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Journal articles on the topic 'Insecticides'
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1
Davlianidze, T. A., and O. Y. Eremina. "PROINSECTICIDES." Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, no. 1 (2021): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33092/0025-8326mp2021.1.54-63.
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Pro-insecticides are chemical compounds, the bioactivation of which occurs in the body of insects, where they are transformed into metabolites with greater insecticidal activity. These substances account for 20% of the total amount of insecticides on the market, and they account for 34% of the value of all world sales. Only after many years of use of insecticides did it become known that a significant part of them are precursors. According to the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC), about 40% of chemical groups contain precursors that require structural changes to manifest their insecticidal properties. Currently, 16 chemical groups of insecticides are known, in which there are representatives of pro-insecticides. The main molecular targets are: nicotine-acetylcholine receptor (NAChR), voltage-gated K- and Na-channels, Cl-channel of the GABAreceptor, Cl-channel of glutamate receptor, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and ryanodine receptor (RyR). The main direction of using pro-insecticides is the control of insecticide-resistant insect populations. The review summarizes and analyzes modern data on pro-insecticides, describes the main representatives and the mechanism of their transformation in the insect organism. Key words: pro-insecticides, insecticide resistance, insecticide mode of action, bioactivation
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Firmansyah, Efrin, Dadang ., and Ruli Anwar. "AKTIVITAS INSEKTISIDA EKSTRAK TITHONIA DIVERSIFOLIA (HEMSL.) A GRAY (ASTERACEAE) TERHADAP ULAT DAUN KUBIS PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: YPONOMEUTIDAE)." JURNAL HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN TROPIKA 17, no. 2 (October 1, 2017): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.217185-193.
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Insecticidal activity of extracts of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray (Asteraceae) against the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) is one of the most destructive pests on cruciferous plants. Generally farmers use synthetic insecticides to control this pest. Intensive and excessive use of insecticides can cause some undesirable effects such as resistance, resurgence, and contamination of insecticide on environment. One effort to solve the problems caused by synthetic insecticides use is by utilization of botanical materials that are potential to be used as botanical insecticides, one of them is Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae). The purpose of this research was to study the insecticidal activity of T. diversifolia as a botanical insecticide against P. xylostella. The leaf residual and topical application methods were used to assess the mortality effect of the extracts. Insect mortality rate was analyzed using probit analysis to obtain LC50 and LC95 values. The results showed that the flower extract had better activity on insect mortality than the leaf extract both in leaf residual and topical application treatments.
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Zhang, Jing, Ying-Qian Liu, Liu Yang, and Gang Feng. "Podophyllotoxin Derivatives Show Activity against Brontispa Longissima Larvae." Natural Product Communications 5, no. 8 (August 2010): 1934578X1000500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1000500820.
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In an attempt to find biorational insecticides, eleven podophyllotoxin analogues were tested for their insecticidal activity against the fifth-instar larvae of Brontispa longissima in vivo for the first time. Among all of the tested compounds, deoxypodophyllotoxin (3) and β-apopicropodophyllin (4) showed more promising and pronounced insecticidal activity than toosendanin, a commercial insecticide derived from Melia toosendan, and important SAR information has been revealed. Together, these preliminary results may be useful in guiding further modification of podophyllotoxins in the development of potential new insecticides.
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Erriah, Bryan, Xiaolong Zhu, Chunhua T. Hu, Bart E. Kahr, Alexander Shtukenberg, and Michael D. Ward. "Crystallography of Contemporary Contact Insecticides." Insects 13, no. 3 (March 15, 2022): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13030292.
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The active forms of contact insecticides used for combatting mosquito-borne infectious diseases are typically crystalline solids. Numerous molecular crystals are polymorphic, crystallizing in several solid forms characterized by different physicochemical properties, including bioavailability. Our laboratory recently found that the activity of crystalline contact insecticides is inversely dependent on the thermodynamic stability of their polymorphs, suggesting that efficacy can be enhanced by the manipulation of the solid-state structure. This paper argues that crystallography should be central to the development of contact insecticides, particularly because their efficacy continues to be compromised by insecticide resistance, especially among Anopheles mosquito populations that spread malaria. Although insecticidal compounds with new modes of action have been introduced to overcome resistance, new insecticides are expensive to develop and implement. The repurposing of existing chemical agents in metastable, more active crystalline forms provides an inexpensive and efficient method for ‘evergreening’ compounds whose risks are already well-established. We report herein seven new single-crystal structures of insecticides used for controlling infectious disease vectors. The structures reported herein include pyrethroid insecticides recommended by the WHO for indoor residual spraying (IRS)-bifenthrin, β-cyfluthrin, etofenprox, α-cypermethrin, and λ-cyhalothrin as well as the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid.
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Cloyd, Raymond A. "Compatibility of Insecticides with Natural Enemies to Control Pests of Greenhouses and Conservatories." Journal of Entomological Science 41, no. 3 (July 1, 2006): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-41.3.189.
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Natural enemies used as biological control agents may not always provide adequate control of plant-feeding insects in greenhouses and conservatories. Research continues to assess the utilization of natural enemies in conjunction with biorational insecticides including insect growth regulators, insecticidal soaps, horticultural oils, feeding inhibitors, and microbial agents (entomogenous bacteria and fungi, and related microorganisms); and the potential compatibility of both strategies when implemented together. A variety of factors influence the ability of using natural enemies with insecticides. These include whether the natural enemy is a parasitoid or predator, the species of the natural enemy, life stage sensitivity, rate and timing of insecticide application, and mode of action of the insecticide. Insecticides may impact natural enemies by affecting longevity (survival), host acceptance, sex ratio, reproduction (fecundity), foraging behavior, emergence, and development. Despite the emphasis on evaluating the compatibility of natural enemies with insecticides, it is important to assess if this is a viable and acceptable pest management strategy in greenhouses and conservatories.
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Che, Zhi-Ping, Jin-Ming Yang, Di Sun, Yue-E. Tian, Sheng-Ming Liu, Xiao-Min Lin, Jia Jiang, and Gen-Qiang Chen. "Combinatorial Synthesis of A Series of Paeonol-based Phenylsulfonyl hydrazone Derivatives as Insecticidal Agents." Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening 23, no. 3 (May 19, 2020): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1386207323666200127121129.
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Background: Plant secondary metabolites play an essential role in the discovery of novel insecticide due to their unique sources and potential target sites. Paeonol, the main phenolic components in Moutan Cortex, is recognized as a safe and potent botanical insecticide to many insects. The structural modification of paeonol in this study into phenylsulfonylhydrazone derivatives is proved an effective approach for the development of novel insecticides, those derivatives being more toxic than paeonol. However, there have been no reports on the insecticidal activity of paeonol-based phenylsulfonylhydrazone derivatives in controlling Mythimna separata. Methods: We have been working to discover biorational natural products-based insecticides. Twelve novel paeonol-based phenylsulfonylhydrazone derivatives have been successfully prepared by structural modification of paeonol, and the insecticidal activity against M. separata by the leafdipping method at the concentration of 1 mg/mL has been evaluated. Results: Insecticidal activity revealed that out of 12 title compounds, derivatives 5c and 5f displayed the best against M. separate with the FMR both of 53.6% than toosendanin (FMR = 50.0%). Conclusion: The results suggested that for the paeonol-based phenylsulfonylhydrazone series derivatives, the proper substituent of arylsulfonyl R at the hydroxyl position of paeonol was very important for their insecticidal activity. These preliminary results will pave the way for further modification of paeonol in the development of potential new insecticides.
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Che, Zhiping, Jinming Yang, Di Sun, Yuee Tian, Shengming Liu, Xiaomin Lin, Jia Jiang, and Genqiang Chen. "Combinatorial Synthesis of Novel 9R-Acyloxyquinine Derivatives as Insecticidal Agents." Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening 23, no. 2 (April 7, 2020): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1386207323666200120112714.
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Background: It is one of the effective ways for pesticide innovation to develop new insecticides from natural products as lead compounds. Quinine, the main alkaloid in the bark of cinchona tree as well as in plants in the same genus, is recognized as a safe and potent botanical insecticide to many insects. The structural modification of quinine into 9R-acyloxyquinine derivatives is a potential approach for the development of novel insecticides, which showed more toxicity than quinine. However, there are no reports on the insecticidal activity of 9Racyloxyquinine derivatives to control Mythimna separata. Methods: Endeavor to discover biorational natural products-based insecticides, 20 novel 9Racyloxyquinine derivatives were prepared and assessed for their insecticidal activity against M. separata in vivo by the leaf-dipping method at 1 mg/mL. Results: Among all the compounds, especially derivatives 5i, 5k and 5t exhibited the best insecticidal activity with final mortality rates of 50.0%, 57.1%, and 53.6%, respectively. Conclusion: Overall, a free 9-hydroxyl group is not a prerequisite for insecticidal activity and C9- substitution is well tolerated; modification of out-ring double-bond is acceptable, and hydrogenation of double-bond enhances insecticidal activity; Quinine ring is essential and open of it is not acceptable. These preliminary results will pave the way for further modification of quinine in the development of potential new insecticides.
