Journal articles: 'Insecticidas - Toxicología'

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Jiang, Kun, Yan Zhang, Zhe Chen, Dalei Wu, Jun Cai, and Xiang Gao. "Structural and Functional Insights into the C-terminal Fragment of Insecticidal Vip3A Toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis." Toxins 12, no. 7 (July 5, 2020): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12070438.

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The vegetative insecticidal proteins (Vips) secreted by Bacillus thuringiensis are regarded as the new generation of insecticidal toxins because they have different insecticidal properties compared with commonly applied insecticidal crystal proteins (Cry toxins). Vip3A toxin, representing the vast majority of Vips, has been used commercially in transgenic crops and bio-insecticides. However, the lack of both structural information on Vip3A and a clear understanding of its insecticidal mechanism at the molecular level limits its further development and broader application. Here we present the first crystal structure of the C-terminal fragment of Vip3A toxin (Vip3Aa11200–789). Since all members of this insecticidal protein family are highly conserved, the structure of Vip3A provides unique insight into the general domain architecture and protein fold of the Vip3A family of insecticidal toxins. Our structural analysis reveals a four-domain organization, featuring a potential membrane insertion region, a receptor binding domain, and two potential glycan binding domains of Vip3A. In addition, cytotoxicity assays and insect bioassays show that the purified C-terminal fragment of Vip3Aa toxin alone have no insecticidal activity. Taken together, these findings provide insights into the mode of action of the Vip3A family of insecticidal toxins and will boost the development of Vip3A into more efficient bio-insecticides.

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Heep, John, Marisa Skaljac, Jens Grotmann, Tobias Kessel, Maximilian Seip, Henrike Schmidtberg, and Andreas Vilcinskas. "Identification and Functional Characterization of a Novel Insecticidal Decapeptide from the Myrmicine Ant Manica rubida." Toxins 11, no. 10 (September 25, 2019): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11100562.

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Ant venoms contain many small, linear peptides, an untapped source of bioactive peptide toxins. The control of agricultural insect pests currently depends primarily on chemical insecticides, but their intensive use damages the environment and human health, and encourages the emergence of resistant pest populations. This has promoted interest in animal venoms as a source of alternative, environmentally-friendly bio-insecticides. We tested the crude venom of the predatory ant, Manica rubida, and observed severe fitness costs in the parthenogenetic pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum), a common agricultural pest. Therefore, we explored the M. rubida venom peptidome and identified a novel decapeptide U-MYRTX-MANr1 (NH2-IDPKVLESLV-CONH2) using a combination of Edman degradation and de novo peptide sequencing. Although this myrmicitoxin was inactive against bacteria and fungi, it reduced aphid survival and reproduction. Furthermore, both crude venom and U-MYRTX-MANr1 reversibly paralyzed injected aphids and induced a loss of body fluids. Components of M. rubida venom may act on various biological targets including ion channels and hemolymph coagulation proteins, as previously shown for other ant venom toxins. The remarkable insecticidal activity of M. rubida venom suggests it may be a promising source of additional bio-insecticide leads.

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Areej Al-Khalaf. "Effect of multiple emulsion on mortality of drosophila virils." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 3 (July 21, 2019): 2446–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1492.

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The frequent use of insecticides has led to the development of insecticide resistance by many insects. In some insect populations, resistance can be developed to multiple pesticides. Up to this, insecticides resistance became a key challenge, and the amounts of the used pesticides must be as lower as possible. In this study, we measured the potency of multiple emulsions on the mortality of Drosophila virils and the ability of the fly to ingest and excrete the emulsions as a new strategy to avoid the great use of pesticides. The obtained data showed that the value of the lethal concentration of half the number of individuals decreases when the exposure duration increases, which demonstrates the sensitivity of the larvae to the toxic effect of the formulation. This can help to suggest that this type of material can be more effective and lasting effect for as long as possible. Moreover, the ingestion and excretion of the formulated product in the hind-gut can help to suggest the ability of the studied formulation to pass through the peritrophic membrane and the midgut acidic regions as two important barriers. In conclusion, the formulated microcapsule has a satisfactory insecticidal potency against D. virilis in a dose-dependent manner which might help to avoid the developed resistance to commonly used insecticides.

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Shur, Pavel Z., Nina V. Zaitseva, Svetlana V. Redko, Arina I. Vinogradova, Vladimir A. Fokin, Marina V. Bidevkina, and Anna A. Khasanova. "Methodological approaches to the assessment of health risks associated with the use of repellent and insecticide agents." Hygiene and sanitation 100, no. 5 (June 15, 2021): 535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-5-535-540.

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Introduction. The study’s relevance is due to the demand for repellent and insecticidal agents in the consumer market and their widespread use as protection against mosquitoes. At the same time, the problem of the impact on the human health of these funds has not been sufficiently studied. In this regard, analyzing the safety of repellents and insecticides for human health is of scientific interest. The aim of the study is to substantiate methodological approaches to assessing the risk to human health associated with the use of insecticides and repellents. Materials and methods. Authors used methods of analysis of scientific literature, toxicological methods for the study of health safety, methods of quantitative chemical analysis, biochemical methods for the study of blood serum, methods of mathematical modeling, health risk assessment methodology. Results. The assessment of the risk of negative responses from organs and systems of the body when exposed to repellents and insecticides has been carried out. Methodological approaches to assessing health risks under various scenarios for repellents and insecticides have been developed and tested. Conclusion. A feature of the proposed methodological approaches is the ability to take into account dose loads for various routes of entry of active substances into the body, the duration of exposure to a repellent or insecticide during regular use, and possible use in regimes exceeding normal use. As a result of the experiment, it was found that with the inhalation of an insecticide with 1% transfluthrin, the level of acceptable risk is observed at a level of exposure of transfluthrin in the air up to 0.0272 mg/m3. Under a percutaneous intake of the 50% DEET repellent, the acceptable risk level was noted at exposure less than 1200 mg/kg/day. In case of percutaneous arrival of the DETA repellent 7.5%, the level of acceptable risk is established under exposure up to 250 mg/kg/day.

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He, Wenze, Lilong Pan, Wenhao Han, and Xiaowei Wang. "Isothiazolinones as Novel Candidate Insecticides for the Control of Hemipteran Insects." Antibiotics 10, no. 4 (April 14, 2021): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10040436.

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Hemipteran insects, such as whiteflies, aphids and planthoppers, resemble one of the most important pest groups threating food security. While many insecticides have been used to control these pests, many issues such as insecticide resistance have been found, highlighting the urgent need to develop novel insecticides. Here, we first observed that a commercial tetramycin solution was highly effective in killing whitefly. The major bioactive constituents were identified to be isothiazolinones, a group of biocides. We then tested the toxicity of several isothiazolinones to five hemipteran insects. The results show that Kathon, a widely used biocide against microorganisms, and its two constituents, chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and methylisothiazolinone (MIT), can cause considerable levels of mortality to whiteflies and aphids when applied at concentrations close to, or lower than, the upper limit of these chemicals permitted in cosmetic products. The results also indicate that two other isothiazolinones, benzisothiazolinone (BIT) and octylisothiazolinone (OIT) can cause considerable levels of mortality to whitefly and aphids but are less toxic than Kathon. Further, we show that Kathon marginally affects whitefly endosymbionts, suggesting its insecticidal activity is independent of its biocidal activity. These results suggest that some isothiazolinones are promising candidates for the development of a new class of insecticides for the control of hemipteran pests.

