Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Insecticides organochlorés'
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Benarbia, Mohammed el Amine. "Implication des toxiques environnementaux (lindane / chlordécone) dans la régulation mitochondriale et pathologies associées." Angers, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00995354.
Full textFor several decades, medicine has noted an increase in proliferative diseases, lipid overload and neurodegenerative diseases. The metabolic diseases are the most common (insulin resistance, type II diabetes or obesity disease). It is obvious that these diseases are multifactorial. An environmental cause is more and more frequently evoked as a causal factor or worsening factor. The last decades have seen a proliferation of the use of pesticides in agricultural or industrial uses. These xenobiotics are suspected to promote diseases called "environmental". It appears that even low doses of these products induce metabolic effects. We studied the effect of two organochlorine, lindane and chlordecone on mitochondrial function and cellular energy metabolism. This study was conducted on HepG2 cells, and short periods with concentrations corresponding to plasma concentrations found in the areas of exposure. These pesticide molecules induce mitochondrial stress that seems to resolve over a short period. However some disturbance of mitochondrial metabolic regulations and nucleo-mitochondrial cross-talk persist over longer periods. This is true for the expression of regulatory factors, disturbance promoting cellular dysfunction that may be the cause of "environmental" disease. We propose that the analysis of the mitochondrial function could be an interesting approach of low dose xénobiotics toxicological assesment
Bertrand, Anne-Valérie. "Insecticides organochlorés et faune aviaire : bilan de la contamination et des effets toxiques." Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR2P090.
Full textCartier, Chloé. "Etude de l'impact de l'exposition prénatale aux insecticides organochlorés et organophosphorés sur le développement des fonctions cognitives et sensorielles d'enfants d'âge scolaire." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B007/document.
Full textPrenatal organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides exposure and children cognitive and sensory function at school age
Coat, Sophie. "Identification du réseau trophique de rivière et étude de sa contamination par les pesticides organochlorés (chlordécone et bêta-HCH)en Guadeloupe." Antilles-Guyane, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AGUY0260.
Full textThis study examines the contamination of Guadeloupean rivers by organochlorinated pesticides, formerly used on banana plantations: chlordecone and β3-HCH. Its objectives are 1) to identify the downstream food web structure, 2) to evaluate the contamination levels of it~ various components and 3) to appreciate pesticide dynamics within the freshwater ecosystem. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes analysis, coupled with dietary data from Iiterature, helped investigate trophic relationships between species and revealed the dependenc of the stream food web on both autochthonous (algae and biofilm) and allochthonous food sources of terrestrial and marine origin (plant detritus, drifting particulate matter and juveniles of diadromous fishes and shrimps from coastal waters). Chemical analyses showed a general and heavy contamination of the aquatic ecosystem by organochlorinated pesticides. An assessment of the interaction patterns between contaminants and biota was conducted thanks to the identification of ecological factors that influence the bioaccumulation of pesticides. Whereas the most persistent pollutant (chlordecone) is related to the organisms' diet and habitat, bioaccumulation of β3-HCH i only influenced by the animais' Iipid content. The biomagnification potential of chlordecone through the food chain has been demonstrate and highlighted the importance of trophic transfer in this compound uptake. In contrast, bioconcentration by passive diffusion from water seems to be the main exposure route of β3-HCH in biota
Sahmarani, Rayane. "Valorisation des déchets agroalimentaires (noyaux des dattes-Phoenix Dactylifera) pour l’élimination des pesticides organochlorés des eaux contaminées." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R079.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to propose an innovative approach for the depollution of contaminated water by organochlorine pesticides used an adsorption technique on activated carbons from date stones (species : Phoenix dactylifera, types : Ajwa, Anbari et Khudri). Then, study the retention capacity of these column materials in the laboratory with applications on contaminated sites (effluents of agriculture and wastewater treatment plants).The preparation of better activated carbons from date stones by a simple process of pyrolysis preceded by a chemical impregnation with phosphoric acid. Several parameters will be studied in order to determine the optimal conditions of the adsorption such as dose of the adsorbent, pH of the solution, initial concentration of pesticides and time of contact, since the adsorption capacity of an activated carbon depends in part on the capability between the pore size and the dimension of the adsorbed molecules. Therefore, it is essential to optimize the production of activated carbon