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Moustafa, Omayma K., and Z. M. El Attal. "Enhancement of the efficiency of some insecticides against thrips and cotton leafworm by mineral oils." Journal of Agricultural Science 105, no. 1 (August 1985): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600055714.
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SUMMARYField experiments were carried out to study the effect of a highly purified paraffinic oil on the efficiency of some insecticidal sprays used for the control of thrips and cotton leafworm. The results show that the oil used separately at the rate of 7·51/ha significantly reduced the population of thrips, but oil-insecticide combinations were superior to oil or insecticides applied alone. The mineral oil increased the efficiency of candidate insecticides against both thrips and cotton leafworm two-fold or more.
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Ziaee, Masumeh, and Asgar Babamir-Satehi. "Characterization of Nanostructured Silica as Carrier for Insecticides Deltamethrin, Pyriproxyfen, and Chlorpyrifos and Testing the Insecticidal Efficacy Against Trogoderma granarium (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) Larvae." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 1 (October 21, 2019): 511–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz264.
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Abstract Nanostructured silica can be used as a carrier of pesticides to enhance stability and controlled release of agrochemicals with an effective concentration on target pests. Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) were synthesized by sol–gel process and employed as a carrier of three different insecticides including deltamethrin, pyriproxyfen, and chlorpyrifos. The SNPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and the insecticides-loaded in SNPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The toxicity of insecticides alone and loaded in SNPs was evaluated against small and large larvae of Trogoderma granarium Everts on concrete surfaces. The immediate mortality was counted after 1, 3, and 7 d of exposure, and then surviving individuals were transferred to untreated surfaces for seven more days, with delayed mortality was recorded. Small larvae were more susceptible than large ones on all insecticide treatments. In addition, insecticides loaded in silica nanoparticles were more effective when compared with application of the insecticides alone. For immediate mortality, deltamethrin loaded in SNPs was the most efficient treatment causing 70.5% mortality on small and 55.5% mortality on large larvae after 7 d of exposure to the highest concentration. Pyriproxyfen loaded in SNPs caused low immediate mortality, but the mortality increased in delayed count indicated that the insecticide could control the larvae even after they have been removed from treated surfaces. It can be concluded that loading insecticides in SNPs could significantly increase their insecticidal efficiency, but this increase was compound-dependent.
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Andriessen, Rob, Janneke Snetselaar, Remco A. Suer, Anne J. Osinga, Johan Deschietere, Issa N. Lyimo, Ladslaus L. Mnyone, et al. "Electrostatic coating enhances bioavailability of insecticides and breaks pyrethroid resistance in mosquitoes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 39 (August 31, 2015): 12081–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510801112.
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Insecticide resistance poses a significant and increasing threat to the control of malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases. We present a novel method of insecticide application based on netting treated with an electrostatic coating that binds insecticidal particles through polarity. Electrostatic netting can hold small amounts of insecticides effectively and results in enhanced bioavailability upon contact by the insect. Six pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles mosquito strains from across Africa were exposed to similar concentrations of deltamethrin on electrostatic netting or a standard long-lasting deltamethrin-coated bednet (PermaNet 2.0). Standard WHO exposure bioassays showed that electrostatic netting induced significantly higher mortality rates than the PermaNet, thereby effectively breaking mosquito resistance. Electrostatic netting also induced high mortality in resistant mosquito strains when a 15-fold lower dose of deltamethrin was applied and when the exposure time was reduced to only 5 s. Because different types of particles adhere to electrostatic netting, it is also possible to apply nonpyrethroid insecticides. Three insecticide classes were effective against strains of Aedes and Culex mosquitoes, demonstrating that electrostatic netting can be used to deploy a wide range of active insecticides against all major groups of disease-transmitting mosquitoes. Promising applications include the use of electrostatic coating on walls or eave curtains and in trapping/contamination devices. We conclude that application of electrostatically adhered particles boosts the efficacy of WHO-recommended insecticides even against resistant mosquitoes. This innovative technique has potential to support the use of unconventional insecticide classes or combinations thereof, potentially offering a significant step forward in managing insecticide resistance in vector-control operations.
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Chen, Zhiwen, Jianguo Zhao, Zehui Liu, Xiuli Bai, Weijia Li, Zhifang Guan, Ming Zhou, and Hongwei Zhu. "Graphene-Delivered Insecticides against Cotton Bollworm." Nanomaterials 12, no. 16 (August 9, 2022): 2731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12162731.
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Nanopesticides can facilitate controlled release kinetics and efficiently enhance the permeability of active ingredients to reduce the dosage and loss of pesticides. To clarify the synergistic mechanism of graphene–insecticide nanocarriers against cotton bollworm, treatment groups, namely, control, graphene (G), insecticide (lambda-cyhalothrin (Cyh) and cyfluthrin (Cyf)), and graphene-delivered insecticide groups were used to treat the third-instar larvae of cotton bollworm. The variations in phenotypes, namely, the body length, body weight, and mortality of the cotton bollworm, were analyzed. The results show that graphene enhances the insecticidal activity of lambda-cyhalothrin and cyfluthrin against cotton bollworm. The two graphene-delivered insecticides with optimal compositions (3:1) had the strongest inhibitory effects and the highest mortality rates, with the fatality rates for the 3/1 Cyh/G and Cyf/G mixture compositions being 62.91% and 38.89%, respectively. In addition, the 100 μg/mL Cyh/G mixture had the greatest inhibitory effect on cotton bollworm, and it decreased the body length by 1.40 mm, decreased the weight by 1.88 mg, and had a mortality rate of up to 61.85%. The 100 and 150 μg/mL Cyh/G mixtures achieved the same mortality rate as that of lambda-cyhalothrin, thus reducing the use of the insecticide by one-quarter. The graphene-delivered insecticides could effectively destroy the epicuticle spine cells of the cotton bollworm by increasing the permeability and, thus, the toxicity of the insecticides.
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Vásquez-Castro, Javier Alberto, Gilberto Casadei De Baptista, Casimiro Dias Gadanha Jr., and Julio Cesar Bracho-Pérez. "Impact of resistance to fenitrotion and esfenvalerate on the control of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in stored wheat." Revista Colombiana de Entomología 46, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): e7612. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/socolen.v46i2.7612.
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Insecticides resistance can significantly compromise the control programs of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), one of the main wheat pests in warehouses. The objectives of this work were to study the occurrence of resistance to fenitrothion and esfenvalerate in two Brazilian populations of R. dominica from Santa Rosa (SR lineage) and Campo Grande (CG lineage), as well as the insecticidal effect and residual action of these insecticides when used alone or as a mixture in stored wheat. The application system was calibrated to provide grain treatment at theoretical concentrations of 10 and/or 0.5 mg kg-1 fenitrothion and esfenvalerate, respectively. By comparing the fitted mortality curves for lineages within insecticides, as well as insecticides within lineages significant differences were observed in all cases. Esfenvalerate was ineffective in controlling R. dominica. The SR lineage of R. dominica was more resistant to the insecticides tested than the CG lineage. The number of individuals in the F1 offspring of R. dominica was dependent on the lineage, insecticide, and on the time after the application of insecticide. In the untreated grains (control), the CG lineage had a greater number of progeny than the SR lineage, while the opposite was verified in the grains treated. Fenitrothion and esfenvalerate are not useful for the control of R. dominica. Factors influencing control of R. dominica are discussed in this work.
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Shumilova, P. A., N. A. Sennikova, E. A. Silivanova, and M. A. Levchenko. "Biological responses in Musca domestica to fipronil and chlorfenapyr exposures." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 12, no. 4 (October 20, 2021): 664–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/022191.
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Insect populations exist under acute and chronic exposures to lethal and sublethal insecticide concentrations. Among the sublethal effects of insecticides on insects are reductions in life span, development rates, population growth, fertility, fecundity, changes in sex ratio, deformities, changes in behaviour, feeding, searching, and oviposition. These effects may differ depending on the modes of action of insecticides, their doses, and developmental stage of application. This study evaluated the life-history parameters in Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera:Muscidae) strains that were exposed to two insecticides (fipronil and chlorfenapyr) with different modes of action at sublethal concentrations in each generation up to tenth. Two approaches to each insecticide’s exposure were used in this study, particularly in one approach, only adults M. domestica were exposed to fipronil or chlorfenapyr and in another approach, only larvae were exposed to each insecticide. The susceptibility of adult flies to these insecticides was assessed by resistance ratio based on results of non-choice feeding bioassays. Fipronil exposure at the sublethal concentration in each generation did not affect the susceptibility of adult M. domestica (in the tenth generation) to fipronil. The resistance ratio values revealed tolerance to chlorfenapyr in adults of M. domestica strains that were exposed to this insecticide, independent of the approach used to insecticide exposure. Most of the life-history parameters (such as durations of separate developmental stages, the emergence duration, the adult emergence ratio, the female ratio, and the number of eggs per female per day) of the second, fourth, sixth, eighth, and tenth generations of the insecticide-exposed strains were similar to those of the control strain. At the same time, the sublethal effects of both insecticides fipronil and chlorfenapyr prolonged the larval duration (1.63–2.22 times) and the number of days from egg to adult (1.18–1.39 times) compared to the control strain. Further studies are needed to investigate a possible genetic variability in M. domestica in response to exposure of parental generation to sublethal doses of fipronil and chlorfenapyr.