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Mužinić, Vedran, and Davor Želježić. "Non-target toxicity of novel insecticides." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 69, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 86–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2018-69-3111.

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AbstractHumans have used insecticides since ancient times. The spectrum and potency of available insecticidal substances has greatly expanded since the industrial revolution, resulting in widespread use and unforeseen levels of synthetic chemicals in the environment. Concerns about the toxic effects of these new chemicals on non-target species became public soon after their appearance, which eventually led to the restrictions of use. At the same time, new, more environmentally-friendly insecticides have been developed, based on naturally occurring chemicals, such as pyrethroids (derivatives of pyrethrin), neonicotinoids (derivatives of nicotine), and insecticides based on the neem tree vegetable oil (Azadirachta indica), predominantly azadirachtin. Although these new substances are more selective toward pest insects, they can still target other organisms. Neonicotinoids, for example, have been implicated in the decline of the bee population worldwide. This review summarises recent literature published on non-target toxicity of neonicotinoids, pyrethroids, and neem-based insecticidal substances, with a special emphasis on neonicotinoid toxicity in honeybees. We also touch upon the effects of pesticide combinations and documented human exposure to these substances.

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Vaishnav lal C L, Chandan R S, Maruthi R, and Gurupadayya B M. "Analytical and Bio-Analytical Method Development and Validation of Dichlorvos Pesticide Using RP-HPLC Method." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (September 28, 2020): 5650–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3205.

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Organophosphorus compounds were synthesised in the 1800s. Later they are used as insecticides in the late 1930s and early 1940s. The German scientist Gerhard Schrader is known for the creation of the basic chemical structure of anticholinesterase organophosphate compounds and development of the first commercialised Organophosperous insecticide. Such chemicals are anticholinesterase insecticide commonly used in agriculture and horticulture. To a lesser extent, they are used for domestic use. Due to the absence of bio persistence in organophosphates, most of the western countries opted to substitute organochlorines with organophosphates. Organophosphate pesticides are commonly used around the world, and contamination by these compounds is a serious public health concern in developing countries. Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of OP poisoning not only differ with path or level of exposure. But also the agent's chemical composition. Organophosphates are a group of pesticide that was developed in the 1940s in Germany and soon became an effective defence against agricultural pests. Dichlorvos which is a commonly used group of pesticide is a broad-spectrum organophosphate compound having insecticidal activity. Dichlorvos is a cholinesterase inhibitor exhibiting stomach, contact and systemic mode of action. Therefore, an accurate, fast, cost-effective and straightforward RP-HPLC technique for detecting Dichlorvos was developed. The RP-HPLC method is established by using ACN and Millipore water 50:50 v/v as mobile phase, the Flow rate is maintained at 1.5mL/minute. Detection of Dichlorvos was performed by using a PDA detector at 200nm. By this RP-HPLC procedure, RT of Dichlorvos was identified at 2.9 min.

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Fonseka, M. MD, K. Medagoda, Y. Tillakaratna, S. B. Gunatilake, and H. J. de Silva. "Self-limiting cerebellar ataxia following organophosphate poisoning." Human & Experimental Toxicology 22, no. 2 (February 2003): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0960327103ht341cr.

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Deliberate self-harm by ingestion of organophosphate insecticides is a common health problem in Sri Lanka. The poisoning results in an initial life-threatening cholinergic crisis and several intermediate and late neurological and psychiatric manifestations. A patient who developed self-limiting cerebellar signs 8 days after ingestion of dimethoate, an organophosphorous insecticide, is reported on.

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Padhy, Rabindra N., Nabakishore Nayak, and Shakti Rath. "Antagonism at combined effects of chemical fertilizers and carbamate insecticides on the rice-field N2-fixing cyanobacterium Cylindrospermum sp. in vitro." Interdisciplinary Toxicology 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/intox-2014-0001.

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Abstract Effects of chemical fertilizers (urea, super phosphate and potash) on toxicities of two carbamate insecticides, carbaryl and carbofuran, individually to the N2-fixing cyanobacterium, Cylindrospermum sp. were studied in vitro at partially lethal levels (below highest permissive concentrations) of each insecticide. The average number of vegetative cells between two polar heterocysts was 16.3 in control cultures, while the mean value of filament length increased in the presence of chemical fertilizers, individually. Urea at the 10 ppm level was growth stimulatory and at the 50 ppm level it was growth inhibitory in control cultures, while at 100 ppm it was antagonistic, i.e. toxicity-enhancing along with carbaryl, individually to the cyanobacterium, antagonism was recorded. Urea at 50 ppm had toxicity reducing effect with carbaryl or carbofuran. At 100 and 250 ppm carbofuran levels, 50 ppm urea only had a progressive growth enhancing effect, which was marked well at 250 ppm carbofuran level, a situation of synergism. Super phosphate at the 10 ppm level only was growth promoting in control cultures, but it was antagonistic at its higher levels (50 and 100 ppm) along with both insecticides, individually. Potash (100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm) reduced toxicity due to carbaryl 20 and carbofuran 250 ppm levels, but potash was antagonistic at the other insecticide levels. The data clearly showed that the chemical fertilizers used were antagonistic with both the insecticides during toxicity to Cylindrospermum sp.

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Eddleston, Michael. "Novel Clinical Toxicology and Pharmacology of Organophosphorus Insecticide Self-Poisoning." Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 59, no. 1 (January 6, 2019): 341–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021842.

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Organophosphorus insecticide self-poisoning is a major global health problem, killing over 100,000 people annually. It is a complex multi-organ condition, involving the inhibition of cholinesterases, and perhaps other enzymes, and the effects of large doses of ingested solvents. Variability between organophosphorus insecticides—in lipophilicity, speed of activation, speed and potency of acetylcholinesterase inhibition, and in the chemical groups attached to the phosphorus—results in variable speed of poisoning onset, severity, clinical toxidrome, and case fatality. Current treatment is modestly effective, aiming only to reactivate acetylcholinesterase and counter the effects of excess acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors. Rapid titration of atropine during resuscitation is lifesaving and can be performed in the absence of oxygen. The role of oximes in therapy remains unclear. Novel antidotes have been tested in small trials, but the great variability in poisoning makes interpretation of such trials difficult. More effort is required to test treatments in adequately powered studies.

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Marrs, Timothy C. "Toxicology of insecticides to mammals." Pest Management Science 68, no. 10 (July 13, 2012): 1332–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.3362.

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Clements, A. N. "Toxicology of insecticides (2nd edition)." Parasitology Today 2, no. 3 (March 1986): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4758(86)90172-9.

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Sevalkar, Murlidhar T., Vitthal Patil, and Harischandra N. Katkar. "Zinc Chloride-Diphenylamine Reagent for Thin Layer Chromatographic Detection of Some Organophosphorus and Carbamate Insecticides." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 74, no. 3 (May 1, 1991): 545–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/74.3.545.

