Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Insectes'
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Tartes, Urmas. "Respiration rhythms in insects." Tartu : Tartu University Press, 1995. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/24168516.html.
Full textClemente, Orta Gemma María. "Integrated Pest Management in Maize at the Landscape Scale." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670080.
Full textLa demanda mundial de alimentos ha llevado al desarrollo de una intensa actividad agrícola produciendo una fragmentación, modificación y simplificación de los hábitats naturales ya documentada como una de las principales causas de la extinción y pérdida de la diversidad de especies. La cantidad, estructura y forma de la superficie de estos hábitats naturales fragmentados genera efectos positivos o negativos sobre la abundancia y diversidad de las especies. La biodiversidad que tienen los ecosistemas provee de una serie de servicios ecosistémicos al ser humano, y el control biológico natural de plagas es uno de los servicios que se ha visto alterado especialmente en los agroecosistemas. Aunque existe una creciente literatura científica que sugiere que la presencia de hábitats naturales beneficia a los enemigos naturales en los agroecosistemas, la eficiencia del control biológico sigue siendo uno de los principales retos en estos estudios, pues los efectos varían mucho entre especies y entre estudios. Entender los patrones de abundancia y movimiento de las especies de enemigos naturales y de herbívoros en los paisajes agrícolas, así como las interacciones entre estos, es espacial y temporalmente complejo. Si bien la gestión de los hábitats agrícolas ofrece soluciones para reducir la pérdida de rendimiento debido a las plagas, en el caso de los virus la simplificación excesiva de la diversidad de los cultivos, los sistemas intensivos de cultivo y el uso de productos fitosanitarios interfieren con las funciones ecológicas de los agroecosistemas alterando la epidemiología de enfermedades en las plantas. Con el objetivo de ofrecer una perspectiva general sobre la influencia que el paisaje agrícola puede tener sobre el control biológico y la epidemiología viral, esta tesis se ha centrado en analizar los efectos del paisaje agrícola desde una perspectiva de composición espacial y del manejo del campo sobre especies de insectos herbívoros y depredadores, así como en los principales virus que afectan al cultivo de maíz en la zona del Valle del Ebro. La primera parte de la tesis está orientada a (1) la ampliación en el conocimiento de cuáles son los tipos de estudios que se están realizando para analizar los efectos del agroecosistema en control biológico, las diferentes metodologías y los resultados más recientes (Capítulo 1), y (2) los efectos que tiene la estructura (composición y configuración) del paisaje y las variables locales en las especies de depredadores y herbívoros presentes en el cultivo del maíz (Capítulo 2). La segunda parte de la tesis está orientada a estudiar los efectos del paisaje sobre tres de los principales virus que afectan al cultivo del maíz (1) dos virus generalistas de vector: el virus del mosaico de la caña de azúcar (SCMV) y el virus del mosaico enanizante del maíz (MDMV) (Capítulo 3), y un virus especialista de vector: el virus del enanismo rugoso del maíz (MRDV) (Capítulo 4). Las principales conclusiones de esta tesis son: (1) los estudios de carácter funcional donde se analiza la composición del paisaje han demostrado que las especies de enemigos naturales necesitan de hábitats específicos, pero que otras variables como son los efectos locales del cultivo también pueden afectar a las dinámicas de los enemigos naturales y los herbívoros con más fuerza; (2) la superficie de frutales afecta negativamente a los depredadores potenciales en el maíz, pero que las cubiertas vegetales de estos afectan positivamente a ciertas especies de herbívoros; (3) la alfalfa actúa como un cultivo que aporta depredadores y herbívoros al cultivo del maíz actuando como un recurso para las especies con mayores efectos que los hábitats semi-naturales; (4) la incidencia viral en el maíz está influenciada principalmente por la fecha de siembra y por la cobertura y presencia de especies de gramíneas en los márgenes. Estos resultados abren una vía en el conocimiento de los efectos que produce tanto la composición del paisaje agrícola como el manejo del propio campo en la abundancia y distribución de herbívoros, depredadores y de virus en el cultivo del maíz. Además, son una base para predecir las consecuencias de la modificación de las prácticas agrícolas en el control biológico de plagas y de virus en el cultivo del maíz. Estos resultados además sugieren que deben de contemplarse medidas de gestión a escala local que garanticen niveles mínimos de biodiversidad y sostenibilidad como base inicial para el desarrollo de programas más eficientes de control biológico de plagas y virus.
The global demand for food has led to the development of intense agricultural activity resulting in fragmentation, modification and simplification of natural habitats already documented as one of the main causes of extinction and loss of species diversity. The quantity, structure and surface shape of these fragmented natural habitats generate positive or negative effects on the abundance and diversity of species. The biodiversity that ecosystems have provides a series of ecosystem services to humans, and natural biological control is one of the services that has been altered, especially in agroecosystems. Although there is growing scientific literature that suggests that the presence of natural habitats benefits natural enemies in agroecosystems, the efficiency of biological control remains one of the main challenges in these studies, as the effects vary greatly between species and between studies. Understanding the patterns of abundance and movement of natural enemies and herbivores, as well as understanding the interactions between them, is spatially and temporarily complex in agricultural landscapes. While agricultural habitat management offers solutions to reduce yield loss due to pests, in the case of viruses, the excessive simplification of crop diversity, intensive cropping systems and the use of phytosanitary products interfere with the ecological functions of agroecosystems, altering the epidemiology of diseases in plants. With the aim of offering a general perspective on the influence that the agricultural landscape can have on biological control and viral epidemiology, this thesis has focused on analysing the effects of the agricultural landscape from a spatial composition and field management perspective on species of herbivorous and predatory insects, as well as in the main viruses that affect the cultivation of maize in the area of the Ebro Valley. The first part of the thesis is aimed at (1) broadening the knowledge of identifying the types of studies that are being conducted to analyse the effects of agroecosystem on biological control, the different methodologies and the most recent results (Chapter 1), and (2) the effects of the structure (composition and configuration) of the landscape and the local variables in the predators and herbivores present in the cultivation of maize (Chapter 2). The second part of the thesis is aimed at studying the effects of the landscape on three of the main viruses that affect the cultivation of maize (1) two generalist vector viruses: the sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) and the maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) (Chapter 3), and a vector specialist virus: the maize rough dwarf virus (MRDV) (Chapter 4). The main conclusions of this thesis are as follows: (1) functional studies where landscape composition is studied have shown that natural enemy species need specific habitats, while other variables such as the local effects of the crop can also affect the dynamics of natural enemies and herbivores with greater weight; (2) the surface of orchards negatively affects potential predators in maize, but the plant cover of these positively affects certain species of herbivores; (3) alfalfa acts as a crop that contributes predators and herbivores to the cultivation of maize acting as a resource for species with higher effects than semi-natural habitats; and (4) the viral incidence in maize is mainly influenced by the planting date and the cover and presence of grass species at the edges. These results offer additional knowledge about the effects produced by both the composition of the agricultural landscape and the management of the field itself in the abundance and distribution of herbivores, predators and viruses in the cultivation of maize. In addition, they provide a basis for predicting the consequences of the modification of agricultural practices in the biological control of pests and viruses in the cultivation of maize. These results also suggest that local management measures that guarantee minimum levels of biodiversity and sustainability should be considered as the initial basis for the development of more efficient biological control programmes for pests and viruses.