Sahmarani, Rayane. "Valorisation des déchets agroalimentaires (noyaux des dattes-Phoenix Dactylifera) pour l’élimination des pesticides organochlorés des eaux contaminées." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LILUR079.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to propose an innovative approach for the depollution of contaminated water by organochlorine pesticides used an adsorption technique on activated carbons from date stones (species : Phoenix dactylifera, types : Ajwa, Anbari et Khudri). Then, study the retention capacity of these column materials in the laboratory with applications on contaminated sites (effluents of agriculture and wastewater treatment plants).The preparation of better activated carbons from date stones by a simple process of pyrolysis preceded by a chemical impregnation with phosphoric acid. Several parameters will be studied in order to determine the optimal conditions of the adsorption such as dose of the adsorbent, pH of the solution, initial concentration of pesticides and time of contact, since the adsorption capacity of an activated carbon depends in part on the capability between the pore size and the dimension of the adsorbed molecules. Therefore, it is essential to optimize the production of activated carbon
Amutova, Farida. "Assessment of bioavailability of organochlorine pesticides in chain «soil – farm animals – food products»." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0126.
Full textSoil could be the main vector for the transfer of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to agricultural animals, and, accordingly, to the food products they produce (meat, milk, eggs). Farm animals especially free-range species could ingest soil in different proportions together with vegetation which in case of contamination context represent a serious consequence to produce insecure food of animal origin. Hereby, this study was mainly focused on sequestration strategies which could ensure the safety of food produced by livestock animals in POP contaminated areas.The current work was focused on organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) among the POPs. These forbidden and obsolete chemicals have been stored over long time in facilities, which may have been deteriorated over the decades, which raises issues by their diffusion in the environment in various countries. The aim of the current study was to reduce OCPs transfer in the food chain «soil - farm animals - food products of animal origin» by the application of different carbonaceous materials based on activated carbons (AC) or biochars (BC), which are serious candidates to sequestrate POPs. The use AC/BC as soil amendment can adsorb POPs reducing its environmental availability but also their bioavailability for free-ranged animals, which may ingest soil and by consequence soil-bound pollutants.Several scientific concepts such as environmental availability, bioavailability, transfer rate, bioaccumulation factor, adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms were integrated into the current study using in vitro and in vivo approaches in order to investigate application of sequestration strategies based on ACs and BCs as possible solutions for reduction of the OCPs (DDT and metabolites, HCH isomers and CLD) transfer from soil to food products in contaminated areas. Several ACs (DARCO, ORBO, Shubarkol) and BCs (Japanese knotweed, Oak tree, Sargassum) were revealed by the current work as effective sequestrants that could be effectively used in sequestration strategies as soil amendment. In addition, physical and chemical properties of SMs, amendment rate, contact time between contaminants and SMs and fractions of soil organic matter appeared as factors explaining efficiency of sequestration strategies based on AC/BCs.Finally, sequestration strategy based on AC/BC can be especially effective under conditions of moderate soil contaminations, which could significantly reduce environmental availability of pollutants (up to 90%) and, as a result, transfer to food products.Keywords: Organochlorine pesticides, Soil, Transfer, Farm animals, Sequestration, Activated carbon, Biochar, Bioavailability
Mawussi, Gbénonchi. "Bilan environnemental de l'utilisation de pesticides organochlorés dans les cultures de coton, café et cacao au Togo et recherche d'alternatives par l'évaluation du pouvoir insecticide d'extraits de plantes locales contre le scolyte du café (Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari)." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7844/1/mawussi.pdf.
