDE) against Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) under laboratory conditions. Insecto®, a commercialized DE was also tested as standard check. Adults of the insects were exposed on maize admixed with the BLA at dose rate of 5,000, 10,000 and 20,000ppm; BDE and insecto® at a dose rate of 1,000ppm, at 28.20C and 82.2% relative humidity. Mortality increased with increasing exposure duration and all treatments showed mortality of more than 80% after 14days post-treatment compared to negative control with 0%.The treatments suppressed F1 progeny. Treated grains have weight loss less than 4%, kennel damage less than 14% and grain germination showed no significant change. The decreasing efficacy of the dusts against this insect is Insecto®> BLA > BDE. BLA and BDE have potential for the management of insect pests of stored grain in Nigeria.
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Gunarno, Gunarno. "Perbandingan Indeks Keanekaragaman Serangga Di Wilayah Ekosistem Hutan Penyangga Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser Bukit Lawang." Jurnal Analisa Pemikiran Insaan Cendikia 4, no. 2 (December 8, 2021): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54583/apic.vol4.no2.71.
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This study aims to determine the diversity index and the comparison of insect diversity index in Gunung Leuser Bukit Lawang National Park in the Buffer ecosystem area. The research method uses a quantitative descriptive approach. The population in this study were all animals classified as insects (Insecta). The samples used were insects in the buffer forest area with 3 standpoints (lines). The data analysis technique uses the Shannon–Wiener diversity index. The results showed that the insect with the highest significance index (INP) from the three lines (without stands, rubber stands, and cocoa stands) was Macrotermes gilvus, namely 91.71 (rubber tree stands), 87.54 (cocoa tree stands), and 57. 42 (without stands). The insect diversity index H' using (Shannon-Wiener Index) from the three lines without stands (-2), rubber stands (-1), and brown stands (-1) were “low”. The low diversity index of the buffer forest is because the buffer forest in Bukit Lawang is a homogeneous forest.
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Ai, Shupei, Yuhua Zhang, Yaoyao Chen, Tong Zhang, Guohua Zhong, and Xin Yi. "Insect-Microorganism Interaction Has Implicates on Insect Olfactory Systems." Insects 13, no. 12 (November 28, 2022): 1094. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13121094.
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Olfaction plays an essential role in various insect behaviors, including habitat selection, access to food, avoidance of predators, inter-species communication, aggregation, and reproduction. The olfactory process involves integrating multiple signals from external conditions and internal physiological states, including living environments, age, physiological conditions, and circadian rhythms. As microorganisms and insects form tight interactions, the behaviors of insects are constantly challenged by versatile microorganisms via olfactory cues. To better understand the microbial influences on insect behaviors via olfactory cues, this paper summarizes three different ways in which microorganisms modulate insect behaviors. Here, we deciphered three interesting aspects of microorganisms-contributed olfaction: (1) How do volatiles emitted by microorganisms affect the behaviors of insects? (2) How do microorganisms reshape the behaviors of insects by inducing changes in the synthesis of host volatiles? (3) How do symbiotic microorganisms act on insects by modulating behaviors?
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Lokeshwari, R. K., and T. Shantibala. "A Review on the Fascinating World of Insect Resources: Reason for Thoughts." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2010 (2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/207570.
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Insect resources are vast and diverse due to their enormous diversity. The exploitation and utilization of insect resources is broadly classified into four different categories. The first category is the insects of industrial resources. This level includes the utilization of silk worm, honeybee, lac insect, dye insect, and aesthetic insect. The second category is the utilization of insects for edible and therapeutic purposes. Insects are high in protein and many are rich sources of vitamins and minerals. The third category is the use of insects in forensic investigation. By analyzing the stages of succession of insects at first, rough estimation of the postmortem intervals can be done. The fourth category is the insects of ecological importance. Many insect species act as potential predators and parasites of destructive pests of insect order Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Orthoptera. Insects are also used as bioindicator to assess the cumulative effects of environmental stressors such as pollutants. Despites these fascinating benefits, insect resources are often neglected in India due to lack of proper documentation, less expertise, and advance enterprises in these fields. Hence, the paper reviews the different fascinating facets of insect resources in order to explore and utilize it in a sustainable way with reference to Indian region.
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Bear, Christopher. "Approaching Insect Death: Understandings and Practices of the UK’s Edible Insect Farmers." Society & Animals 27, no. 7 (December 11, 2019): 751–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-00001871.
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AbstractWhile insects are eaten by around two billion people globally, they are a relatively new addition to the UK’s culinary landscape. A domestic production sector has begun to emerge to supply this new appetite for insects. Social scientists have been quick to explore consumer attitudes to “edible insects” but insect farmers have thus far been largely ignored. This paper addresses this gap by drawing on interviews with the UK’s current and recent edible insect farmers to explore their understandings of, and approaches to, insect death, something about which all participants expressed concern. The paper examines: 1) reasons for farmers’ concerns around how they kill their insects, ranging from anxieties around insect pain to perceived consumer attitudes; and 2) farmers’ ideas about what constitutes a “good” death for insects, and how they incorporate this in their practices.
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Aini, Nurul, and Ana Mariatul Khitiyah. "Insect Diversity in Taman Jangkar Surabaya." AGARICUS: Advances Agriculture Science & Farming 2, no. 1 (July 3, 2022): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32764/agaricus.v2i1.2623.
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Insects are animals with jointed legs that are often found in many places with various types. This is because insects have a very high level of adaptation, for example those found in the Taman Jangkar in Surabaya. The purpose of this study was to describe the diversity of insects in the Taman Jangkararea and to compare the number of members of each insect order in the Taman Jangkar area. The method used in this research task is observation, which is to go directly to the field to capture insects around Taman Jangkar Surabaya with 4 repetitions in each plot, then collect data for identification. Based on the results of observations, collection, and identification, it can be obtained that there are various insects in the area. This is evidenced by the discovery of various orders of insecta, including: order Lepidoptera, order Odonata, order Hymenoptera, order Diptera, and order Orthoptera. Comparison of the number of species from each order is different. The most dominant number of species is in the order Lepidoptera which is then followed by the order Hymenoptera
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Singh, Sujata, Archana Singh, Varsha Baweja, Amit Roy, Amrita Chakraborty, and Indrakant Kumar Singh. "Molecular Rationale of Insect-Microbes Symbiosis—From Insect Behaviour to Mechanism." Microorganisms 9, no. 12 (November 24, 2021): 2422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9122422.