Couleru, Silvia. "Phéromones des insectes : rôles dans la communication chimique et applications pratiques contre les insectes nuisibles en agriculture." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR2P057.
Full textYagound, Boris. "Conflits, coopération et systèmes de reconnaissance chez les fourmis du complexe d’espèces neoponera apicalis." Thesis, Paris 13, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA132025/document.
Full textASocial evolution implies both cooperation and conflicts. The main objective of this thesis was to study the regulatory mechanisms allowing to maintain cooperation in social groups against exploitation from within and outside. We choose a comparative and integrative approach using ants of the Neoponera apicalis species complex. We show that the colony genetic structure gives rise to reproductive conflicts, particularly over male production. The study of the regulation of the partitioning of reproduction reveals that the individuals’ reproductive decisions are mainly based on the detection of fertility-associated signals through fine-scale status discrimination abilities. This information allows the workers to adjust their reproductive behaviour according to the social context and following their inclusive fitness interests. Whereas worker reproductive self-restraint is observed with a fertile queen, an overt conflict arises in queenless conditions, which is regulated through the formation of a linear reproductive hierarchy where high-ranking workers reproduce. Reproductive status signalling seems to play a crucial role in the regulation of the dominance/subordination relationships, and thus in the determination of hierarchical ranks. Furthermore, fertility-associated signals are highly conserved among the species of the complex, which highlights their honesty and thus their evolutionary stability. We finally show that the nestmate recognition processes in these species are based on the same recognition cues and allow to modulate the territorial response depending on the familiarity with non-nestmates. This study demonstrates the importance of recognition mechanisms in the regulation of social life
Lozano, Fernàndez Jesús. "Mecanisme d’acció de l’hormona juvenil en la metamorfosi dels insectes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/286366.
Full textMetamorphosis is a process were a sudden and conspicuous morphological change occurs at a specific time point during the postembryonic development of several animal groups, like amphibians and insects. Insect metamorphosis proceeds in two modes: hemimetaboly, defined by a gradual change along the life cycle, as occurs in bugs, cockroaches and locusts, and holometaboly, characterized by an abrupt change from larvae to adult mediated by a pupal stage, has observed in butterflies, beetles and flies. Metamorphosis evolved from hemimetaboly to holometaboly and the latter innovation was most successful because more than 80% of present insects are holometabolan species. From an endocrine point of view, both hemimetabolan and holometabolan metamorphosis is regulated by two kinds of hormones: 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), which induce molts, and juvenile hormone (JH), which inhibits metamorphic changes. Using the cockroach Blattella germanica as a basal hemimetabolous model, the general objective of this thesis is to study the molecular action of JH in repressing insect metamorphosis. One of the main players in hormonal signalling is Methoprene-tolerant (Met), which plays the role of JH receptor. Depletion of Met in young nymphal instars triggers precocious metamorphosis, suggesting that Met transduces the antimetamorphic signal of JH. Recent studies report that Met heterodimerizes with Taiman (Tai) forming the receptor complex of JH in metamorphosis repression. However, there is no data in vivo demonstrating a role of Tai in metamorphosis, because its depletion in a number of insect models resulted in 100% mortality. B. germanica possesses four Tai isoforms resulting from the combination of two indels in the C-terminal region of the sequence. RNAi depletion of insertion-1 isoforms results in a precocious adult development, demonstrating its involvement in metamorphosis. The insertion-1 of Tai is conserved in other insect species, which suggests that the mechanism of signal transduction of the antimetamorphic action of JH I conserved in other species. An important JH-dependent factor is BR-C, whose expression in holometabolan species is inhibited by JH in young larvae and enhanced in mature larvae to specify to pupal stage. The functional study of BR-C in cockroach reveal ancestral functions related to cell division and wing pad growth. Krüppel-homolog 1 (Kr-h1) is a transcription factor whose function as transductor of the antimetamorphic action of JH has been demonstrated in holometabolan species. RNAi experiments depleting Kr-h1 in young nymphal instars of B. germanica results in precocious metamorphosis, suggesting that their role as a JH transductor in metamorphosis is evolutionary conserved in hemimetabolan and holometabolan species. Finally, it has been reported that depletion of dicer-1, the enzyme that catalyzes the final step of miRNA biosynthesis, prevents metamorphosis in B. germanica. This thesis has addressed the question of how miRNAs act in metamorphosis and why their absence impairs it. The whole data of experiments reported here indicate that miR-2 scavenges Kr-h1 transcripts in the last nymphal instar of B. germanica, which contributes to the correct development of metamorphosis.
Lang-Combescot, Catherine. "Etude de l'activité reproductrice d'un ectoparasitoi͏̈de solitaire, Dinarmus basalis (Rondani, 1877) (Hym. :Pteromalidae) et de ses relations avec son hôte, Callosobruchus maculatus (F. 1775) (Col. :Bruchidae)." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20136.
Full textPincebourde, Sylvain. "Biophysique environnementale des insectes endophytes." Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00108243.
Full textDes mesures de spectrométrie optique ont démontré que la larve modifie profondément les propriétés optiques de la surface de la feuille au cours de son nourrissage. La structure mine absorbe bien plus de radiations dans le proche infrarouge que les tissus foliaires intacts. De plus, une quantité importante de radiations est transmise à l'intérieur de la mine par le tégument supérieur dans les zones prélevées par la larve. Ces radiations induisent une élévation importante de son activité respiratoire (rejet de CO2). En utilisant un analyseur de gaz par infrarouge, nous avons pu montrer par ailleurs que les stomates localisés dans le tégument inférieur de la mine réagissent à la présence de la larve en se fermant. Un modèle de diffusion de CO2 a révélé que les stomates réagissent directement aux variations d'émission de CO2 par la larve. Le budget thermique de la mine a ensuite été modélisé. Le modèle permet de prédire la température à l'intérieur de la mine à partir des modifications des propriétés optiques et de la physiologie des stomates, et à partir des variables climatiques. Ce modèle biophysique a été validé en comparant ses prédictions avec des mesures expérimentales de température de mines réalisées en environnement contrôlé. Le modèle à une précision de 0,8 °C dans l'intervalle de 12 °C à 42 °C. Le modèle prédit un important excès de température dans la mine, atteignant 10 °C au dessus de la température de l'air et 5 °C au dessus de la température des tissus foliaires intacts. Les deux types de modifications – propriétés optiques et comportement stomatiques – ont un impact équivalent sur l'excès de température. Cette approche démontre clairement que la larve contrôle son environnement physique en modifiant son environnement. Nos résultats sont finalement discutés dans une perspective d'écologie évolutive. Plus particulièrement, le rôle du microclimat des insectes endophages dans l'évolution de leurs sensibilités thermiques et de celles de leurs parasitoïdes est détaillé.
