Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Insectes hématophages – Vecteurs de maladies'
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Lahondère, Chloé. "Stress thermique et thermorégulation chez lez insectes hématophages." Thesis, Tours, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUR4029.
Full textInsects are submitted to thermal fluctuations of their environment and have developed a wide ranged panel of behavioral, physiological and biochemical responses, to minimize the subsequent deleterious effects and maintain their physiological integrity. Some species actively regulate their internal temperature independently of the temperature of the environment. If these insects can overcome the constraints imposed by their thermal environment, those that feed on warm-blooded vertebrate hosts have no choice but to confront a situation of thermal stress at each feeding event. The main objective of this work is to understand how bloodsucking insects manage heat stress associated with the massive flow of heat generated by the ingestion of the blood meal. Our results show these insects have developed different strategies of thermoregulation to protect themselves from overheating
Vinauger, Clément. "Apprentissage et mémoire chez les insectes vecteurs de maladies humaines." Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR4045/document.
Full textLearning and memory contribute to animals' fitness by allowing them adapting to variable environments. Thses two processes make them able to extract and use information from their environment in order to reduce the uncertainty associated with unpredictible environments. Among insects, fruit flies and honeybees are considered as classical models for the study of learning and memory. The amount of work that has been done on these models provide a considerable amount of information regarding the genetic, neurobiological and molecular basis of these processes and revealed the complexity of insects' cognitive abilities. All this knowledge acquired in model species, contrasts surprisingly with the lack of knowledge available regarding insect species that are involved in animal and human diseases transmission. Yet, it has been aknowledge that the detailed study of vectors cognitive abilities would allow the understanding of their adaptation to haematophagy, of their vectorial importance and provide new tools for diseases control. Up to date, studies focusing on disaese vectors, mainly in mosquitoes, were conducted in natural or not completely controled contexts and thus no clear demonstration of learning and memory is availaible.The main goal of this work was to provide a controled experimental context allowing the strudy of learning abilities in the haematophagous bug \textit{Rhodnius prolixus}. Our results show that these insectes are able to learn to associate the delivery of a same neutral odour either with the possibility to obtain a reward (blood-meal, appetitive conditioning) or with the possibility to receive a punishment (mechanical shock, aversive conditioning). We also showed that learning ans memory are involved in host selection processes. In a second part, we adapted to our biological model the paradigm of proboscis extension response conditioning, which allowed us to analyse and characterize its learning abilities. The maximal retention duration as well as the modulation of learning abilities by circadian clocks were evinced. Taken as a whole, this work provides the first experimental demonstration of learning abilities in Chagas disease vectors and provides experimental and methodological tools; These latters should allow improving the understanding of the mechanisms that are underlying cearning abilities of haematophagous insects in general. Results are also discussed in the context of host selection and parasite transmission
Leis, Mendias Miguel Alejandro. "Métabolisme énergétique chez un insecte hématophage : rhodnius prolixus." Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR4013/document.
Full textMetabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism. Energy uptake allows animals to perform biosynthesis, maintenance, and external work. If the energy produced is converted into heat, we can estimate the energy metabolism as the rate of conversion of chemical energy into metabolic rate (MR), which allows the calculation of energy requirements. The main objective of this work is to assess the metabolic cost of physiological work in the blood-sucking bug Rhodnius prolixus. Our results show that feeding is costly. The MR during feeding in R. prolixus reaches up to 17 times the MR during rest. The mean respiratory quotient is 0.83 during rest and 0.52 during feeding. We showed that the deactivation of Heat Shock Proteins on R. prolixus, causes a diminution of MR during digestion. Then, we showed that the energy cost (EC) during walking can reach up to 1.7 times the EC during rest. Finally, we found that the EC of production of one egg of R. prolixus was 11.7 J. All our results provide tools to a better understanding of biology and ecology of an hematophagous insect to provide the necessary elements to better control of transmission of vector-borne diseases
Cannet, Arnaud. "Insectes hématophages : terrains, élevages, infections : études chez Cimex lectularius et Phlebotomus perniciosus." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5010.
Full textBloodsucking insects have an impact on the human and animal health particularly for the risk of pathogens transmission and the nuisance caused by their bite. To have knowledge on these insects can help and apply to prevent, manage or treat the diseases. In this thesis, we mainly focused on two insects: bedbugs and sandflies.- For bedbug, a literature review was carried out to classify the published data demonstrating preferred bedbug colony conditions. We showed that physical factors (temperature, relative humidity, photoperiod), and physiological factors (type, frequency of blood meals) play important roles in the laboratory colonies. A huge number of Cimex lectularius species was sampled from infested regions to study the spatial genetic structure and restricted gene flow in bed bugs in France and to evaluate the symbiotic flora including Wolbachia bacteria.- For sandfly, Phlebotomus perniciosus species was colonized for experimental infections by Leishmania infantum using murine model and artificial feeder. A local sandfly sampling was carried out in the rural regions of Nice city and were served in a study targeting the genetic population structure of Phlebotomus ariasi. Moreover, a historical study was conducted on the classification, evolution and dispersion of Leishmania parasites, sandflies and animals reservoirs.- A new identification method of bloodsucking Diptera was invented (submitted patent).- Thanks to the hospital-entomological activities, an original case report of phthiriasis on an old person was reported.- During this thesis with a scholarship CIFRE funded by Virbac Laboratories, I succeeded tosubmit and publish 7 articles and 1 patent
Bressan, Alberto. "Influenza delle interazioni fitoplasma-insetti vettori-piante ospiti nell'epidemiologia della Flavescenza dorata." Dijon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005DIJOS048.
