Relevant bibliographies by topics / Insects and spiders

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Insects and spiders'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Insects and spiders"

1

Penney, David. "Does the fossil record of spiders track that of their principal prey, the insects?" Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 94, no. 3 (September 2003): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300000675.

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ABSTRACTThe currently accepted cladogram of spider phylogeny and palaeontological data are used to evaluate spider family richness through geological time. A significantly more diverse spider fossil record is predicted than observed. The predicted rate of spider family diversification is considered more accurate because of its close similarity at 0 Ma to the number of extant families. Predicted spider family palaeodiversity is compared with insect family palaeodiversity to investigate whether spiders track insects through geological time. At the family level, the insects, and observed and predicted spider fossil records show an exponential increase over time, the pattern typical of a radiating group. No significant differences are observed in the rates of change in the slopes, and hence rate of diversification of spiders and insects over time. This suggests that spiders probably co-radiated alongside the insects, with the major radiations of both groups occurring at least 100 Ma before the origin of angiosperms.
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Li, Daiqin, and Robert R. Jackson. "Influence of diet on survivorship and growth in Portia fimbriata, an araneophagic jumping spider (Araneae: Salticidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 10 (October 1, 1997): 1652–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-792.

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The influence of diet on survival rate and growth was investigated in Portia fimbriata, an araneophagic salticid spider in Queensland. Portia fimbriata spiderlings were reared on one of three different diets: spiders only, insects only, and a mixture of spiders and insects. For each diet, various spider and insect species were used, and the spider diets included as prey both cursorial salticid species and web-building species. Individuals on the insects-only diet did not survive past the fifth instar, whereas juveniles reached maturity when raised on the other diets. Survivorship of P. fimbriata raised on the spiders-only diet was significantly higher when they were fed on the mixed diet. Diet treatment had a significant effect on body dimensions measured at the fourth instar and at maturity. In addition, P. fimbriata reared on the spiders-only diet reached sexual maturity earlier than those reared on the mixed diet. These results suggest that there are fitness-related consequences of prey specialization in P. fimbriata.
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Rodríguez-Morales, Dulce, Helena Ajuria-Ibarra, Laura T. Hernández-Salazar, Víctor Rico-Gray, José G. García-Franco, and Dinesh Rao. "Response of flower visitors to the morphology and color of crab spiders in a coastal environment of the Gulf of Mexico." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 66, no. 1-2 (December 19, 2019): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22244662-20191065.

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Abstract Predation is one of the main interactions between organisms and one of the primary selective agents for their survival. Both prey and predators have developed different strategies and characteristics that allow them to be conspicuous or go undetected. In sit and wait predators, their shape and appearance are important factors that allow them to remain undetected by their potential prey. Sit and wait predators such as crab spiders are difficult to identify when they sit on flowers or areas of flowers with colors similar to the color of their bodies. In this study, we aimed to determine if insects can recognize the morphology and color polymorphism of crab spiders by evaluating the response of flower visitors. We quantified the visits and approaches of floral visitors to the flowerheads of Palafoxia lindenii with spider morphology and color polymorphism treatments. Our results show that insects in general, and bees in particular, avoid visiting flowers with a real spider or a spider model and visit vacant flowers more frequently. In the case of the color polymorphism, insects approached flowerheads with spiders with a similar frequency independently of the color of the spiders, but did not visit them. Insects appeared to identify spiders through their morphological characteristics rather than their color characteristics, since flower visitors did not discriminate between the evaluated spider colors (white, lilac, and purple). This study emphasizes the differential response of different insect prey to the presence, color, and morphology of sit and wait predators.
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Gomes, Dylan G. E. "Orb-weaving spiders are fewer but larger and catch more prey in lit bridge panels from a natural artificial light experiment." PeerJ 8 (March 17, 2020): e8808. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8808.