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SHARMA, KULDEEP, M. K. MAHLA, S. RAMESH BABU, K. C. AHIR, A. KUMAR, BEERENDRA SINGH, and RUPINDER SINGH CHEEMA. "Potentiality of intercropping in managing Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella)." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 92, no. 8 (August 18, 2022): 1010–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v92i8.123186.
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The present experiment was conducted at horticulture farm of Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur, Rajasthan, during two winter (rabi) seasons 2019–20 and 2020–21. The treatments include, cabbage + marigold, cabbage + onion, cabbage + garlic, cabbage + marigold + insecticides spray, cabbage + onion + insecticides spray, cabbage + garlic + insecticides spray, cabbage + insecticides spray and cabbage sole without insecticide spray as untreated control. The insecticidal treatments scheduled with two sprays, viz. first spray of chlorfenapyr 10% sc @200 g a.i./ ha and spinosad 45% sc @45 g a.i./ha. During both years, cabbage intercropped with marigold + insecticides spray proved to be the best treatment with the lowest mean DBM larval population (0.73 and 0.47 larvae/plant) and highest benefit-cost ratio (6.69 and 6.88). Additionally, the intercrops treatments, viz. cabbage + marigold, cabbage + onion and cabbage + garlic also significantly reduced the number of DBM larvae per plant as compared to the untreated sole cabbage. The different intercrops combinations evaluated had a positive effect on the cabbage crop in reducing the pest and can be taken to manage DBM in a sustainable way.
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Khandelwal, Sanskrati, Prachi Maheshwari, Vikas Jain, and Suresh Chandra Mahajan. "Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Liquid Insecticide." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 13, no. 3 (March 15, 2023): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v13i3.5755.
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Extensive usage of commercially available synthetic pesticides against phytophagous insects has resulted in their bio-accumulation in the environment, leading to a rise in resistance and a decrease in soil biodiversity over time. In addition, 90% of the sprayed pesticides penetrate the different natural resources via runoff, exposing farmers and consumers of agricultural products to serious health risks. As a result, increasing emphasis has been placed on the creation of environmentally benign pesticides/insecticides that would enable an effective pest management system and minimise chronic exposures that contribute to illnesses. The utilization of the herbal active compounds with insecticidal activities is one such technique. Hence the aim of this study was to develop herbal insecticide formulations from extracts of leaves of Azadirachta Indica, Datura Stramonium, Cascabela Thevetia and seeds of Annona Squamosa. Insecticidal efficacy of developed formulations was tested in-vitro against ballworm larvae. The study unveiled its significance in developing herbal insecticidal formulations as an alternative to harmful synthetic chemical insecticides and a step forward towards development of a promising eco-friendly technology in crop protection.
Keywords: Insecticides, Biopesticide, Azadirachta indica, Datura Stramonium, Annona Squamosa, Cascabela Thevetia.
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Hassan, Zaid Naji, Kassim Mohanad A, and Maan Abdul Azeez Shafeeq. "Evaluation of Insecticides Resistance: Review Article." South Asian Research Journal of Biology and Applied Biosciences 4, no. 4 (September 9, 2022): 56–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36346/sarjbab.2022.v04i04.001.
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Pesticide durability lasts to be one of the greatest significant subjects’ confrontations with agricultural output. The defy in pesticide impedance and its administration is represented by the status of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). This extremely offensive pest has a considerable tendency for evolving pesticide durability as of its biotic features, and situations of impedance to furthermost categories of insecticides utilized for its organization have been perceived. In conflict with pesticide durability in the western blossom thrips, quite a few insecticide impedance supervisions (IRM) approaches have been progressing about the universe and these conversations. Effective approaches depend on non-insecticidal strategies, for instance, biotic and cultural monitoring and steward vegetable durability, to diminish inhabitants’ compressions, alternations amid pesticides of the diverse method of labor categories to maintain insecticide effectiveness, impedance observation, specimen to define the necessity for insecticide implementation and instruction to guarantee suitable operation. Further cautious insecticide utilization is conceivable by the progress of fully-initiated financial sill for extra harvesting organizations. Though cultivators will carry on to trust insecticides as a portion of western-blossom-thrips- and thrips-spread virus administration added effective administration of these pests will be accomplished by deeming their administration in the situation of complete united pest administration, through IRM being the main constituent of those complete approaches.
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Mubin, N., L. Nurulalia, and Dadang. "Attractiveness and toxicity of two insecticides to Tetragonula laeviceps (Apidae: Meliponinae)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 974, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/974/1/012015.
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Abstract Stingless bee, Tetragonula laeviceps, plays a primary role in ecosystem services as a pollinator for coffee, cocoa, and pepper. Attacks of insect pests cause low production of several plantation plants. Farmers commonly use synthetic insecticides to control insect pests. However, improper use of insecticides often adversely affects the ecosystem and human health, including pollinators. In Indonesia, research on the side effects of insecticides on non-target insects such as flower visitor insects (pollinators) is minimal. This study aimed to evaluate the attractiveness and toxicity of two insecticides to T. laeviceps. Stingless bees were obtained from beekeepers at Banten. Y-tube olfactometer test was used to determine the attractiveness of bees to insecticides, and a topical test was used to determine the mortality effect of insecticide on bees. The insecticides used were insecticide A (a.i. alpha-cypermethrin) and insecticide B (a.i. spinetoram) at 100 ppm and 60 ppm, respectively. The results showed that bees were more attracted to insecticide B by 73.3% than insecticide A (26.7%). Insecticide B caused 100% bee mortality after 48 hours after treatment (HAT), while Insecticide A caused 0% bee mortality after 48 HAT. The results indicate that insecticide B attracted stingless bees and has a high mortality level.
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Yanuar, Firda, and Willem Sugiharto. "Efikasi Insektisida Gokilath-S50EC (d,d-transsifenotrin 50 g/l) terhadap Nyamuk Aedes aegypti dengan Metode Pengabutan (Thermal Fogging)." ASPIRATOR - Journal of Vector-borne Disease Studies 10, no. 2 (December 10, 2018): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/asp.v10i2.187.
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Dengue vector control is still relying on fogging using insecticides with solar solvents. This causes pollution due to the odors generated and residues left in the environment. It is necessary to look for alternative insecticides that no longer use solar as a solvent but use water such as Gokilath-S50EC. In this experiment, we tested the effectiveness of Gokilath-S50EC (d,d-trans-syphenotrin 50 g/l) with the aim to see the insecticidal efficacy of Aedes aegypti known as DHF vector. The sample test mosquito used is Ae. aegypti which comes from Pangandaran Lokalitbangkes as many as 25 females. Test mosquitoes were exposed to insecticides for 3-5 seconds with a method of fogging. The experimental results showed that mosquitoes tested fainting in the first 30 seconds after exposure to insecticides. The same results were shown when the solvent was added polyethylene-glycol (PEG). This time trial also measured droplet diameters at 1.0 mm and 1.2 mm nozzle with or without PEG. The test results showed that PEG increased the percentage of droplets of ≥ 50 µm in air and made the insecticide reach even further. Gokilath-S50EC insecticides are effective in killing Ae. aegypti by using water solvents, the addition of PEG will increase the reach of insecticides but not affect the effectiveness of insecticides.
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Kulye, Mahesh, Sonja Mehlhorn, Debora Boaventura, Nigel Godley, Sreedevi Venkatesh, Thimmaraju Rudrappa, Tara Charan, Dinesh Rathi, and Ralf Nauen. "Baseline Susceptibility of Spodoptera frugiperda Populations Collected in India towards Different Chemical Classes of Insecticides." Insects 12, no. 8 (August 23, 2021): 758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12080758.
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Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a major pest of maize in the Americas and recently invaded the Eastern hemisphere. It was first detected in India in 2018 and is considered a major threat to maize production. FAW control largely relies on the application of chemical insecticides and transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins. Assessing FAW resistance and insecticide susceptibility is a cornerstone to develop sustainable resistance management strategies. In this study, we conducted more than 400 bioassays to assess the efficacy of nine insecticides from seven mode-of-action classes against 47 FAW populations collected in 2019 and 2020 across various geographical areas in India. The resistance status of the field-collected populations was compared to an Indian population sampled in 2018, and an insecticide susceptible reference population collected in 2005 in Brazil. Low to moderate resistance levels were observed for thiodicarb, chlorpyriphos, deltamethrin, chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide in several populations (including the reference population collected in 2018). The highest resistance ratios were observed for deltamethrin which likely compromises recommended label rates for pyrethroid insecticides in general. Our data provide a useful baseline for future FAW resistance monitoring initiatives and highlight the need to implement insecticide resistance management strategies.
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Kim, Joo-hyon, Moon-young Hwang, and Myunghee Kwon. "Combined inhalation exposure to retail insecticides for preschoolers and children based on household usage patterns." Environmental Chemistry 17, no. 5 (2020): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en19200.