Full textEcological-biological interactions of Flavescence dorée phytoplasma (FDP), host plants and vectors were investigated in field and laboratory conditions. Main results showed that (i) FDP reduced the fitness of its natural vector Scaphoideus titanus Ball and of the experimental vector Euscelidius variegatus Kirschbaum, congenital infection in S. Titanus offspring did not occur; (ii) FDP-affected tolerant grapevine cultivar Merlot was shown to be a poorer source of FDP for S. Titanus acquisition than the susceptible grapevine cultivar White Pinot; (iii) a statistical model describing the pattern of infected and infective S. Titanus occurrence in the vineyards was proposed on the basis of experimental data of a 4-year survey of the leafhopper species populations collected in severely FDP-affected vineyards; (iiii) results of assays of insect injection and artificial feeding suggested that vector specificity of FDP is restricted to the Cicadellidae family, subfamily Deltocephalinae
Lacroix, Renaud. "Etude de terrain d'Aedes albopictus vecteur du Chikungunya sur l'Ile de la Réunion." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009VERS0053.
Full textThe recent epidemics of Chikungunya confirmed the potential of Ae. Albopictus as a vector. For implementation of Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), Mark-Release-Recapture (MLR) experiments were conducted in La Réunion Island. A mouse baited BG-Sentinel trap shown to be efficient at trapping both males and females. Results indicates that Ae. Albopictus has a limited dispersal range, higher activity during wet season, similar survival for both sexes but higher during wet season, mates before bloodmeal during dry season and preferred heavily shaded vegetated areas. We conclude that SIT should settle close release points, a low frequency of releases, adapt to season number released and places of releases. There is still a lot of work to be done before application of SIT, experiments with sterile males will be necessary for optimisation of vector population control
Berho, Nathalie. "Déterminants génétiques de la transmission de Spiroplasma Citri par son insecte vecteur Circulifer Haematoceps : d'un candidat à l'autre." Bordeaux 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR21302.
Full textIn the plant pathogenic mollicute Spiroplasma citri, spiralin is the most abundant lipoprotein at the cell surface. Spiralin is not essential for helicity, motility, or pathogenicity but is required for efficient transmission of the spiroplasma by its vector insect. Adhesin-like proteins (Scarp), which are thought to be involved in adherence of spiroplasmas to insect cells, are present in S. Citri GII-3 but absent in non insect-transmissible strains. The eight scarp genes are carried by conjugative plasmids. A survey of transmissible and non transmissible strains of S. Citri established a correlation between transmissibility by insect and the presence of plasmids pSci-6. Plasmid transfer though electrotransformation from S. Citri GII-3 to the non transmissible strain 44 revealed that the only plasmid pSci6 conferred transmissibility. The genetic determinants encoded by this plasmid are still to be characterized
Houhamdi, Linda. "Le pou de corps humain comme vecteur de maladies infectieuses." Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX20673.
Full textThe human body louse is currently recognized as the vector of three human pathogens: Rickettsia prowazekii, Borrelia recurrentis and Bartonella quintana. In this thesis, we first established an efficient experimental model of human body louse infection with R. Prowazekii, which reproduces the natural infection. Then, we studied the infection of the louse with B. Recurrentis. We demonstrated for the first time that the louse excretes living borreliae within its feces. In addition, we assessed the role that it would play in the transmission of Acinetobacter baumannii to humans, previously isolated in our laboratory from lice naturally infected and collected worldwide. Finally, we demonstrated for the first time that the louse is able to transmit Rickettsia typhi (naturally transmitted by the Oriental rat flea), R. Rickettsii and R. Conorii (naturally transmitted by ticks). Moreover, we produced and efficiently applied monoclonal antibodies directed against R. Prowazekii, R. Typhi and R. Felis for their detection from their arthropod vectors
Tchikounzi, Honoré-Benjamin-Dodji. "L'œil de Nairobi : l'atteinte de l'œil et de ses annexes par les insectes vésicants du genre paederus-staphylinidae." Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR25158.
Full textPagès, Frédéric. "Approche entomologique des risques vectoriels pour les forces armées françaises outre mer." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20679.
Full textKilliny, Mansour Nabil Abdel-Moneim. "Spiroplasma Citri et son insecte vecteur Circulifer Haematoceps : interactions protéine marqueur de la transmission." Bordeaux 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR21202.
Full textFar-western experiments allowed to study the specific molecular interactions between the phytopathogenic mollicute, Spiroplasma citri and its vector the leafhopper, Circulifer haematoceps. Two insect glycoproteins of 50 and 60 kDa showed affinity for the spiralin, the most abundant S. Citri membrane lipoprotéine. The comparison between the 2-D peptide maps of transmissible and non transmissible strains showed that, a 32 kDa protein (P32) is present only in transmissible strains. This protein identified by MALDI-TOF is composed of 238 amino acids and has no homology with known proteins. The p32 gene, carried by a large plasmid is present only in transmissible strains. This protein could play a role in the adhesion of S. Citri to insect cells
Vincent, Bruno. "Relations entre les nématodes du genre Bursaphelenchus, l'insecte vecteur Monochamus galloprovincialis et leurs arbres hôtes." Orléans, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ORLE2058.
Full textBarbu-Covantes, Corentin. "Dynamique de population et contrôle des vecteurs non domiciliés de la maladie de Chagas." Perpignan, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PERP1000.
Full textChagas disease is a human and animal parasitic disease of Latin America. The parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, is widespread in wild fauna populations and the disease is transmitted to man by insects of the Triatominae family, since men arrived in Latin America. Since the 1980‘s, large actions of prevention have been implemented to eliminate vectors inhabiting houses (domiciliated vectors). Although these initiatives have, overall, a resounding success, non-domiciliated vectors continue to spread the disease in several regions and generate significant prevalence in man. After assessing the presence and importance of different species of non-domiciliated vectors across the continent, a modeling approach was developed to refine our understanding of their populations and evaluate the potential of control methods. The confrontation between model and large data sets allowed the identification of key parameters of reproduction and migration of the vectors in the region of Yucatan, Mexico. These results were used to estimate several methods of control at the house level, the village level and then consider optimizing costs and benefits of vector control at a regional level in the Yucatan Peninsula. Although the proposed approach should be further strengthened, the results allow us to propose a general methodology for establishing priorities for research and treatment, relying heavily on the tools developed here: taxonomy mapping and optimization of vector control
Bouaziz, Karima. "Etude d'un modèle de relations tripartites cône-insecte-champignon : rôle de la punaise Orsillus depressus Dallas (Heteroptera : Lygaeidae) dans la vection du champignon pathogène d'origine exotique, Seiridium cardinale (Wag.) Sutton & Gibson, responsable de la maladie du chancre du Cyprès en Algérie." Orléans, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ORLE2030.