Constant, Bérengère. "Etude des modalités de ponte de la punaise prédatrice Macrolophus caliginosus (Heteroptera : Miridae) en vue de l'élaboration d'un support artificiel." Lyon, INSA, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ISAL0061.
Full textMacrolophus caliginosus is a polyphagous predatory Heteroptera (Miridae) used in the Mediterranean region as an integrated control agent in greenhouses. The availability of an artificial oviposition substrate would allow to get rid of the constraint of plant supply for oviposition and embryo development. The first part of this thesis, devoted to the mirid biology, contains some bibliographical data on nutrition, elements of ontogenesis, a study of female reproductive potential and a study of egg distribution on the host plant. The second part concerns the egg and the embryonic development and supplies some standards for the design of an artificial substrate. Ovipositor and egg morphology are described and embryonic development duration is characterised. Evolution of size, weight and amino acid composition of egg during incubation was studied and indicated that water was the main compound penetrating into the egg. Embryogenesis was studied by histological methods. Using the results obtained in the first two parts, the third part is devoted to the elaboration of an artificial oviposition substrate. First, the physico-chemical environment of the egg in the plant was specified (pH, osmotic pressure, relations with plant tissues). The influence of substrate hardness on oviposition was demonstrated using a penetrometry technique. Evidence of the influence of allelo-chemical substances the choice of oviposition site by the female is presented. In a second step, several artificial ovipositional substrates were tested. Results showed that m a substrate composed of a dental cotton roll soaked in water and wrapped in stretched Parafilm, oviposition and embryonic development proceeded in a satisfactory manner. However, a control of larval quality showed that improvements are still possible
Ureña, Sala Enric. "Regulació de la metamorfosi en insectes hemimetàbols i holometàbols. Caracterització funcional del gen E93 i del procés de sumoilació." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/129634.
Full textAll immature animals undergo remarkable morphological and physiological changes to become mature adults. In winged insects, metamorphic changes are either limited to a few tissues (hemimetaboly) or involve a complete reorganization of most tissues and organs (holometaboly). In both cases, adult differentiation requires a temporally regulated balance between cell death, tissue growth and morphogenesis. Two hormones control this balance, the steroid 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and juvenile hormone (JH). The main goal of this thesis is to characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying the metamorphic process in insects through (i) the study of sumoylation and (ii) the functional characterization of the E93 transcription factor. To this aim, the hemimetabolous cockroach Blattella germanica, as well as the basal holometabolous beetle Tribolium castaneum and the highly modified holometabolous fly Drosophila melanogaster were used. Sumoylation is a post-translational modification that consists on the covalent binding of a small protein, called Sumo (Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier), to a target protein. This modification is involved in the regulation of various cellular processes such as nuclear-cytosolic transport, transcriptional regulation and progression of cell cycle, among others. Notably, whereas D. melanogaster has only one Sumo protein (Smt3), B. germanica has two, BgSumo1 and BgSumo3. In this thesis, by using RNAi in vivo experiments we have shown that, whereas BgSumo3 is dispensable for the correct development of B. germanica, reduction of BgSumo1 levels resulted in severe defects during the metamorphic transition, including a marked developmental delay due to impaired activation of the ecdysone-triggered signaling cascade. Furthermore, we have shown that all the proteins belonging to the ecdysone-dependent transcriptional cascade of nuclear hormone receptors (BgEcR, BgRXR, BgE75, BgHR3 and BgFTZ-F1) are SUMOylated in vitro. The second part of the thesis is focused on the functional characterization of the E93 gene. First described as a dedicated regulator of cell death, we have demonstrated that this factor controls all the metamorphic transformations in insects. Thus, in the hemimetabolous B. germanica the absence of E93 during the last nymphal instar causes the formation of supernumerary nymphal instars. Moreover, in the holometabolous T. castaneum and D. melanogaster the depletion of E93 impairs adult differentiation during the pupal period and, in the beetle, also causes the formation of a supernumerary pupal stage. Furthermore, E93 controls the essential downregulation of the anti-metamorphic factors Broad and Krüppel homolog-1, two proteins whose presence blocks adult metamorphosis during the pupal stage. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that, despite the evolutionary distance and the differences in the developmental strategies to reach adulthood, E93 is the universal adult specifier in winged insects.
Finidori-Logli, Valérie. "Ecologie chimique de Diglyphus isaea Walker (Hyménoptera Eulophidae)." Aix-Marseille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX11009.
Full textHervé, Maxime. "Écologie chimique de l'interaction colza - méligèthe : vers de nouvelles stratégies de contrôle des insectes ravageurs ?" Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S070/document.
Full textPlants display multiple defense systems against phytophagous insects. Manipulating these defenses by means of selection could contribute to decrease damages caused by insect pests, by increasing natural resistance of crops. This strategy faces great constraints when applied to insects. We first detail these constraints and then propose an alternative approach to classical methods. It consists in identifying key plant traits that determine the intensity of the interaction between the plant and the pest. If such traits are identified, selection could be conducted on the basis if these sole traits, without needing any insect. We tested this approach in a system composed of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and the pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus), a major pest of this culture. This coleopteran generalist pollen feeder lays eggs only on certain brassicaceous plants. Agronomical damage arise before plant flowering and are caused by adults, which destroy flower buds to get the pollen they contain. Four crucial steps of the interaction were studied: attraction, adult feeding, egg production and oviposition, and larval development. Six oilseed rape genotypes were compared in a series of experiments conducted in the laboratory. By linking insect preference/performance to large metabolic profiling of bud tissues, we identified candidate key traits. Main conclusions of this work are (i) that biochemical composition of the perianth, especially a few compounds among which sucrose, is determinant for feeding intensity; (ii) that feeding stimulation has an important impact on egg production by constraining oogenesis; (iii) that pollen nutritional quality, probably mostly determined by starch and some glucosinolates, interacts with both pollen beetle larvae and adults. Combination of several results also allows drawing more general hypotheses about the oilseed rape - pollen beetle interaction. One of these is that the agronomical context in which the interaction takes place may have largely influenced, or even disturbed, the interaction that linked this insect and wild brassicaceous plants before oilseed rape cultivation. This thesis showed that a new way might be possible to protect cultures against insect pests. It could be both efficient and sustainable, especially in systems where agronomical damage is caused at a temporary vulnerable plant stage
Miklas, Nadège. "Interactions et variations des signaux acoustiques et olfactifs lors de la rencontre des sexes chez nezara viridula (heteroptera, pentatomidae)." Paris 13, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA132004.
