Relevant bibliographies by topics / Insecticidas - Toxicología

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Insecticidas - Toxicología'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 16 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Insecticidas - Toxicología"

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Jiang, Kun, Yan Zhang, Zhe Chen, Dalei Wu, Jun Cai, and Xiang Gao. "Structural and Functional Insights into the C-terminal Fragment of Insecticidal Vip3A Toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis." Toxins 12, no. 7 (July 5, 2020): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12070438.

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The vegetative insecticidal proteins (Vips) secreted by Bacillus thuringiensis are regarded as the new generation of insecticidal toxins because they have different insecticidal properties compared with commonly applied insecticidal crystal proteins (Cry toxins). Vip3A toxin, representing the vast majority of Vips, has been used commercially in transgenic crops and bio-insecticides. However, the lack of both structural information on Vip3A and a clear understanding of its insecticidal mechanism at the molecular level limits its further development and broader application. Here we present the first crystal structure of the C-terminal fragment of Vip3A toxin (Vip3Aa11200–789). Since all members of this insecticidal protein family are highly conserved, the structure of Vip3A provides unique insight into the general domain architecture and protein fold of the Vip3A family of insecticidal toxins. Our structural analysis reveals a four-domain organization, featuring a potential membrane insertion region, a receptor binding domain, and two potential glycan binding domains of Vip3A. In addition, cytotoxicity assays and insect bioassays show that the purified C-terminal fragment of Vip3Aa toxin alone have no insecticidal activity. Taken together, these findings provide insights into the mode of action of the Vip3A family of insecticidal toxins and will boost the development of Vip3A into more efficient bio-insecticides.
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Heep, John, Marisa Skaljac, Jens Grotmann, Tobias Kessel, Maximilian Seip, Henrike Schmidtberg, and Andreas Vilcinskas. "Identification and Functional Characterization of a Novel Insecticidal Decapeptide from the Myrmicine Ant Manica rubida." Toxins 11, no. 10 (September 25, 2019): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11100562.

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Ant venoms contain many small, linear peptides, an untapped source of bioactive peptide toxins. The control of agricultural insect pests currently depends primarily on chemical insecticides, but their intensive use damages the environment and human health, and encourages the emergence of resistant pest populations. This has promoted interest in animal venoms as a source of alternative, environmentally-friendly bio-insecticides. We tested the crude venom of the predatory ant, Manica rubida, and observed severe fitness costs in the parthenogenetic pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum), a common agricultural pest. Therefore, we explored the M. rubida venom peptidome and identified a novel decapeptide U-MYRTX-MANr1 (NH2-IDPKVLESLV-CONH2) using a combination of Edman degradation and de novo peptide sequencing. Although this myrmicitoxin was inactive against bacteria and fungi, it reduced aphid survival and reproduction. Furthermore, both crude venom and U-MYRTX-MANr1 reversibly paralyzed injected aphids and induced a loss of body fluids. Components of M. rubida venom may act on various biological targets including ion channels and hemolymph coagulation proteins, as previously shown for other ant venom toxins. The remarkable insecticidal activity of M. rubida venom suggests it may be a promising source of additional bio-insecticide leads.
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Areej Al-Khalaf. "Effect of multiple emulsion on mortality of drosophila virils." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 3 (July 21, 2019): 2446–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1492.

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The frequent use of insecticides has led to the development of insecticide resistance by many insects. In some insect populations, resistance can be developed to multiple pesticides. Up to this, insecticides resistance became a key challenge, and the amounts of the used pesticides must be as lower as possible. In this study, we measured the potency of multiple emulsions on the mortality of Drosophila virils and the ability of the fly to ingest and excrete the emulsions as a new strategy to avoid the great use of pesticides. The obtained data showed that the value of the lethal concentration of half the number of individuals decreases when the exposure duration increases, which demonstrates the sensitivity of the larvae to the toxic effect of the formulation. This can help to suggest that this type of material can be more effective and lasting effect for as long as possible. Moreover, the ingestion and excretion of the formulated product in the hind-gut can help to suggest the ability of the studied formulation to pass through the peritrophic membrane and the midgut acidic regions as two important barriers. In conclusion, the formulated microcapsule has a satisfactory insecticidal potency against D. virilis in a dose-dependent manner which might help to avoid the developed resistance to commonly used insecticides.
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Shur, Pavel Z., Nina V. Zaitseva, Svetlana V. Redko, Arina I. Vinogradova, Vladimir A. Fokin, Marina V. Bidevkina, and Anna A. Khasanova. "Methodological approaches to the assessment of health risks associated with the use of repellent and insecticide agents." Hygiene and sanitation 100, no. 5 (June 15, 2021): 535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-5-535-540.