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Abstract Zinc chlorlde-diphenylamlne reagent, whose use has been reported for the detection of organochlorine insecticides by thin layer chromatography, was further studied for its ability to detect the organophosphorus insecticides phorate, phosphamldon, DDVP, and phosalone and the carbamate Insecticides carbaryl and aldicarb. These Insecticides give Intense blue-green spots with this reagent. The procedure can be applied to the detection of the insecticides in biological materials and thus has a potential use in forensic toxicology

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Jiang, Kun, Xiaoyue Hou, Lu Han, Tongtong Tan, Zhanglei Cao, and Jun Cai. "Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor, a Novel Receptor for Vegetative Insecticidal Protein Vip3Aa." Toxins 10, no. 12 (December 18, 2018): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10120546.

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Vegetative insecticidal proteins (Vips), which are secreted by some Bacillus thuringiensis strains during vegetative growth, exhibit high virulence to many pests. Vip3A proteins have been used commercially both in some bio-insecticides and in transgenic crops; however, compared with insecticidal crystal proteins, the mechanism of action of Vip3A is still unclear. In this work, we indicated that the fibroblast growth factor receptor-like protein (Sf-FGFR) from the membrane of Sf9 cells could bind to Vip3Aa. The interaction between Vip3Aa and Sf-FGFR was confirmed by pull-down assays and dot blotting experiment in vitro. The binding affinity between Vip3Aa and extracellular regions of Sf-FGFR (GST-FGFR-N) was determined by microscale thermophoresis assay (MST). Moreover, Vip3Aa-Flag could be co-immunoprecipitated with Sf-FGFR-V5 ex vivo. Furthermore, knockdown of Sf-FGFR gene in Sf9 cells resulted in reducing the mortality of those cells to Vip3Aa. In summary, our data indicated that Sf-FGFR is a novel receptor for Vip3Aa.

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Pan, Zhi-Zhen, Lian Xu, Yi-Shu Zheng, Li-Yang Niu, Bo Liu, Nan-Yan Fu, Yan Shi, Qing-Xi Chen, Yu-Jing Zhu, and Xiong Guan. "Synthesis and Characterization of Cry2Ab–AVM Bioconjugate: Enhanced Affinity to Binding Proteins and Insecticidal Activity." Toxins 11, no. 9 (August 27, 2019): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11090497.

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Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins (Bt toxins) have been widely used in crops for agricultural pest management and to reduce the use of chemical insecticides. Here, we have engineered Bt toxin Cry2Ab30 and bioconjugated it with 4”-O-succinyl avermectin (AVM) to synthesize Cry2Ab–AVM bioconjugate. It was found that Cry2Ab–AVM showed higher insecticidal activity against Plutella xylostella, up to 154.4 times compared to Cry2Ab30. The binding results showed that Cry2Ab–AVM binds to the cadherin-like binding protein fragments, the 10th and 11th cadherin repeat domains in the P. xylostella cadherin (PxCR10–11), with a much higher affinity (dissociation equilibrium constant KD = 3.44 nM) than Cry2Ab30 (KD = 28.7 nM). Molecular docking suggested that the macrolide lactone group of Cry2Ab–AVM ligand docking into the PxCR10–11 is a potential mechanism to enhance the binding affinity of Cry2Ab–AVM to PxCR10–11. These findings offer scope for the engineering of Bt toxins by bioconjugation for improved pest management.

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Nowak, Monika, Przemysław Bernat, Julia Mrozińska, and Sylwia Różalska. "Acetamiprid Affects Destruxins Production but Its Accumulation in Metarhizium sp. Spores Increases Infection Ability of Fungi." Toxins 12, no. 9 (September 11, 2020): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12090587.

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Metarhizium sp. are entomopathogenic fungi that inhabit the soil environment. Together, they act as natural pest control factors. In the natural environment, they come into contact with various anthropogenic pollutants, and sometimes, they are used together and interchangeably with chemical insecticides (e.g., neonicotinoids) for pest control. In most cases, the compatibility of entomopathogens with insecticides has been determined; however, the influence of these compounds on the metabolism of entomopathogenic fungi has not yet been studied. Secondary metabolites are very important factors that influence the fitness of the producers, playing important roles in the ability of these pathogens to successfully parasitize insects. In this study, for the first time, we focus on whether the insecticide present in the fungal growth environment affects secondary metabolism in fungi. The research revealed that acetamiprid at concentrations from 5 to 50 mg L−1 did not inhibit the growth of all tested Metarhizium sp.; however, it reduced the level of 19 produced destruxins in direct proportion to the dosage used. Furthermore, it was shown that acetamiprid accumulates not only in plant or animal tissues, but also in fungal cells. Despite the negative impact of acetamiprid on secondary metabolism, it was proofed to accumulate in Metarhizium spores, which appeared to have a stronger infectious potential against mealworm Tenebrio molitor, in comparison to the insecticide or the biological agent alone.

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Jha, M. N., and S. K. Mishra. "Biological Responses of Cyanobacteria to Insecticides and Their Insecticide Degrading Potential." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 75, no. 2 (August 2005): 374–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-005-0764-2.

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Coats, Joel R., and Steven P. Bradbury. "Aquatic toxicology of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 8, no. 5 (May 1989): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620080501.

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Dodd, CA, and BG Klein. "Pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticide exposure in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson’s disease: an immunohistochemical analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase and glial fibrillary acidic protein in dorsolateral striatum." Toxicology and Industrial Health 25, no. 1 (February 2009): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233709102752.

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The pyrethroid insecticide permethrin and the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos can experimentally produce Parkinson’s disease (PD)-associated changes in the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway, short of frank degeneration, although at doses considerably higher than from a likely environmental exposure. The ability of permethrin (200 mg/kg), chlorpyrifos (50 mg/kg), or combined permethrin + chlorpyrifos to facilitate nigrostriatal damage in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) (30 mg/kg) C57BL/6 mouse model of PD was investigated in three separate experiments. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemistry assessed nigrostriatal degeneration or nigrostriatal damage more subtle than frank degeneration. Four fields in the dorsolateral caudate-putamen were examined at two rostrocaudal locations. The dopaminergic neurotoxin MPTP decreased striatal TH immunopositive neuropil and increased GFAP immunopositive neuropil. Neither permethrin nor chlorpyrifos, alone or in combination, altered the effects of MPTP upon TH or GFAP immunostaining. Permethrin alone increased striatal GFAP immunopositive neuropil but not when combined with chlorpyrifos treatment. Therefore, combined administration of the two insecticides appeared to protect against an increase in a neuropathological indicator of striatal damage seen with permethrin treatment alone. Differences compared with analysis of entire striatum emphasize the value of varying the topographic focus used to assess nigrostriatal degeneration in studies of insecticides in PD.

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Moody, Steven B., and Diane K. Terp. "Dystonic Reaction Possibly Induced by Cholinesterase Inhibitor Insecticides." Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy 22, no. 4 (April 1988): 311–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002808802200408.