Full textMale N. Viridula produce a volatile pheromone, attracting females. Natural male odour, and, less efficiently, a blend of the bisabolene epoxides and bisabolene, trigger calling behaviour of mature females. Thus, male pheromone is also active in reciprocal short-range communication through positive feed back. Once male and female on a same plant, they communicate with substrate borne vibrations. Male uses the vibratory signals emitted by female to locate her. Thus, female calling song (FCS) is an essential component of the SMRS. Male responds systematically to FCS by emitting male courtship song (MCrS) and modulates temporal and spectral characteristics of its song in synchronisation with female pulse train. Moreover, monitoring of pheromone production showed that males increase emission of the sex pheromone when stimulated with FCS, compared to control insects which showed a tendency to decrease their emission, and males stimulated with a male rivalry song, which showed a stable emission of pheromone. It has been repeatably observed that the song characteristics and the pheromone composition differ between geographically isolated populations. At this point of our study, we considered it was of importance to examine how far the responses of male and female bugs are specific, and allow some discrimination between potential mates. Females respond better to a natural odour of males from their own populations compared to another one. In the same way, mâle responds to FCS of females from their own population by emitting more MCRS and by increasing his amount of pheromone. In conclusion, there is no behaviour barrier between geographically isolated populations of N. Viridula. We discuss the variability of the recording signal to the adaptation of each population to different host plants. There results are discussed to propose a strategy of pest management
Bagnères-Urbany, Anne-Geneviève. "Les hydrocarbures cuticulaires des insectes sociaux." Paris 6, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA066023.
Full textFerrer, Aurélie. "Spécialisation écologique chez les insectes prédateurs." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOU30105.
Full textEcological specialisation is a reduction of the size of the species niche. This phenomenon has been widely explored in phytophagous insects but not in predatory insects. Here, we choose to explore ecological specialisation in predatory insects by comparing two closely related aphidophagous species: Adalia bipunctata and A. Decempunctata. In doing so, we try to better understand the nature of this specialisation and the impact of specialisation degree of species on the evolution of their phenotypic traits. First, our work shed light on the ecological niches of both species and confirms that one species is more specialised. Then, we highlighted that specialisation has probably driven the evolution of life history and behavioural traits. Our experiments proved that the generalist species has a faster ovarian dynamic than the specialist. Moreover, specialist females invest more per offspring than generalist females. After controlling for differences in female body mass, this additional energetic investment in each egg of A. Decempunctata results in bigger larvae. These larvae are also active sooner after hatching, and stay active and survive longer under starvation. These differences between the two species are probably linked to the characteristics of their resources in terms of patch availability across the season and prey distribution. So, as already demonstrated for phytophagous insects, ecological specialisation has driven the evolution of phenotypic traits. But, in this particular case of predatory insects, our results seem also to indicate that suitability of prey does not play a major role in the determination of diet width. The trophic specialisation observed for A. Decempunctata appears more as a consequence of habitat specialisation, which reduce the number of preys that the species could meet. .
Alaux, Cédric. "Régulation sociale des conflits reproducteurs dans les sociétés annuelles de bourdons (Bombus terrestris)." Paris 13, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA132022.
Full textMaazouz, Samira. "Etude des interactions entre l'Hyménoptère Braconidé Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron, 1906), le virus de la polyédrose nucléaire de Sesamia calamistis Hampson, 1910, Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, le virus de la polyédrose nucléaire de Mamestra brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758), Lepidoptera, Noctuidae et deux virus de polyédroses cytoplasmiques de Sesamia calamistis chez les chenilles de Sesamia calamistis." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20030.
Full textHenry, Youn. "Influence des facteurs alimentaires et du microbiote intestinal sur la tolérance au stress chez Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B043/document.
Full textA large number of environmental parameters constrain insect species, and identifying the elements involved in the adaptation to stressful conditions is crucial. Nutrition is a key factor of this adaptation: it largely controls health of organisms and therefore their stress tolerance. In addition, it is now established that microbiota (i.e. the whole microbial community associated with a host) is much involved in physiological processes of organisms. In particular, gut microbiota is able to modulate host’s nutritional phenotype, resulting in complex dietary-dependent effects. Whether or not gut microbiota can act on stress tolerance is not clear. Thus, using experimental manipulation of microbiota and nutrition, we investigated the outcome of the microbiota-nutrition relationship on Drosophila melanogaster, with a special focus on stress tolerance. We showed a clear dependency of flies on yeasts availability to maintain a normal development, metabolism, and size. Conversely, impaired development resulting from artificial poor diets or from larval crowding was often beneficial for stress tolerance. We demonstrated that microbiota could partially compensate for the absence of yeast resource, but no effects were found in rich food contexts. We observed variable importance of microbiota on thermal tolerance, and attributed this variation to the presence or absence of yeasts. Environmental microorganisms communities were modified by diet composition but gut microbiota was surprisingly stable. Together, these findings highlight the importance of nutritional factors and microbiota in developmental and phenotypical plasticity of fruit flies
McNeil, Jeremy. "Le contrôle des insectes par l'écologie chimique." Acfas-Sudbury, 2005. https://zone.biblio.laurentian.ca/dspace/handle/10219/69.
Full textBurban, Christian. "Structuration des populations chez un insecte polyphage : "Bemisia tabaci" (Genn.) (Homoptera - Aleyrodidae)." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20211.
Full textRaitif, Julien. "Contribution des insectes aquatiques émergeant des rivières à la fourniture de services écosystémiques pour l’agriculture." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B060/document.
Full textThe connection between aquatic and terrestrial habitats has increased scientific interest in ecological subsidies, focusing on how the transfer of matter and energy between adjacent ecosystems can modify the ecosystems functioning. Much attention has focused on aquatic subsidies associated with winged aquatic insects in pristine areas, but their implication in agricultural landscapes is rarely considered. By altering the production of benthic macroinvertebrates, agricultural practices can increase or decrease the strength of aquatic subsidies and subsequently the provision of several ecosystem services to agriculture. We have monitored the emergence and inland dispersal of adult aquatic insects from several agricultural streams. Most emerging dry mass (DM) belong to Trichoptera (56%), Chironomidae (25%) and Ephemeroptera (19%). We estimate that annual emerging dry mass of aquatic insects ranged between 1445 and 7374 mg m-2 y-1 depending on stream. The majority of aquatic insects emerging falls between 0 and 10 meters from stream hedges. However, a great proportion (45%) though disperses and eventually falls after 20 meters from the stream. We provide new and promising evidence suggesting that winged stream insects can support several ecosystem services (soil fertilization, crop pest control, water purification and pollination). In agricultural landscapes, a rich and abundant insect community is necessary to promote sustainable practices, and we believe the role of aquatic subsidies in providing ecosystem services to agriculture is a new and promising field of research in agroecology
Mata, Casanova Noel. "Taxonomical revision of subfamily Anacharitinae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/586079.