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Introduction. The study’s relevance is due to the demand for repellent and insecticidal agents in the consumer market and their widespread use as protection against mosquitoes. At the same time, the problem of the impact on the human health of these funds has not been sufficiently studied. In this regard, analyzing the safety of repellents and insecticides for human health is of scientific interest. The aim of the study is to substantiate methodological approaches to assessing the risk to human health associated with the use of insecticides and repellents. Materials and methods. Authors used methods of analysis of scientific literature, toxicological methods for the study of health safety, methods of quantitative chemical analysis, biochemical methods for the study of blood serum, methods of mathematical modeling, health risk assessment methodology. Results. The assessment of the risk of negative responses from organs and systems of the body when exposed to repellents and insecticides has been carried out. Methodological approaches to assessing health risks under various scenarios for repellents and insecticides have been developed and tested. Conclusion. A feature of the proposed methodological approaches is the ability to take into account dose loads for various routes of entry of active substances into the body, the duration of exposure to a repellent or insecticide during regular use, and possible use in regimes exceeding normal use. As a result of the experiment, it was found that with the inhalation of an insecticide with 1% transfluthrin, the level of acceptable risk is observed at a level of exposure of transfluthrin in the air up to 0.0272 mg/m3. Under a percutaneous intake of the 50% DEET repellent, the acceptable risk level was noted at exposure less than 1200 mg/kg/day. In case of percutaneous arrival of the DETA repellent 7.5%, the level of acceptable risk is established under exposure up to 250 mg/kg/day.
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He, Wenze, Lilong Pan, Wenhao Han, and Xiaowei Wang. "Isothiazolinones as Novel Candidate Insecticides for the Control of Hemipteran Insects." Antibiotics 10, no. 4 (April 14, 2021): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10040436.

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Hemipteran insects, such as whiteflies, aphids and planthoppers, resemble one of the most important pest groups threating food security. While many insecticides have been used to control these pests, many issues such as insecticide resistance have been found, highlighting the urgent need to develop novel insecticides. Here, we first observed that a commercial tetramycin solution was highly effective in killing whitefly. The major bioactive constituents were identified to be isothiazolinones, a group of biocides. We then tested the toxicity of several isothiazolinones to five hemipteran insects. The results show that Kathon, a widely used biocide against microorganisms, and its two constituents, chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and methylisothiazolinone (MIT), can cause considerable levels of mortality to whiteflies and aphids when applied at concentrations close to, or lower than, the upper limit of these chemicals permitted in cosmetic products. The results also indicate that two other isothiazolinones, benzisothiazolinone (BIT) and octylisothiazolinone (OIT) can cause considerable levels of mortality to whitefly and aphids but are less toxic than Kathon. Further, we show that Kathon marginally affects whitefly endosymbionts, suggesting its insecticidal activity is independent of its biocidal activity. These results suggest that some isothiazolinones are promising candidates for the development of a new class of insecticides for the control of hemipteran pests.
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Mužinić, Vedran, and Davor Želježić. "Non-target toxicity of novel insecticides." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 69, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 86–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2018-69-3111.

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AbstractHumans have used insecticides since ancient times. The spectrum and potency of available insecticidal substances has greatly expanded since the industrial revolution, resulting in widespread use and unforeseen levels of synthetic chemicals in the environment. Concerns about the toxic effects of these new chemicals on non-target species became public soon after their appearance, which eventually led to the restrictions of use. At the same time, new, more environmentally-friendly insecticides have been developed, based on naturally occurring chemicals, such as pyrethroids (derivatives of pyrethrin), neonicotinoids (derivatives of nicotine), and insecticides based on the neem tree vegetable oil (Azadirachta indica), predominantly azadirachtin. Although these new substances are more selective toward pest insects, they can still target other organisms. Neonicotinoids, for example, have been implicated in the decline of the bee population worldwide. This review summarises recent literature published on non-target toxicity of neonicotinoids, pyrethroids, and neem-based insecticidal substances, with a special emphasis on neonicotinoid toxicity in honeybees. We also touch upon the effects of pesticide combinations and documented human exposure to these substances.
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Vaishnav lal C L, Chandan R S, Maruthi R, and Gurupadayya B M. "Analytical and Bio-Analytical Method Development and Validation of Dichlorvos Pesticide Using RP-HPLC Method." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (September 28, 2020): 5650–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3205.