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A 39-year-old male presented to the emergency room following parenteral injection of a household insecticide. The patient suffered from delayed, local complications as well as a dystonic-like reaction involving the neck musculature that was relieved by intramuscular diphenhydramine. Exposure to cholinesterase inhibitor insecticides has been associated with a number of serious toxicities due to accumulation of acetylcholine at various sites. It has been suggested that dystonic reactions are caused by an imbalance between cholinergic and dopaminergic pathways in the central nervous system. Therefore, a possible explanation of the dystonic reaction in this case is the increased cholinergic activity relative to dopaminergic activity induced by the insecticide.

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Reed, J. P., A. J. Keaster, R. J. Kremer, and H. D. Kerr. "Microbial degradation of some soil-applied insecticides, herbicides, and insecticide-herbicide combinations." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 42, no. 5 (May 1989): 676–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01700387.

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Pittman, Julian T., Celia A. Dodd, and Bradley G. Klein. "Immunohistochemical Changes in the Mouse Striatum Induced by the Pyrethroid Insecticide Permethrin." International Journal of Toxicology 22, no. 5 (September 2003): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109158180302200504.

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Epidemiological studies have linked insecticide exposure and Parkinson's disease. In addition, some insecticides produce damage or physiological disruption within the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway of non-humans. This study employed immunohistochemical analysis in striatum of the C57BL/6 mouse to clarify tissue changes suggested by previous pharmacological studies of the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin. Dopamine transporter, tyrosine hydroxylase, and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivities were examined in caudate-putamen to distinguish changes in amount of dopamine transporter immunoreactive protein from degeneration or other damage to dopaminergic neuropil. Weight-matched pairs of pesticide-treated and vehicle-control mice were dosed and sacrificed on the same days. Permethrin at 0.8, 1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg were the low doses and at 200 mg/kg the high dose. Brains from matched pairs of mice were processed on the same slides using the avidin-biotin technique. Four fields were morphometrically located in each of the serial sections of caudateputamen, digitally photographed, and immunopositive image pixels were counted and compared between members of matched pairs of permethrin-treated and vehicle-control mice. For low doses, only 3.0 mg/kg produced a significant decrease in dopamine transporter immunostaining. The high dose of permethrin did not produce a significant change in dopamine transporter or tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining, but resulted in a significant increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein immunostaining. These data suggest that a low dose of permethrin can reduce the amount of dopamine transporter immunoreactive protein in the caudate-putamen. They also suggest that previously reported reductions in dopamine uptake of striatal synaptosomes of high-dose mice may be due to nondegenerative tissue damage within this region as opposed to reductions of dopamine transporter protein or death of nigrostriatal terminals. These data provide further evidence that insecticides can affect the primary neurodegenerative substrate of Parkinson's disease.

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Alias, Ashraf, Muna Al-Zubaidy, Yaareb Mousa, and Fouad Mohammad. "Plasma and whole brain cholinesterase activities in three wild bird species in Mosul, IRAQ: In vitro inhibition by insecticides." Interdisciplinary Toxicology 4, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10102-011-0022-x.

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Plasma and whole brain cholinesterase activities in three wild bird species in Mosul, IRAQ:In vitroinhibition by insecticidesPlasma and brain cholinesterase activities were determined in three wild bird species to assess their exposure to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides which are used in agriculture and public health. In the present study, we used an electrometric method for measurement of cholinesterase activities in the plasma and whole brain of three indigenous wild birds commonly found in northern Iraq. The birds used were apparently healthy adults of both sexes (8 birds/species, comprising 3-5 from each sex) of quail (Coturnix coturnix), collard dove (Streptopelia decaocto) and rock dove (Columba livia gaddi), which were captured in Mosul, Iraq. The mean respective cholinesterase activities (Δ pH/30 minutes) in the plasma and whole brain of the birds were as follows: quail (0.96 and 0.29), collard dove (0.97and 0.82) and rock dove (1.44 and 1.42). We examined the potential susceptibility of the plasma or whole brain cholinesterases to inhibition by selected insecticides. The technique ofin vitrocholinesterase inhibition for 10 minutes by the organophosphate insecticides dichlorvos, malathion and monocrotophos (0.5 and 1.0 μM) and the carbamate insecticide carbaryl (5 and10 μM) in the enzyme reaction mixtures showed significant inhibition of plasma and whole brain cholinesterase activities to various extents. The data further support and add to the reported cholinesterase activities determined electrometrically in wild birds in northern Iraq. The plasma and whole brain cholinesterases of the birds are highly susceptible to inhibition by organophosphate and carbamate insecticides as determined by the described electrometric method, and the results further suggest the usefulness of the method in biomonitoring wild bird cholinesterases.

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Jolly, Donald W. "THE TOXICOLOGY OF INSECTICIDES USED ON LIVESTOCK." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 111, no. 2 (December 15, 2006): 783–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1964.tb53145.x.

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Wismer, Tina, and Charlotte Means. "Toxicology of Newer Insecticides in Small Animals." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 42, no. 2 (March 2012): 335–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.12.004.

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Wismer, Tina, and Charlotte Means. "Toxicology of Newer Insecticides in Small Animals." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 48, no. 6 (November 2018): 1013–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2018.06.005.

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Krebs, H. Chr. "Insecticides—Progress in Pesticide Biochemistry and Toxicology." Toxicon 25, no. 4 (January 1987): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(87)90082-1.

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Wang, Xingliang, Yanjun Xu, Jianlei Huang, Wenzhong Jin, Yihua Yang, and Yidong Wu. "CRISPR-Mediated Knockout of the ABCC2 Gene in Ostrinia furnacalis Confers High-Level Resistance to the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Fa Toxin." Toxins 12, no. 4 (April 11, 2020): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12040246.

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The adoption of transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal crystalline (Cry) proteins has reduced insecticide application, increased yields, and contributed to food safety worldwide. However, the efficacy of transgenic Bt crops is put at risk by the adaptive resistance evolution of target pests. Previous studies indicate that resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1A and Cry1F toxins was genetically linked with mutations of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter subfamily C gene ABCC2 in at least seven lepidopteran insects. Several strains selected in the laboratory of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis, a destructive pest of corn in Asian Western Pacific countries, developed high levels of resistance to Cry1A and Cry1F toxins. The causality between the O. furnacalis ABCC2 (OfABCC2) gene and resistance to Cry1A and Cry1F toxins remains unknown. Here, we successfully generated a homozygous strain (OfC2-KO) of O. furnacalis with an 8-bp deletion mutation of ABCC2 by the CRISPR/Cas9 approach. The 8-bp deletion mutation results in a frame shift in the open reading frame of transcripts, which produced a predicted protein truncated in the TM4-TM5 loop region. The knockout strain OfC2-KO showed much more than a 300-fold resistance to Cry1Fa, and low levels of resistance to Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac (<10-fold), but no significant effects on the toxicities of Cry1Aa and two chemical insecticides (abamectin and chlorantraniliprole), compared to the background NJ-S strain. Furthermore, we found that the Cry1Fa resistance was autosomal, recessive, and significantly linked with the 8-bp deletion mutation of OfABCC2 in the OfC2-KO strain. In conclusion, in vivo functional investigation demonstrates the causality of the OfABCC2 truncating mutation with high-level resistance to the Cry1Fa toxin in O. furnacalis. Our results suggest that the OfABCC2 protein might be a functional receptor for Cry1Fa and reinforces the association of this gene to the mode of action of the Cry1Fa toxin.