Full textAbi, Khattar Ziad. "Impact de la résistance aux peptides antimicrobiens et aux composés toxiques sur les interactions bactéries-insectes : cas des infections par Photorhabdus luminescens et Bacillus cereus." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20202.
Full textAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are the major effectors of insect humoral immune response. Enterobacteria of the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus as well as the Gram-positive bacilli Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis are able to infect and to kill many insects at larval stage. That suggests that bacteria develop mechanisms of resistance to these AMPs. The goal of this study was to identify genes that confer resistance to AMPs in P. Luminescens and B. Cereus and to study their role in insect infections. In this study, we first demonstrated that in vitro AMP resistance of Xenorhabdus strains is not correlated with their virulence in insects unlike P. Luminescens and B. Thuringiensis strains. In P. Luminescens, we identified the msbB (lpxM) gene which encodes an acetyltransferase involved in the secondary acylation of lipid A moiety of the Lipopolysaccharide. The heterologous expression of P. Luminescens msbB gene in the AMP sensitive Klebsiella pneumoniae lpxM mutant restores AMP resistance to the wild-type levels. In addition, we addressed the role of P. Luminescens MdtABC efflux pump during the infection process. Inactivation of P. Luminescens mdtA gene allowed us to show that this gene is neither essential for in vitro resistance to various antimicrobial agents (including AMPs) nor for virulence in insects. Using a strain of P. Luminescens harbouring a transcriptional fusion of the mdtA gene promoter with a reporter gene encoding the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), we showed that in vitro mdtABC operon expression is not constitutive but it is significantly induced by copper. Nevertheless, this operon is highly induced in supernatants from stationary phase bacterial cultures as well as during late stages of insect infection. This strong mdtABC induction was only observed within bacteria colonizing the extracellular matrixes of Locusta migratoria hematopoietic organ and Spodoptera littoralis gut. For the first time in entomopathogenic bacteria, we identified a specific signal from an insect tissue that induces bacterial gene expression during infection. Finally, we studied the dlt locus of B. Cereus which is involved in teichoic acid D-alanylation in Gram-positive bacteria. A similar dlt region was also found in P. Luminescens. We have shown that a B. Cereus dlt operon mutant is highly sensitive to the in vitro action of AMPs including those of insect innate immunity such as lysozyme and the inducible AMP cecropin B of Spodoptera frugiperda. This mutant was also avirulent after intrahemocoelic injection within insects. These results illustrate the correlation between AMP resistance and virulence in entomopathogenic bacteria
Vassal, Jean-Michel. "Biologie, écologie et pathologie d'Hylesia metabus (Cramer 1775) (Lépidoptères:Saturniidae), agent de la "papillonite" en Guyane française : mise en place d'une structure de lutte intégrée." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20046.
Full textDecante, Damien. "Répartition spatio-temporelle et migration de la cicadelle verte (Empoasca vitis Goethe) dans un agro-écosystème viticole." Bordeaux 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR21405.
Full textThe eco-ethology of Empoasca vitis was studied in vineyards at different temporal (week, generation, year) and spatial (plot, production site, small region) scales. This leafhopper hibernates near the plot on evergreen plants and, in spring, migrates towards different early-budding plants before ilmmigrating into the plots (complementation). Summer population levels (sometimes harmful) depend strongly on summer migrations taking place over longer distances. The intra-plot distribution of both adults and nymphs was mapped and compared to agronomical parameters. This revealed strong aggregations in areas of high plant vigour. The presence of potential alternative host plants of E. Vitis along the plot border (supplementation) did not seem to increase population levels. No impact of natural enemies from plot borders was detected. High and dense plot borders were shown to induce accumulation of migrating adults
Cimerman, Agnès. "Analyse comparée de séquences génomiques partielles du phytoplasme du stolbur (PO) obtenus par hybridation soustractive suppressive : caracterisation des gènes ribF et stol1H10 codant la riboflavine kinase et une protéine hypothétique de surface absents du génome de "candidatus phytoplasma asteris" (OY-M)." Bordeaux 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR21295.
Full textPhytoplasmas are phloem-restricted bacterial plant pathogens unvailable in culture. A modified Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH) method allowed to isolate a nearly pure stolbur phytoplasma DNA from infected Catharanthus roseus periwinkle plants. Comparative analysis of 181 stolbur phytoplasma genetic loci (113 kbp) indicated that the G+C content of the stolbur phytoplasma genome should be about 26 %. Among 217 protein coding sequences, 83 % were homologous to 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris' (OY-M) genes. Two genes encoding proteins homologous to a mycoplasma surface protein and riboflavin kinase but absent in 'Ca. P. Asteris' were fully characterized. The stol-1H10 gene encodes a 59 kDa protein harbouring a putative signal peptide and a C-terminal transmembrane domain which should allow the matured 1H10 protein to be exposed at the phytoplasma surface. Such genes could play a role in the adaptation of stolbur phytoplasma to a specific family of insect vector
Poinsignon, Anne. "Étude de la relation homme-vecteur : de l'identification à la validation de protéines salivaires comme marqueur immunologique d'exposition aux piqûres d'Anopheles spp. et Glossina spp." Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON1T034.