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Organophosphorus compounds were synthesised in the 1800s. Later they are used as insecticides in the late 1930s and early 1940s. The German scientist Gerhard Schrader is known for the creation of the basic chemical structure of anticholinesterase organophosphate compounds and development of the first commercialised Organophosperous insecticide. Such chemicals are anticholinesterase insecticide commonly used in agriculture and horticulture. To a lesser extent, they are used for domestic use. Due to the absence of bio persistence in organophosphates, most of the western countries opted to substitute organochlorines with organophosphates. Organophosphate pesticides are commonly used around the world, and contamination by these compounds is a serious public health concern in developing countries. Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of OP poisoning not only differ with path or level of exposure. But also the agent's chemical composition. Organophosphates are a group of pesticide that was developed in the 1940s in Germany and soon became an effective defence against agricultural pests. Dichlorvos which is a commonly used group of pesticide is a broad-spectrum organophosphate compound having insecticidal activity. Dichlorvos is a cholinesterase inhibitor exhibiting stomach, contact and systemic mode of action. Therefore, an accurate, fast, cost-effective and straightforward RP-HPLC technique for detecting Dichlorvos was developed. The RP-HPLC method is established by using ACN and Millipore water 50:50 v/v as mobile phase, the Flow rate is maintained at 1.5mL/minute. Detection of Dichlorvos was performed by using a PDA detector at 200nm. By this RP-HPLC procedure, RT of Dichlorvos was identified at 2.9 min.
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Fonseka, M. MD, K. Medagoda, Y. Tillakaratna, S. B. Gunatilake, and H. J. de Silva. "Self-limiting cerebellar ataxia following organophosphate poisoning." Human & Experimental Toxicology 22, no. 2 (February 2003): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0960327103ht341cr.

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Deliberate self-harm by ingestion of organophosphate insecticides is a common health problem in Sri Lanka. The poisoning results in an initial life-threatening cholinergic crisis and several intermediate and late neurological and psychiatric manifestations. A patient who developed self-limiting cerebellar signs 8 days after ingestion of dimethoate, an organophosphorous insecticide, is reported on.
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Padhy, Rabindra N., Nabakishore Nayak, and Shakti Rath. "Antagonism at combined effects of chemical fertilizers and carbamate insecticides on the rice-field N2-fixing cyanobacterium Cylindrospermum sp. in vitro." Interdisciplinary Toxicology 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/intox-2014-0001.

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Abstract Effects of chemical fertilizers (urea, super phosphate and potash) on toxicities of two carbamate insecticides, carbaryl and carbofuran, individually to the N2-fixing cyanobacterium, Cylindrospermum sp. were studied in vitro at partially lethal levels (below highest permissive concentrations) of each insecticide. The average number of vegetative cells between two polar heterocysts was 16.3 in control cultures, while the mean value of filament length increased in the presence of chemical fertilizers, individually. Urea at the 10 ppm level was growth stimulatory and at the 50 ppm level it was growth inhibitory in control cultures, while at 100 ppm it was antagonistic, i.e. toxicity-enhancing along with carbaryl, individually to the cyanobacterium, antagonism was recorded. Urea at 50 ppm had toxicity reducing effect with carbaryl or carbofuran. At 100 and 250 ppm carbofuran levels, 50 ppm urea only had a progressive growth enhancing effect, which was marked well at 250 ppm carbofuran level, a situation of synergism. Super phosphate at the 10 ppm level only was growth promoting in control cultures, but it was antagonistic at its higher levels (50 and 100 ppm) along with both insecticides, individually. Potash (100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm) reduced toxicity due to carbaryl 20 and carbofuran 250 ppm levels, but potash was antagonistic at the other insecticide levels. The data clearly showed that the chemical fertilizers used were antagonistic with both the insecticides during toxicity to Cylindrospermum sp.
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Eddleston, Michael. "Novel Clinical Toxicology and Pharmacology of Organophosphorus Insecticide Self-Poisoning." Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 59, no. 1 (January 6, 2019): 341–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021842.

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Organophosphorus insecticide self-poisoning is a major global health problem, killing over 100,000 people annually. It is a complex multi-organ condition, involving the inhibition of cholinesterases, and perhaps other enzymes, and the effects of large doses of ingested solvents. Variability between organophosphorus insecticides—in lipophilicity, speed of activation, speed and potency of acetylcholinesterase inhibition, and in the chemical groups attached to the phosphorus—results in variable speed of poisoning onset, severity, clinical toxidrome, and case fatality. Current treatment is modestly effective, aiming only to reactivate acetylcholinesterase and counter the effects of excess acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors. Rapid titration of atropine during resuscitation is lifesaving and can be performed in the absence of oxygen. The role of oximes in therapy remains unclear. Novel antidotes have been tested in small trials, but the great variability in poisoning makes interpretation of such trials difficult. More effort is required to test treatments in adequately powered studies.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Insecticidas - Toxicología"

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Corcellas, i. Carramiñana Cayo-Eduard. "Estudi dels insecticides Piretroides en mostres biològiques i humanes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/462848.