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Environmental contextSafeguarding the quality of residential indoor air depends on exposure assessment of potential contaminants. Using online survey responses from households in Korea, and focusing on those households containing preschoolers, we created a database of exposure, characterising household insecticide usage patterns. Evaluating the combined inhalation exposure to insecticides available in retail markets will support efforts to improve residential indoor air quality and the health and safety of all inhabitants. AbstractTo accurately assess the health risks associated with the use of retail insecticides, we developed a database for the combined inhalation exposure to insecticides available in retail markets of preschoolers and children based on household usage patterns. This database presents the usage characteristics for each product, which includes its use frequency, per application duration, per application quantity and concurrent use with other insecticidal products as useful exposure factors. The 1932 household insecticides identified in the online product survey contained 184 different active ingredients, which included deltamethrin, d-phenothrin, phthalthrin, hydramethylnon, permethrin, chloropyrifos and cyhalothrin. A total of 5015 survey respondents, which included 385 respondents with 416 infants, 688 respondents with 809 toddlers and 821 respondents with 1040 children were surveyed. Among the insecticides included in the subset, 224 products contained deltamethrin and 205 products contained d-phenothrin as the predominant active ingredient. Among the families with infants, multiple insecticidal products were used in combination to eliminate or control mosquitos, cockroaches and house flies (88/385 respondents or 22.9%). For families with infants, toddlers and children, the total mean exposure amounts for all household insecticides were 4622.5, 5537.3 and 3515.0g month−1 in the summer. The results of the present study substantially contribute to the state of knowledge regarding the combined inhalation exposure to retail insecticides of preschoolers and children.
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Larson, Anika J., Valerie A. Paz-Soldán, Claudia Arevalo-Nieto, Joanna Brown, Carlos Condori-Pino, Michael Z. Levy, and Ricardo Castillo-Neyra. "Misuse, perceived risk, and safety issues of household insecticides: Qualitative findings from focus groups in Arequipa, Peru." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 5 (May 6, 2021): e0009251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009251.
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Background The current body of research on insecticide use in Peru deals primarily with application of insecticides offered through Ministry of Health-led campaigns against vector-borne disease. However, there is a gap in the literature regarding the individual use, choice and perceptions of insecticides which may influence uptake of public health-based vector control initiatives and contribute to the thousands of deaths annually from acute pesticide poisoning in Peru. Methods Residents (n = 49) of the Alto Selva Alegre and CC districts of peri-urban Arequipa participated in seven focus group discussions (FGD). Using a FGD guide, two facilitators led the discussion and conducted a role-playing activity. this activity, participants insecticides (represented by printed photos of insecticides available locally) and pretended to “sell” the insecticides to other participants, including describing their qualities as though they were advertising the insecticide. The exercise was designed to elicit perceptions of currently available insecticides. The focus groups also included questions about participants’ preferences, use and experiences related to insecticides outside the context of this activity. Focus group content was transcribed, and qualitative data were analyzed with Atlas.ti and coded using an inductive process to generate major themes related to use and choice of insecticides, and perceived risks associated with insecticide use. Results The perceived risks associated with insecticides included both short- and long-term health impacts, and safety for children emerged as a priority. However, in some cases insecticides were reportedly applied in high-risk ways including application of insecticides directly to children and bedding. Some participants attempted to reduce the risk of insecticide use with informal, potentially ineffective personal protective equipment and by timing application when household members were away. Valued insecticide characteristics, such as strength and effectiveness, were often associated with negative characteristics such as odor and health impacts. “Agropecuarios” (agricultural supply stores) were considered a trusted source of information about insecticides and their health risks. Conclusions It is crucial to characterize misuse and perceptions of health impacts and risks of insecticides at the local level, as well as to find common themes and patterns across populations to inform national and regional programs to prevent acute insecticide poisoning and increase community participation in insecticide-based vector control campaigns. We detected risky practices and beliefs about personal protective equipment, risk indicators, and safety levels that could inform such preventive campaigns, as well as trusted information sources such as agricultural stores for partnerships in disseminating information.
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Vineyard, Cory J., and Scott Stewart. "Microbial Degradation of Neonicotinoid Insecticides in the Soil and Potential Implication on Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Control in Cotton." Journal of Cotton Science 21, no. 2 (2017): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.56454/dodt1748.
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An experiment was conducted in 2013 to determine the extent that soil microbes degrade neonicotinoid insecticides, commonly used as insecticide seed treatments, into secondary metabolites. Soil was collected from a field where efficacy problems against thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) were observed in cotton during 2013. At the same time, soil was also collected from an area with no previous exposure to insecticides. Part of the soil from each location was sterilized by autoclaving. Both sterilized and unsterilized soil were treated with an identical dilution of either Gaucho 600 (imidacloprid) or Cruiser 5F (thiamethoxam). After 25 days, samples were tested to determine the concentrations of neonicotinoid insecticides, including metabolites. Thiamethoxam and two of its metabolites were detected in soil treated with the Cruiser dilution. Imidacloprid and three of its metabolites were detected in soil treated with Gaucho. Sterilizing the soil sample significantly reduced the concentrations of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam metabolites. These results suggested that soil microbes were present in the soil samples from both locations that can degrade insecticides. The levels of degradation to secondary metabolites were approximately 14% and 2% or less for imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, respectively. It is unlikely that these relatively low levels of microbial metabolism would substantially impact the efficacy of insecticide seed treatments, especially considering the primary metabolites found retain some insecticidal activity.
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Kaleem Ullah, Rana Muhammad, Fukun Gao, Aatika Sikandar, and Haiyan Wu. "Insights into the Effects of Insecticides on Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae): Resistance Mechanisms and Molecular Basis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 7 (April 4, 2023): 6750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076750.
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With the passage of time and indiscreet usage of insecticides on crops, aphids are becoming resistant to their effect. The different classes of insecticides, including organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids and neonicotinoids, have varied effects on insects. Furthermore, the molecular effects of these insecticides in aphids, including effects on the enzymatic machinery and gene mutation, are resulting in aphid resistance to the insecticides. In this review, we will discuss how aphids are affected by the overuse of pesticides, how resistance appears, and which mechanisms participate in the resistance mechanisms in various aphid species as significant crop pests. Gene expression studies were analyzed using the RNA-Seq technique. The stress-responsive genes were analyzed, and their expression in response to insecticide administration was determined. Putative insecticide resistance-related genes, cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferase, carboxylesterase CarEs, ABC transporters, cuticle protein genes, and trypsin-related genes were studied. The review concluded that if insecticide-susceptible aphids interact with ample dosages of insecticides with sublethal effects, this will result in the upregulation of genes whose primary role is to detoxify insecticides. In the past decade, certain advancements have been observed regarding insecticide resistance on a molecular basis. Even so, not much is known about how aphids detoxify the insecticides at molecular level. Thus, to attain equilibrium, it is important to observe the manipulation of pest and insect species with the aim of restoring susceptibility to insecticides. For this purpose, this review has included critical insights into insecticide resistance in aphids.
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Kaleem Ullah, Rana Muhammad, Ayhan Gökçe, Allah Bakhsh, Muhammad Salim, Hai Yan Wu, and Muhammad Nadir Naqqash. "Insights into the Use of Eco-Friendly Synergists in Resistance Management of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)." Insects 13, no. 9 (September 16, 2022): 846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13090846.
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The Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), is the most notorious insect pest of potato globally. Injudicious use of insecticides for management of this pest has resulted in resistance to all major groups of insecticides along with many human, animal health, and environmental concerns. Additionally, the input cost of insecticide development/discovery is markedly increasing because each year thousands of chemicals are produced and tested for their insecticidal properties, requiring billions of dollars. For the management of resistance in insect pests, synergists can play a pivotal role by reducing the application dose of most insecticides. These eco-friendly synergists can be classified into two types: plant-based synergists and RNAi-based synergists. The use of plant-based and RNAi-based synergists in resistance management of insect pests can give promising results with lesser environmental side effects. This review summarizes the resistance status of CPB and discusses the potential advantage of plant-based and RNAi-based synergists for CPB resistance management. It will motivate researchers to further investigate the techniques of using plant- and RNAi-based synergists in combination with insecticides.
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Ambethgar, V. "POTENTIAL OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI IN INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT (IRM): A REVIEW." Journal of Biopesticides 02, no. 02 (December 1, 2009): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.2.2.177-193.
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ABSTRACT Insect pests have remarkable capacity to develop resistance to insecticides. More than 600 species of plant feeding insect pests have developed resistance to insecticides. Management of insecticides resistance offers great promise as a complementary extension of integrated pest management (IPM). Insecticide resistance management (IRM) attempts to prevent or delay the development of resistance. A revival of interest in the use of microbial agents, especially entomopathogenic fungi in combination with sublethal doses of insecticide is increasing in insecticide resistance management. Integration of selected strain entomopathogenic fungi with selective insecticides can improve the control efficiency, besides decrease the amount of insecticides required, minimize the risks of environmental contamination and delay the expression of insecticide resistance in insect pests. Co-application of fungi like Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Nomuraea rileyi, Paecilomyces spp., Lecanicillium (=Verticillium) lecanii and Hirsutella thompsonii with suitable sublethal concentration of selective insecticide as two-in-one tank mix have been successfully employed against various insect pests to reduce the selection pressure insecticides and to avoid concurrent resistance risks in target pests. Majority of mechanisms of resistance occur through induction of enzymes especially mono-oxygenases and to some extent the esterases. Entomopathogenic fungi have ability to induce high degree of susceptibility to insecticides in target pests by suppressing enzyme activities and predispose them for fungal infection. This review outlines the current state of knowledge on the development of insecticide resistance in insect pests and discusses strategies for manipulation of certain important fungal entomopathogens as potential microbial tool in the insecticide resistance management programme for sustainable pest management systems.