Full textBoutareaud, Amaya. "Transmission de Spiroplasma citri par la cicadelle Circulifer haematoceps : implication de la protéine SC76 : "solute binding protein" d'un ABC transporteur : étude d'une lignée de Spiroplasma citri affectée dans sa transmission." Bordeaux 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR20993.
Full textBerrada, Sai͏̈d. "Etude de la sensibilité de Psylla pyri L. (Homoptera : Psyllidae) aux produits phytosanitaires et mécanismes biochimiques de résistance aux organophosphorés." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30021.
Full textGuan, Guiquan. "Caractérisation biologique et moléculaire de Babesia spp. Infectant les petits ruminants en Chine." Rennes 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REN1S130.
Full textOvine babesiosis caused by genus Babesia, is it a tick-born haemoprotozoan disease. In this study, Chinese ovine Babesia strains, especially Babesia sp. BQ1 (Lintan) and Babesia sp. Xinjiang have been characterized biologically and molecularly. Based on Hsp90 gene sequences and cross-reactions, these babesias could be separated into two groups, Babesia sp. Xinjiang group and B. Motasi-like group which could be further divided into two subgroups, pathogenic subgroup and non-pathogenic subgroup. Experimental transmissions verify that vector ticks of Babesia sp. BQ1 (Lintan) are Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis and H. Longicornis and that of Babesia sp. Xinjiang is Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. On the basis of evidence from molecular phylogeny and biological characteristics, Babesia sp. Xinjiang should be a new Babesia species. Studies of susceptibility of two sheep breeds to each Babesia sp. BQ1 (Lintan) and B. Divergens indicated that host genetic resistance and individual susceptibility to Babesia spp. Have a relationship with ability of erythrocytes to sustain multiplication of the parasites. Test of immune responses reveals IFNγ is associated with lower infectivity of B. Divergens and IL10 with higher infectivity of Babesia sp. BQ1 (Lintan) to sheep. Three detection methods for babesia sp. BQ (Lintan) or Babesia sp. Xinjiang infection have been developed, in vitro culture, Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) and indirect Ezyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) that could provide different information about the infection. Potentially diagnostic antigens indentified, such as BQHsp90, Bqp35, Hsp70, p200, are promising in application of seriological diagnosis in future
Blisnick, Adrien. "Caractérisation de IrSPI, un inhibiteur de sérine protéase impliqué dans la prise du repas sanguin et l’infection bactérienne des tiques Ixodes ricinus." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IAVF0005/document.
Full textIxodes ricinus tick species, the most abundant and widespread tick in Europe, is an important vector of pathogens affecting both animal and human health. To replace the use of acaricides that generate environmental contamination and resistances, new environmentally sustainable approaches providing broad protection against ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TBP) are urgently needed. Such development requires improved understanding of the biology of ticks and more particularly of their interactions with vertebrate hosts and TBP. Tick saliva is an essential biofluid for ticks, as its proteolytic, anticoagulant, immunomodulatory, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities allow ticks to acquire their blood meal under optimal conditions. Moreover, injection of saliva during blood feeding represents the principal route by which TBP are transmitted to the host. To understand the molecular mechanisms involved in TBP transmission, as well as to identify putative vaccine candidates against I. ricinus, salivary glands from bacteria infected and uninfected ticks were previously compared by high throughput transcriptomics. The most up-regulated transcript following infection was IrSPI, which belongs to the Kunitz/BPTI inhibitor family. Functional analyses via RNAi knockdown experiments revealed that IrSPI enhances both blood feeding and bacterial burden in the salivary glands. This present PhD work concerns then the structural, biochemical and functional characterization of IrSPI as a molecule involved in tick-host-pathogen interactions. Our aim was first to define the structure of IrSPI gene but, unfortunately, while our results have led to progress on this issue, we have not been able to get the full sequence. Then, the dynamic of IrSPI expression was evaluated during both tick feeding and colonization of ticks by pathogens, showing that its expression is induced by blood feeding and TBP but not by Escherichia coli that is not transmitted by I. ricinus. In addition, our results shown the expression of IrSPI in several tick organs, suggesting its implication in several functions in tick physiology. Among them, the discovery of the injection of IrSPI, through the saliva, to the vertebrate host allowed us to consider a role in host responses to tick bite. Evaluation of IrSPI effect on host showed no impact on coagulation through extrinsic pathway, as determined by analysis of thrombin generation time and by fibrinolysis, or in angiogenesis. However, it inhibited the proliferation of mitogen-stimulated CD4+ lymphocytes and increased unstimulated-B cell proliferation. In addition, IrSPI also modulated cytokine production from macrophages and splenocytes, repressing significantly most of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Thus, we demonstrated that IrSPI plays a role in modulating the host immune response during blood feeding. Finally, preliminary results in the identification of the protein’s interactants open many research perspectives for understanding how IrSPI acts in tick physiology and counteracts host responses to tick injury and pathogen transmission
Navone-Nectoux, Myriam. "Toxicologie des dérivés cuivriques proposés en traitement de la varroose de l'abeille, Apis mellifera L." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20104.
Full textMulatier, Margaux. "Interactions entre l’état physiologique du moustique et le mode d’action des répulsifs chez les vecteurs de pathogènes." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG032/document.