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Aquesta tesi pretén donar una visió general del comportament dels piretroides en el medi ambient i, concretament en la biota salvatge. A més, com a conseqüència directa d’això, també avalua l’exposició humana a aquests insecticides. Els piretroides són uns insecticides emprats molt comunament. El seu ús abasta des d’usos agraris i ramaders fins a domèstics. També s’han emprat sovint en control de plagues i Salut Pública, com ara amb el control de mosquits vectors de malalties com la malària o el dengue. Per últim, l’ús dels piretroides sobre els humans tampoc no és estrany, ja que les fórmules més habituals de locions anti- polls i contra la sarna, entre d’altres, contenen piretroides com a principis actius. Aquests insecticides són sintètics o semi-sintètics. Deriven d’uns extractes naturals de flors de diferents espècies de Chrisantemum. Aquests extractes contenen piretrines que són ésters de l’àcid crisantèmic. Els piretroides, són, també, ésters d’aquest àcid que solen estar funcionalitzats. Segons si contenen un grup ciano en la posició alfa’ de l’àcid, es distingeixen els piretroides tipus I (que no contenen el grup ciano) i els de tipus II (que sí que el tenen). Aquestes molècules, són molècules amb 2 o 3 centres quirals, raó per la qual la isomeria d’aquests també és un tema important a tractar. Durant la tesi es va desenvolupar un mètode de determinació enantioselectiu per a 6 piretroides. Fins al inici de la tesi cap mètode quiral de la bibliografia era capaç de separar tots els enantiòmers d’un piretroide. El mètode desenvolupat demostrà l’eficàcia en separar els 4 isòmers de la tetrametrina. Per contra, amb la resta de piretroides del mètode (bifentrina, ciflutrina, cihalotrina, cipermetrina i peremetrina) només els isòmers cis es podien separar enantiomèricament, mentre que els trans no es podien discriminar. A més d’aquesta metodologia, es millorà la metodologia preexistent de quantificació de piretroides, la qual fou capaç, al final de la tesi, de determinar 19 piretroides i un pesticida organofosforat (clorpirifós) en una sola anàlisi. Un cop es tenia metodologia adequada, es mostrejar fauna salvatge. Es dividí el tipus de fauna segons el medi que habiten les espècies, a saber, medi terrestre i medi aquàtic. Les espècies de medi terrestre que es van incloure en el estudi foren aus i grans mamífers de l’Antàrtida. De les aus es mostrejaren ous. Concretament, s’analitzaren ous infèrtils d’aus del Parc Natural de Doñana. El 96% de les mostres donaren positiu a la presència de piretroides. A més de l’anàlisi de piretroides s’analitzaren els delta15N i el delta14C, amb la finalitat de comprovar si els piretroides eren biomagnificables en la xarxa tròfica. Tot i que els resultats de isòtops estables no foren concloents, tot semblà indicar que l’exposició als piretroides venia donada per la dieta, tot i que no es biomagnificaven. En mostres de mamífers de l’Antàrtic no es trobaren nivells de piretroides detectables, la qual cosa indicà que aquests insecticides no es transporten llargues distàncies. Del medí aquàtic s’analitzaren peixos de riu i dofins. El 100% de les mostres presentà nivells quantificables de piretroides. Els peixos mostraren que l’exposició de piretroides ha d’estar relacionada amb quelcom més que no pas el medi físic ja que individus del mateix punt de presa de mostra presentaven perfils de piretroides diferents, és a dir, que la proporció d’un piretroide respecte d’un altre era diferent segon el individu analitzat. Això podia venir donat a una metabolització selectiva d’uns piretroides o a que l’exposició fos via dieta i els animals, que pertanyien a espècies diferents, tinguessin diferents hàbits alimenticis. Pel que fa a dofins, es va trobar que tant dofins brasilers com espanyols presentaven nivells de piretroides tot i que els primers solien presentar més nivells de cipermetrina i permetrina mentre que els segons de cipermetrina i tetrametrina. També es va demostrar la transferència materna com un possible problema toxicològic per als fetus i els lactants. Finalment, es va comprovar la distribució dels piretroides en diferents teixits i es va arribar a la conclusió que el teixit adipós és on més piretroides s’acumulen, tot i que, segurament gràcies a la unió amb diferents proteïnes, en teixits magres també s’hi trobaven nivells. Amb això es preferí per a mostrejos posteriors el fetge com a matriu a analitzar o, en cas de individus vius, el teixit adipós superficial. Respecte dels humans, es comprovà que la població general està exposada als piretroides a nivells relativament baixos. Els estudis es van fer en poblacions de Brasil, Colòmbia i Barcelona. Amb tot, donats els resultats, s’optà per aconsellar un millor control dels nivells de piretroides en llets maternes, sobretot de poblacions sobre-exposades, i una revisió dels valors de ingesta acceptables de piretroide en el cas de infants i lactants.
The present Thesis is about pyrethroid insecticides. They are very used in agrarian, veterinarian and domestic environments. Besides, they are used in Public Health in order to control mosquito vectors of diseases such as malaria and dengue. They are chiral molecules, thus isomeric characteristics are important in their environmental behavior and toxicology. In this thesis, a new method for enantiomeric discrimination of 6 pyrethroids was developed. For the first time a method was able to separate all enantiomers of one pyrethorid, in this case, tetramethrin. Besides, the method was able to differentiate cis enantiomers of bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and permethrin. Pyrethorids were evaluated in unfertile wild bird egg samples, Antarctic mammals, river fishes and dolphins. In 96% of bird eggs residues of pyrethroids were observed. In 100% of all the rest of matrices presented quantifiable levels of pyrethroids except for Antarctic mammal samples. First way of exposure to pyrethroids for these wild species seemed to be diet. However, no biomagnification was described. Long distance transport was discarded since Antarctic samples did not present levels of pyrethrids. Pyrethroids were mostly accumulated in lipid tissues, such as dolphin blubber. The best matrix to future monitoring was described as liver samples, even when for living individuals, superficial blubber sample could be used. Cis isomer of pyrethroids were more bioaccumulated than trans, except in the case of tetramethrin. In this last case, commercial mixtures, which are enhanced in trans isomer, could explain this observation. For the rest of pyrethroids, cis isomer was enhanced because of the preference of trans isomer in the isomer-selective metabolization of most of organisms. Regarding human exposure, breast milk samples from Brazil, Colombia and Spain were analyzed. All samples were positive in the pyrethroid determination analyses. Even when levels in general population seemed to be save, Acceptable Daily Intake values should be reconsidered for breastfed children.
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Tapia, Vilchez Fernando Jesús. "Interacción de temperatura y Clorpirifos (PYRINEX ®) sobre la estabilidad genética de Poecilia reticulata “GUPI”." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/7159.