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Insects nurture a panoply of microbial populations that are often obligatory and exist mutually with their hosts. Symbionts not only impact their host fitness but also shape the trajectory of their phenotype. This co-constructed niche successfully evolved long in the past to mark advanced ecological specialization. The resident microbes regulate insect nutrition by controlling their host plant specialization and immunity. It enhances the host fitness and performance by detoxifying toxins secreted by the predators and abstains them. The profound effect of a microbial population on insect physiology and behaviour is exploited to understand the host–microbial system in diverse taxa. Emergent research of insect-associated microbes has revealed their potential to modulate insect brain functions and, ultimately, control their behaviours, including social interactions. The revelation of the gut microbiota–brain axis has now unravelled insects as a cost-effective potential model to study neurodegenerative disorders and behavioural dysfunctions in humans. This article reviewed our knowledge about the insect–microbial system, an exquisite network of interactions operating between insects and microbes, its mechanistic insight that holds intricate multi-organismal systems in harmony, and its future perspectives. The demystification of molecular networks governing insect–microbial symbiosis will reveal the perplexing behaviours of insects that could be utilized in managing insect pests.
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O'Malley, Robert C., and William C. McGrew. "Primates, insects and insect resources." Journal of Human Evolution 71 (June 2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.02.010.
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Andreas, Peter, Anna Kisiala, R. J. Neil Emery, Rosemarie De Clerck-Floate, John F. Tooker, Peter W. Price, Donald G. Miller III, Ming-Shun Chen, and Edward F. Connor. "Cytokinins Are Abundant and Widespread among Insect Species." Plants 9, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9020208.
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Cytokinins (CKs) are a class of compounds that have long been thought to be exclusively plant growth regulators. Interestingly, some species of phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi have been shown to, and gall-inducing insects have been hypothesized to, produce CKs and use them to manipulate their host plants. We used high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to examine concentrations of a wide range of CKs in 17 species of phytophagous insects, including gall- and non-gall-inducing species from all six orders of Insecta that contain species known to induce galls: Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera. We found CKs in all six orders of insects, and they were not associated exclusively with gall-inducing species. We detected 24 different CK analytes, varying in their chemical structure and biological activity. Isoprenoid precursor nucleotide and riboside forms of trans-zeatin (tZ) and isopentenyladenine (iP) were most abundant and widespread across the surveyed insect species. Notably, the observed concentrations of CKs often markedly exceeded those reported in plants suggesting that insects are synthesizing CKs rather than obtaining them from the host plant via tissue consumption, compound sequestration, and bioaccumulation. These findings support insect-derived CKs as means for gall-inducing insects to manipulate their host plant to facilitate cell proliferation, and for both gall- and non-gall-inducing insects to modify nutrient flux and plant defenses during herbivory. Furthermore, wide distribution of CKs across phytophagous insects, including non-gall-inducing species, suggests that insect-borne CKs could be involved in manipulation of source-sink mechanisms of nutrient allocation to sustain the feeding site and altering plant defensive responses, rather than solely gall induction. Given the absence of any evidence for genes in the de novo CK biosynthesis pathway in insects, we postulate that the tRNA-ipt pathway is responsible for CK production. However, the unusually high concentrations of CKs in insects, and the tendency toward dominance of their CK profiles by tZ and iP suggest that the tRNA-ipt pathway functions differently and substantially more efficiently in insects than in plants.
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MOHD HATTA, SITI KHAIRIYAH, NURSYAFIEZA RUSIDILBUKHARI, NUR NADIAH MD YUSOF, NORASHIRENE MOHAMAD JAMIL, KAMARUL HAMBALI, NOOR AKMAL ABD WAHAB, SITI NOORFAHANA MOHD IDRIS, NORHAFIZAH MOHD ZAZI, and FAEZAH PARDI. "DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF CLASS INSECTA FROM SELECTED AREA OF TUBA ISLAND RESERVE FOREST." Malaysian Applied Biology 51, no. 4 (October 31, 2022): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v51i4.22.
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Insects are ubiquitous and inhabit all types of ecosystems that include island ecosystems. A study on the diversity and distribution of Class Insecta was conducted at a selected forest area in Pulau Tuba using malaise traps. No insect study has been conducted at Pulau Tuba before. Three study sites namely forest fringe, middle forest, and inner forest were chosen. A total of 5883 specimens belonging to seven orders and 106 morphospecies of insects were collected. The orders identified were Blattodea, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Isoptera, and Lepidoptera. Diptera samples were the most found while Blattodea recorded the lowest number recorded. Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H’) showed that the inner forest had the highest diversity value with H’ = 0.53, followed by the forest fringe with H’ = 0.44, and the middle forest with H’ = 0.22. The Evenness Index (E’) and Margalef Richness Index (R’) also showed the highest value comes from the inner forest with E’ = 0.28 and R’ = 0.81 respectively. Kruskal-Wallis test showed that there was a significant difference in insect distribution across three study sites where P< 0.05. Overall, this study suggested that the diversity of Class Insecta at Pulau Tuba was low in the three locations confirming the low species richness of insects in the island forest ecosystem.
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Fufa, Diriba, and Emana Getu. "The Hidden World of Insect-Plant Interactions: a review." SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science 46, no. 3 (March 27, 2024): 356–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v46i3.12.
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This review examines the hidden world of plant-insect interactions by emphasizing on the sensory perception and behavior of phytophagous insects, nutritional influence on insect reproduction, host plant resistance, Insects, weed and crop interaction, Insect pollinator plant interaction, tri-trophic interaction, and insect biotechnology. It explores how insects use sensory cues to forage for food, find mates, perceive dangers, and navigate their environment. It also examines the influence of host plants on insect behavior and the use of chemical cues for communication. The potential use of semio-chemicals in pest management for sustainable agriculture is highlighted. Nutritional factors and their impact on insect reproductive success are also discussed, emphasizing the need for balanced diets. The different categories of host plant resistance and their effects on insects are examined. The interdependent relationships between insects, plants, and weeds in agricultural ecosystems are explored, with a focus on the role of insect pollinators. The decline of insect pollinators and the importance of studying them are emphasized. The importance of tri-trophic interactions in maintaining ecological balance and biodiversity is discussed. Moreover, the role of biotechnological techniques like genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, and epigenetics in understanding insect plant interactions as well as developing insect pest control strategies is discussed. The potential use of natural products produced by plants in environmentally friendly pest control methods is also examined. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive exploration of insect-plant interactions and the potential for sustainable pest control methods.
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Jeong, Kyoung Yong, and Jung-Won Park. "Insect Allergens on the Dining Table." Current Protein & Peptide Science 21, no. 2 (March 10, 2020): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389203720666190715091951.
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Edible insects are important sources of nutrition, particularly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Recently, edible insects have gained considerable interest as a possible solution to global exhaustion of the food supply with population growth. However, little attention has been given to the adverse reactions caused by insect consumption. Here, we provide an overview of the food allergens in edible insects and offer insights for further studies. Most of the edible insect allergens identified to date are highly cross-reactive invertebrate pan-allergens such as tropomyosin and arginine kinase. Allergic reactions to these allergens may be cross-reactions resulting from sensitization to shellfish and/or house dust mites. No unique insect allergen specifically eliciting a food allergy has been described. Many of the edible insect allergens described thus far have counterpart allergens in cockroaches, which are an important cause of respiratory allergies, but it is questionable whether inhalant allergens can cause food allergies. Greater effort is needed to characterize the allergens that are unique to edible insects so that safe edible insects can be developed. The changes in insect proteins upon food processing or cooking should also be examined to enhance our understanding of edible insect food allergies.