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Kong, Fanfang, Yaqin Song, Qian Zhang, Zhongyue Wang, and Yongqiang Liu. "Sublethal Effects of Chlorantraniliprole on Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Moth: Implication for Attract-And-Kill Strategy." Toxics 9, no. 2 (January 22, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9020020.

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The integrated use of plant-derived volatile attractants and synthetic insecticides in attract-and-kill programs is a useful tool for integrated pest management programs reducing pesticide input. Efficient alternative insecticides are critically needed to replace methomyl, which has been banned on cruciferous vegetables in China because it is also highly toxic to nontarget organisms. In the present study, among 15 commonly used insecticides were screened for toxicity against S. litura moths, where chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide, and emamectin benzoate was found to have the highest levels of toxicity (LC50 of 0.56, 3.85, and 6.03 mg a.i. L−1 respectively). After exposure to the low lethal concentration LC50 of chlorantraniliprole, fecundity of the moths was substantially reduced. Egg-hatching was lower for LC20- and LC50-treated moth pairs than for untreated control pairs. Net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), and finite rate of increase (λ) were significantly reduced in LC50♀ × LC50♂ cohorts. Larval mortality was significantly higher in subsequent generations in pairs of LC50-treated moths. Chlorantraniliprole, which was most toxic and had significant sublethal effects on moths, can be used as an alternative insecticide to methomyl in the attracticide for controlling S. litura moths, and the LC50 indicated a high potential for efficacy in the control S. litura through attract-and-kill schemes.

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Susanna, Dewi, and Dian Pratiwi. "Current status of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in the Asian countries: a systematic review." F1000Research 10 (March 10, 2021): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.46883.1.

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Background: The application of insecticides for malaria vector control has remained a global problem, due to the current trend of increased resistance against these chemicals. This study aims to determine the insecticide-resistant status in Asia and how to implement the necessary interventions. Moreover, the implications of resistance in malaria vector control in this region were studied. Methods: This systematic review was conducted using a predefined protocol based on PRISMA-retrieved articles from four science databases, namely ProQuest, Science Direct, EBSCO, and PubMed in the last ten years (2009 to 2019). The searching process utilized four main combinations of the following keywords: malaria, vector control, insecticide, and Asia. In ProQuest, malaria control, as well as an insecticide, were used as keywords. The following criteria were included in the filter, namely full text, the source of each article, scholarly journal, Asia, and publication date as in the last ten years. Results: There were 1408 articles retrieved during the initial search (ProQuest=722, Science Direct=267, EBSCO=50, PubMed=285, and Scopus=84). During the screening, 27 articles were excluded because of duplication, 1361 based on title and abstract incompatibility with the inclusion criteria, and 20 due to content differences. In the final screening process, 15 articles were chosen to be analyzed. From the 15 articles, it is known that there was dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and pyrethroids resistance in several anopheles species with a mortality rate of less than 80%. Conclusions: The report on the pyrethroid resistance was complicated, since this insecticide was considered effective in malaria vector control. Therefore, several strategies were required, including the management plans in selecting insecticides, using a rotation system during interventions in the field, regular monitoring, and integrating vector control based on physics, chemistry, and biology. All of these need to be supported by cross-sector policies and cooperation in achieving the 2030 malaria-free target.

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Şenyildiz, Mine, Adem Kilinc, and Sibel Ozden. "Investigation of the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of widely used neonicotinoid insecticides in HepG2 and SH-SY5Y cells." Toxicology and Industrial Health 34, no. 6 (March 28, 2018): 375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233718762609.

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Neonicotinoids are a relatively new type of insecticide to control a variety of pests. Although they are generally considered to be safe, they can lead to harmful effects on human and environmental health. We aimed to investigate possible effects of common neonicotinoid insecticides (acetamiprid, clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam) on cytotoxicity and DNA damage in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. Our results indicated that 50% of inhibitory concentration values of neonicotinoids are in the range of 0.96 to >4 mM in SH-SY5Y cells and 0.53 to >4 mM in HepG2 cells by the methyl tetrazolium and neutral red uptake tests after 24 and 48 h exposure. We observed significant DNA damage at 500 µM of five neonicotinoids in SHSY-5Y cells, while only imidacloprid, thiametoxam, and thiacloprid showed some alterations in HepG2 cells after 24 h exposure using the alkaline comet assay. In conclusion, neonicotinoid insecticides may induce cytotoxicity and DNA damage in cell cultures; therefore, further studies are needed to better understand the toxicity of neonicotinoids.

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Abai, Mohammad Reza, Hassan Vatandoost, Hossein Dorzadeh, Mansoreh Shayeghi, Ahmad Ali Hanafi-bojd, and Ahmad Raeisi. "Bioefficacy of bendiocarb WP80 in vector-borne and zoonotic diseases areas in borderline of Iran and Pakistan." Toxicology Research 10, no. 4 (July 27, 2021): 868–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfab070.

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Abstract Malaria and leishmaniasis are the public health problems in southern Iran. The main activity of vector control is indoor residual spraying using pyrethroids, using different insecticides as larviciding and impregnated bednets. The aim of study was to evaluate the biological assays of bendiocarb wettable powder (WP) at different surfaces of wall. The residual effect of bendiocarb WP80 at 400 milligram/meter square (mg/m2) was evaluated on various local surfaces of rooms such as mud and plaster as well as thatch roofs and wooden. World Health Organization standard cones using contact bioassays were carried out using laboratory reared sugar-fed, 48–72 h old females of Anopheles stephensi. Contact bioassays were carried out on sprayed surfaces for 150 days. Contact bioassay on surfaces treated with bendiocarb WP80 at different surfaces was estimated about 2 months. Fumigant tests of bendiocarb WP80 at 400 mg/m2 revealed 50–93.83% mortality with 1 month persistency. The results showed that carbamate insecticide could be used as rotation with pyrethroids for malaria vector control. Monitoring and evaluation of environmental toxicology of pesticides is important for decision making for choosing appropriate pesticides for disease vector control.

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Magdalan, Jan, Marcin Zawadzki, and Anna Merwid-Lad. "Fatal intoxication with hydrocarbons in deltamethrin preparation." Human & Experimental Toxicology 28, no. 12 (November 17, 2009): 791–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327109354939.