Full textLa present tesi representa una revisió taxonòmica i faunística complerta a nivell mundial de la subfamília Anacharitinae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae), un grup d’insectes endoparasitoids cenobionts de la larves afidòfagues d’Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera). Abans de la realització de la tesi, aquesta subfamília incloïa vuit gèneres: Acanthaegilips Ashmead, 1897; Aegilips Haliday, 1835; AnacharisDalman, 1823; Calofigites Kieffer, 1909; Hexacharis Kieffer, 1907; Proanacharis, 1996; Solenofigites Díaz, 1979 i XyalaspisHartig, 1843. El coneixement del grup era força fragmentari i obsolet per a la majoria d’aquests gèneres. La tesi s’ha centrat en tres objectius principals: i) l’estudi de la biodiversitat global de la subfamília; ii) l’estudi de la biologia i relacions internes dels seus membres; iii) donar a conèixer aquests resultats a la comunitat científica. Aquests han estat aconseguint mitjançant l’estudi del material tipus pertanyent a la subfamília així com llargues sèries de material sense identificar depositat a institucions científiques. Els resultats obtinguts han estat els següents: - La descripció de 2 nous gèneres (Acanthaegilopsis Pujade-Villar, 2013 i Cornaegilips Mata- Casanova & Pujade-Villar, 2017). - La descripció de 35 noves espècies. - La revisió de l’estatus taxonòmic de 26 espècies prèviament descrites: 16 han estat - L’ampliació del registre i l’àrea de distribució de les espècies d’Anacharitinae a les regions Afrotropical, Australàsica, Neàrtica, Neotropical i Paleàrtica. - La citació per primer cop de la subfamília a la regió Indomalaya.
Damien, Maxime. "Favoriser les ennemis naturels de ravageurs par la diversité végétale dans un contexte hivernal." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B027/document.
Full textIntensive agriculture and global warming induced deep modifications in the agricultural landscapes’ biodiversity and trophic system structures, resulting in the loss of several ecosystem services such as pest biological control. Conservation biological control aims to restore trophic systems’ stability within arable lands by using plant diversity and creating functional habitats for natural enemies. This thesis aimed at identifying how vegetal diversity and its management during the winter season could favor aphids’ natural enemies in cereal intensive agricultural landscapes from the west part of France. Laboratory research and a follow-up of populations over three consecutive winters led to significant results, further developed in this thesis. The experimental laboratory research showed that the selection of the flower diversity used in sown winter cover crops should take into account their functional traits. It is indeed necessary to use a variety of species, thus combining attractiveness and profitability for the aphid’s parasites present in the agricultural mosaic during wintertime. At the field scale, studies demonstrated that warmer winter conditions are also favoring the activity of generalist ground dwelling predators, as well as that of parasitoids. The implementation of functional habitats, through the selection of an adequate plant diversity better adapted to the changing climates and to the aphids’ natural enemies’ needs, allowed to support the ground predators’ activities. Consequently, their increased activity should contribute to the early regulation of aphid populations, allowing to decrease the intensity of their population dynamics during the growing seasons. The results obtained in this thesis suggest that winter constitutes a favorable period/season for the development of new methods within the conservation biological control framework/biological control framework for conservation in temperate climatic areas
Anstett, Marie-Charlotte. "Contraintes et libertés dans l'évolution des mutualismes figuiers." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20184.
Full textConchou, Lucie. "Les odeurs dans les interactions plantes-insectes au-delà de la communication. Application au modèle Ficus-pollinisateurs-parasites et conséquences pour la compréhension des processus de coévolution." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20121/document.
Full textThe scents emitted by plants are often interpreted in the light of their interaction with pollinators, phytophagous insects and their natural ennemies, as communication signals whose function is to attract or repel those insects. However, according to the adaptive definition of communication, a trait can be called “signal” only if it has been selected for the sensory interaction with a receptor. In addition, it has been shown that the volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted by leaves participate to the defense of the plant against abiotic (especially oxidative/heat stress) and biotic stresses (pathogens, induction of defenses). The idea underlying this thesis it to put all all the contexts of emission and functions together within a common framework. Using the fig-pollinator-parasite model, the approach I choose was to compare the variation of fig scent with that of leaf scent, along their development and daily. In both cases, leaf scent is a control trait that allows to determine if the variations observed in figs are possibly adaptive regarding the interaction with insects, and to explicitely consider the potential functions of the scents emitted out of receptivity. Stress-protective functions that are evidenced in leaf scents are thus also relevant in figs. Then, the fact that communication is not relevant to describe the role of scents in the fig-parasite interaction led me to develop a reflection on the way phytophagous insects and their natural enemies could influence the evolution of plant scents. Finally, in the case of fig-pollinator communication, studying the case of Ficus septica, that is associated to two co-occuring ecologically differenciated pollinators, allows to imagine a potential co-speciation mechanism, where the divergence of communication mode would contribute to the establishment of reproductive isolation
Leclair, Mélanie. "Dynamique évolutive des symbioses protectrices chez les insectes." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1B043/document.
Full textSymbiotic associations between microorganisms and eukaryotes are ubiquitous in the living world. These microorganisms can play a crucial role in the evolution and ecology of their hosts by altering their phenotypes. Since these symbionts are usually heritable, extended phenotypes resulting from these symbiotic associations may be transmitted to subsequent generations. Some microorganisms will allow access to a food source; others will provide protection against natural enemies. Such symbiotic protection is found in the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) in its interaction with the bacteria Hamiltonella defensa. This symbiosis provides the aphid with a resistance against the attack of its main parasitoid enemy: Aphidius ervi. The populations of the pea aphid, a legume pest insect, are structured in different biotypes (specialized populations on host plants). The distribution of this protective symbiont within pea aphid populations is singular: many individuals living on Medicago sativa (alfalfa), Ononis spinosa or Genista sagittalis and G. tinctoria host plant with H. defensa while it is rarely found in other populations of A. pisum biotypes such as Pisum sativum (pea) or Trifolium sp. (clover). We sought to understand why H. defensa was not found in every pea aphid biotype. In order to predict the dynamics of the protective symbiosis and the resistance potential in natural aphid populations, we focused on several ecological and evolutionary processes. We measured the consequence of parasitoid stress in the composition of symbiotic populations in three different biotypes (alfalfa, clover and pea) using a field approach. The distribution of H. defensa symbiont in populations dependent directly on the variability of the associated phenotype expressed in different populations. We identified the phenotypes associated with this symbiont in aphids from different biotypes, and the influence of the local context on these phenotypes. The lack of H. defensa in some individuals can be explained by the redundancy of a protective function already in place in these biotypes, such as an alternative symbiotic species or a strong immunity. Finally, we tested whether the symbiotic protections provided by two different bacteria in the pea aphid could be cumulated, thus creating super-organisms. My work highlights the many factors involved in predicting the frequencies of facultative symbiotic bacteria in host populations
Lahondère, Chloé. "Stress thermique et thermorégulation chez lez insectes hématophages." Thesis, Tours, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUR4029.