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Siriyah, Siti Latifatus, Miftakhul B. R. Khamid, and Fawzy M. Bayfurqon. "Study of Insect Diversity in Rice Agroecosystem in Karawang West Java." Jurnal ILMU DASAR 19, no. 1 (February 23, 2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jid.v19i1.5619.
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Insects were collected from rice fields in Karawang West Java. Since insects are dominant in Rice field, their role in the ecosystem are important regarding the rice production. Therefore, the occurance of insect species and their role in ecosystem are important to understand. The aim of this reasearch was to study the insect occurance in rice field in Karawang to obtain the potential candidate for biological control agent. The insects were collected using sweep net, pit fall trap and light trap. Nine insect orders were collected and 49 morphospecies were identified including insect pest, parasitoids, predator, tourist and detritivore. Paederus sp., Cyrtohinus and Micraspis sp., were the most abundant entomophagous insect that is potential candidate for biological control agent in Karawang.
Keywords: insect, insect diversity, rice fields, karawang
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Srivastava, Rashmi, and A. K. Srivastava. "Insect herbivory in Gondwana plants." Journal of Palaeosciences 65, no. (1-2) (December 31, 2016): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2016.304.
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Plant–insect interaction is dominant in the extant flora and it is estimated that more than one million species of insects directly or indirectly survive on plants. In comparison, such association is limited in extinct flora, mainly due to problem in identifying structural features associated with the insect wronged plant fossils. Concerted efforts and comparative structures observed in extant flora have unfolded the mystery of insect herbivory in fossil plants. The study has helped to understand the feeding pattern and evolutionary features of insects during different time intervals and provide significant evidence to comprehend the co–evolution of plant and insect in the geologic past. Herbivorous insect wings discovered from different Gondwana successions of India belong to families and genera of Homoptera, Heteroptera, Mecoptera, Coleoptera and Blattoidea. The remains of Coleoptera and Mecoptera in all probability represent the earliest record in fossil flora. Insect herbivory is well recognized in Indian flora in the form of insect galls, chewing and eaten marks of leaf margin, disfigurement of lamina, egg–like pouches, trailing marks, mining activity, etc. The available records demonstrate the presence of well-knit coalition of insect–plant interaction in Indian Gondwana successions.
Diverse type of insect herbivory recovered in the Gondwana flora of India implies that insects used the plants for various purposes such as feeding, shelter and laying eggs for their development/ survival and the process has thus helped in the development and evolution of insects in consortium with plants.
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He, Shulin, Bin Jiang, Amrita Chakraborty, and Guozhi Yu. "The Evolution of Glycoside Hydrolase Family 1 in Insects Related to Their Adaptation to Plant Utilization." Insects 13, no. 9 (August 30, 2022): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13090786.
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Insects closely interact with plants with multiple genes involved in their interactions. β-glucosidase, constituted mainly by glycoside hydrolase family 1 (GH1), is a crucial enzyme in insects to digest plant cell walls and defend against natural enemies with sequestered plant metabolites. To gain more insights into the role of this enzyme in plant–insect interactions, we analyzed the evolutionary history of the GH1 gene family with publicly available insect genomes. We found that GH1 is widely present in insects, while the gene numbers are significantly higher in insect herbivores directly feeding on plant cell walls than in other insects. After reconciling the insect GH1 gene tree with a species tree, we found that the patterns of duplication and loss of GH1 genes differ among insect orders, which may be associated with the evolution of their ecology. Furthermore, the majority of insects’ GH1 genes were tandem-duplicated and subsequently went through neofunctionalization. This study shows the evolutionary history of an important gene family GH1 in insects and facilitates our understanding of the evolution of insect–plant interactions.
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Zielińska, E., D. Zieliński, M. Karaś, and A. Jakubczyk. "Exploration of consumer acceptance of insects as food in Poland." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 6, no. 4 (August 11, 2020): 383–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2019.0055.
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In the last decade, increasing attention has been focused on entomophagy in Europe. However, Western societies rarely experience insects as a food source. Depending on the country, the approach to entomophagy is variables. This study was performed to assess the perception of entomophagy in the Polish population and comparison with other European societies. An online survey was conducted with a final sample of 419 participants. Several variables were established, and their influence on the acceptance of insect was analysed by applying the Chi-square test of independence. We found that the respondents had limited knowledge about entomophagy; hence, willingness to eat insects is limited by unawareness and neophobia. The attitude towards insects is a strong predictor of the readiness to eat insects and buy insect-based products. The results have shown that processed insect products can increase consumers’ willingness to buy insect-based products. It should be noted that almost 60% of the 15.51% of the respondents who had eaten insects previously rated the insect taste as good and very good. We conclude that higher awareness of entomophagy is required to accept insects as food besides the willingness to try. Moreover, the future of insect consumption depends on the sensory characteristics (appearance, smell, taste) of insect-based products; hence, food industry should focus on processed foods with insect based food ingredients to make them familiar to consumers.
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Wang, Jing, Minglin Hong, Xia Hu, Xiaolin Li, Shiguo Huang, Rong Wang, and Feiping Zhang. "Camouflaged Insect Segmentation Using a Progressive Refinement Network." Electronics 12, no. 4 (February 6, 2023): 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12040804.
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Accurately segmenting an insect from its original ecological image is the core technology restricting the accuracy and efficiency of automatic recognition. However, the performance of existing segmentation methods is unsatisfactory in insect images shot in wild backgrounds on account of challenges: various sizes, similar colors or textures to the surroundings, transparent body parts and vague outlines. These challenges of image segmentation are accentuated when dealing with camouflaged insects. Here, we developed an insect image segmentation method based on deep learning termed the progressive refinement network (PRNet), especially for camouflaged insects. Unlike existing insect segmentation methods, PRNet captures the possible scale and location of insects by extracting the contextual information of the image, and fuses comprehensive features to suppress distractors, thereby clearly segmenting insect outlines. Experimental results based on 1900 camouflaged insect images demonstrated that PRNet could effectively segment the camouflaged insects and achieved superior detection performance, with a mean absolute error of 3.2%, pixel-matching degree of 89.7%, structural similarity of 83.6%, and precision and recall error of 72%, which achieved improvements of 8.1%, 25.9%, 19.5%, and 35.8%, respectively, when compared to the recent salient object detection methods. As a foundational technology for insect detection, PRNet provides new opportunities for understanding insect camouflage, and also has the potential to lead to a step progress in the accuracy of the intelligent identification of general insects, and even being an ultimate insect detector.