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N’Dri, Bédjou P., Kathrin Heitz-Tokpa, Mouhamadou Chouaïbou, Giovanna Raso, Amoin J. Koffi, Jean T. Coulibaly, Richard B. Yapi, Pie Müller, and Jürg Utzinger. "Use of Insecticides in Agriculture and the Prevention of Vector-Borne Diseases: Population Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices and Beliefs in Elibou, South Côte d’Ivoire." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5010036.
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People’s knowledge, attitudes, practices and beliefs (KAPB) pertaining to malaria are generally well described. However, little is known about population knowledge and awareness of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors. The aim of this study was to investigate KAPB related to insecticide resistance in malaria vectors due to the use of insecticides in agriculture and the prevention against mosquitoes. In mid-2017, we carried out a cross-sectional survey in Elibou, South Côte d’Ivoire, employing a mixed methods approach. Quantitative data were obtained with a questionnaire addressed to household heads. Interviews were conducted with key opinion leaders, including village chiefs, traditional healers, heads of health centres and pesticide sellers. Focus group discussions were conducted with youth and elders. A total of 203 individuals participated in the questionnaire survey (132 males, 65%). We found that people had good knowledge about malaria and mosquitoes transmitting the disease, while they felt that preventing measures were ineffective. Pesticides were intensively used by farmers, mainly during the rainy season. Among the pesticides used, insecticides and herbicides were most commonly used. While there was poor knowledge about resistance, the interviewees stated that insecticides were not killing the mosquitoes anymore. The main reason given was that insecticides were diluted by the manufacturers as a marketing strategy to sell larger quantities. More than a third of the farmers used agricultural pesticides for domestic purposes to kill weeds or mosquitoes. We observed a misuse of pesticides among farmers, explained by the lack of specific training. In the community, long-lasting insecticidal nets were the most common preventive measure against malaria, followed by mosquito coils and insecticide sprays. The interviewees felt that the most effective way of dealing with insecticide resistance was to combine at least two preventive measures. In conclusion, population attitudes and practices related to insecticides used in agriculture and the prevention against mosquitoes could lead to resistance in malaria vectors, while people’s knowledge about insecticide resistance was limited. There is a need to raise awareness in communities about the presence of resistance in malaria vectors and to involve them in resistance management.
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P.C, SUNDARA BABU. "TOXICITY OF INSECTICIDES TO THE APHIDAphis craccivora KOCH. AND TO THE COCCINELLID PREDATOR Menochilus sexmaculatus F. ON COWPEA AND HYACINTH BEAN." Madras Agricultural Journal 75, November December (1988): 409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a02140.
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Field experiments conducted to evaluate the efficacy of certain insecticides for the control of the aphid. Aphis craccivora Koch on cowpea and hyacinth bean showed that methyl demeton 0.025% spray was the best, the alternate Insecticida being monocrotophos 0.04%. Endosulfan 0.07% was the safest insecticide for the coccinellid predator Menochilus sexmaculatus F. followed by monocrotophos 0.04%.
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Purba, Imelda Gernauli, and Rico Januar Sitorus. "DETERMINANTS BEHAVIOR OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTICIDE USE IN SUBDISTRICT INDRALAYA OGAN ILIR, INDONESIA." Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat 10, no. 2 (September 4, 2019): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26553/jikm.2019.10.2.101-111.
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Nowadays the use of insecticides are used in households to control many kind of insects that are vectors of desease. High-intensity insecticide exposure can cause poisoning and other adverse health effects. Insecticide handling behavior is one of the determinant factors of exposure intensity.The objective of this study was to analyze determinants of household insecticide handling practices in the Indralaya Ogan Ilir District. An observational analytical study with a cross-sectional approach was carried out using cluster sampling. The study involved 150 housewives who have used insecticides in their households. Data was collected through interviews using questionnaires and observations using a checklist . Processing data was performed using software . Data were analyzed using a Chi-Square test with a 0.05 significance level. Research results showed there was a significant association between age and handling behavior of household insecticides (p=0.006). Also, education level significantly correlated to household insecticide handling practices (p=0.05); marital status correlated to household insecticide handling practices significantly (p=0.028). Significant association was also found between attitudes regarding handling behavior of household insecticides (p=0.035). On the other hand, employment status (p=0.165), socioeconomic status (p=1.000), knowledge (p=0.796), counseling (p=0.472) and insecticide waste disposal facilities (p=0.331) were not associated with handling behavior of household insecticides. It is concluded that there were significant associations between age, education level, marital status, and attitudes regarding handling behavior of household insecticides (Chi-Square test, all p≤0.05). However, employment status, socioeconomic status, knowledge, counseling, and insecticide waste disposal facilities were not associated with handling behavior of household insecticides (Chi-Square test, all p>0.05).
Keywords: household insecticide , knowledge, attitude, handling behavior
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Lesmana, Suri Dwi, Esy Maryanti, Lilly Haslinda, Afiata Jazila, and Mislindawati Mislindawati. "Resistensi Aedes aegypti Terhadap Insektisida: Studi pada Insektisida Rumah Tangga." Jurnal Ilmu Kedokteran (Journal of Medical Science) 15, no. 2 (December 14, 2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.26891/jik.v15i2.2021.63-68.
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Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a public health problem in Pekanbaru. It is transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The use of insecticides to kill vectors is a common practice. It is often used in outbreaks by fogging and daily use of insecticides in households. Household insecticides contain a variety of active ingredients such as organophosphates, carbamates, synthetic pyrethroids, and their combinations. This study aims to determine the sensitivity of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes from various household insecticides. This research was descriptive research by conducting a susceptibility test from World Health Organization. Adult mosquitoes were obtained from the breeding of larvae collected from dengue-endemic areas in Pekanbaru. Three types of insecticides are widely distributed in the market consisting of insecticides X with the active ingredient cypermethrin, transfluthrin, and imiprothrin, insecticide Y containing transfluthrin, and insecticide Z containing pralethrin and sifluthrin. Each insecticide was exposed to an adult mosquito by applying insecticides to filter paper and exposed for 1 hour and observed after 24 hours. The death of mosquitoes in the three types of insecticides is less than 80%. Based on the WHO criteria mortality of less than 80% showed a resistant mosquito. This tendency of resistance is probably caused by long-term continuous use.
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Li, Li Xiu, Ling Yan Ge, Ting Xue, and Xi Hong Li. "Insecticidal Effects of the Insecticide Based on Porous Starch and Cinnamon Oil against Sitophilus zeamais." Advanced Materials Research 160-162 (November 2010): 579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.160-162.579.
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We investigated that the bioefficacies of cinnamon oil and insecticide based on the mixture of porous starch and cinnamon oil. They were evaluated for their insecticidal activities and their mortality on adults of Sitophilus zeamais. Fumigant toxicity assayed by hanging in glass jars showed that these chemicals caused significant mortality of the test insect. Cinnamon oil evoked high repellent action and high fumigant toxicity (LD50 = 0.030μL/cm3) against adults of Sitophilus zeamais. The two concentrations of the new insecticide 0.030μL/cm3 (LD50) and 0.040μL/cm3 (the highest) lose their insecticidal activity after a minimum of 144h and 168h, respectively. These results suggest that cinnamon oil starch powder is the most effective insecticide, and could increase its efficacy for use as an alternative to synthetic insecticides.
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Almolla, Waleed Kh Ali, and Emad Q. Mohammed Alebady. "Evaluation Effectiveness of Some Insecticides on Stages of Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1158, no. 7 (April 1, 2023): 072005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1158/7/072005.
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Abstract The results of a study showed the effect of some insecticides (Indoxacarb, Pymetrozine and Mythoxyfenozide) on stages plodia interpunctella (eggs, larvae, pupae and adults) Variation in the average mortality percentages the insect phases for the three insecticides as reached Indoxacarb insecticide 79.67, 50.00, 60.00 and 50.00% respectively as reached Pymetrozine insecticide 55.00, 50.00, 50.00 and 50.00% respectively and Mythoxyfenozide insecticide reached 70.66, 53.33, 40.00 and 60.00% respectively. The results From the results of the statistical analysis, it was found that Indoxacarb insecticide More effective in mortality the stages of the insect on average 59.92% then Mythoxyfenozide reached 56.00% and finally Pymetrozine insecticide reached 51.25%. The results showed that egg stage is more sensitive to the three insecticides than the other stages as reached 68.46, 51.11, 50.00 and 53.33% respectively. The results showed that the average mortality percentages were directly proportional to the increase in the concentrations of the three insecticides.
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Okeke, P., J. Luka, and G. I. Yina. "An overview of insecticide usage and resistance of insect vector to insecticide: An implication to public health." Journal of Public Health and Diseases 5, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31248/jphd2021.109.