Full textMosquito-borne diseases are a permanent public health threat. The main way to protect populations against infectious bites relies on the use of insecticides, but their efficacy is threatened by the spread of resistance mechanisms among vector populations. In this context, repellents are a promising tool for reducing both mosquito nuisance and infection risk. Among them, DEET (N, N-diéthyl-3-méthylbenzamide) has proven great efficacy both in laboratory and field experiments. Despite this, repellents, are still used from an empirical way and their mode of action remains poorly understood. The aim of the present project was to: i) participate to the evaluation of the potential of integration of the DEET repellent in mosquito control, ii) measure the impact of mosquito physiological parameters of epidemiological relevance such as experience, age and infection, on the efficacy of repellents and insecticides, and iii) quantify the impact of repellents and insecticides on mosquito life-history traits. Experiments were performed on Anopheles gambiae and Aedes albopictus, vectors of the malaria parasite and of arboviruses such as dengue, respectively. Our results allowed to demonstrate that mosquito physiological state influences the efficacy of control tools; first, after successfully obtaining a blood meal in contact with permethrin, mosquitoes carrying kdr mutation are no longer inhibited by this compound at the subsequent exposure, at the recommended dose for net impregnation and under our experimental design. On the contrary, a first blood meal obtained in presence of DEET does not affect its efficacy at the following exposure. Then, DEET appeared to be more efficient against old mosquitoes that against younger ones, and results are consistent in the two species, independently of the insecticide resistance status. Besides, efficacy of DEET and deltamethrin is not modified when mosquitoes are infected with Plasmodium falciparum. However, an increased mortality was observed in anopheles when infected with transmissible stages (i.e. sporozoites), independently of chemical exposure, which suggest a cost of infection and seems to be “replicate-dependent”. Finally, DEET produces a long-term impact on mosquito fecundity and fertility, which is not observed with permethrin under our protocol. These results give insights to redefine the priorities in mosquito control programs, in order to specifically targeting mosquitoes that are the most susceptible to transmit pathogens. These observations also underline the need for considering both mosquito physiological state and the long-term impact of repellents and insecticides during the evaluation of control tools
Adam, Fanny. "Recherche dans la biodiversité de Polynésie française de substances naturelles végétales, répulsives et attractives de moustiques vecteurs de maladies tropicales." Brest, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BRES2051.
Full textFilariasis and dengue dever are two mosquito-borne diseases threatening french Polynesia. The potential vectors for transmission of these illnesses are Aedes aegypti (L. ), the Yellow Fever mosquito, and Ae. Polynesiensis Marks. A research subject was undertaken with die ultimate goal of development of improved insect repellents and lures for insect traps. This goal is made more urgent by the threat of mosquito-borne diseases. Several natural products from terrestrial plants of french Polynesia were evaluated as spatial repellents against Ae. Aegypti mosquitoes using a triple cage-dual port olfactometer and as topical repellents using a "cloth patch assay" test with DEET as the positive control. In addition, the attraction of Ae. Aegypti to L-lactic acid combined with the natural sample extracts were evaluated using die dual-port olfactometer. A total of 26 plant species have been collected, and these have yielded 7 essential oils and 22 crude methanolic extracts. The fine chemical compositions of some repellent essential oils were determined by Gas chromatography and Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry. Bioassays were performed with Ae. Aegypti mosquitoes at the US. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS). This mosquito is the commonly accepted standard species for laboratory bioassays. The results of these tests allowed to put in an obvious place 4 essential oils in not negligible repellent potential with special focus on one essential oil with potential application for the market. The methanol crude extracts didn’t give any convincing results; nevertheless, additional studies should be carried out on these extracts
Armand, Eric. "Dynamique des populations de Psylla pyri (L. ) (Homoptera-Psyllidae) en verger de poiriers dans la région d'Avignon : étude du cortège de ses parasitoi͏̈des et relations avec l'environnement." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20040.
Full textGuenda, Wendengoudi. "Etude faunistique, écologique et de la distribution des insectes d'un réseau hydrographique de l'ouest africain : le Mouhoun (Burkina Faso) : rapport avec Simulium damnosum Théobald, vecteur de l'onchocercose." Aix-Marseille 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX30053.
Full textBeaulieu, Marie-Ève. "Caractérisation moléculaire des champignons ophiostomatoïdes associés à quatre espèces de scolytes de l'écorce colonisant l'épinette blanche au Québec et phylogénie multigénique d'une nouvelle espèce de Leptographium." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/25009/25009.pdf.
Full textLupoli, Roland. "Recherches sur la caractérisation intraspécifique moléculaire et biologique des pucerons en vue de son application à l'épidémiologie des virus de type non persistant." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20101.
Full textGoulu, Mathilde. "Développement d’une nouvelle stratégie de protection chimique contre les moustiques vecteurs de maladies : utilisation d’une association répulsif/insecticide afin d’optimiser l’efficacité du traitement tout en réduisant les doses utilisées." Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0031/document.
Full textToday, most of the textiles used to limit contact with mosquitoes are impregnated with pyrethroid insecticides having both insecticidal and repellent activities. However, the development of resistance in mosquito populations reduces their efficacy. The new strategy proposed against mosquito-transmitted diseases is based on the potential synergy observed with the combination of two different compounds with insecticidal and repellent effects. In this context, the effects of two repellents DEET and IR3535 have been studied on neurosecretory cells isolated from the central nervous system of the cockroach Periplaneta Americana. Using calcium imaging, both DEET and IR3535 induce a dose-dependent complex elevation of intracellular calcium concentration. Specific pharmacological tools have allowed to characterize the different targets together with the molecular events involved in the repellent-induced calcium rise. From these results, it has been possible to identify IR3535 as the most suitable compound to be used in association with the insecticide neonicotinoid, thiacloprid. Using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique adapted on isolated insect neurons, the synergistic effect of the IR3535/thiacloprid mixture has been observed on the thiacloprid-induced current and the most efficient ratio between repellent and insecticide has also been determined. In addition, cone tests performed on in vivo mosquitoes confirm this synergistic effect, demonstrating that IR3535/thiacloprid mixture could bean alternative strategy in the management of chemical use against resistant mosquitoes
Buduca, Cécile. "Etude du comportement alimentaire de "Peregrinus Mai͏̈dis (Ashmead, 1890)" par électropénétrographie, en relation avec la résistance à la mosai͏̈que du mai͏̈s." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20053.