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Adamo, Shelley A. "Is it pain if it does not hurt? On the unlikelihood of insect pain." Canadian Entomologist 151, no. 6 (August 20, 2019): 685–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2019.49.
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AbstractWhether insects (Insecta) have the subjective experience of pain is difficult to answer. Recent work in humans demonstrated that the experience of pain occurs due to the activation of a “pain network” that integrates nociceptive sensory information, memory, emotion, cognition, and self-awareness. In humans, the processing of nociceptive sensory information alone does not produce the subjective experience of pain. Insect nociception is processed largely in parallel in two higher-order areas in the brain: the mushroom bodies and the central complex. There is little evidence of a coordinated pain network that would integrate these two areas with each other along with other traits thought to be important for a pain experience in humans. However, it is difficult to exclude the possibility that insects could have a modest pain experience using a less integrated neural circuit. This possibility seems unlikely, however, because even a modest experience would require some neuronal investment. It is unclear whether insects would benefit from such an investment. Recent work in artificial intelligence suggests that relatively simple, cost-efficient circuits can produce adaptive behaviours without subjective experience. Given our current understanding of insect behaviour, neurobiology, and evolution, the likelihood that insects experience pain is low.
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Szlachciuk, Julita, and Sylwia Żakowska-Biemans. "Breaking the Taboo: Understanding the Relationship between Perception, Beliefs, Willingness to Eat Insects, and Food Neophobia among Polish Adults." Foods 13, no. 6 (March 20, 2024): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13060944.
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Insects are a potential source of protein for direct human consumption or indirectly in processed foods. The research examined consumer perceptions and beliefs regarding the consumption of insects and food products containing insect proteins. The study aimed to identify beliefs about insect consumption, assess the perception of food products containing added insect proteins, and gain a deeper understanding of the role of food neophobia in accepting insects as an alternative source of protein. The data were collected in 2023 through a cross-sectional quantitative online survey of a group that was representative of consumers by age, gender, and region sample (n = 1000) who were responsible for food purchasing decisions in their households. While many respondents viewed foods enriched with insect protein as innovative and environmentally friendly, others found the idea of consuming insects repulsive and expressed concerns about potential allergic reactions. Food neophobia was a determining factor in respondents’ beliefs and perceptions regarding the consumption of insects and food products containing insect proteins. Respondents were more inclined to consume products with added insect protein rather than visibly identifiable insects. The results highlight the need for targeted marketing strategies and product development approaches to align with the varied expectations of consumers in the rapidly expanding insect-based food market.
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Wang, Zhengyan, Zhenzhen Chang, Zhiyuan Liu, and Shan Zhang. "Influences of Microbial Symbionts on Chemoreception of Their Insect Hosts." Insects 14, no. 7 (July 14, 2023): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14070638.
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Chemical communication is widespread among insects and exploited to adjust their behavior, such as food and habitat seeking and preferences, recruitment, defense, and mate attraction. Recently, many studies have revealed that microbial symbionts could regulate host chemical communication by affecting the synthesis and perception of insect semiochemicals. In this paper, we review recent studies of the influence of microbial symbionts on insect chemoreception. Microbial symbionts may influence insect sensitivity to semiochemicals by regulating the synthesis of odorant-binding proteins or chemosensory proteins and olfactory or gustatory receptors and regulating host neurotransmission, thereby adjusting insect behavior. The manipulation of insect chemosensory behavior by microbial symbionts is conducive to their proliferation and dispersal and provides the impetus for insects to change their feeding habits and aggregation and dispersal behavior, which contributes to population differentiation in insects. Future research is necessary to reveal the material and information exchange between both partners to improve our comprehension of the evolution of chemoreception in insects. Manipulating insect chemoreception physiology by inoculating them with microbes could be utilized as a potential approach to managing insect populations.
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Messersmith, Calvin G., and Steve W. Adkins. "Integrating Weed-feeding Insects and Herbicides for Weed Control." Weed Technology 9, no. 1 (March 1995): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00023198.
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Literature concerning interactions between herbicides and insects is reviewed. Herbicides can be toxic to insects or can affect them indirectly, such as by destroying food supplies, but they usually can be used with proper application timing without affecting insects adversely. Herbicides and biocontrol insects can interact either favorably or unfavorably depending on the life cycle stage of weed and insect, effect on predatory insects, changes in food quality, mobility of the biocontrol insect, and impact of herbicides on weed growth. Thus, interactions between a biocontrol insect and herbicide can be antagonistic, additive, complementary, or synergistic. Split-plot techniques to evaluate these interactions at an early stage of insect establishment are proposed to improve weed biocontrol.
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Hotaling, Scott, Joanna L. Kelley, and Paul B. Frandsen. "Aquatic Insects Are Dramatically Underrepresented in Genomic Research." Insects 11, no. 9 (September 5, 2020): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11090601.
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Aquatic insects comprise 10% of all insect diversity, can be found on every continent except Antarctica, and are key components of freshwater ecosystems. However, aquatic insect genome biology lags dramatically behind that of terrestrial insects. If genomic effort was spread evenly, one aquatic insect genome would be sequenced for every ~9 terrestrial insect genomes. Instead, ~24 terrestrial insect genomes have been sequenced for every aquatic insect genome. This discrepancy is even more dramatic if the quality of genomic resources is considered; for instance, while no aquatic insect genome has been assembled to the chromosome level, 29 terrestrial insect genomes spanning four orders have. We argue that a lack of aquatic insect genomes is not due to any underlying difficulty (e.g., small body sizes or unusually large genomes), yet it is severely hampering aquatic insect research at both fundamental and applied scales. By expanding the availability of aquatic insect genomes, we will gain key insight into insect diversification and empower future research for a globally important taxonomic group.
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Villanueva, V., F. Valdés, S. Zavala, J. M. Yáñez, and C. Valenzuela. "Perception of cat owners on the use of insects as feed ingredients for cats." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 9, no. 11 (August 14, 2023): 1431–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20220106.
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Abstract Currently, insects represent a sustainable alternative to animal-based ingredients for pet food, but there is little information on the willingness of cat owners to incorporate insects into their pet diets. The objective of this study was to assess the perception of cat owners to feed insect-based feed. Between June and August 2021, an on-line survey was provided to cat owners in Chile; of the total number of participants (1684), the majority were female (89.2%), with university education (73%) and omnivorous eating habits (63.7%). Participants had an average of 2 cats per household with indoor lifestyle (70.2%). Most participants (63.6%) were willing to feed insects to their cats. Participants were more willing to feed their cats treats containing 20% insect meal (Overall willingness (OW) = 7.1 ± 3.1, on a scale of 1 to 10), than pure insect meal (OW = 4.9 ± 3.3) or whole insects (OW = 4.4 ± 3.3). Cricket meal treats were the most acceptable. Acceptance toward insects increased when mentioning the environmental benefits of insect production (OW = 7.6 ± 2.9). Participants more willing to offer insect-based treats to their cats were also more willing to use pure insect meal and even whole insects. The reasons for not wanting to include insects in cat feed were disgust, unfamiliarity and preference for traditional pet foods.