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Clorpirifos (Pyrinex ®) es un insecticida organofosforado de amplio uso en la agricultura, la extensión de su uso en el Perú no está documentada, sin embargo, se estima que podría ser parte de una variedad de tóxicos presentes en el agua y que tendrían efectos deletéreos sobre poblaciones locales de peces. Interacciones de la temperatura (17, 25 y 30 °C) fueron evaluadas, en presencia de concentraciones sub-letales de Clorpirifos (0, 0.005, 0.010, 0.015, 0.020 y 0.025 mg/L) enfocadas en estabilidad genética expresada en términos de frecuencia de micronúcleos y otras anormalidades nucleares sobre Poecilia reticulata “gupi”. Los resultados muestran que las interacciones fueron significativas (p = 0.001), la frecuencia de anormalidades nucleares no difiere entre grupos control independientemente de la temperatura, se observaron incrementos significativos con la concentración (p = 0.001) y la temperatura (p = 0.001), al mismo tiempo se reportó una CL50 para Clorpirifos a 17°C de 0.015 mg/L, no se reportó mortalidad a 25 y 30°C. Se sugiere que la toxicidad varía en sus mecanismos de acción según las interacciones: (1) a temperaturas altas (25 y 30°C) la genotoxicidad se incrementa, sin mortalidad; y (2) a temperaturas bajas (17°C), se reducen los procesos de formación de anormalidades nucleares, sin embargo, la mortalidad se ve aumentada significativamente debido a que Clorpirifos reduce umbral de tolerancia de temperatura de P. reticulata. Se confirma el alto riesgo de Clorpirifos y sus interacciones con la temperatura, por lo que se sugiere que los ensayos de ecotoxicidad deben tomar en consideración la temperatura del ambiente y no sólo la temperatura óptima de la especie en evaluación lo cual conllevaría a una sub- o sobre estimación de la toxicidad. Estas interacciones de contaminantes y medio ambiente (en especial la temperatura) deben ser considerados en el contexto de eventos climáticos extremos, cambio climático y de cambios en la actividad agrícola e industrial.
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Iannacone, Oliver José. "Efecto insecticida de cuatro extractos botánicos y del cartap sobre la polilla de la papa Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) y en cuatro controladores biológicos, en el Perú." Doctoral thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2003. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/3317.

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Phthorimasa(Zeller)(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) es una laga clave en el cultivo de papa en el Perú , El depredadorChrysoperla externa hagen y las tres microavispasparasitoides Trichogrammma pintoi Vosgelé, Copidosoma koehleri blanchard y Dolichogenidia gelechiidivoris(Marsh) son controladores biológicos promisorios de plagas agrícolas clave en el Perú, pais donde no se ha investigado los efectos de la integración de métodos biológicos y productos biocidas al manejo integrado de plagas.
Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a key pest in potato crops in Peru. Chrysoperla externa Hagen and the three parasitoid microwasps Trichogramma pintoi Voegelé, Copidosoma Koehleri Blanchard and Dolichogenidia gelechiidivoris (Marsh) are promissory biological control agents of key agricultural pests in peru, where the effects of integration of biological control agents and chemical or natural products into integrated pest management have not been investigated.
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Saldaña, Serrano Miguel Angel. "Toxicidad del insecticida fipronil en estadíos de postlarva y alevín de “Gamitana”, Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818)." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/4909.