Full textInsects are submitted to thermal fluctuations of their environment and have developed a wide ranged panel of behavioral, physiological and biochemical responses, to minimize the subsequent deleterious effects and maintain their physiological integrity. Some species actively regulate their internal temperature independently of the temperature of the environment. If these insects can overcome the constraints imposed by their thermal environment, those that feed on warm-blooded vertebrate hosts have no choice but to confront a situation of thermal stress at each feeding event. The main objective of this work is to understand how bloodsucking insects manage heat stress associated with the massive flow of heat generated by the ingestion of the blood meal. Our results show these insects have developed different strategies of thermoregulation to protect themselves from overheating
Auffray, Thomas. "Etude des interactions chimiques entre les espèces cultivées d'Elaeis et les insectes pollinisateurs." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT074.
Full textThe African oil palm Elaeis guineensis Jacqu. (Arecales: Arecaceae) is a tropical plant of economic interest and the world's leading source of vegetable oil. Oil production depends on pollination by weevils of the genus Elaeidobius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). These insects are involved in a specialized mutualist relationship with the host plant: they develop at the expense of the male inflorescences they detect through the odors emitted during the anthesis, while the female inflorescences are pollinated by mimicking the male odors. E. guineensis is affected by a lethal disease in South America that leads to the development of commercial varieties of interspecific hybrids, resulting from artificial crossing between E. guineensis and the South American oil palm Elaeis oleifera (Knuth) Cortés. However, the natural pollination of these hybrids is inadequate and require the intervention of a costly assisted pollination. This thesis hypothesizes that the chemical communication underlying the successful encountering between each oil palm species and their respective pollinators is deficient in hybrid palms.The main objective of this work was to study the functioning of the pollination system for both oil palm species to understand why natural pollination in hybrids is inefficient. The study was conducted in a commercial plantation in Ecuador, including the two species E. guineensis and E. oleifera present with their respective pollinating insects, the African weevil Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust. and the South American weevil Grasidius hybridus O'Brien & Beserra (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), as well as interspecific hybrid palms. Using techniques of trapping and sampling of floral odors, our results showed the pollination system of both species of palm is based on the emission of a specific chemical signal and an olfactory deception, reinforced by a phenomenon of thermogenesis. The two insects are attracted in a small proportion to hybrid palms, which have an intermediate chemical composition compare to parent species. Physiological and behavioral tests permit the identification of the key volatile organic compounds responsible for pollinator attraction.This work should contribute to theoretical knowledge about the oil palm pollination system and the development of practical methods for pollinator management to reduce costs in assisted pollination
Roques, Alain. "La spécificité des relations entre cônes de conifères et insectes inféodés en Europe occidentale. : Un exemple d'étude des interactions plantes-insectes." Pau, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PAUU3012.
Full textRoques, Alain. "La Spécificité des relations entre cônes de conifères et insectes inféodés en Europe occidentale un exemple d'étude des intéractions plantes-insectes /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376182618.
Full textToubon, Jean-François. "Variabilité géographique, valeur adaptative et sélection du caractère diapause nymphale estivale dans des populations européennes de Mamestra brassicae Linneus : Lepidoptera, Noctuidae." Aix-Marseille 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX3A005.
Full textSaour, Georges. "Etude comparée de l'emploi de certains radio-isotopes comme marqueurs et de leurs applications d'ordre éthoécologique chez Heliothis armigera Hübner et Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)." Aix-Marseille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX30010.
Full textSasorith, Souphatta. "Conception d'une base de données thématique sur les récepteurs nucléaires : Application à l'étude des relations séquence/structure/fonction des récepteurs nucléaires EcR et USP intervenant dans la mue et la métamorphose des insectes." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR13034.
Full textMora, Frédéric. "Contribution au suivi des variations spatio-temporelles de la fraction circulante des peuplements d'invertébrés épigés en système forestier caducifolié européen (massif de Chaux, France, Doubs et Jura)." Besançon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BESA2051.
Full textThe overall picture of the structure of epifaunal athropods communities in the deciduous forest of Chaux (France) was drawn using an original flight interception trap, the composite entomological trap. This standardised sampling method allowed us to alanyse successively : the seasonal and vertical distribution of entomological communities in a mature oak and beech tree blend forest ; the structure of entomological populations of different mature systems ; the evolution of entomological communities following the maturation of an exploited beech tree forest. The general processes of the faunistic compartmentation was studied, which led us to discover a strong functional response of entomological coomunities in relation with the characteristics of the habitat (vegetal structure, luminosity, humidity. . . ) but also with the availability and distribution of different trophic resources
Errouissi, Faïek. "Effets des anthelminthiques sur les insectes coprophages. Conséquences environnementales." Montpellier 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON30005.
Full textThe aim of this work concerned the dung beetle ecology and the effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment. The occurence of several guilds and the differences in size, phenology, nyctemeral rhythm and breeding behaviour allowed dung beetles to coexist within several assemblages. However the results did not show a clear relationship between the size of dungs pats and that of attracted dung beetles. Following administration, veterinary medicines may be released directly in faeces. Ivermectin, moxidectin, eprino mectin and mebendazole were more or less harmful for flies and coprophagous beetles. The cattle therapy can modify insect colonization of dung from treated animals. We showed ivermectin therapy to enhace colonization. Ivermectin administered as a slow released bolus formulation could involve under Mediterranean climate conditions a deceleration of dung pat disapearance but under more mesic conditions (medium altitude) no delay in dung degradation was highlighted
Nollet, Patrick. "Contribution a l'etude de strategies adaptatives des insectes sociaux." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA077130.
Full textNollet, Patrick. "Contribution à l'étude des stratégies adaptatives des insectes sociaux." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37619448v.
Full textDutartre, Leslie. "Co-évolution plantes-insectes : adaptation des lépidoptères aux Poaceae." Nice, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NICE4047.