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Ribeiro, José Carlos, Manuela E. Pintado, and Luís M. Cunha. "Consumption of edible insects and insect‐based foods: A systematic review of sensory properties and evoked emotional response." Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 23, no. 1 (December 5, 2023): 1–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.13247.
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AbstractLow consumer acceptance of edible insects and insect‐based products is one of the main barriers to the successful implementation of entomophagy in Western countries. This rejection is mainly caused by consumers’ negative emotional responses, psychological/personality traits, and attitudes toward food choices. However, as the role of intrinsic product characteristics on such food choices has not been adequately studied, a systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA method, to analyze studies that have assessed hedonic evaluations, sensory profiling, or emotional responses to edible insects or insect‐based products. The majority of studies performed with whole insects and insect flour highlight that insect‐based products are more negatively evaluated than control products. Although the sensory properties of insects are affected by species and processing conditions, they are generally negative across sensory dimensions. In particular, insects and insect‐based products are generally associated with odor and flavor/taste attributes that are related to old/spoiled food. These negative attributes can be linked to the fat fraction of edible insects, with insect oils being very negatively evaluated by consumers. On the other hand, defatted fractions and deodorized oils are not associated with these negative attributes, further supporting the hypothesis that the fat fraction is responsible for the negative odor and flavor/taste attributes. However, there is still a lack of studies assessing the sensory profile of edible insects and insect‐based products, as well as consumers’ emotional responses to their consumption. Future studies should focus on the effects of different processing conditions, products incorporating insect fractions (namely protein concentrates/isolates and defatted fractions), and evaluation by target consumer groups.
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van der Voort, Genevieve E., Manu E. Saunders, and Jasmine K. Janes. "Pan trapping in habitats supporting Platanthera (Orchidaceae) shows little difference in insect family-level diversity." Canadian Entomologist 153, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): 566–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2021.17.
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AbstractThe role of insects as pollinators within plant communities is well established, yet our knowledge of insect biodiversity in many habitats is lacking. Given the growing concern that insect biodiversity is declining, it is increasingly important to document insect assemblages from a wide range of geographic locations and habitats. Pan trapping is a common means of sampling local insect diversity. Many studies have found different insects associated with different-coloured pan traps. Here, eight different-coloured pan traps were used to sample local insect diversity in habitats supporting Platanthera (bog and rein) orchids on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. A total of 16 sites supporting seven orchid species resulted in 435 insects from 53 families being caught over 64.9 hours of pan trapping. Both Shannon and Simpson diversity index values were low despite sampling in markedly different habitats. Yellow traps caught higher numbers of insects, but no statistical difference was found among colours overall. No activity indicating pollination was recorded from a total of 254 insect observations over 21.5 hours. Our results contribute important baseline data on the diversity and behaviour of insect communities in orchid habitats of Vancouver Island and on the use of pan traps to characterise insect communities.
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Styer, E. L., and J. J. Hamm. "Detection and Identification of Viruses in Economically Important Insects." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 666–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600035820.
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Economically important insects include pests of plants, animals and stored products as well as insects produced commercially (honey bees, silkworms, insects for fish bait and food for birds and zoo animals). Other insects are produced in large numbers for experimental purposes, biological control of insect pests and weeds and the production of sterile insects for population suppression. Insect viruses may affect morphology, physiology and behavior, often reducing longevity and reproductive potential. Thus insect viruses can be used as biological control agents of pest insects. Insect viruses may also interfere with the production or function of biological control agents (e.g., parasitoids and predators) and insects used for research purposes. Therefore, it is advantageous to screen commercial and research colonies and imported insects for viruses.Electron microscopy of negatively stained specimens (NS EM) offers a relatively rapid and inexpensive means of screening populations of insects for the presence of viruses or viruslike particles and to monitor the progress of virus control programs.
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Cantalapiedra, Fernando, Ana Juan-García, and Cristina Juan. "Perception of Food Safety Associated with Entomophagy among Higher-Education Students: Exploring Insects as a Novel Food Source." Foods 12, no. 24 (December 10, 2023): 4427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12244427.
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Edible insects can diversify diets, improve livelihoods, contribute to food and nutrition security, and have a smaller ecological impact. The European Union has categorized insects as novel food, and recently, in 2021 and 2022, two species, Tenebrio molitor and Acheta domesticus, were authorized for commercialization. The acceptance and perception of food risk derived from insect consumption vary depending on factors impacting insect consumption acceptability, including neophobic tendencies, gender differences, familiarity, and gastronomic perceptions. The aim of this work was to evaluate the perception and acceptance of edible insects by exploring these factors. This study was carried out on higher-education students from universities in Valencia (Spain). The students recognized insects’ high nutritional value, particularly protein content, and had varying levels of knowledge about specific nutritional components. In terms of labeling and marketing, removing health and sustainability benefits from packaging can improve consumer responses. Most respondents prefer clear labeling of insect derivatives, quality certification seals, and complete information about insect content. Students consider marketing and knowledge to be significant influencers of insect consumption. In summary, this text highlights the multifaceted nature of insect consumption acceptability. These insights offer valuable perspectives on insect consumption dynamics.
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Phong, Bui Hai. "A Classification method for Insects using Data Augmentation and Deep Neural Networks." international journal of advanced research in computer science 15, no. 2 (April 20, 2024): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26483/ijarcs.v15i2.7070.
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In the nature, there exists a huge number of species of insects. Insects have caused damage for human and crops. Traditional identification methods of insects require expert knowledge and time consuming. Therefore, the automatic identification and classification have been more and more necessary. In recent year, one of the efficient approaches to classify insects is the application of Deep neural networks. The paper presents the improvements for the classification of insect images. Firstly, we apply the data augmentation to improve the number of insect images. Then, we applied various deep neural networks to improve the classification accuracy of insect classification. Obtained classification accuracy of 98% on public insect datasets shows the efficiency of the proposed method.
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Hidayat, Cecep. "The Utilization of Insects as Feedstuff in Broiler Diet." Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 28, no. 4 (February 21, 2019): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v28i4.1875.