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Insecticides are highly effective when optimally implemented and crop damage from insect pest infestations and diseases transmitted by insect vectors often result in serious consequences, warranting the need to use insecticides. The main strategy for the elimination of insect vectors is the use of chemical insecticides. Since its discovery, chemical insecticides have represented the most widely method used to control insect vectors and insect pests. The use of insecticides has helped to reduce insect-borne diseases. However, despite their benefits, insecticides pose potential danger to public health when inappropriately handled. Almost all public health insecticide classes and nearly 90% of all insecticides worldwide are used for agricultural purposes. The insecticide resistance development in disease vectors are as a result of selection pressure due to agrochemicals and this occur in places where pesticides are more frequently applied, indiscriminately used and misused. Despite increasing concern about overuse and misuse of insecticides in developing countries, insecticide is still intensively used and the massive use of these chemicals have caused detrimental effects on the agroecosystem, such as the acquisition of resistance, pest resurgence/replacement, and environmental pollution. Insecticide resistance may increase insect’s vectorial capacity, which may lead to a dramatic increase in the transmission of the disease and even to a higher prevalence than in the absence of insecticides. Disease control failure, however follow from vector control failure. Increase in diseases transmission, mortality, injury to the crop and potential losses in crop production, disruption of biological control programmes and increase in management costs for additional chemical controls to prevent further injury are the consequences of insect resurgence, replacement and or resistance.
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Bangonan, Lea, Kai Blore, Steven T. Peper, Vindhya S. Aryaprema, Jerry Bond, Whitney A. Qualls, and Rui-De Xue. "Laboratory Evaluation of Bigshot Maxim Against Three Species of Larval and Adult Mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Anopheles quadrimaculatus." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 38, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/21-7032.
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ABSTRACT The use of synthetic insecticides has been the main approach in mosquito control programs (MCPs) to prevent or reduce mosquito populations. The global problem of insecticide resistance and the concern of environmental impacts of synthetic insecticides have resulted in the interest of botanicals as an alternative. In this study, the botanical product BigShot Maxim, which contains cedarwood oil (14%), thyme oil (0.53%), and cinnamon oil (0.23%) as active ingredients, was examined in adulticide and larvicide bioassays against Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Anopheles quadrimaculatus. In the adulticide bioassay, 100% mortality was reached at a dilution of 1:10 after 4 h of exposure for all 3 species. In the larvicide bioassay, at the highest tested concentration (30 ppm by volume) the greatest mortality was 96.44 ± 1.44% SE for Ae. aegypti, 92.44 ± 2.07% SE for Cx. quinquefasciatus, and 33.33 ± 3.61% for An. quadrimaculatus, respectively. Insecticidal properties presented in all the experiments indicate that BigShot Maxim could be a viable alternative to some synthetic insecticides used in MCPs.
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Lusiyana, Novyan, Siti Fitiah, Andrias Atmaja Putri, Muthia Tsabita Rahmi, and Dian Maknalia Ilham. "Survei Entomologi, Kerentanan Aedes aegypti terhadap Insektisida Organofosfat, dan Identifikasi Gen VGSC di Dusun Malangrejo, Sleman, Yogyakarta." ASPIRATOR - Journal of Vector-borne Disease Studies 11, no. 1 (June 28, 2019): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/asp.v11i1.438.
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Control and prevention effort of dengue haemorhagic fever relies on the application of insecticidesto control vector mosquito. In Indonesia, application of organophosphate insecticide (temephos andmalathion), and pyrethroid is a key part of the dengue control strategy. This study aimed to determine theentomological survey, susceptibility of Aedes aegypti against organophosphate insecticide and identificationof VGSC gene in Dusun Malangrejo, Sleman Yogyakarta. This study is an observational with a cross sectionaldesign. The entomology survey procedure used a single larvae technique, biological susceptibility test of Ae.aegypti against organophosphate insecticides using WHO (temephos), CDC (malathion), biochemistry andVGSC genes detection using PCR method. Results of this study showed that bath tub was potential breedingplace for Ae. aegypti. Susceptibility status of temephos was still tolerant (95.4%), while malathion showsresistance (13.75%). Bioassay and biochemical test shows potential resistant to insecticides due to elevatedactivity of esterase non specific enzyme. Detection of the VGSC gene shows positive for both genes (V1016G;S989P) and F1534C. Furthermore, regularly assessment of insecticide resistance status will hopefully assistthe local public health authorities to assign policy for managing mosquito control such as by rotation ofdifferent routinely used insecticide to delay Ae. aegypti resistance development.
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Nwankwo, Victor, Anayo Uraku, Ademola Famurewa, and Oluchi Uraku. "Assessment of Nephrotoxicity and Histopathological Lesions of Albino Rats Exposure to DD-Force and Baygon Insecticides." International Journal of Medical and Surgical Sciences 4, no. 4 (October 27, 2018): 1251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32457/ijmss.2017.031.
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Although studies suggest adverse effects of pesticides, human exposure to insecticides in homes is increasing and reports on their health effects are limited. The study investigated nephrotoxic effects of organo phosphate and carbamate insecticides, DD-Force and Baygon, in albino rats. Forty-five albino rats divided into groups were exposed to DD-Force (dichlorvos) or Baygon (propoxur) indoor insecticidein wooden boxes in separate exposure duration of 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours/day for 14 consecutive days. Serum and kidney tissue obtained after sacrifice were used to determine markers of renal damage and histopathological analysis, respectively. Exposure of rats to the insecticides showed duration-dependent significant increases (p<0.05) in serum levels of urea, uric acid and creatinine compared to control. However, rats exposed to DD-Force insecticide induced significantly higher levels of urea, uric acid and creatinine compared to Baygon (p<0.05). Histopathological lesions were observed in rats exposed to the insecticides, particularly in the exposure duration of 3 or 4 hours/day. These findings suggest that acute exposure to DD-Force and Baygonis nephrotoxic and may induce renal damage in rats.
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Skovmand, Ole. "Insecticidal Bednets for the Fight Against Malaria – Present Time and Near Future." Open Biology Journal 3, no. 1 (September 8, 2010): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/18741967010030100092.
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Malaria is to-day a tropical disease that especially has major impact in Subsahelian Africa. The current largescale campaign against malaria focuses on better first line use of medication and prevention: (1) the combined use of an Artimisin derivative and one of several synthetic anti-malarials; and (2) the use of insecticidal bednets for transmission prevention, since the disease is transmitted between humans by female mosquitoes. The change from nets that were to be treated and often re-treated to factory pre-treated nets about 7 years ago, made the change from a promising research tool to a major campaign tool. However, once the first line problem of fast disappearance of insecticide treatment was solved, other problems appeared such as physical net durability and low use rate of bednets among people that do not see only the advantages of the nets, but also experience the inconvenience of their use in the daily life. Finally, resistance to insecticides is appearing, probably originating from agricultural use of the same insecticides, but now amplified by the extensive use of insecticides for malaria control. A call for use of common sense and diversified use of insecticides is concluded.
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Liu, T. X., R. D. Oetting, and G. D. Buntin. "Population Dynamics and Distribution of Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on Poinsettia Following Applications of Three Chemical Insecticides." Journal of Entomological Science 28, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-28.1.126.
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The effects of three insecticides, bifenthrin, endosulfan and aldicarb, on the within- and between-plant distributions of both greenhouse whitefly (GHWF), Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), and sweetpotato whitefly (SPWF), Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), were examined on greenhouse-grown poinsettia using Taylor's Power Law. Insecticide applications affected the spatial distribution of GHWF and SPWF. The populations of immatures of both species surviving an insecticide application on poinsettia were less aggregated within and between plants than untreated populations. Among the three insecticides, the efficacy against the two whiteflies was not significantly different at the end of the seventh week when multiple applications were conducted. Aldicarb caused higher mortality of immature stages than bifenthrin and endosulfan after four weeks following a single application. A single application of bifenthrin and endosulfan affected the distribution of all whitefly stages in the first and second weeks after treatment, whereas aldicarb did not affect the whitefly population until the third week. Insecticidal treatments had little effect on the stratification of whitefly stages within the plant.
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Pan, Xiaoyuan, Xuejun Wang, and Fan Zhang. "New Insights into Cockroach Control: Using Functional Diversity of Blattella germanica Symbionts." Insects 11, no. 10 (October 13, 2020): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11100696.
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Insects have close symbiotic relationships with several microbes, which extends the limited metabolic networks of most insects. Using symbiotic microorganisms for the biological control of pests and insect-borne diseases has become a promising direction. Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattaria: Blattidae) is a public health pest worldwide, which is difficult to control because of its strong reproductive ability, adaptability, and resistance to insecticides. In this paper, the diverse biological functions (nutrition, reproductive regulation, insecticide resistance, defense, and behavior) of symbionts were reviewed, and new biological control strategies on the basis of insect–symbiont interaction were proposed. We highlight new directions in B. germanica control, such as suppressing cockroach population using Wolbachia or paratransgenes, and combining fungal insecticides with synergistic agents to enhance insecticidal efficacy.