Full textDelaunay, Pascal. "Cimex lectularius ou punaise de lits : nuisances et vecteur d'agents infectieux?" Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5050/document.
Full textSince 90's, bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) infestations are increasing all over the world. Upon 2008, in France, very rare informations and researches on bedbugs are investigated. The objectives of this thesis work were to organise and manage a research project (PHRC 09-API-01) with french research laboratories (Nice, Marseille, Toulon, Montpellier, Bobigny, Créteil). About entomological project, we describe 81 infestations and collected 2891 bed bugs. A bed bugs maintenance of laboratory colony has been established without any animals, only on an artificial membrane with human blood. About Infectious research, 339 bedbugs have been studies for their virological and bacteriological pathogens. In virology, with the molecular probes targeted for Flavivirus, Arenavirus, Hantavirus, Phlebovirus no postivity has been observed. In bacteriology, 32 bedbugs have been positive for a bacteria dispatched as follow: 29 bed bugs for Acinetobacter, 3 for Wolbachia, 3 for Ehrlichia and 2 for Coxiella. Resistance to insecticide has been evaluated for 192 apartments in Saint Ouen City (France-93). 534 bed bugs have been collected. A total of 564 bed bugs were collected in the infested units. Bioassays and DNA sequencing showed a high frequency of resistance to pyrethroids; all bed bugs tested (n= 124) had homozygous L925I kdr-like gene mutation. The high levels of pyrethroid resistance indicate that this phenomenon is already established and prompt the need to reevaluate the wide use of pyrethroids to control bed bugs in France. Genetic analysis of french bed bug populations are still ongoing. First steps for biomolecular markers validations are finish
Njan, Nloga Alexandre Michel. "Bioécologie et rôle vecteur du paludisme d'"Anopheles moucheti" à Ebogo au Caméroun." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20226.
Full textOliva, Clélia. "Études biologiques et comportementales de deux espèces de moustiques (Aedes albopictus et Anopheles arabiensis) vectrices de maladies en vue du développement de la Technique de l’Insecte Stérile (TIS) contre ces vecteurs à l’île de la Réunion." Thesis, La Réunion, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LARE0008/document.
Full textMosquito females are potential vectors of numerous pathogens (viruses, protozoa, helminths), which can cause serious diseases such as malaria and dengue in humans. These two infectious diseases are threatening 50 and 40% of the world population respectively. Malaria is responsible for nearly one million deaths per year, and is considered by many experts as the most important insect-transmitted disease. Antivectorial control methods, intended to limit the vector populations and to stop the disease transmission have to face many challenges such as the development of mosquitoes' and pathogens' resistance to the treatments employed to control them. Although various regions of the world have succeeded in efficiently stopping the transmission of some diseases, most of the tropical regions remain under threat. In addition, the rapid expansion of some vector species, such as Aedes albopictus, increases the risks in previously safe areas of the world. The sterile insect technique (SIT) has allowed the eradication or suppression of various insect pest populations threatening crops, animal, and human health, and could offer a promising control tool against mosquitoes. The classical SIT relies on the mass releases of males sterilized by ionizing radiation;they transfer sterile sperm to wild females, which results in a progressive reduction of the target population.Following the chikungunya outbreak in Reunion Island in 2005 and considering the constant threat of arecrudescence of dengue and malaria, the anti-vectorial services in Reunion Island are deploying important means to control the relevant mosquito populations. However, these measures do not confer a permanent, or long-lasting reduction of vector densities. A feasibility study is ongoing, evaluating the use of the SIT to diminish and control the populations of Ae. albopictus, a vector of dengue and chikungunya, and Anopheles arabiensis, a vector of malaria. This PhD work was developed in the context of the SIT Reunion project, with the aim of studying the biology and the behaviour of some strains intended for the sterile male releases. Firstly, this study endeavours to compare colonized and wild strains of An. arabiensis, and to determine the sterilisation procedures of the genetic sexing strain males. The second part of this work studies the effect of irradiation on male Ae. albopictus, and most notably their reproductive strategy, the insemination capacity in laboratory, and finally their sexual competitiveness and longevity against wild males under semi-field conditions
Fang, Fang. "Développement et valorisation d'un modèle animal de gale sarcoptique. Evaluation de molécules acaricides." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC0077/document.
Full textSarcoptes scabiei is an ectoparasite responsible for the emerging/re-emerging disease called scabies in humans or mange in animals. It was reported in 104 species across 27 families of domestic and wild animals. Current treatments for scabies/mange are limited and there are no efficient products for the environment control of S. scabiei. Moreover, the taxonomic status of S. scabiei is still under controversy and the question remains that whether it represents a single species or several taxa.The objectives of the thesis were to assess the susceptibility to acaricides and analyse the genetic diversity of S. scabiei from animals. In the first part of the thesis, an animal model was used to evaluate the efficacy of afoxolaner, a new acaricide from the isoaxazoline family. The primary outcome of efficacy was based on the reduction in the number of live mites counted in skin scrapings following treatment. At day 8, four afoxolaner-treated pigs (out of four) were mite-free, while mites were still found in three (out of three) ivermectin-treated pigs. All treated pigs were cured at the end of the study (day 35) and all pigs in the control group remained infected. Secondary outcomes included measures on the reduction of skin lesions and pruritus. The clinical lesions of scabies infection were allowed to disappear completely for all the pigs in the afoxolaner group but not in the ivermectin group at 14 days after the treatment. An increase of the pruritus was observed right after treatment, followed by a decrease of the pruritus score in both treated groups. The second part of the thesis was to evaluate the scabicidal effect of molecules or products using an in vitro test. A gradient of concentrations of ivermectin and moxidectin as well as 11 essential oils have been evaluated in vitro against S. scabiei. After 24h of exposure to ivermectin and moxidectin, the median lethal concentrations were 150.2±31.4 µg/mL and 608.3±88.0 µg/mL, respectively. Doses of ivermectin under 1 ng/mL and moxidectin under 10 ng/mL showed no scabicidal effect. Fumigation and contact bioassays were used for the assessment of essential oils efficacy. Among Lavandula augustifolia, Melaleuca altenifolia, Pelargonium asperum, Eucalyptus radiate, Leptospermum scoparium, Cryptomeria japonica, Citrus aurantium ssp amara and 3 other unknown oils (BOB4, BOB5, BOB9) tested with the contact bioassay, the essential oil identified as BOB4 demonstrated the best scabicidal effect (1% solution killed all the mites in 20 min). Among the 10 essential oils listed before plus Juniperus oxycedrus with the fumigation bioassay, the oil Melaleuca altenifolia demonstrated the best scabicidal effect (all the mites died in only 4 min). For environmental control of S. scabiei, the efficacy of biocides or repellents was assessed. The median survival time was calculated for permethrin (4% and 0.6%), esdepallethrin and bioresmethrin, bifenthrin, cypermethrin and imiprothrin, cyfluthrin, tetramethrin and sumithrin, DEET (25% and 50%), icaridin and IR3535. The third part of the thesis included the study of the genetic diversity of populations of S. scabiei from animals. A part of cox1 was used for phylogenetic analyses. The results showed that Sarcoptes mites from dogs seem to derive from humans
Reynaud, Bernard. "Transmission des virus de la striure, du stripe et de la mosai͏̈que du mai͏̈s par leurs vecteurs Cicadulina Mbila (Naude, 1924) et Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead, 1890) (Homoptera) : approches biologique, génétique et épidémiologique de la relation vecteur-virus-plante." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20223.