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<p>Insect meal is an unconventional feedstuff and is expected to be an alternative protein source in broiler diet in the future, as an impact of high price and a limited supply of a fish meal. The objective of this paper is to describe the potency of insects as a feedstuff in broiler diet. Some types of insects, i.e., bees, flies, crickets, grasshoppers, termites, ants, and cockroaches have the potential to be a feedstuff protein source. Several studies reported that insect has high protein content (10.3-76.2%). The use of insects as feedstuffs in broiler diet is constrained by several limiting factors, i.e. the presence of chitin, high crude fat content, and the presence of contaminants. Processing insects before being used as feedstuffs is necessary. Separation of chitin and crude fat content are highly recommended before using insect as protein source feedstuff in broiler diet. The use of insects in a broiler diet ranges from 4 to 29.65% depending on the type of insect, life phase of insect and the type of processing. Research and development to increase insect utilization in broiler diet are still needed.</p>
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Groot, Peter de, Jean J. Turgeon, and Gordon E. Miller. "Status of cone and seed insect pest management in Canadian seed orchards." Forestry Chronicle 70, no. 6 (December 1, 1994): 745–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc70745-6.
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Many of Canada's conifer seed orchards are entering their productive phase. In most, if not all seed orchards, insect pest management will be required in order to meet the seed production targets. Canadian seed orchard managers will soon need to know the basic requirements and what information is available to implement an insect pest management program. In this review, a synthesis is provided of the major components of an integrated pest management program for cone and seed insects. A list of the insect pests of conifer cones and seeds in Canada as well as features of their life cycles and population dynamics that could influence pest management strategies is presented. Current and future needs for insect damage appraisal and insect monitoring techniques are discussed. Finally, the various strategies and tactics to control insects are reviewed. Key words: conifer seed orchards, cone insects, seed insects, pest management strategies, integrated pest management
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Halonen, Vilma, Ville Uusitalo, Jarkko Levänen, Jani Sillman, Lauri Leppäkoski, and Anna Claudelin. "Recognizing Potential Pathways to Increasing the Consumption of Edible Insects from the Perspective of Consumer Acceptance: Case Study from Finland." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 1439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031439.
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Mitigating the sustainability challenges related to agriculture and ensuring adequate availability of nutritious food requires an increase in the use of sustainable alternative protein sources. Edible insects are considered to be a sustainable protein source and a possible substitute for meat. There are many readily available edible insect species with many competing utilization possibilities, which, from the producers’ perspective, increases the complexity of the area. Through a consumer survey and expert interviews, this study recognizes four pathways to increasing the use of edible insects in Western countries and especially in Finland where the survey and interviews were conducted: (1) producing a variety of insect-based food products, especially food products where insects are not recognizable as such and the food is in a familiar form; (2) producing edible insect food products which could replace greenhouse gas emission-intensive animal proteins; (3) focusing on the price, taste, and availability of insect food; and (4) using insects as animal feed. Our findings provide information on the prospects of the studied pathways in terms of consumption and production. Technological development is expected to decrease the price of insect-based food products, but at the same time, the increased use of edible insects faces challenges related to eating habits, contradictory perceptions about the sustainability implications of insect farming, and the availability of insect-based products.
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Amendt, Jens. "Insect Decline—A Forensic Issue?" Insects 12, no. 4 (April 6, 2021): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12040324.
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Recent reports have shown a dramatic loss in insect species and biomass. Since forensic entomology relies on the presence of insects, the question is whether this decline effects the discipline. The present review confirms that numerous studies document insect population declines or even extinction, despite the fact that the rates of decline and the methods used to demonstrate it are still much debated. However, with regard to a decline in necrophagous insects, there is little or only anecdotal data available. A hypothetical decrease in species diversity and population density in necrophagous insects could lead to a delayed colonization of dead bodies and a modified succession pattern due to the disappearance or new occurrence of species or their altered seasonality. Climate change as one of the drivers of insect decline will probably also have an impact on necrophagous insects and forensic entomology, leading to reduced flight and oviposition activity, modified growth rates and, therefore, an over- or underestimation of a minimum postmortem interval. Global warming with increased temperature and extreme weather requires a better understanding about necrophagous insect responses to environmental variations. Here, transgeneration effects in particular should be analysed in greater depth as this will help to understand rapid adaptation and plasticity in insects of forensic importance.
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Herbert Tran, Erin E., and Heidi Goodrich-Blair. "CpxRA Contributes to Xenorhabdus nematophila Virulence through Regulation of lrhA and Modulation of Insect Immunity." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 12 (April 17, 2009): 3998–4006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02657-08.
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ABSTRACT The gammaproteobacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila is a blood pathogen of insects that requires the CpxRA signal transduction system for full virulence (E. E. Herbert et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:7826-7836, 2007). We show here that the ΔcpxR1 mutant has altered localization, growth, and immune suppressive activities relative to its wild-type parent during infection of Manduca sexta insects. In contrast to wild-type X. nematophila, which were recovered throughout infection, ΔcpxR1 cells did not accumulate in hemolymph until after insect death. In vivo imaging of fluorescently labeled bacteria within live insects showed that ΔcpxR1 displayed delayed accumulation and also occasionally were present in isolated nodes rather than systemically throughout the insect as was wild-type X. nematophila. In addition, in contrast to its wild-type parent, the ΔcpxR1 mutant elicited transcription of an insect antimicrobial peptide, cecropin. Relative to phosphate-buffered saline-injected insects, cecropin transcript was induced 21-fold more in insects injected with ΔcpxR1 and 2-fold more in insects injected with wild-type X. nematophila. These data suggest that the ΔcpxR1 mutant has a defect in immune suppression or has an increased propensity to activate M. sexta immunity. CpxR regulates, directly or indirectly, genes known or predicted to be involved in virulence (E. E. Herbert et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:7826-7836, 2007), including lrhA, encoding a transcription factor necessary for X. nematophila virulence, motility, and lipase production (G. R. Richards et al., J. Bacteriol. 190:4870-4879, 2008). CpxR positively regulates lrhA transcript, and we have shown that altered regulation of lrhA in the ΔcpxR1 mutant causes this strain's virulence defect. The ΔcpxR1 mutant expressing lrhA from a constitutive lac promoter showed wild-type virulence in M. sexta. These data suggest that CpxR contributes to X. nematophila virulence through the regulation of lrhA, immune suppression, and growth in Insecta.
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Ebenebe, C. I., M. I. Amobi, C. Udegbala, A. N. Ufele, and B. O. Nweze. "Survey of edible insect consumption in south-eastern Nigeria." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 3, no. 4 (November 30, 2017): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2017.0002.
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Edible insect consumption called entomophagy is very important in ensuring food security especially in a developing country like Nigeria, but promotion of entomophagy after a long period of adoption of western diets demands a comprehensive inventory of edible insect consumption in the past. At present, there is little or no repository of document with comprehensive information on edible insects consumed in the south eastern states of Nigeria and methods of use is also scarce in literature. It becomes imperative to assess edible insect consumption in the region as a background for promotion of entomophagy in the area. The study used questionnaires and oral interviews to obtain information on types of edible insects consumed, season of harvest, cooking methods, local dishes with edible insects, people’s reaction to edible insect consumption, challenges of entomophagy business and ethno-cultural beliefs on edible insect consumption. Of the 2,000 individuals sampled, 56.4% were males, 43.6% females, with 22.4% children, 19.6% teenagers, 24.2% young adults, 16.6% older adults and 17.2% aged above 60 years of age. The result showed that seventeen insect species belonging to six orders were consumed and harvesting is mainly during the rains, though some recorded year round availability. Restricted seasonal availability and high collecting costs are among the reported barriers to edible insect consumption The most common cooking methods documented in the study were frying or roasting. Six traditional dishes were found to include edible insects. Four ethno-cultural beliefs on some edible insects were also documented. Edible insect farming is therefore recommended as a strategy to bridge the gap between insect protein supply and demand in the region.