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Determina el grado de letalidad del insecticida Fipronil en estadíos iniciales de vida de la “Gamitana”, Colossoma macropomum bajo condiciones controladas de laboratorio. Para la prueba de toxicidad con postlarvas, se evalúa en 6 concentraciones (0.00; 0.12; 0.165; 0.21; 0.255 y 0.30 mg.L-1) y 4 repeticiones por un tiempo de 48 horas y para la prueba de toxicidad con alevinos, se evalúa en 6 concentraciones (0.00; 0.221; 0.276; 0.346; 0.432 y 0.54 mg.L-1) y 3 repeticiones por un tiempo de 96 horas. Determina valores de CL50-48h (0.217mg.L-1) y CL50-96h (0.331mg.L-1), para los estadíos de postlarva y alevín, respectivamente. Además, la máxima concentración no letal para los estadíos de postlarva y alevín es de 0.12mg.L-1 y 0.221mg.L-1 respectivamente. Los peces en estadío de postlarva bajo la acción del Fipronil muestran un comportamiento inusual, nado errático en la columna de agua, espasmos en la región del pedúnculo y aleta caudal e hiperexcitación; y los peces en estadío de alevín muestran un acelerado movimiento opercular, nado errático en la columna de agua, espasmos en la región del pedúnculo y aleta caudal e hiperexcitación. Según los valores de CL50 determinados, se considera que el insecticida Fipronil sería altamente tóxico para esta especie acuática.
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Vergottini, Toro Gianella Mariolin. "Toxicidad de algunos insecticidas de origen vegetal sobre Xanthogaleruca luteola Müller (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2011. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/112804.

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Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo Mención Sanidad Vegetal
Durante la temporada 2008-2009, se evaluó en laboratorio la toxicidad de cuatro insecticidas de origen botánico; Biomilbe, Biobug, Bugitol y Garlic Barrier, sobre larvas y adultos de la vaquita del olmo, Xanthogaleruca luteola Müller (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), colectados desde árboles ubicados en el Parque O`Higgins, Región Metropolitana. Los insecticidas se aplicaron en cuatro dosis distintas cada uno, mediante una torre de Potter, y su acción se evaluó de tres formas, directa, para determinar la toxicidad por contacto, sobre hojas, para medir el efecto residual, y una prueba con una bandeja que contenía por un lado hojas asperjadas con la mezcla insecticida y por el otro hojas sólo asperjadas con agua, para observar cualquier efecto de repelencia. Para los ensayos se utilizó un diseño estadístico completamente aleatorio, con los cuatro insecticidas en el primer y segundo ensayos, más un testigo sin insecticida, y cuatro repeticiones por tratamiento. La unidad experimental consistió en una placa Petri con 20 individuos. La mortalidad se evaluó 24 y 48 horas después de la aspersión sobre hojas, y a los 30 y 60 minutos en el experimento por aplicación directa. Los porcentajes de mortalidad se sometieron a pruebas no paramétricas sin normalización de datos y pruebas de separación de promedios. Para el ensayo en bandejas se comparó el porcentaje de larvas ubicadas en cada sector, tratado y no tratado. Los porcentajes de mortalidad obtenidos fueron muy bajos. El mayor promedio de mortalidad se obtuvo con Bugitol al 4%, con 46,3% y 37,5% de mortalidad en larvas y adultos respectivamente. En la prueba preliminar de repelencia se encontraron efectos marcados en las hojas tratadas con Biomilbe y Biobug, con las larvas concentrándose en mayor porcentaje sobre las hojas asperjadas sólo con agua.
The toxicity of four botanical insecticides, Biomilbe, Biobug, Bugitol, and Garlic Barrier, was evaluated in the laboratory onto larvae and adults of the elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola Müller (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), which were collected in Parque O`Higgins, Santiago, Metropolitan Region of Chile. The insecticides were applied at four concentrations with a Potter spray tower, and their action was evaluated in three ways, directly, to determine contact toxicity, onto leaves, to measure contact effect of residues, and a test using a tray with leaves sprayed with the insecticide on one side, and leaves sprayed only with water in the other, to observe any effect of repellence. For the first two experiments, a completely random statistical design was used, with four insecticide treatments at four concentrations each, and an untreated control, and four replicates per treatment. The experimental unit was a Petri dish with 20 individuals. Mortality was evaluated at 24 and 48 hours after spraying onto leaves, and after 30 and 60 minutes in the experiment of immersion of leaves. Percentages of mortality were subjected to non-parametric tests without standardization of data and range tests to separate means. The percentages of mortality obtained were very low. The greatest mortality was obtained with Bugitol at 4%, with 46,3% y 37,5% of mortality of larvae and adults respectively. The preliminary repellency test show marked effects on the leaves treated with Biomilbe y Biobug, and higher percentage of larvae concentrated on spray leaves only with water.
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Lindao, Cordova Victor Alberto. "Impacto en los niveles de colinesterasa en agricultores de tomate (Solanum Iycopersicum L.) en la localidad de San Luis, Chimborazo por efecto del uso de insecticidas organofosforados y carbamatos." Doctoral thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/6325.