Full textPrud'homme, Sophie. "Conséquences de l'exposition de l'insecte modèle Aedes aegypti aux polluants des eaux de surface : Des mécanismes moléculaires à la dynamique des populations." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAV030/document.
Full textHuman activities daily release a wide variety of chemicals in the environment. Populations of aquatic organisms are thus exposed to pollutants throughout their life cycle, raising the question of the impacts of these pollutants on aquatic ecosystems. In this work, we study life history traits of populations of Aedes aegypti mosquito exposed to three pollutants: ibuprofen, bisphenol A and benzo[a]pyrene. Our observations reveal life history traits alterations likely to affect Aedes aegypti populations dynamic at environmental concentrations, more particularly showing the importance of transgenerational effects in those modifications. An integrative approach combining transcriptomic, metabolomic and hormonal studies on several phases of the life cycle of individuals exposed to ibuprofen was adopted in order to deepen the understanding of impacts of this pharmaceutical on individuals. This approach reveals a mechanism of action similar to the pharmacological mode of action on vertebrates of this pharmaceutical. Those perturbations are associated with crucial changes in the physiological state of their progeny. The identified modifications include ecdysone signalling potentialization and stress response mechanism over-representation, leading to a faster development and an increased tolerance to starvation of this progeny. Overall, our approach highlights the importance of taking into account the all life cycle of organisms, including their progeny, in ecotoxicological risk assessment
Multeau, Cecilia. "Contribution à l'étude du potentiel d’utilisation des Densovirus en lutte microbiologique." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20081/document.
Full textMicrobial control has a renewed interest due to issues raised by chemical pesticides inagriculture. The aim of this work is to propose a new viral resource, Densoviruses pathogenicfor Lepidoptera belonging to Densovirinae sub‐family restricted to arthropods. We focus onthree axes, (i) we described the host range of two Densovirus candidates, and identified hostspecificity determinants to understand host range evolution; (ii) we characterized themechanisms driving the horizontal transmission of Densovirus to model the dynamic of theinfection; and (iii) we validated tools to detect Densovirinae to study the viral geneticdiversity in natura. The first point lead us to identify (i) a Densovirus potentially pathogeniconly for lepidopteran pests, and (ii) few determinants of specificity localized at the surface ofthe capsid that are essential for the midgut recognition, although this barrier of specificity isnot the only one. Concerning horizontal transmission, our results show that a Densovirus canspread rapidly within a host population, inducing a cannibalistic behavior probablydeveloped by non infected individuals. We also characterize two mechanisms involved intransmission, by biting and by an endoparasitoïd vector. To study the densoviral prevalence,we develop a nested PCR and test it on insect sampling. This allowed us to describe theinsect diversity. No Densovirinae have been detected so far. These results are the first steptoward building an epidemiology model that may allow to evaluate the impact of using aDensovirus as a biological control tool
Rabatel, Andréane. "Développement embryonnaire du puceron Acyrthosiphon pisum : caractérisation de voies métaboliques et gènes clé dans les interactions trophiques avec Buchnera aphidicola." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00673174.
Full textLabroussaa, Fabien. "Interactions entre Spiroplasma citri et son insecte vecteur Circulifer haematoceps : la phosphoglycérate kinase de S. citri : une « actin-binding protein » impliquée dans la transmission du spiroplasme par la cicadelle." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR21733/document.
Full textSpiroplasma citri is a phytopathogenic mollicute transmitted from plant to plant by leafhoppers of the genus Circulifer in a persistent and propagative manner on condition to cross the intestinal and salivary glands barriers of the insect. These crossings are based on a endocytosis/exocytosis mechanism which involves bacterial protein complexes in order to recognize specific patterns on the surface of eukaryotic cells.Specific molecular interactions between S. citri proteins and those of C. haematoceps were investigated using far Western technology and had notably led to the identification of actin. This interaction has been confirmed both in vitro and in vivo. The interaction of actin with his partner in S. citri, which has been identified as the phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), is involved in the internalization of spiroplasma into the insect cells. The minimal actin-binding region of PGK was also determined.The realization of a S. citri PGK mutant was carried out using the shuttle plasmid pGOT but the selection of spiroplasmas mutated in this essential gene failed. Nevertheless, findings in the localization of recombination events in S. citri chromosome, allowed us to identify mutations in two genes that could be tested in our experimental transmission system.The set of proteins involved in the spiroplasmal transmission, previously identified as non essential proteins in the invasion process, prompted us to study the role of multi-protein complexes containing several of these proteins. Identification of complexes involving both the PGK, the P32 and ScARPs should enable us to better understand mechanisms governing the transmission of S. citri by its insect
Tahir, Djamel. "Moustiques et dirofilariose : mise au point et utilisation d'outils innovants pour la détection et la surveillance." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0406/document.