Full textTo study the principle of plant-insect co-evolution, we studied the interaction between a Poaceae, Zea mays, and the insect Spodoptera frugiperda. The Poaceae developed the DIMBOA-biosynthetic pathway, compound with bactericide, fungicide and insecticide effects. Noctuid moths like S. Frugiperda, a maize pest, had to coevolve when the pathway expanded. We studied the origin of the DIMBOA-biosynthetic pathway in Poaceae by a bioinformatic approach and demonstrated that the origin of the pathway was the rearrangement of two new duplicated genes, Bx1 and Bx2, at the tip of a chromosome of a poaceous ancestor. Bx2 was further duplicated, leading to the 4 P450s of the pathway which further evolved by functional divergence and/or positive selection processes, explaining their actual high substrate specificity. We also characterized maize lines for which the pathway was blocked in the Bx1 and Bx3 genes by metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches and demonstrated that they could be used to simulate disappeared evolutionary ancestral steps. We then compared the influence of the ingestion of wild type or Bx1 and Bx3 mutant plants on S. Frugiperda larvae by a toxicological study and a transcriptomic approach. Finally, we studied the toxicological impact of different pathway intermediates on insect larvae. Our results demonstrate that, during coevolution, the polyphagous insect S. Frugiperda has optimized its response to the entire pathway and is no longer adapted to ancestral steps of the pathway and DIMBOA precursors. This observation allows us to envisage the manipulation of a maize constitutive defense as a way to fight against one of its main pest
Berkani, Abdallah. "Possibilités de régulation des populations d'Aleurothrixus floccosus Mask. (Homopt. , Aleurodidae) sur agrumes par Cales noacki How. (Hymenopt. , Aphelinidae) en Algèrie." Aix-Marseille 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989AIX30023.
Full textTchikounzi, Honoré-Benjamin-Dodji. "L'œil de Nairobi : l'atteinte de l'œil et de ses annexes par les insectes vésicants du genre paederus-staphylinidae." Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR25158.
Full textLebon, Audrey. "La compensation dans les interactions plantes-insectes : modélisation, simulation et expérimentation." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20161/document.
Full textResistance and tolerance, which is the ability of plants to endure a pest attack, are two different aspects of plants defenses. Tolerance is strongly linked to a compensation process which is a positive response of plants to the presence of pests (in terms of reproduction and / or growth). In order to bring new knowledges in the field of plants-insects interactions, we conducted three different studies on compensation in plants. In the first one, we developed a generic mathematical model, whose the study revealed the existence of threshold parameters that determine the co-existence or not of different types of compensation equilibria. The second study, which was experimental, aimed to test the hypothesis of a compensation response in tomato undet the attack of the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta. In our experiment, the tomato cultivar presented trends in compensation for two levels of infestation, and trend of reproductive overcompensation for low infestation. Finally, our last study is based on a "Structure-Function" computer model, still on the case of tomato and T. absoluta. This model was used to test and visualize different situations (dates and positions of the attack) on a more realistic representation of the plant. In conclusion, we have shown that compensation may have a significant impact on the effectiveness of strategies for crop protection and must be taken into account in their development
Le, Lann Cécile. "Partage de la ressource au sein d'une guilde : des histoires de vie, comportements et réactions à la température contrastés." Rennes 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REN1S180.
Full textWe have studied three parasitoids species of the genus Aphidius (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) attacking the aphid S. Avenae to test the following hypotheses: (i) for sharing the same limiting resource, species should have different strategies, (ii) temperature should affect constraints and trade-offs between behavioural, physiological, morphological and life history traits, (iii) the levels of plasticity and thermal tolerance should be under selection and dependent of the thermal regime. These species have evolved in different habitats and share the resource thanks to different oviposition strategies. The temperature affects metabolic rates and modifies physiological constraints behind the studied traits. A high metabolic rate may be an adaptation of populations from cold climates. Finally, these species have thermal tolerances matching their seasonal activity patterns. Their adaption and adaptive potential is discussed in the context of climate change
Zhang, Hui. "Manipulation des végétaux par les organismes endophytes : dialogue chimique et moléculaire entre les insectes manipulateurs de plantes et leurs plantes hôtes." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR4003/document.
Full textBecause phytohormones lie at the very core of molecular mechanisms controlling the plant physiology and development, they have long been hypothesized to be involved in insect-induced plant manipulations. Insects are using phytohormones to manipulate their host plants for their own benefit, regulating nutrient provisioning and plant defenses. However, a mechanistic understanding of how phytohormones operate in plant reconfigurations by plant-manipulating insects, especially by gall-inducing and leaf-minging insects, is lacking. The objective of my Ph.D. was to provide an extensive characterization of how plant-manipulating insects modulate the plant global hormonal balance with a specific focus on the leaf-mining moth Phyllonorycter blancardella. We thus developed a time course characterization of plant transcriptomic and biochemical responses following attack by leaf-mining larvae. A comparative analysis between different biological systems allowed us to estimate similarities in strategies developed leaf-mining and gall-inducing insects, to identify the possible origin of phytohormones involved in the plant manipulation and to estimate the role of insect endosymbiotic bacteria in these interactions
Gilles, Anna Friederike. "Expanding the Tribolium toolkit : CRISPR-based techniques to investigate cell fates in a short germ embryo." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1235.
Full textAn important objective of developmental biology is to understand the cellular basis of morphogenesis, including fates of distinct progenitor cells in the developing embryo. Describing morphogenesis in representative species of different groups or phyla provides a solid basis for comparing similar processes in different organisms, and for drawing conclusions about the evolution of animal body plans. To this end, scientists develop techniques in selected species - these include manipulation of gene function, marking and tracking of distinct populations of cells, and in vivo imaging.In this thesis, I present my efforts to enhance the genomic toolkit of the beetle Tribolium castaneum. I use a recently discovered genome editing technique, CRISPR/Cas, to introduce precise alterations in the Tribolium genome, including the introduction of large fragments by homologous recombination. I show that all CRISPR/Cas components are driven efficiently by endogenous Tribolium promoters. Based on these results, I develop VALCYRIE, a transgenic approach to mark single cell clones in developing Tribolium embryos.This work allows me to investigate the fates of the cells in the posterior terminal region of the Tribolium blastoderm. Using a clonal labeling approach, I demonstrate that these cells give rise to primordial germ cells and posterior mesoderm. With the same technique, I demonstrate that the hindgut of Tribolium develops from a distinct cell population in the early germband. Using high-resolution time lapse microscopy, I describe the fates of single cells in the Triboliumblastodermand shed new light on the fatemap of gnathal and thoracic segments of the embryo at this stage. Furthermore, Ishow that the amnion of Tribolium expands greatly during early development. Based on imaging data, I review the fate map of the early germ band with regard to the amnion and the embryonic ectoderm
Ammagarahalli, Munishamappa Byrappa. "Olfactory neuroethology of the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/314761.