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Tchouakui, Magellan, Ambrose Oruni, Tatiane Assatse, Claudine R. Manyaka, Micareme Tchoupo, Jonathan Kayondo, and Charles S. Wondji. "Fitness cost of target-site and metabolic resistance to pyrethroids drives restoration of susceptibility in a highly resistant Anopheles gambiae population from Uganda." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 26, 2022): e0271347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271347.
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Background Insecticide resistance threatens the effectiveness of malaria vector control, calling for an urgent need to design suitable resistance management strategies. Here, we established the resistance profiling of an Ugandan Anopheles gambiae population to insecticides using WHO procedures and assessed the potential restoration of susceptibility in the hybrid line Mayuge/KISUMU in an insecticide-free environment for eighteen (18) generations. Results This An gambiae population exhibited a very high intensity of resistance to permethrin, deltamethrin, and alphacypermethrin with a consistent loss of efficacy of all long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) tested including PBO-based and new generation nets Interceptor G2 (IG2) and Royal guard. Molecular analysis revealed a fixation of the L1014S-kdr mutation together with the overexpression of some P450 metabolic genes (CYP6Z1, CYP9K1, CYP6P1, 3 & 4) besides the cuticular resistance-related genes (CYP4G16) and sensorial appendage proteins (SAP1, SAP2, and SAP3) but no GSTe2 overexpression. In the absence of selection pressure, the mortality rate after exposure to insecticides increased significantly over generations, and restoration of susceptibility was observed for most of the insecticides in less than 10 generations. Accordingly, a significant reduction in the frequency of KdrE was observed after 13 generations coupled with reduced expression of most metabolic resistance genes. Conclusions The results of this study show that the high intensity of pyrethroid resistance observed in An gambiae from Uganda associated with the loss of efficacy of LLINs could compromise vector control efforts. The study also highlights that an early rotation of insecticides could help manage resistance to insecticides by restoring the susceptibility. However, the persistence of Kdr mutation together with overexpression of some metabolic genes after many generations in the absence of selection pressure indicates the potential implication of modifiers alleviating the cost of resistance which needs to be further investigated.
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Lopes, Rosineide S., Luciana G. Oliveira, Antonio F. Costa, Maria T. S. Correia, Elza A. Luna-Alves Lima, and Vera L. M. Lima. "Efficacy of Libidibia ferrea var. ferrea and Agave sisalana Extracts against Dactylopius opuntiae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea)." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 4 (March 5, 2018): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n4p255.
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The carmine cochineal (Dactylopius opuntiae) is an insect-plague of Opuntia ficus-indica palm crops, causing losses in the production of the vegetable used as forage for the Brazilian semiarid animals. The objective of this work was to analyze the efficacy of plant extracts, insecticides and their combination in the control of D. opuntiae. Leaf and pod extracts of Libidibia ferrea var. ferrea, Agave sisalana leaf at concentrations 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/mL, and insecticides (chlorpyrifos, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam and lamba-cyhalothrin) at concentrations minimum, median and maximum; were applied on cladodes infested by D. opuntiae. After 10 days of treatment, the percentages of mortality and LC50 (concentration to kill 50% of cochineal) were obtained on the stages of nymphs II and adult females. The association between the LC50 of the plant extracts with the insecticides on the cochineal it was tested. The results showed that L. ferrea extracts were more effective against cochineal, causing the 81% of nymphal II mortality (LC50: 20 to 160 mg/mL) and 97% of adult females (LC50: 43 to 50 mg/mL), whereas the extracts of A. sisalana only controlled adult females, causing the mortality from 51 to 97% (LC50: 17 to 46 mg/mL). The insecticide chlorpyrifos was the most efficient on nymphs and adult females cochineal (LC50: 0,084 mL/L). The combination of this insecticide with the extracts promoted a percentage of mortality above 90%. The extracts presented insecticidal potential on D. opuntiae and can be tested isolated or in combination with insecticides in control of cochineal.
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Smith, Hugh A. "Biopesticides for Management of Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 5 (June 18, 2020): 2310–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa131.
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Abstract The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 Gennadius, is a global pest of tomato, transmitting Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). Management of B. tabaci is challenging in part because of its ability to develop resistance to insecticides. Biopesticides include materials that control B. tabaci via mechanisms that do not select for resistance. Field experiments were conducted in the spring and fall of 2016 and 2017 at the University of Florida’s Gulf Coast Research and Education Center in west central Florida to compare biopesticides to conventional insecticides for management of B. tabaci and TYLCV. Insecticide rotations were designed in part around the concept that conventional insecticide programs should group modes of action according to 5-wk treatment intervals, corresponding to an estimated 5-wk generation time for the pest. In 2016, when tomato was treated during the first 5-wk treatment interval with either biopesticides or neonicotinoid insecticides, insecticidal soap contributed to a reduction in whitefly egg numbers and percentage TYLCV that was comparable to results achieved with dinotefuran. In contrast, egg numbers and virus incidence in plants treated with kaolin clay tended to be numerically higher than the untreated control. In spring 2017, comparisons of biopesticides and conventional ovicides/nymphicides during the second 5-wk treatment interval showed that biopesticides can provide comparable reduction in nymph numbers to conventional insecticides. While data from these trials confirm that biopesticides can reduce numbers of whitefly eggs and nymphs, they indicate that season-long programs of the biopesticides evaluated may not reduce transmission of TYLCV below economically acceptable levels.
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Fauzi, Nurul Illya Muhamad, Yap Wing Fen, Nur Alia Sheh Omar, and Hazwani Suhaila Hashim. "Recent Advances on Detection of Insecticides Using Optical Sensors." Sensors 21, no. 11 (June 3, 2021): 3856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113856.
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Insecticides are enormously important to industry requirements and market demands in agriculture. Despite their usefulness, these insecticides can pose a dangerous risk to the safety of food, environment and all living things through various mechanisms of action. Concern about the environmental impact of repeated use of insecticides has prompted many researchers to develop rapid, economical, uncomplicated and user-friendly analytical method for the detection of insecticides. In this regards, optical sensors are considered as favorable methods for insecticides analysis because of their special features including rapid detection time, low cost, easy to use and high selectivity and sensitivity. In this review, current progresses of incorporation between recognition elements and optical sensors for insecticide detection are discussed and evaluated well, by categorizing it based on insecticide chemical classes, including the range of detection and limit of detection. Additionally, this review aims to provide powerful insights to researchers for the future development of optical sensors in the detection of insecticides.
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Chen, Cheng, Wan Luo, Jiarong Zou, and Zhonghua Jia. "New Approach to the Assessment of Insecticide Losses from Paddy Fields Based on Frequent Sampling Post Application." Agronomy 10, no. 10 (October 21, 2020): 1615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101615.
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High concentration of insecticides may appear in waters surrounding paddy fields shortly after application. Capturing the dynamic feature of this insecticide pulse may help control insecticide load to receiving waters. Based on continuous monitoring of the drainage process and two monitoring campaigns of three insecticides—chlorpyrifos, abamectin and thiamethoxam—in a paddy, this study examined the pattern of insecticide concentrations at different locations of paddy waters during the period of insecticide application accompanied with pest-control irrigation, and analyzed the factors affecting the environmental behavior of these insecticides. The results showed that the pulse-type drainage exhibited the following features: short duration (normally less than 1 d), large flow rate (as large as 4 L s−1), frequent occurrence (20 times during a 40-d period) and long time interval (as long as 5 d). Concentrations of the insecticides with higher Henry’s constant and vapor pressure peaked quickly (within several hours) post application in the field ditch; more than half of chlorpyrifos and abamectin loads were detected within merely 1 h after application. The high insecticide concentrations in the ditch were partly attributed to the primary and secondary drift. Moreover, a new kinetic model was proposed to describe the behavior of chlorpyrifos at the field edge. It is recommended that controlled drainage be implemented for at least 1 d post application to prevent the loss of insecticides. Findings from this study may provide new insights into insecticide behavior in the paddy environment for preventing adverse environmental impacts.
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Jafarbeigi, Fatemeh, Mohammad Amin Samih, Mehdi Zarabi, and Saeideh Esmaeily. "Age Stage Two-Sex Life Table Reveals Sublethal Effects of Some Herbal and Chemical Insecticides on Adults ofBemisia tabaci(Hem.: Aleyrodidae)." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/164271.
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The sweetpotato whitefly,Bemisia tabaci(Genn.) (Hem.: Aleyrodidae), is an important pest of agriculture in subtropical and tropical areas. In this study, we used the age-stage two-sex life table to evaluate the sublethal effects of the herbal extracts taken fromFumaria parvifloraLam. (Fumariaceae),Teucrium poliumL. (Lamiaceae),Calotropis procera(Willd.) R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae), andThymus vulgarisL. (Lamiaceae) as well as the two commercial synthetic insecticides, pymetrozin and neemarin. The whiteflies were exposed to each insecticide using leaf-dip method. Analysis of life table parameters revealed significant differences (P≤0.05) in the net reproductive rate (R0,NRR), intrinsic rate of increase (rm), and finite rate of increase (λ) among different insecticides. The lowest values of the three population parameters,R0,r, andλ, were observed on whiteflies treated with pymetrozin (2.455, 0.036, and 1.036),T. polium(2.828, 0.044, and 1.045), and neemarin (2.998, 0.046, and 1.047), respectively. Results of this study highlights the satisfactory insecticidal effects of the extract taken fromT. poliumonB. tabaci, which is comparable to the two commonly used synthetic insecticides.