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Pyrethroid insecticides are very widely used in agriculture and household due to high effectiveness and low toxicity to humans. We have described a case of a fatal oral intoxication with decis, the insecticide containing pyrethroid (deltamethrin) in a hydrocarbon base. Pyrethroids, including deltamethrin, undergo rapid biotransformation by liver enzymes, which limit their systemic toxicity. Thus, we assume that in the presented case, fatal outcome of poisoning with decis was rather connected with toxic effects of hydrocarbon base (solvent naphtha) than with deltamethrin action. In the described case, detection of aromatic hydrocarbons in blood and lung tissue and their metabolites in urine confirms that these substances were absorbed from gastrointestinal tract to the systemic circulation. Predominant among the clinical outcomes in our patient was profound depression of CNS with apnea, which could be connected with narcotic action of organic solvents. The cardiac arrest was in mechanism of asystolia with prior non-responsive to catecholamines bradycardia and vascular collapse. We connect it with hydrocarbon-induced cardiotoxicity. It is worth remembering that many pyrethroid-containing insecticides are formulated in a hydrocarbon base. Intoxication with such preparations should always be considered not only as poisoning with pyrethroid alone but also as intoxication with hydrocarbons.

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Spochacz, Marta, Monika Szymczak, Szymon Chowański, Sabino Aurelio Bufo, and Zbigniew Adamski. "Solanum nigrum Fruit Extract Increases Toxicity of Fenitrothion—A Synthetic Insecticide, in the Mealworm Beetle Tenebrio molitor Larvae." Toxins 12, no. 10 (September 24, 2020): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12100612.

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Synthetic insecticides are widely used for crop protection both in the fields and in the food stored facilities. Due to their toxicity, and assumptions of Integrated Pest Management, we conducted two independent experiments, where we studied the influence of Solanum nigrum unripe fruit extract on the toxicity of an organophosphorus insecticide fenitrothion. In the first variant of the experiment, Tenebrio molitor larvae were fed with blended fenitrothion (LC50) and the extract in four concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10%) in ratio 1:1 for 3 days. In the second variant, a two-day application of fenitrothion (LC40) was preceded by a one-day extract treatment. The first variant did not show any increase in lethality compared to fenitrothion; however, ultrastructure observations exhibited swollen endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes in the midgut and nuclear and cellular membranes in the fat body, after application of blended fenitrothion and extract. An increased amount of heterochromatin in the fat body was observed, too. In the second variant, pre-treatment of the extract increased the lethality of larvae, decreased the level of glycogen and lipids in the fat body and disrupted integrity of midgut cellular membranes. S. nigrum extract, applied prior to fenitrothion treatment can be a factor increasing fenitrothion toxicity in T. molitor larvae. Thus, this strategy may lead to decreased emission of synthetic insecticides to the environment.

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Casey, P., and J. A. Vale. "Deaths from Pesticide Poisoning in England and Wales: 1945-1989." Human & Experimental Toxicology 13, no. 2 (February 1994): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719401300206.

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1 Data on deaths from pesticide poisoning occurring in England and Wales between 1945 and 1989 (no data are available for 1954) have been collated; pesticides were responsible for only 1012 (1.1 %) of the 87,385 deaths from poisoning (excluding those due to carbon monoxide) occurring over this 44 year period. At least 73% of all pesticide fatalities were due to suicide and overall there was a predominance of males (male:female ratio 2.4:1). No deaths from pesticide poisoning in children under 10 years have been reported since 1974 although almost 50% of suspected pesticide poisoning incidents involve this age group. 2 Herbicides were responsible for 787 (78%) fatal poisonings, 110 (11%) were caused by insecticides, 69 (6.8%) by rodenticides, 30 (3.0%) by wood preservatives and 16 (1.6%) by other pesticides. 3 The herbicide, paraquat, was responsible for 570 of 1012 (56%) deaths and, although there has been a progressive decline in the annual number of deaths from paraquat poisoning since 1982, paraquat remains the most common cause of fatal pesticide poisoning in England and Wales. 4 Sodium chlorate caused 113 (11.2%) deaths, most of these fatalities occurring between 1965 and 1983; only one death has been recorded since 1984. The phenoxyacetate herbicides resulted in 50 deaths; 2,4-D was implicated most commonly, Sixty-eight deaths were due to organophosphorus insecticides; demeton-S-methyl, malathion and mevinphos were involved most frequently. Only eight deaths resulted from organochlorine insecticides and two of these also involved an organophosphorus insecticide. 5 Although pesticide poisoning is an uncommon cause of admission to hospital in England and Wales, the mortality remains high at least in adult cases due to the suicidal ingestion of paraquat.

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Wang, Xu, María Aránzazu Martínez, Qinghua Wu, Irma Ares, María Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga, Arturo Anadón, and Zonghui Yuan. "Fipronil insecticide toxicology: oxidative stress and metabolism." Critical Reviews in Toxicology 46, no. 10 (September 19, 2016): 876–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2016.1223014.

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Tomizawa, Motohiro, and John E. Casida. "NEONICOTINOID INSECTICIDE TOXICOLOGY: Mechanisms of Selective Action." Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 45, no. 1 (September 22, 2005): 247–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095930.

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The neonicotinoids, the newest major class of insecticides, have outstanding potency and systemic action for crop protection against piercing-sucking pests, and they are highly effective for flea control on cats and dogs. Their common names are acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam. They generally have low toxicity to mammals (acute and chronic), birds, and fish. Biotransformations involve some activation reactions but largely detoxification mechanisms. In contrast to nicotine, epibatidine, and other ammonium or iminium nicotinoids, which are mostly protonated at physiological pH, the neonicotinoids are not protonated and have an electronegative nitro or cyano pharmacophore. Agonist recognition by the nicotinic receptor involves cation-π interaction for nicotinoids in mammals and possibly a cationic subsite for interaction with the nitro or cyano substituent of neonicotinoids in insects. The low affinity of neonicotinoids for vertebrate relative to insect nicotinic receptors is a major factor in their favorable toxicological profile.

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Phillips, Bryn M., Michael Cahn, Jennifer P. Voorhees, Laura McCalla, Katie Siegler, David L. Chambers, Thomas R. Lockhart, Xin Deng, and Ron S. Tjeerdema. "An Integrated Vegetated Treatment System for Mitigating Imidacloprid and Permethrin in Agricultural Irrigation Runoff." Toxics 9, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9010007.

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Pyrethroid and neonicotinoid pesticides control an array of insect pests in leafy greens, but there are concerns about the off-site movement and potential water quality impacts of these chemicals. Effective on-farm management practices can eliminate aquatic toxicity and pesticides in runoff. This project evaluated an integrated vegetated treatment system (VTS), including the use of polyacrylamide (PAM), for minimizing the toxicity of imidacloprid and permethrin pesticides in runoff. The VTS incorporated a sediment trap to remove coarse particles, a grass-lined ditch with compost swales to remove suspended sediment and insecticides, and granulated activated carbon (GAC) or biochar to remove residual insecticides. Runoff was sampled throughout the VTS and analyzed for pesticide concentrations, and aquatic toxicity using the midge Chironomusdilutus and the amphipod Hyalella azteca. In simulated runoff experiments, the VTS reduced suspended sediment load by 88%, and imidacloprid and permethrin load by 97% and 99%, respectively. In runoff events from a conventionally grown lettuce field, suspended sediment load was reduced by 98%, and insecticide load by 99%. Toxicity was significantly reduced in approximately half of the simulated runoff events, and most of the lettuce runoff events. Integrated vegetated treatment systems that include components for treating soluble and hydrophobic pesticides are vital tools for reducing pesticide load and occurrence of pesticide-related toxicity.