Full textIn this work, we are interested in studying dirofilarial infections in dogs and vectors “Mosquitoes” especially detection, monitoring and prophylaxis. The first objective is to develop a real-time duplex PCR targeting the COI gene capable of simultaneously detecting and differentiating D. immitis and D. repens. Subsequently, we applied this tool to a canine dirofilariosis surveillance process in different endemic areas of Mediterranean basin (Corsica and Algeria). We have thus detected by this molecular tool for the first time in France, D. immitis and D. repens in Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. We reported, also, the presence of D. immitis in dogs from northern Algeria.The second aim was to assess whether the MALDI-TOF MS can detect changes in the protein profiles of Aedes aegypti infected experimentaly with filarial nematodes (D. immitis, Brugia malayi and B. pahangi). Obtained results showed the potential of MALDI-TOF MS as a reliable tool for differentiating non-infected and filariae-infected Ae. aegypti mosquitoes with a best correct classification rate obtained from the thorax-head part with 94.1 and 86.6, 71.4 and 68.7% for non-infected and D. immitis, B. malayi and B. pahangi infected mosquitoes respectively.The third aim of this work has focused on the evaluation of the anti-feeding and insecticidal efficacy of an ectoparasiticide (Vectra® 3D) containing three active ingredients: dinotefurane, pyriproxyfen and permethrin (DPP) against Ae. albopictus. Results demonstrated that the DPP combination has significant anti-feeding and insecticidal efficacy against Ae. albopictus for at least 4 weeks
David, Guillaume. "Étude des capacités de dispersion de Monochamus galloprovincialis vecteur du nématode du pin Bursaphelenchus xylophilus." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0181/document.
Full textThe pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, native to the USA, is responsible of the pine wilt disease, causing large economic losses in the pine forests of all countries where it has been introduced. It uses as vector an insect of the genus Monochamus, e.g. M.galloprovincialis in Europe The objective of this thesis is to provide information about the dispersalabilities of, this beetle in order to better predict the spread rate of the PWN. Using flight mill experiments, we showed that immature adult beetles were able to fly since their emergence. The meanflight performance was ca. 500m per day, increasing with weight gain during the maturation period.There was no trade-offs in energy allocation between reproduction and dispersion. We therefore suggest that M. galloprovincialis is both "income breeder" and "capital disperser". Mature beetles were able to fly a total of 16km on average during their lifetime, with individual flights of ca. 1km. Flight performances increased with age and body weight, being equal for males and females. Because flight capacity remained constant across time, we suggested that the total distance potentially covered by beetles was mainly driven by their longevity. In a rearing experiment under controlled conditions we estimated the adult lifespan at 4 months. It was reduced under temperature regime with higheryearly thermal fluctuations. These results have important implications for the management of the PWN since they demonstrate that precautionary clear-cuts of 500m radius are likely to be ineffective in eradicating the disease
Rousselin, Aurélie. "Contribution des pratiques culturales (irrigation et fertilisation azotée) à la gestion des populations de pucerons en verger fruitier : Cas des systèmes pêcher - puceron vert du pêcher (Prunus persica - Myzus persicae) et pommier - puceron cendré (Malus domestica - Dysaphis plantaginea)." Thesis, Avignon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AVIG0681/document.
Full textAphids are major pests of important fruit trees in France, especially peach and appletrees. In order to reduce chemical use, various alternatives can be implemented for themanagement of aphids in orchards. This thesis starts by a review of the different alternativemanagement methods and their positioning at different aphid life cycle stages. Then our workfocuses on the study of the effects of modulation of host plant characteristics, through culturalpractices, on aphid abundance. Our study is based on the Plant Vigor Hypothesis which statesthat phytophagous insects are more performant on vigorous plant or organ. Thus, in theexperimental part we combined dynamic assessment of vegetative growth and aphid abundanceduring two factorial experiments: Prunus persica – Myzus persicae (2 levels of water supply ×2 levels of nitrogen supply) and Malus domestica – Dysaphis plantaginea (2 levels of watersupply × 2 tree genotypes). We chose those factors for their possible impact on vegetativegrowth and nutritional quality of the host plant. We conducted the experiments on young nonbearingpotted trees. At shoot scale, aphid abundance is positively correlated to vegetativegrowth for both studied systems. On peach tree, the positive impact of nitrogen availability onaphid abundance seems to be mediated by the strong positive impact of nitrogen on vegetativegrowth. The negative effect of water restriction on aphid abundance seems to be unrelated toan impact of water availability on vegetative growth. Thus on the second studied system: appletree – rosy apple aphid, we chose to vary water supply and to work on two genotypes to test thegenericity of the observed pattern. At shoot scale, water restriction has a positive effect on aphidabundance on one tree genotype and a negative effect on the other one, whereas at tree scalefor both tree genotypes aphid abundance is positively correlated to vegetative growth and waterrestriction negatively impacts aphid abundance. These results suggest that aphid performanceon water restricted trees is limited by another host plant characteristics than vegetative growth.This thesis shows that water restriction and vigour management through nitrogen fertilizationcan be implemented to manage aphids in fruit orchards. However, the patterns evidenced aredependent on tree genotype and on the scale of analysis. The applicability of these alternativemethods remains to be assessed in producing orchards, taking into account the effects of waterand nitrogen restrictions on fruit production