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Li, Ren, Shenhang Cheng, Zhibin Chen, Tianfeng Guo, Pingzhuo Liang, Congai Zhen, Jinghui Wang, Lei Zhang, Pei Liang, and Xiwu Gao. "Establishment of Toxicity and Susceptibility Baseline of Broflanilide for Aphis gossypii Glove." Insects 13, no. 11 (November 8, 2022): 1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13111033.
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The Aphis gossypii is an important pest that can damage cotton plants and can cause a huge economic loss worldwide. Chemical control is a main method to manage this pest, but the cotton aphid resistance to insecticides has become a severe problem in the management of the cotton aphid. It is important to introduce a novel insecticide for rotational application with other insecticides. Broflanilide, as a meta-diamide insecticide with a special mode of action, showed high efficiency against lepidopterous larvae. However, we found that broflanilide possessed high insecticidal activity against the sap-sucking pest A. gossypii. The susceptibility of A. gossypii to broflanilide from 20 field populations in main cotton planting areas of China in 2021 was determined by the leaf-dipping method. LC50 values of broflanilide to A. gossypii ranged from 0.20 μg mL−1 to 1.48 μg mL−1. The susceptible baseline of A. gossypii to broflanilide was established with the LC50 value of 0.41 μg mL−1 and might be used to calculate the resistance ratio (RR) of cotton aphid population in broflanilide resistance monitoring. The RR value of field populations in China was from 0.49 to 3.61 in 2021. It suggested that the broflanilide may be a potential agent in the resistance management of A. gossypii to insecticides. These results are significantly useful for the rational chemical control of cotton aphids.
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Zhou, Shuxing, Jinming Zhang, Ya Lin, Xiaowei Li, Min Liu, Muhammad Hafeez, Jun Huang, et al. "Spodoptera exigua Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus Increases the Susceptibility to Insecticides: A Promising Efficient Way for Pest Resistance Management." Biology 12, no. 2 (February 6, 2023): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12020260.
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Spodoptera exigua is a polyphagous pest of diverse crops and causes considerable economic losses. The overuse of chemical insecticides for controlling this pest results in insecticide resistance, environmental pollution and toxicity to other non-target organisms. Therefore, a sustainable and efficient way for pest management is urgently required. In this study, laboratory bioassays of eleven commonly used insecticides, the specific entomopathogen of S. exigua (Spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus, SeMNPV), and SeMNPV-insecticide combinations against the S. exigua laboratory population and two field populations were tested. Our results indicated that the two field populations had developed resistance to almost half of the tested insecticides, while SeMNPV had good virulence in all populations. Interestingly, the combined use of SeMNPV enhanced the toxicity of the tested insecticides against all populations to a different extent and considerably reduced the insecticide resistance of S. exigua field populations or even recovered the susceptibility to above insecticides. Furthermore, the field trial showed that the combined application of SeMNPV contributed to promoting the control efficacy of emamectin benzonate and chlorfenapyr. These results provide a promising efficient way for pest resistance management and an environmentally friendly approach for controlling S. exigua with the combined application of nucleopolyhedroviruses and insecticides.
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Martelli, Felipe, Zuo Zhongyuan, Julia Wang, Ching-On Wong, Nicholas E. Karagas, Ute Roessner, Thusitha Rupasinghe, et al. "Low doses of the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid induce ROS triggering neurological and metabolic impairments inDrosophila." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 41 (September 28, 2020): 25840–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2011828117.
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Declining insect population sizes are provoking grave concern around the world as insects play essential roles in food production and ecosystems. Environmental contamination by intense insecticide usage is consistently proposed as a significant contributor, among other threats. Many studies have demonstrated impacts of low doses of insecticides on insect behavior, but have not elucidated links to insecticidal activity at the molecular and cellular levels. Here, the histological, physiological, and behavioral impacts of imidacloprid are investigated inDrosophila melanogaster, an experimental organism exposed to insecticides in the field. We show that oxidative stress is a key factor in the mode of action of this insecticide at low doses. Imidacloprid produces an enduring flux of Ca2+into neurons and a rapid increase in levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the larval brain. It affects mitochondrial function, energy levels, the lipid environment, and transcriptomic profiles. Use of RNAi to induce ROS production in the brain recapitulates insecticide-induced phenotypes in the metabolic tissues, indicating that a signal from neurons is responsible. Chronic low level exposures in adults lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, severe damage to glial cells, and impaired vision. The potent antioxidant,N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA), reduces the severity of a number of the imidacloprid-induced phenotypes, indicating a causal role for oxidative stress. Given that other insecticides are known to generate oxidative stress, this research has wider implications. The systemic impairment of several key biological functions, including vision, reported here would reduce the resilience of insects facing other environmental challenges.
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Mansfield, Sarah, Richard J. Chynoweth, Mark R. H. Hurst, Alasdair Noble, Sue M. Zydenbos, and Maureen O'Callaghan. "Novel bacterial seed treatment protects wheat seedlings from insect damage." Crop and Pasture Science 68, no. 6 (2017): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp17176.
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Insecticidal seed treatments are used commonly worldwide to protect seedlings against root feeding insects. Organophosphate insecticides that have been used for seed treatments are being phased out and replaced with neonicotinoid insecticides. Concerns about the environmental impact of neonicotinoids have prompted a search for alternatives. Microbial insecticides are a biological alternative for seed treatments to target root feeding insects. Six field trials with organophosphate granules (diazinon, chlorpyrifos), neonicotinoid seed treatment (clothianidin) and microbial (Serratia entomophila) seed treatment targeting grass grub, a New Zealand scarab pest, were conducted in wheat crops at several sites over 4 years (2012–2015). Sites were selected each year that had potentially damaging populations of grass grub present during the trials. Untreated seeds led to significant losses of plants and wheat yield due to lower seedling establishment and ongoing plant losses from grass grub damage. Insecticide and microbial treatments increased plant survival in all trials compared with untreated seeds. Better plant survival was associated with higher yields from the insecticide treatments in four out of six trials. Neonicotinoid seed treatment alone gave similar yield increases to combined neonicotinoid seed treatment and organophosphate granules. Microbial seed treatment with S. entomophila gave similar yield increases to insecticide treatments in two out of six trials. Seed treatment with S. entomophila is an alternative for grass grub control; however, development of a commercial product requires effective scale-up of production, further research to improve efficacy, and viability of the live bacteria needs to be maintained on coated seed.
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El-Gaby, Mohamed S. A., Moustafa M. S. Bakry, Modather F. Hussein, Faraghally A. Faraghally, Abden M. Khalil, Mohamed A. Gad, and Ali M. Drar. "Insecticidal efficacy and structure activity relationship study of some synthesized cyano-benzylidene and bisbenzylidene derivatives against Aphis nerii." Current Chemistry Letters 12, no. 3 (2023): 529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ccl.2023.3.003.
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In this study, seven cyano-benzylidene and bisbenzylidene derivatives were designed and synthesized. All synthesized compounds were evaluated to determine their insecticidal activities as potential insecticides against nymphs and adults of Aphis nerii. These efforts led to the discovery of compounds 3a-d, 5, 7 and 10 with potent insecticidal activity (LC50 range from 0.0141 to 3.4351ppm). Compound 5 exhibited the highest insecticidal potency with 0.0141ppm. In addition, it indicated that compound 3b is less toxic than benzylidene and other precursors. Therefore, our results suggest that compound 5 has strong potential as a candidate component for developing a novel eco-friendly insecticide for control Aphids.
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Labbé, Roselyne M., Dana Gagnier, Rebecca Rizzato, Amanda Tracey, and Cara McCreary. "Assessing New Tools for Management of the Pepper Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Greenhouse and Field Pepper Crops." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 4 (May 15, 2020): 1903–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa092.
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Abstract The pepper weevil, Anthonomus eugenii Cano, is an economically important pest of field and greenhouse pepper crops in North America. In this study, a series of insecticides covering a broad-spectrum of insecticidal modes of action were assessed for their potential in managing the pepper weevil under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. To accomplish this, laboratory mini-spray tower and greenhouse cage trials were conducted that evaluated the efficacy of 16 conventional, reduced-risk, and microbial insecticides. In laboratory trials, adult weevils were sprayed with insecticides, placed on treated leaves within a cup cage, and were monitored for their survival over 10 d. Of the 16 insecticides tested, 8 provided greater than 60% weevil control, a threshold considered necessary for including products in further greenhouse testing. In greenhouse trials, adult weevil mortality, bud and foliar damage, bud and fruit abortion, and subsequent weevil offspring emergence were measured following each of three weekly insecticide applications. The most efficacious insecticides included kaolin clay and mineral oil, which performed as well as the thiamethoxam-positive control, and incurred 70 and 55% of adult weevil mortality, respectively. Additionally, kaolin clay and mineral oil reduced offspring weevil emergence by 59 and 54%, respectively, compared with untreated controls. Despite the clear challenge that controlling this pest represents, this study has identified useful new tools for the integrated management of the pepper weevil, which may accelerate the rate at which these become available for use in greenhouse and field pepper production.