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Leal, Allan, Etiely Karnopp, Yuri Correia Barreto, Raquel Soares Oliveira, Maria Eduarda Rosa, Bruna Trindade Borges, Flávia Luana Goulart, et al. "The Insecticidal Activity of Rhinella schneideri (Werner, 1894) Paratoid Secretion in Nauphoeta cinerea Cocroaches." Toxins 12, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12100630.

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Rhinella schneideri is a common toad found in South America, whose paratoid toxic secretion has never been explored as an insecticide. In order to evaluate its insecticidal potential, Nauphoeta cinerea cockroaches were used as an experimental model in biochemical, physiological and behavioral procedures. Lethality assays with Rhinella schneideri paratoid secretion (RSPS) determined the LD50 value after 24 h (58.07µg/g) and 48 h exposure (44.07 µg/g) (R2 = 0.882 and 0.954, respectively). Acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) after RSPS at its highest dose promoted an enzyme inhibition of 40%, a similar effect observed with neostigmine administration (p < 0.001, n= 5). Insect locomotion recordings revealed that RSPS decreased the distance traveled by up to 37% with a concomitant 85% increase in immobile episodes (p < 0.001, n = 36). RSPS added to in vivo cockroach semi-isolated heart preparation promoted an irreversible and dose dependent decrease in heart rate, showing a complete failure after 30 min recording (p < 0.001, n ≥ 6). In addition, RSPS into nerve-muscle preparations induced a dose-dependent neuromuscular blockade, reaching a total blockage at 70 min at the highest dose applied (p < 0.001, n ≥ 6). The effect of RSPS on spontaneous sensorial action potentials was characterized by an increase in the number of spikes 61% (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, there was 42% decrease in the mean area of those potentials (p < 0.05, n ≥ 6). The results obtained here highlight the potential insecticidal relevance of RSPS and its potential biotechnological application.

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Domínguez-Arrizabalaga, Mikel, Maite Villanueva, Baltasar Escriche, Carmen Ancín-Azpilicueta, and Primitivo Caballero. "Insecticidal Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis Proteins against Coleopteran Pests." Toxins 12, no. 7 (June 29, 2020): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12070430.

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Bacillus thuringiensis is the most successful microbial insecticide agent and its proteins have been studied for many years due to its toxicity against insects mainly belonging to the orders Lepidoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera, which are pests of agro-forestry and medical-veterinary interest. However, studies on the interactions between this bacterium and the insect species classified in the order Coleoptera are more limited when compared to other insect orders. To date, 45 Cry proteins, 2 Cyt proteins, 11 Vip proteins, and 2 Sip proteins have been reported with activity against coleopteran species. A number of these proteins have been successfully used in some insecticidal formulations and in the construction of transgenic crops to provide protection against main beetle pests. In this review, we provide an update on the activity of Bt toxins against coleopteran insects, as well as specific information about the structure and mode of action of coleopteran Bt proteins.

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Seifert, J. "Toxicologic Significance of the Hyperglycemia Caused by Organophosphorous Insecticides." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 67, no. 4 (October 16, 2001): 463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001280146.

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Mohammad, Fouad, Yasser Al-Badrany, and Mohammed Al-Jobory. "Acute Toxicity and Cholinesterase Inhibition in Chicks Dosed Orally with Organophosphate Insecticides." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 59, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-59-2008-1873.

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Acute Toxicity and Cholinesterase Inhibition in Chicks Dosed Orally with Organophosphate InsecticidesAcute toxic effects of three commonly used insecticidal preparations of the organophosphates chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and dichlorvos were examined in mixed breed broiler chicks, and cholinesterase activity in plasma and brain were measured. The acute (24 h) oral median lethal doses (LD50) of chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and dichlorvos were 10.79 mg kg-1, 6.32 mg kg-1, and 6.30 mg kg-1, respectively, as determined by the up-and-down method in chicks. Signs of cholinergic toxicosis in the chicks appeared within two hours after dosing, and they included salivation, lacrimation, gasping, frequent defecation, drooping of wings, tremors, convulsions, and recumbency before death. Halving the oral LD50 of chlorpyrifos (5 mg kg-1), diazinon (3 mg kg-1), and dichlorvos (3 mg kg-1) caused immobility and wing drooping, but not the clinical signs of cholinergic toxicity. However, at full LD50 doses of these insecticides, chicks showed clinical signs of cholinergic toxicity similar to those seen in the LD50 experiments. Two out of six chicks died within two hours after treatment with LD50 doses of chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos, whereas LD50 dosing with diazinon caused death in three out of six chicks. Compared to control values, the insecticides reduced plasma and whole brain cholinesterase activities by 29 % to 84 % and 18 % to 77 %, respectively, depending on the dose. The decrease in plasma cholinesterase correlated well (r = 0.82) with that of the brain. These data suggest that organophosphate insecticides administered orally at LD50 doses induce clinical signs of cholinergic poisoning and concurrently reduce brain and plasma cholinesterase activities in chicks.

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Marquis, Judith K. "Insecticides." Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 7 (January 1986): 374–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-6147(86)90390-1.

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Sapbamrer, Ratana, Surat Hongsibsong, Manoch Naksata, and Wimol Naksata. "Insecticide Filtration Efficiency of Respiratory Protective Equipment Commonly Worn by Farmers in Thailand." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 2624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052624.

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Farmers are at a high risk of inhalation exposure when handling pesticides. Thai farmers usually protect themselves against pesticide exposure by wearing commercial respiratory protective equipment (RPE) available from rural community markets. However, scientific data regarding the pesticide filtration efficiency of RPE commonly worn by farmers is limited. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the efficiency of insecticide filtration of various RPE commonly worn by farmers in Thailand. The half facepiece respirator was used as a control to compare the results with other RPE. Ten types of RPE were selected for testing. The filtration efficiency of each RPE against insecticides was tested in a laboratory. The remarkable findings were that a surgical mask demonstrated the least filtration efficiency of all tested insecticides, with a range of 25.7–61.5%. The RPE available in rural markets of Thailand had a filtration efficiency within a range of 64.9–95.4%, whereas a half facepiece respirator was the most efficient in filtering insecticides, with a range of 96.5–98.9%. Therefore, our results suggest that the RPE most frequently worn by farmers may not provide adequate protection when compared with the respirator. However, considerations around RPE use in low-and middle-income countries and tropical climate conditions should be based on pesticide toxicity and practical use, ensuring balance between the risks from pesticide exposure and acceptance of PPE use.

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Sun, Yunpei, and Yunqin Sun. "INSECT RESISTANCE TO INSECTICIDES AND DYNAMICS OF INSECT TOXICOLOGY." Insect Science 1, no. 3 (September 1994): 217–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7917.1994.tb00249.x.

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Galley, D. J. "Progress in pesticide biochemistry and toxicology. Volume 5: Insecticides." Crop Protection 5, no. 6 (December 1986): 431–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(86)90082-7.