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Determina las condiciones de aplicación que afectan los niveles de colinesterasa, y que generan un riesgo neurotóxico por el uso de carbamatos y organofosforados a los agricultores de tomate. La técnica que se utiliza es la espectrofotometría. El examen de colinesterasa se realiza a los pacientes expuestos a los insecticidas organofosforados y carbamatos. Se utiliza el método cinético - espectrofotométrico (405 nm a 37°C). Mediante análisis factorial, prueba de Kruskal Wallis y de correlaciones se determina las variables que más afectan los niveles de colinesterasa. Para el análisis neurotoxicologica se aplica el cuestionario Psychologisch Neurologischeò Fragebogen (PNF) a cada uno de los agricultores, lo que nos permite determinar la presencia de alteraciones clínicas, conductuales y neurológicas de los trabajadores expuestos a plaguicidas organofosforados y carbamatos.
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Chirinos, Pajuelo Diego Alejandro. "Evaluación de residuos del pesticida clorpirifos en semillas de quinua (Chenopodium quinoa W.) por cromatografía gaseosa." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/11478.

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Evalúa los residuos del plaguicida clorpirifos en semillas de quinua (Chenopodium quinua W.) en el período de cosecha, producidos en el distrito de La Molina de la región Lima. Los objetivos específicos fueron los siguientes; en primer lugar determinar la concentración del plaguicida clorpirifos en mg/kg (ppm) en las muestras de semillas de quinua y en segundo lugar es verificar si la concentración del plaguicida clorpirifos en las semillas de quinua se encuentra dentro del Límite Máximo Permisible según normativa de la Unión Europea y del Perú. Se evaluaron 12 muestras de quinua de un campo del distrito de La Molina y 1 muestra de quinua orgánica (libre de plaguicida) proveniente de la provincia de Yauyos, la cual ayudó para la validación del método analítico. La validación del método cumplió con los criterios establecidos por la Comisión Europea. Los análisis de las 12 muestras de quinua provenientes del distrito de La Molina presentaron residuos del plaguicida clorpirifos, 11 muestras no sobrepasan el LMR (0.05 mg/kg) establecido por las legislaciones de Canadá, Unión Europea y Perú, solo 1 muestra sobrepasó dicho LMR, con una concentración de 0.136 mg/kg. Los resultados muestran la exposición del plaguicida clorpirifos en semillas quinua, por ende, su presencia en nuestra dieta diaria y en la exportación.
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Campos, Chávez Cristian, and Alcántara Abimael Palacios. "Determinación por HPLC de residuos de insecticida órganofosforado (Methamidophos) en tomates comercializados en Lima-Perú." Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Programa Cybertesis PERÚ, 2010. http://www.cybertesis.edu.pe/sisbib/2010/campos_cc/html/index-frames.html.

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En el presente trabajo se realizó el análisis toxicológico de identificación y cuantificación de los residuos del insecticida órganofosforado METHAMIDOPHOS en 25 muestras de tomates, en tres mercados mayoristas (La Parada, 3 de Febrero y Manzanilla) y dos mercados minoristas (N° 1 – San Juan de Lurigancho y Ceres – Ate), todos ubicados en el departamento de Lima. El análisis de identificación cualitativa se realizó por Cromatografía en Capa Fina (CCF) utilizando los Rf y por Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Resolución (HPLC) utilizando los tiempos de retención. El análisis Cuantitativo se realizó por Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Resolución (HPLC), utilizando las áreas integradas de los picos en los cromatogramas obtenidos. Se determinó la presencia de Methamidophos en la totalidad de las muestras analizadas. De las 25 muestras analizadas solo una muestra (4%) perteneciente al mercado mayorista 3 de Febrero presentó una concentración máxima de 1.0369 ppm de Methamidophos excediendo el Límite Máximo Residual (LMR) para el Methamidophos en tomates según Codex Alimentarius que es de 1.0 ppm. Palabras Clave: tomate, plaguicidas, órganofosforados, Methamidophos, LMR, CCF, HPLC
In the present study was conducted toxicological analysis for the identification and quantification of the organophosphate insecticide METHAMIDOPHOS residue in 25 samples of tomatoes, three wholesale markets (La Parada, 3 de Febrero and Manzanilla) and two retail markets (No. 1- San Juan de Lurigancho and Ceres – Ate) , all located in the department of Lima. Qualitative identification analysis was performed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) using the Rf and High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) using the retention times. Quantitative analysis was performed by high resolution liquid chromatography (HPLC) using the integrated areas of peaks in the chromatograms obtained. We determined the presence of Methamidophos in all samples. Of the 25 samples tested only one sample (4%) belonging to the wholesale market 3 de Febrero present a maximum concentration of 1.0369 ppm of Methamidophos exceeding the Maximum Residual Limit (MRL) for Methamidophos on tomatoes as Codex Alimentarius is 1.0 ppm. Key Words: tomato, insecticide, organophosphates, Methamidophos, MRL, TLC, HPLC
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Palacios, Alcántara Abimael, and Chávez Cristian Campos. "Determinación por HPLC de residuos de insecticida órganofosforado (Methamidophos) en tomates comercializados en Lima-Perú." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2010. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/1611.