Full textBlondel, Claire. "Potentialité de phytoremédiation de matrices polluées par des organochlorés : fonctionnalité de la rhizosphère." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENS032/document.
Full textHuman activities lead to diffuse pollution causing damages to the ecosystem. To avoid major disturbances such as biodiversity loss or contamination of trophic chains by pollutants it is necessary to restore these ecosystems. The classical techniques used in depollution are expensive, reduce soil fertility and have a negative effect on ecosystem functionality. In contrast, the use of plants to clean up soils called phytoremediation seems to be a more effective solution. However, it needs to be improved because many biological mechanisms remain unexplained. The originality of our work is to study the functionality of the rhizosphere of maize (Zea mays) exposed to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), lindane and chlordecone, banned in 1998 and 1993 respectively and persistent in the environment. This study will be conducted in the presence or absence of microorganisms to clarify the relationships between microorganisms and plant matrices. In this study, the mechanisms involved in the phytotoxicity of OCPs in root cells were analyzed. The cytotoxicity was dose-dependent and showed effects on the cell cycle (induction of endoreduplication and level of ploidy) and on cell death (induction of ROS, cytosolic Ca2+, caspase-3-like, apoptosis) under higher doses of exposure (particular case of former industrial sites). Lower exposures usually detected in the environment showed great disturbances in the root metabolome. These changes in sugars, organic acids, amino acids and lipids syntheses could be induced by oxidative stress provided by OCPs. Moreover, metabolome changes might cause modifications in root exudate composition which is involved in plant-microbe relationships. Ours results demonstrate that the overall rhizosphere functionality (resource allocation, carbon and nitrogen contents and microorganism's catabolism) was not disturbed by OCPs long-term exposure. Finally, we demonstrated rhizosphere positive impact on uptake of OCPs by Zea mays. Lindane seems to be partially mineralized by rhizospheric microorganisms. Then, these produced metabolites were uptaken by roots where they were bioconcentrated. These findings highlighted the rhizosphere adaptation to chemical pressure by OCPs and showed the good rhizosphere functionality despite of the OCPs contamination
Leblanc, Alix. "Effets d’un mélange de polluants organiques persistants sur le métabolisme hépatique." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05P629/document.
Full textEpidemiological studies have shown that exposure to certain xenobiotics is associated with an increased prevalence of metabolic diseases. Humans are exposed to mixtures of xenobiotics in a chronic and inevitable way. We studied the effects of the interaction of two xenobiotics on metabolism in the liver, the major organ for detoxification in the body. We chose two endocrine disruptors and persistent organic pollutants which activate different signaling pathways: 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), which uses the AhR (Aryl hydrocarbon receptor) pathway, and α-endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide, which acts via the PXR (pregnane X receptor) and/or the ER (estrogen receptor) pathway. Our aim was to determine the effects of this pollutant mixture, as compared to each pollutant alone, on the regulation in vitro of some hepatic metabolism pathways in the human hepatic cell line, HepaRG. In the first publication, a transcriptomic study of differentiated HepaRG cells was performed. The cells were exposed for 30h to 25nM TCDD, to 10 µM α-endosulfan or to the mixture. We observed that the mixture strongly inhibited the expression of some genes involved in the metabolism of glucose and alcohol. In the second study, we studied the mechanism of action of the mixture of pollutants on the metabolism of glucose. The expression of two genes involved in hepatic gluconeogenesis, glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pc), were reduced 80% by the mixture. The expression of other glucose metabolism genes (pyruvate kinase, glycogen synthase, glycogen phosphorylase, pyruvate dehydrogenase 2) also was decreased suggesting that the mixture might impact markedly carbohydrate metabolism. Furthermore, glucose production decreased 40% with the mixture under gluconeogenic conditions. Under glycolytic conditions, the oxidation of glucose into CO2 decreased 30% after 72h of exposure of the cells to the mixture. Long-term treatment (8 days) with lower doses (0.2 to 5 nM TCDD, 3 µM α-endosulfan) similarly decreased G6Pc and GLUT2 expression. We showed that TCDD activated the AhR pathway, and that ER was partly involved in the α-endosulfan effect. In the third part of this thesis, we studied the regulation of several enzymes involved in the metabolism of alcohol (alcohol dehydrogenase, ADH, cytochrome P450 2E1, CYP2E1) after activation of AhR. AhR agonists led to a decrease in the amounts of mRNAs for ADH1, 4, 6 and CYP2E1 and the corresponding proteins. We showed that this regulation uses the AhR genomic pathway. Furthermore, this effect was also observed after 8 days of treatment with lower doses of TCDD. Chronic exposure of individuals to low doses of xenobiotics in mixtures might significantly affect hepatic carbohydrate metabolism and be a contributing factor for the development of the metabolic syndrome
Merlin, Chloé. "Recherche de la signature biologique de la dégradation du chlordécone dans le sol des Antilles françaises." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS001/document.