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Sozanski, Kyle, Lívia Pires do Prado, Andrew J. Mularo, Victoria A. Sadowski, Tappey H. Jones, and Rachelle M. M. Adams. "Venom Function of a New Species of Megalomyrmex Forel, 1885 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Toxins 12, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12110679.

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Alkaloids are important metabolites found across a variety of organisms with diverse ecological functions. Of particular interest are alkaloids found in ants, organisms well known for dominating the ecosystems they dwell in. Within ants, alkaloids are found in venom and function as potent weapons against heterospecific species. However, research is often limited to pest species or species with parasitic lifestyles and thus fails to address the broader ecological function of ant venom alkaloids. Here we describe a new species of free-living Megalomyrmex ant: Megalomyrmex peetersi sp. n. In addition, we identify its singular venom alkaloid (trans-2-butyl-5-heptylpyrrolidine) and elucidate the antibiotic and insecticidal functions of its venom. Our results show that Megalomyrmex peetersi sp. n. venom is an effective antibiotic and insecticide. These results are comparable to venom alkaloids found in other ant species, such as Solenopsis invicta. This research provides great insight into venom alkaloid function, and it is the first study to explore these ideas in the Megalomyrmex system.

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Kravchuk, O. P., P. G. Zhminko, V. I. Medvedev, A. P. Grynko, S. G. Sergeev, L. P. Ivanova, O. M. Bagatska, et al. "Assessment of hazard and hygienic rating of flubendiamide in agricultural food products of the plant origin, industrial and environmental objects." Ukrainian Journal of Modern Toxicological Aspects 82-83, no. 2-3 (September 27, 2018): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33273/2663-4570-2018-82-83-2-3-13-23.

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Flubendiamide is recommended for use as an insecticide for corn, sunflower, soybean, cabbage, and tomatoes. The State Enterprise “L.I. Medved’s Research Center of Preventive Toxicology, Food and Chemical Safety” of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine conducted a study on toxicological and hygienic assessment of flubendiamide and insecticide Belt 480 SC on its basis; the justification of flubendiamide PDE (permitted daily exposure) to human, hygienic rates of the substance and the rules for safe use of the drug. Objectives. Toxicological and hygienic assessment of the use of insecticide on the basis of flubendiamide, assessment of the risk of its impact on agricultural workers and population. Methods. Expert-analytical, toxicological, physical and chemical, and hygienic. Results. According to the toxicity parameters, flubendiamide and Belt 480 SC are pesticides of the second class of hazard. The mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic activity, embryo and reproductive toxicity of flubendiamide are not limiting in assessing its hazard. The results of field studies showed that residual amounts of flubendiamide were not found in the crop of corn and soybean, sunflower seeds, cabbage and tomatoes. The degree of possible occupational risk of exposure to flubendiamide in case of intake by agricultural workers via inhalation and dermal routes does not exceed the permissible level. Conclusion. Insecticide Belt 480 SC, based on flubendiamide in agriculture of Ukraine in corn, sunflower, soybean, cabbage and tomatoes under adherence to hygienic rates and regulations is not hazardous from the point of view of the possibility of contamination of agricultural crops and environmental objects with flubendiamide. Key words: insecticide, flubendiamide, toxicology, hygienic rates and regulations, assessment of hazard.

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Aiello, Federica, Marcel G. Simons, Jan W. van Velde, and Paulo Dani. "New Insights into the Degradation Path of Deltamethrin." Molecules 26, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 3811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133811.

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Pyrethroids are among the insecticidal compounds indicated by the World Health Organization for mitigation of vector-borne diseases. Active deltamethrin (with chiral configuration α-S,1-R-cis) is one of the most effective pyrethroids characterized by low toxicity to humans, and it is currently tested as active ingredient for insecticidal paints. Nevertheless, several degradation processes can occur and affect the insecticidal efficacy in the complex paint matrix. In the present study, a detailed NMR analysis of deltamethrin stability has been carried out under stress conditions, mimicking a water-based insecticidal paint environment. Two novel by-products, having a diastereomeric relationship, were identified and their structure was elucidated by combining NMR, HPLC, GC-MS, and ESI-MS analyses. These compounds are the result from a nucleophilic addition involving deltamethrin and one of its major degradation products, 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde. Given the known toxicity of the aldehyde, this reaction could represent a way to reduce its concentration into the matrix. On the other hand, the toxicology of these compounds towards humans should be addressed, as their presence may adversely affect the performance of deltamethrin-containing products.

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Gupta, R. C., J. T. Goad, D. Milatovic, and W.-D. Dettbarn. "Cholinergic and noncholinergic brain biomarkers of insecticide exposure and effects." Human & Experimental Toxicology 19, no. 5 (May 2000): 297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/096032700678815927.

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Abstract:

The objective of this investigation was to determine the distribution of cholinergic and noncholinergic biomarkers in discrete brain regions (cortex, stem, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum) of rats treated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, controls), and insecticides such as carbofuran (CARB, 1.5 mg/kg, sc), or methyl parathion (MPTH, 5 mg/kg, ip). Both insecticides produced characteristic signs of anticholinesterase nature within 5-7 min after injection. In controls, analyses of the brain regions revealed a wide variability in the values of cholinergic (acetylcholinesterase, AChE) and noncholinergic (creatine kinase, CK; and lactic dehydrogenase, LDH, and their isoenzymes) biomarkers. The highest activities of AChE and LDH were found in the striatum (166±123 μmol/g/h and 57,720±478 IU/l, respectively) and lowest in the cerebellum (118±6 μmol/g/h) and 39,480±918 IU/l, respectively). However, the activity of CK was found highest in the cerebellum (742,560±798 IU/l) and lowest in the hippocampus (353,400±11,696 IU/l). Each brain region showed a characteristic profile of CK and LDH isoenzymes. Among the CK isoenzymes, activity of CK-BB was highest (77.5-89.3%), followed by CK-MM (6.7-15.6%), and least CK-MB (0-6.9%). The cerebellum had no CK-MB activity. In all brain regions, CK-MM isoenzyme had only the CK-MM3 subform. Among the LDH isoenzymes, activity of LDH-4 was highest in all brain regions (23-40%), except the cerebellum in which LDH-1 was highest (29%). Compared to the brain, control serum contained very little CK and LDH activity, but serum had three distinct CK and five distinct LDH iso-enzymes. Unlike brain regions, serum had three CK-MM subforms. Each insecticide induced characteristic alterations in brain biomarkers. AChE activity was maximally inactivated in cortex (90.6%) with CARB, and in cerebellum (95.3%) with MPTH. With either insecticide, the least inhibition of AChE occurred in the striatum. Unlike AChE, carboxylesterase (CarbE) did not show brain regional variability in controls, and its activity was uniformly inhibited in all brain regions by CARB and comparatively greater by MPTH. CARB- or MPTH-induced characteristic alterations in CK, LDH, and their isoenzymes in the brain, which were also reflected in serum, as a result of their leakage from the brain by increased permeability due to depletion of ATP (38-57% and 33-47%, respectively) and phosphocreatine (PCr, 23-42% and 56-65%, respectively).

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Journal articles on the topic 'Insecticidas - Toxicología'

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