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En el presente trabajo se realizó el análisis toxicológico de identificación y cuantificación de los residuos del insecticida órganofosforado METHAMIDOPHOS en 25 muestras de tomates, en tres mercados mayoristas (La Parada, 3 de Febrero y Manzanilla) y dos mercados minoristas (N° 1 – San Juan de Lurigancho y Ceres – Ate), todos ubicados en el departamento de Lima. El análisis de identificación cualitativa se realizó por Cromatografía en Capa Fina (CCF) utilizando los Rf y por Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Resolución (HPLC) utilizando los tiempos de retención. El análisis Cuantitativo se realizó por Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Resolución (HPLC), utilizando las áreas integradas de los picos en los cromatogramas obtenidos. Se determinó la presencia de Methamidophos en la totalidad de las muestras analizadas. De las 25 muestras analizadas solo una muestra (4%) perteneciente al mercado mayorista 3 de Febrero presentó una concentración máxima de 1.0369 ppm de Methamidophos excediendo el Límite Máximo Residual (LMR) para el Methamidophos en tomates según Codex Alimentarius que es de 1.0 ppm. Palabras Clave: tomate, plaguicidas, órganofosforados, Methamidophos, LMR, CCF, HPLC.
In the present study was conducted toxicological analysis for the identification and quantification of the organophosphate insecticide METHAMIDOPHOS residue in 25 samples of tomatoes, three wholesale markets (La Parada, 3 de Febrero and Manzanilla) and two retail markets (No. 1- San Juan de Lurigancho and Ceres – Ate) , all located in the department of Lima. Qualitative identification analysis was performed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) using the Rf and High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) using the retention times. Quantitative analysis was performed by high resolution liquid chromatography (HPLC) using the integrated areas of peaks in the chromatograms obtained. We determined the presence of Methamidophos in all samples. Of the 25 samples tested only one sample (4%) belonging to the wholesale market 3 de Febrero present a maximum concentration of 1.0369 ppm of Methamidophos exceeding the Maximum Residual Limit (MRL) for Methamidophos on tomatoes as Codex Alimentarius is 1.0 ppm. Key Words: tomato, insecticide, organophosphates, Methamidophos, MRL, TLC, HPLC.
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Nigond, Jacques. "Intoxications aigues par les insecticides organophosphorés : à propos de 50 cas." Montpellier 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON11205.

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Books on the topic "Insecticidas - Toxicología"

1

Matsumura, Fumio. Toxicology of Insecticides. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2491-1.

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Matsumura, Fumio. Toxicology of insecticides. 2nd ed. New York: Plenum Press, 1985.

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Marrs, Tim, ed. Mammalian Toxicology of Insecticides. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781849733007.

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Jonsson, Curt-Johan. Activation and toxicity of adrenocorticolytic DDT-metabolites in mammals and birds. Uppsala: Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, 1993.

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Yu, Simon J. The toxicology and biochemistry of insecticides. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2008.

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Regupathy, A. Statistics work book for insecticide toxicology. Coimbatore, India: Suriya Desk Top Publishers, 1990.

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Mayer, F. L. Endangered aquatic vertebrates: Comparative and probabilistic-based toxicology. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 2008.

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Eisler, Ronald. Famphur hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Biological Survey, 1994.

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Broderick, Mark Philip. The toxicology and neurotoxicity of selected pyrethroid insecticides on Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). Portsmouth: Portsmouth Polytechnic, School of Biological Sciences, 1992.

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Heong, K. L. Research methods in toxicology and insecticide resistance monitoring of rice planthoppers. Metro Manila, Philippines: IRRI, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Insecticidas - Toxicología"

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Perry, A. S., I. Yamamoto, I. Ishaaya, and R. Perry. "Toxicology of Insecticides." In Insecticides in Agriculture and Environment, 11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03656-3_4.

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Volmer, Petra A. "Insecticides." In Small Animal Toxicology Essentials, 127–36. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118785591.ch18.

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Wood, Carol S. "Insecticides." In Hamilton & Hardy's Industrial Toxicology, 859–76. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118834015.ch86.

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Matsumura, Fumio. "General Principles of Insecticide Toxicology." In Toxicology of Insecticides, 11–43. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2491-1_2.

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Matsumura, Fumio. "Introduction." In Toxicology of Insecticides, 1–10. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2491-1_1.

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Matsumura, Fumio. "Effects of Pesticides on Wildlife." In Toxicology of Insecticides, 437–87. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2491-1_10.

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Matsumura, Fumio. "Hazards to Man and Domestic Animals." In Toxicology of Insecticides, 489–576. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2491-1_11.

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Matsumura, Fumio. "Classification of Insecticides." In Toxicology of Insecticides, 45–109. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2491-1_3.

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Matsumura, Fumio. "Modes of Action of Insecticides." In Toxicology of Insecticides, 111–202. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2491-1_4.

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Matsumura, Fumio. "Metabolism of Insecticides by Animals and Plants." In Toxicology of Insecticides, 203–98. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2491-1_5.

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