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Ukuda-Hosokawa, Rie, Yasutsune Sadoyama, Misaki Kishaba, Takashi Kuriwada, Hisashi Anbutsu, and Takema Fukatsu. "Infection Density Dynamics of the Citrus Greening Bacterium “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” in Field Populations of the Psyllid Diaphorina citri and Its Relevance to the Efficiency of Pathogen Transmission to Citrus Plants." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 11 (March 27, 2015): 3728–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00707-15.
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ABSTRACTHuanglongbing, or citrus greening, is a devastating disease of citrus plants recently spreading worldwide, which is caused by an uncultivable bacterial pathogen, “CandidatusLiberibacter asiaticus,” and vectored by a phloem-sucking insect,Diaphorina citri. We investigated the infection density dynamics of “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus” in field populations ofD. citriwith experiments using field-collected insects to address how “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus” infection density in the vector insect is relevant to pathogen transmission to citrus plants. Of 500 insects continuously collected from “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus”-infected citrus trees with pathological symptoms in the spring and autumn of 2009, 497 (99.4%) were “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus” positive. The infections were systemic across head-thorax and abdomen, ranging from 103to 107bacteria per insect. In spring, the infection densities were low in March, at ∼103bacteria per insect, increasing up to 106to 107bacteria per insect in April and May, and decreasing to 105to 106bacteria per insect in late May, whereas the infection densities were constantly ∼106to 107bacteria per insect in autumn. Statistical analysis suggested that several factors, such as insect sex, host trees, and collection dates, may be correlated with “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus” infection densities in fieldD. citripopulations. Inoculation experiments with citrus seedlings using field-collected “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus”-infected insects suggested that (i) “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus”-transmitting insects tend to exhibit higher infection densities than do nontransmitting insects, (ii) a threshold level (∼106bacteria per insect) of “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus” density inD. citriis required for successful transmission to citrus plants, and (iii)D. citriattaining the threshold infection level transmits “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus” to citrus plants in a stochastic manner. These findings provide valuable insights into understanding, predicting, and controlling this notorious citrus pathogen.
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Falhy AL-Mrammathi, Majida Mohammed Abid, and Mohammed Ridha Anoun AL-Hasnawi. "Insects and Insect Pest Management System." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 735, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/735/1/012028.
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Stewart, Kenneth W. "Insect Life: Vibrational Communication in Insects." American Entomologist 43, no. 2 (1997): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ae/43.2.81.
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Jin, Shuo, Kun Qian, Lin He, and Zan Zhang. "iORandLigandDB: A Website for Three-Dimensional Structure Prediction of Insect Odorant Receptors and Docking with Odorants." Insects 14, no. 6 (June 15, 2023): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14060560.
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The use of insect-specific odorants to control the behavior of insects has always been a hot spot in research on “green” control strategies of insects. However, it is generally time-consuming and laborious to explore insect-specific odorants with traditional reverse chemical ecology methods. Here, an insect odorant receptor (OR) and ligand database website (iORandLigandDB) was developed for the specific exploration of insect-specific odorants by using deep learning algorithms. The website provides a range of specific odorants before molecular biology experiments as well as the properties of ORs in closely related insects. At present, the existing three-dimensional structures of ORs in insects and the docking data with related odorants can be retrieved from the database and further analyzed.
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Nikolić, Kosta, and Jelena Tepavčević. "Functional Properties of Insect Proteins." AIDASCO Reviews 2, no. 1 (February 2, 2024): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.59783/aire.2024.38.
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As a more sustainable option compared to conventional animal sources, insects are a great source of proteins. Edible insects have great nutritional value, but in addition, their functional properties, such as solubility, foaming, emulsifying and gelling, have attracted the attention of numerous researchers. The structure, physiochemical characteristics and amino acid composition of insects vary widely. This review explores the many functional facets of insect proteins in an effort to provide insights that may encourage additional study and advancement in the area, ultimately leading to the incorporation of insect proteins into common foods and industrial processes. Beyond adding to the variety of protein sources, research into the functional characteristics of insect proteins also advances the more general objective of fostering sustainability in food production.
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Yan, Yan, and Julián F. Hillyer. "The immune and circulatory systems are functionally integrated across insect evolution." Science Advances 6, no. 48 (November 2020): eabb3164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb3164.
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The immune and circulatory systems of mammals are functionally integrated, as exemplified by the immune function of the spleen and lymph nodes. Similar functional integration exists in the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, as exemplified by the infection-induced aggregation of hemocytes around the heart valves. Whether this is specific to mosquitoes or a general characteristic of insects remained unknown. We analyzed 68 species from 51 families representing 16 orders and found that infection induces the aggregation of hemocytes and pathogens on the heart of insects from all major branches of the class Insecta. An expanded analysis in the holometabolous mosquito, Aedes aegypti, and the hemimetabolous bed bug, Cimex lectularius, showed that infection induces the aggregation of phagocytic hemocytes on the hearts of distantly related insects, with aggregations mirroring the patterns of hemolymph flow. Therefore, the functional integration of the immune and circulatory systems is conserved across the insect tree of life.
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Castro, Mauricio, and Edgar Chambers. "Consumer Avoidance of Insect Containing Foods: Primary Emotions, Perceptions and Sensory Characteristics Driving Consumers Considerations." Foods 8, no. 8 (August 17, 2019): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8080351.
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Why do many human beings find bugs repulsive? Disgust, a psychological factor, is believed to be the main reason why consumers would not consider eating foods containing insect ingredients. This study aimed to understand specific consumers’ behaviors toward insect based products. A global survey was launched in 13 different countries. The participants (n = 630 from each country) completed the survey that included demographic questions and questions about why they would or would not eat insect-based products. The results show, particularly for some of the Asian countries, that it is necessary to start exposing and familiarizing the populations about insects in order to diminish the disgust factor associated with insects. It is strongly recommended that an insect-based product should not contain visible insect pieces, which trigger negative associations. The exceptions were consumers in countries such as Mexico and Thailand, evaluated in this study, which did not show significant negative beliefs associated with including insects in their diets. Additional research to promote insect-based product consumption with popular product types might be the first strategy to break the disgust barriers and build acquaintance about insect-based products. The need to educate consumers that not all insects are unhygienic is crucial to eliminating the potentially erroneous concepts from consumer mindsets.