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Artificial light at night is rapidly changing the sensory world. While evidence is accumulating for how insects are affected, it is not clear how this impacts higher trophic levels that feed on insect communities. Spiders are important insect predators that have recently been shown to have increased abundance in urban areas, but have shown mixed responses to artificial light. On a single bridge with alternating artificially lit and unlit sections, I measured changes in the orb-weaving spider Larinioides sclopetarius (Araneidae) web abundance, web-building behavior, prey-capture, and body condition. In artificially lit conditions, spiders caught more prey with smaller webs, and had higher body conditions. However, there were fewer spiders with active webs in those lit areas. This suggests that either spiders were not taking advantage of an ecological insect trap, perhaps due to an increased risk of becoming prey themselves, or were satiated, and thus not as active within these habitats. The results from this natural experiment may have important consequences for both insects and spiders in urban areas under artificial lighting conditions.
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Kelly, Sean P., Elvira Cuevas, and Alonso Ramírez. "Stable isotope analyses of web-spinning spider assemblages along a headwater stream in Puerto Rico." PeerJ 3 (October 15, 2015): e1324. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1324.

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Web-spinning spiders that inhabit stream channels are considered specialists of aquatic ecosystems and are major consumers of emerging aquatic insects, while other spider taxa are more commonly found in riparian forests and as a result may consume more terrestrial insects. To determine if there was a difference in spider taxa abundance between riverine web-spinning spider assemblages within the stream channel and the assemblages 10 m into the riparian forest, we compared abundances for all web-spinning spiders along a headwater stream in El Yunque National Forest in northeast Puerto Rico. By using a nonmetric dimensional scaling (NMDS) abundance analysis we were able to see a clear separation of the two spider assemblages. The second objective of the study was to determine if aquatic insects contributed more to the diet of the spider assemblages closest to the stream channel and therefore stable isotope analyses ofδ15N andδ13C for web-spinning spiders along with their possible prey were utilized. The results of the Bayesian mixing model (SIAR) however showed little difference in the diets of riverine (0 m), riparian (10 m) and upland (25 m) spiders. We found that aquatic insects made up ∼50% of the diet for web-spinning spiders collected at 0 m, 10 m, and 25 m from the stream. This study highlights the importance of aquatic insects as a food source for web-spinning spiders despite the taxonomic differences in assemblages at different distances from the stream.
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Zapata, Martha J., and S. Mažeika P. Sullivan. "Spatial and seasonal variability of emergent aquatic insects and nearshore spiders in a subtropical estuary." Marine and Freshwater Research 70, no. 4 (2019): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf18130.

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Variability in the density and distribution of adult aquatic insects is an important factor mediating aquatic-to-terrestrial nutritional subsidies in freshwater ecosystems, yet less is understood about insect-facilitated subsidy dynamics in estuaries. We surveyed emergent (i.e. adult) aquatic insects and nearshore orb-weaving spiders of the families Tetragnathidae and Araneidae in a subtropical estuary of Florida (USA). Emergent insect community composition varied seasonally and spatially; densities were lower at high- than low-salinity sites. At high-salinity sites, emergent insects exhibited lower dispersal ability and a higher prevalence of univoltinism than low- and mid-salinity assemblages. Orb-weaving spider density most strongly tracked emergent insect density rates at low- and mid-salinity sites. Tetragnatha body condition was 96% higher at high-salinity sites than at low-salinity sites. Our findings contribute to our understanding of aquatic insect communities in estuarine ecosystems and indicate that aquatic insects may provide important nutritional subsidies to riparian consumers despite their depressed abundance and diversity compared with freshwater ecosystems.
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Tagwireyi, Paradzayi, and S. Mažeika P. Sullivan. "Distribution and trophic dynamics of riparian tetragnathid spiders in a large river system." Marine and Freshwater Research 67, no. 3 (2016): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14335.

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Development and agriculture are increasingly encroaching into riparian areas, with largely unknown effects on nearshore arthropods, which are important components of linked aquatic–terrestrial food webs. To assess the environmental determinants of the distribution and trophic dynamics of riparian spiders of the family Tetragnathidae, we characterised riparian habitat, collected emergent aquatic insects, and surveyed spiders in developed and rural landscapes of the Scioto River system, Ohio, USA, which provided a range of riparian land cover, nearshore vegetation types and habitat complexity. We also estimated the trophic position (TP) of Tetragnathidae and the proportion of energetic and nutritional subsidies derived from benthic algae (EBA) using naturally abundant carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stable isotopes. Model-selection results revealed that tetragnathid spider density (1.57–3.80individualsm–1) was more sensitive to differences in overhanging vegetation than to those in aquatic food resources (i.e. emergent aquatic insects). Tetragnathidae TP, which averaged 3.16 across all 12 study reaches (range: 2.35–3.98), was largely driven by canopy density, shoreline shape, percentage overhanging vegetation and emergent-insect density. Emergent-insect density was the strongest driver of tetragnathid spider EBA (0.04–0.54, µ=0.24). Our study reinforced the notion that riparian spiders ecologically link aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. In particular, our results further current understanding of the mechanisms affecting riparian spider distribution and trophic dynamics, particularly in the context of larger stream and river systems, given that the propensity of related research has occurred in small streams.
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Zapata, Martha J., and S. Mažeika P. Sullivan. "Corrigendum to: Spatial and seasonal variability of emergent aquatic insects and nearshore spiders in a subtropical estuary." Marine and Freshwater Research 70, no. 4 (2019): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf18130_co.