Full textGrapholita molesta es una de las principales plagas del melocotonero. Los volátiles de planta son una técnica prometedora para atraer G. molesta en condiciones de confusión sexual. En mi tesis he caracterizado la respuesta de las neuronas receptoras olfativas (ORN) a la feromona y volátiles de planta mediante registros de sensila única. Después determiné que el sinergismo entre volátiles de planta y feromona previamente publicado no ocurre a nivel de la ORN. Más adelante he comparado volátiles de planta que en estudios anteriores en China y en Australia habían dado buenos resultados pero en mi caso no hubo respuestas en campo, aunque en el túnel de vuelo sí que aumentaron la respuesta a la feromona. Finalmente he explorado el papel de volátiles de planta y alcoholes en la respuesta a mezclas subóptimas de feromona. Con estos resultados espero haber contribuido al conocimiento de la neuretología olfativa de esta plaga.
Grapholita molesta és una de les principals plagues del presseguer. Els volàtils de planta són una tècnica prometedora per atreure G. molesta en condicions de confusió sexual. En la meva tesi he caracteritzat la resposta de les neurones receptores olfactòries (ORN) a la feromona i volàtils de planta mitjançant registres de sensila única. Després vaig determinar que el sinergismo entre volàtils de planta i feromona prèviament publicat no ocorre a nivell de la ORN. Més endavant he comparat volàtils de planta que en estudis anteriors a Xina i a Austràlia havien dau bons resultats però en el meu cas no va haver-hi respostes en camp, encara que en el túnel de vol sí que van augmentar la resposta a la feromona. Finalment he explorat el paper de volàtils de planta i alcohols en la resposta a mescles subóptimas de feromona. Amb aquests resultats espero haver contribuït al coneixement de la neuretología olfactòria d'aquesta plaga.trolled with sex pheromones (mating disrupton) and insecticide applications. Under mating disruption conditions it is difficult to monitor the pest and to evaluate the control methods. Plant volatiles are a promising technique to attract G. molesta under mating disruption conditions. In addition plant volatiles could attract females, while the sex pheromone only attracts males.
Béthoux, Olivier. "Évolution des Archaeorthoptera (Insecta: Neoptera) du paléozoïque supérieur au mésozoïque inférieur : diversité taxonomique, disparité morphologique, paléoécologie." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MNHN0035.
Full textThe first known crises that concerned the winged insects, between the Late Carboniferous and the Middle Triassic, are studied after the supra-ordinal clade Archaeorthoptera. We propose homologies of the wing venation, a revised taxonomy, and a phylogenetic hypothesis. The taxonomic diversity is studied after the count of the known species. The morphological disparity is related to the flight modes and the stridulatory apparatuses. At the Carboniferous - Permian boundary, the specific relative taxonomic diversity changes from 5 to 70%, which seems to be related to contemporaneous changes in biota. The Permian - Triassic boundary is marked by the extinction of the order Caloneurodea, which has a high morphological disparity. The Triassic insects possessing a stridulatory apparatus (Ensifera and Titanoptera) have a high taxonomic diversity. The evolution of the Archaeorthoptera is marked by modifications of biotopes and by several innovations acquired within the group
Kergoat, Gaël J. "Le genre Bruchidius (Coleoptera, Bruchidae) : un modèle pour l'étude des relations évolutives entre les insectes et les plantes." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066173.
Full textBodin, Aurélie Lazzari Claudio. "Modulation du comportement de recherche de l'hôte chez les insectes hématophages Importance des facteurs endogènes. /." S. l. : S. n, 2008. http://theses.abes.fr/2008TOUR4019.
Full textTermier, Michel. "Étude au laboratoire, des facteurs influençant le vol en tant que moyen de dispersion du doryphore, Leptinotarsa decemlineata SAY." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112043.
Full textAnselme, Caroline. "Réponse immunitaire de l'hôte dans la symbiose bactérienne intracellulaire du charançon sitophilus zeamais." Lyon, INSA, 2006. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2006ISAL0107/these.pdf.
Full textMany insect species require for their reproduction and development the presence of symbiotic intracellular bacteria that are localized in a specialized organ called the bacteriome. Yet, little is known about the host-symbiont interaction with regard to immunity. To tackle this aspect, we have identified immune-relevant genes from the weevil Sitophilus zeamais and we have quantified their expression level in the bacteriome. We have revealed the overexpression of one antibacterial peptide (coleoptericin) and two negative regulators of the immune response (Tollip, PGRP) in the symbiotic organ. Furthermore, we have shown that the weevil PGRP gene is alternatively spliced: one isoform is spliced after infection of the larvae by Escherichia coli while the other is mainly spliced in the bacteriome. Taken together, these data show the existence of a moderate host immune response in the bacteriocyte and suggest that the molecular regulation of the immune system is adapted to intracellular bacterial maintenance and growth in the symbiont-bearing organ of insects
Desneux, Nicolas. "Caractérisation des effets sublétaux d'insecticides au niveau des comportements individuels et de la population, chez les hyménoptères parasitoi͏̈des de pucerons sur colza." Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA112176.
Full textThis work is a contribution to the evaluation of the impact of insecticides on aphid parasitoids. In particular, we have studied the sublethal effects on behaviour and effect on population dynamic of insecticides on the aphid parasitoids on oilseed rape. In a first part, we carried out a survey of the aphid parasitoids species present on oilseed rape in France. Our results highlighted two major species, Aphidius matricariae and Diaeretiella rapae on Myzus persicae and D. Rapae on Brevicoryne brassicae. Aphidius ervi was also found but in a lesser extent. In a second part, acute toxicity tests showed that insecticides used in oilseed rape induced a high toxicity. We found a high risk of mortality for aphid parasitoids at the field application rate. The sublethal effects of various insecticides on the orientation and oviposition behaviour were investigated. We found two types of effects on the orientation behaviour. In the case of the lambda-cyhalothrine, an inverted dose-response relationship (hormesis) were found. The response of females decreased after an exposure to LD0. 1 but not to LD20. In the case of the triazamate, we found a perturbation of orientation behaviour proportional to the dose of insecticide received. Other insecticides (pirimicarb, chlopyrifos-ethyl and deltamethrin) did not perturb orientation behaviour. We also evaluated the impact of two pyrethroids (lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin) on the oviposition behaviour of aphid parasitoids. We showed an effect of the lambda-cyhalothrin on this behaviour but not for deltamethrin. In a third part, in semi-field conditions, we showed that aphid parasitoids could limit populations of M. Persicae in Fall even after a pyrethroid treatment against Coleoptera because the presence of deltamethrin residues has little impact on the parasitoid. We observed that both pesticide and parasitoid reduced the aphid population growth and that their effect added up