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Coelho, Joseph R. "Sex, Bugs and Rock ‘n’ Roll: Insects in Music Videos." Insects 12, no. 7 (July 7, 2021): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12070616.
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The appearance of insects in music videos was examined. The most common taxa observed were Lepidoptera, then Hymenoptera, with Coleoptera, Araneae, Diptera, and Orthoptera essentially tied for third most represented. Insect music videos have increased in frequency over time, probably as an artifact of industry growth. Swarms and infestations were common in insect videos (appearing in 26%), as were chimeric insectoid humans (19%), and, to a lesser extent, giant insects (5%), but not all of these representations were used to induce horror. Some insect music videos have garnered awards, and many of the songs associated with them have been very successful. There were many animated insect sequences, but also images of specimens that were sufficiently detailed to allow identification of the species. The insect groups observed reflect both positive and negative values. There is some indication that insects are not viewed in such a negative light as they once were, providing hope for improving attitudes of humans toward insects.
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Kauppi, Saara-Maria, Ida Nilstad Pettersen, and Casper Boks. "Consumer acceptance of edible insects and design interventions as adoption strategy." International Journal of Food Design 4, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 39–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ijfd.4.1.39_1.
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Edible insects are regarded as one of the most sustainable animal protein sources for human consumption, but for western people insects are a rather unusual food ingredient. In the media, however, insect consumption is gaining increasing attention and people are starting to acknowledge insects as a potential source of protein. The eating of insects, ‘entomophagy’, is bringing new insect food companies, ‘ento-preneurs’ to the market, yet current research is still insufficient and relatively fragmented to support the commercialization of insect-based food products. Therefore, more systematic research approaches are needed in this area. This review article introduces the benefits and challenges of insect-eating, discusses the factors that are known to influence consumer acceptance, and categorizes factors including adoption strategies into a framework that can be applied in future consumer studies on entomophagy. In addition, the article introduces three distinctive examples of design interventions to illustrate how design can contribute as a strategy to support the general adoption of insect foods by western consumers.
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Roychoudhury, N. "Gall Insect Menace in Eucalyptus." Indian Journal of Forestry 39, no. 4 (January 12, 2016): 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2016-rm5b15.
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Altogether about 920 species of insects recorded from Eucalyptus worldwide, about six species are gall insects. Of these, Leptocybe invasa, is a major nursery pest of Eucalyptus, exclusively responsible for gall formation in seedlings and saplings, including coppice shoots. The insect has threatened Eucalyptus propagation in nursery stage. The present paper has reviewed succinctly the insect pests of Eucalyptus with special emphasis on gall insect, Leptocybe invasa Fisher & LaSalle (Hymenoptera : Eulophidae), its seasonal occurrence, nature of damage, host plants and description of gall insect, developmental stages of gall, natural enemies and management. The paper has highlighted the need for long term strategies to combat against this severe pest to prevent its spread.
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Ramalingam, Balakrishnan, Rajesh Elara Mohan, Sathian Pookkuttath, Braulio Félix Gómez, Charan Satya Chandra Sairam Borusu, Tey Wee Teng, and Yokhesh Krishnasamy Tamilselvam. "Remote Insects Trap Monitoring System Using Deep Learning Framework and IoT." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 15, 2020): 5280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185280.
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Insect detection and control at an early stage are essential to the built environment (human-made physical spaces such as homes, hotels, camps, hospitals, parks, pavement, food industries, etc.) and agriculture fields. Currently, such insect control measures are manual, tedious, unsafe, and time-consuming labor dependent tasks. With the recent advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of things (IoT), several maintenance tasks can be automated, which significantly improves productivity and safety. This work proposes a real-time remote insect trap monitoring system and insect detection method using IoT and Deep Learning (DL) frameworks. The remote trap monitoring system framework is constructed using IoT and the Faster RCNN (Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks) Residual neural Networks 50 (ResNet50) unified object detection framework. The Faster RCNN ResNet 50 object detection framework was trained with built environment insects and farm field insect images and deployed in IoT. The proposed system was tested in real-time using four-layer IoT with built environment insects image captured through sticky trap sheets. Further, farm field insects were tested through a separate insect image database. The experimental results proved that the proposed system could automatically identify the built environment insects and farm field insects with an average of 94% accuracy.
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Sandra, Santi, Lizawati Lizawati, and Wilyus Wilyus. "DETEKSI SERANGGA HAMA PADA GUDANG PENYIMPANAN BIJI PINANG (Areca catechu) MENGGUNAKAN BEBERAPA METODEPENGAMBILAN SAMPEL." Jurnal Media Pertanian 6, no. 1 (April 6, 2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jagro.v6i1.113.
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The research aims to detect insect in betel nut storage (Areca catechu) using some sampling methods. The research was conducted by survey method using three sampling methods, namely hand sampling method, yellow sticky trap method, and dome trap method. The parameters observed were types of insect pests found, insect populations obtained, and abundance of pest insect populations. The research was conducted from July to October 2018 in four betel nut storagesin Jambi City and Muaro Jambi District. Insects found in the betel nut storages with three sampling methods were 28 pest species. In the hand sampling method found 16 types of pest insects, in the yellow sticky trap trap method found 21 types of insect pests, and in the dome trap method found 21 types of insect pests. The dominant insects found in the three sampling methods were Ahasverus advena, Araecerus fasciculatus, Callosobruchus spp., Carpophilus dimidiatus, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Cryptolestes pusillus, Hypothenemus hampei, Lasioderma serricorne, Lophocateres pusillus, Oryzaephilus mercator, Typhaea stercorea, and Tribolium castaneum.
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Chen, Chun-Yu, Yao-Qian Liu, Wei-Meng Song, Dian-Yang Chen, Fang-Yan Chen, Xue-Ying Chen, Zhi-Wen Chen, et al. "An effector from cotton bollworm oral secretion impairs host plant defense signaling." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 28 (June 20, 2019): 14331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1905471116.
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Insects have evolved effectors to conquer plant defense. Most known insect effectors are isolated from sucking insects, and examples from chewing insects are limited. Moreover, the targets of insect effectors in host plants remain unknown. Here, we address a chewing insect effector and its working mechanism. Cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) is a lepidopteran insect widely existing in nature and severely affecting crop productivity. We isolated an effector named HARP1 fromH. armigeraoral secretion (OS). HARP1 was released from larvae to plant leaves during feeding and entered into the plant cells through wounding sites. Expression of HARP1 inArabidopsismitigated the global expression of wounding and jasmonate (JA) responsive genes and rendered the plants more susceptible to insect feeding. HARP1 directly interacted with JASMONATE-ZIM-domain (JAZ) repressors to prevent the COI1-mediated JAZ degradation, thus blocking JA signaling transduction. HARP1-like proteins have conserved function as effectors in noctuidae, and these types of effectors might contribute to insect adaptation to host plants during coevolution.