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Variability in the density and distribution of adult aquatic insects is an important factor mediating aquatic-to-terrestrial nutritional subsidies in freshwater ecosystems, yet less is understood about insect-facilitated subsidy dynamics in estuaries. We surveyed emergent (i.e. adult) aquatic insects and nearshore orb-weaving spiders of the families Tetragnathidae and Araneidae in a subtropical estuary of Florida (USA). Emergent insect community composition varied seasonally and spatially; densities were lower at high- than low-salinity sites. At high-salinity sites, emergent insects exhibited lower dispersal ability and a higher prevalence of univoltinism than low- and mid-salinity assemblages. Orb-weaving spider density most strongly tracked emergent insect density rates at low- and mid-salinity sites. Tetragnatha body condition was 96% higher at high-salinity sites than at low-salinity sites. Our findings contribute to our understanding of aquatic insect communities in estuarine ecosystems and indicate that aquatic insects may provide important nutritional subsidies to riparian consumers despite their depressed abundance and diversity compared with freshwater ecosystems.
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Pechmann, Matthias, Evelyn E. Schwager, Natascha Turetzek, and Nikola-Michael Prpic. "Regressive evolution of the arthropod tritocerebral segment linked to functional divergence of the Hox gene labial." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1814 (September 7, 2015): 20151162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1162.

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The intercalary segment is a limbless version of the tritocerebral segment and is present in the head of all insects, whereas other extant arthropods have retained limbs on their tritocerebral segment (e.g. the pedipalp limbs in spiders). The evolutionary origin of limb loss on the intercalary segment has puzzled zoologists for over a century. Here we show that an intercalary segment-like phenotype can be created in spiders by interfering with the function of the Hox gene labial . This links the origin of the intercalary segment to a functional change in labial . We show that in the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum the labial gene has two functions: one function in head tissue maintenance that is conserved between spiders and insects, and a second function in pedipalp limb promotion and specification, which is only present in spiders. These results imply that labial was originally crucial for limb formation on the tritocerebral segment, but that it has lost this particular subfunction in the insect ancestor, resulting in limb loss on the intercalary segment. Such loss of a subfunction is a way to avoid adverse pleiotropic effects normally associated with mutations in developmental genes, and may thus be a common mechanism to accelerate regressive evolution.
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Huang, Xuan, Xiaoyu Quan, Xia Wang, Yueli Yun, and Yu Peng. "Is the spider a good biological control agent for Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)?" Zoologia 35 (August 10, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.35.e23481.

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Spiders, as predators of insects and other invertebrates, are an important part of the natural enemies, and they are recognized as an important biological control agent. Plutellaxylostella (Linnaeus, 1758), the diamondback moth (DBM), is a well-known and destructive insect pest of brassicaceous crops worldwide. Here, we analyzed the functional responses of four spiders (Araneae) – Ebrechtellatricuspidata (Fabricius, 1775) (Thomisidae), Pardosalaura (Karsch, 1879) (Lycosidae), Pardosaastrigera (Koch, 1878) (Lycosidae), and Pardosapseudoannulata (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) (Lycosidae) – on P.xylostella larvae. We also analyzed intraspecific disturbances in the predation reaction and the intensity of scrambling competition of the spiders to P.xylostella larvae. Our results demonstrated that the functional responses of four spiders of different genera were in line with the Holling II model. Two Lycosidae spiders (P.astrigera and P.pseudoannulata) had the potential to control P.xylostella, and female and male spiders that belonged to the same species had different functional responses to P.xylostella. The functional responses of female predation of P.astrigena, P.laura, and P.pseudoannulata was stronger than the males, but male E.tricuspidatus had stronger functional responses to predation than females. We used the Hassell model to describe the intraspecific disturbance experiments of four spiders. There were intraspecific disturbances in the predation reactions of spiders, indicating that the predation ratio of spiders decreased in relation to the increase of its density, and with the increase of spider density, the intensity of scrambling competition of the spider increased.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Insects and spiders"