Full textThe use of chlordecone (CLD) to eradicate the weevil populations in the banana plantations in the French West Indies (Guadeloupe and Martinique) between 1972 and 1993 led to the contamination of the soil and the environment. This very hydrophobic organochlorine insecticide persists in the soil where it slowly transfers not only to the water resources but also to terrestrial and aquatic biota (plants, animals, fishes, shellfishes). Deemed “non-degradable”, CLD is resistant to photolysis, hydrolysis and biodegradation. To date, there is no method to remediate the 20,000 hectares of polluted soil with this insecticide. Given the extent of CLD pollution, biological decontamination processes appear appropriate to the Caribbean context. The objectives of my thesis were to explore the possibilities of microbial transformation of CLD and to assess the ecotoxicological impact of CLD on the soil microbial community. My work is based on the hypothesis that microbial populations chronically exposed to CLD would be adapted to its degradation to detoxify their environment or possibly for use as an energy source for growth.To do so, I developed an analysis method in soils and microbial cultures based on the use of stable isotope to trace CLD. I conducted enrichment experiments with CLD polluted soils from Guadeloupe yielding in the isolation of one hundred fungal strains and nearly two hundred bacterial strains. No degrading bacterial strains have been identified although few of them formed dissolution halo of CLD on solid media. Among the fungal isolates, only F. oxysporum sp. MIAE01197 grew on a mineral medium containing CLD as sole carbon source and dissipated 40% of the CLD. This isolate was twice more tolerant than the reference isolate which had never been exposed to CLD. This isolate mineralizes 14C-CLD very lowly, formed very few 14C-metabolites, but the 14C-CLD was adsorbed on the fungal cell walls, suggesting that the adsorption was the main mechanism involved in the dissipation of the CLD. Analysis of three other isolates belonging to the genus Aspergillus confirmed that exposure to CLD was one of the parameters improving the tolerance of fungal strains to CLD and fungal biomass was capable of adsorbing the CLD in proportions close to those obtained with activated carbon used to treat drinking water in the French West Indies.The assessment of the CLD ecotoxicological impact on the microbial community and functions it supports was carried out on two soils never exposed to CLD showing contrasting physicochemical properties. The analysis of the overall structure (evaluated by RISA), the abundance and the activity of the microbial community of the silty-clay soil were not affected by the CLD. However, the taxonomic composition (evaluated by group specific qPCR) and respiratory activity of the microbial community were affected by the CLD in the sandy soil. These results showed that the toxicity of CLD for microbial community depends on the physicochemical properties of the soil which may determine its bioavailability. Further studies are needed to evaluate the possible toxicity of the CLD on Caribbean soil ecosystemic functions
Chbib, Chaza. "Pollution des sols et des eaux souterraines par les pesticides dans la région d’Akkar au nord du Liban : évaluation des risques sanitaires." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10110.
Full textAkkar is the second agricultural zone in Lebanon. Pesticides are intensely applied in agricultural activities, and the groundwater has been reported to be highly contaminated by some pesticides. Due to the absence of a public network for water distribution, groundwater is used as the main source for drinking water of local inhabitants. The present study focus firstly on the evaluation of groundwater and soil contamination by OCPs, OPPs and ONPs and by heavy metals in order to characterize the degree of contamination. Secondly, it is focusing on the risk assessment of pollution on the population of Akkar. High levels of pesticides were detected in many villages in Akkar plain groundwater. Similarly, high concentrations of OCPs were detected in agricultural soil. A huge difference between the contamination levels in cultivated area and tillage land. Moreover, a significant variation has been established between soil depth. Results showed that some prohibited pesticides are still currently used in Akkar. To complete the background of pollution, trace metallic element As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn and Cd have been studied. The results showed that soils are moderately polluted by Cd. In parallel, a health study was conducted, the prevalence of nervous disorders; birth defects; cancer and other chronic diseases were exceeded those values reported in other regions. A significant correlation has been established between wells water consumption and the appearance of some diseases.More researches could be realized to identify pesticides levels in human blood or urine. Also it will be necessary to manage pesticides use in this region to reduce their effects on human health
Viggiano, Eric. "L'analyse des organochlorés dans les aliments." Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05P049.
Full textLétondor, Clarisse. "Etude des mécanismes histologiques et physiologiques du transfert de la chlordécone (insecticide organochlore) dans les vegetaux." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INPT0008/document.
Full textChlordecone (CLD) is an organochlorine insecticide mainly used in French West Indies to struggle against banana weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus). Its low degradability into soils and its spreading in catchment basins cause a sustainable contamination of agricultural soils and surrounding ecosystems. This leads to a human exposure risk, by food consumption of contaminated vegetables, and to an environmental risk by transfer of CLD in food chains. Main hazardous vegetables for human health are root-vegetables that are directly in contact of soil but also other vegetables because CLD residues are found in aerial parts of plant, leaves and shoots. The environmental risk seems to be the biomagnification of contamination in trophic chains due partly by consumption of contaminated plants. This work focused on the CLD soil-plant transfer, on the one hand in tubers of edible-roots for knowing the health risk and on the other hand in grasses for environmental risk. The CLD lipophilicity plays a major role in its transfer to plants. CLD exhibits a certain affinity for lipophilic tissues particularly for the suberised periderm of tubers and the xylem cell walls that are thickened by lignin. In addition, transfer depends on plant architecture, physiology and organ histology. Two ways of CLD plant contamination were highlighted: roots absorption and adsorption onto tuber periderm. These mechanisms are followed by CLD translocation towards internal tissues of tuber by diffusion and to above-ground parts of the plant within the transpiration stream occurring in vascular xylem vessels. For tubers, we distinguished between the contamination brought by roots absorption and the one brought by peridermic adsorption. In radish, the trans-peridermic diffusion was showed as the major way of contamination. A risk analysis mainly based on plant morphology and tissue histology set up during tuberization process was realized. For grasses, CLD transfer ability to aerial part of plant was studied in several usual gramineae (yam, sweet popato, dasheen). Plant contamination potential is mainly determined by its physiological traits (metabolism) and its life cycle (perenniality). These features could drive the choice of some gramineae to perform CLD phytoremediation
BERREBBAH, HOURIA. "Etude du controle de la mobilite flagellaire et ciliaire par le calcium. Effet du lindane, insecticide organochlore." Paris 7, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA077177.
Full textThybaud, Eric. "Recherches sur l'impact ecotoxicologique du lindane et de la deltamethrine sur divers niveaux d'organisation des ecosystemes limniques." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077040.
Full textLétondor, Clarisse. "Étude des mécanismes physiologiques et histologiques du transfert de la chlordécone, un insecticide organochloré, dans les plantes." Phd thesis, 2014. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/11987/1/Letondor.pdf.
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