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Hu, David L. 1979. "The hydrodynamics of water-walking insects and spiders." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34981.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mathematics, 2006.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-152).
We present a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of the numerous hydrodynamic propulsion mechanisms employed by water-walking arthropods (insects and spiders). In our experimental study, high speed cinematography and flow visualization techniques are used to determine the form of the flows generated by water-walkers. In our supporting theoretical study we provide a formal fluid mechanical description of their locomotion. We focus on the most common means of walking on water such as the alternating tripod gait, rowing, galloping and leaping. We also examine quasi-static modes of propulsion in which the insect's legs are kept stationary: specifically, Marangoni propulsion and meniscus-climbing. Special attention is given to rationalizing the propulsion mechanisms of water-walking insects through consideration of the transfer of forces, momentum and energy between the creature and its environment.
by David Lite Hu.
Ph.D.
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Oaten, Heather. "Local and landscape effects of field margins on aerially dispersing beneficial insects and spiders." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/6944.

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Field margins were implemented in UK agri-environment schemes with the aim to increase farmland biodiversity. Recently aerially dispersing aphid enemies have been shown to provide the majority of aphid control in winter wheat fields but there is a lack of research conducted on the aerial predator guild. This thesis examines the effect field margins have on aphid predators at the single field scale, the landscape scale and, using results from a marking study, examines the direct use of a pollen and nectar rich field margin by Episyrphus balteatus. At the single field scale, field margins had a positive effect of the numbers of Cantharidae, Empididae, Linyphiidae and Tachyporus spp. in fields with sown margins compared to those without during wheat growth and total aphid predator numbers were significantly higher in fields with margin surrounds in early May but not later in the year. At the landscape scale, results from twelve winter wheat fields with varying densities of surrounding field margins showed predatory Tachyporus spp. to exhibit a positive correlation at scales above 500m radius and Cantharidae to exhibit a negative correlation at local scales. Implications for field margins exerting both positive and negative influences on the presence of aerially dispersing aphid predators in winter wheat fields are discussed. A marking study using rubidium chloride proved direct utilisation of a pollen and nectar rich field margin by the Syrphid Episyrphus balteatus, and the traps used in this study also highlighted the association in distributions between Empididae and cereal aphids. Overall it was concluded that the presence of field margins does have an effect on the spatial and temporal distributions of some aerially dispersing aphid predators, but the response of each predator group varies depending on numerous interlinking components of their life history and directions for future research are discussed.
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Chari, Lenin Dzibakwe. "Predators of aerial insects and riparian cross-boundary trophic dynamics: web-building spiders, dragonflies and damselflies." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/55791.

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This thesis characterises the cross-boundary trophic interactions of a relatively small model ecosystem, the Kowie River (Eastern Cape of South Africa), to explore their epistemic implications for systems ecology. Using web-building spiders and odonates (dragonflies and damselflies) as model organisms, I sought to investigate whether the diets of predators of aerial insects could be used to assess the strength of the trophic connectivity between freshwater and terrestrial systems in relation to variables such as stream width, distance from the river and aquatic insect emergence rates and abundances. Predator diet composition was determined by using a combination of diet analysis tools: direct observations of cross-subsidies, naturally-abundant stable (carbon and nitrogen) isotope analysis and fatty acid analysis. I also sought to reveal feeding niches and guilds among riparian aerial predators and investigate how the environment influenced predators’ access to aquatic prey subsidies. As emergent aquatic insect abundances decreased with an increase in distance from the river, and increased with stream width and seasonal changes from winter to summer, stable isotope and fatty acid analyses revealed distinct changes in web-building spider diet composition. Examination of the fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid, a component commonly used as an indicator of consumer reliance on aquatic nutritional subsidies, showed that aquatic subsidies extended further inland at the wider sections of the river. Spiders and odonates at the wider sections of the Kowie River generally received more subsidies (56 – 70%) than those at the narrower sections (25 – 60%). When terrestrial insect biomass was distinctly low in winter, the benefit of aquatic subsidisation to spiders was relatively lower at the narrower sections of the Kowie River relative to the wide sections. As such, riparian areas adjacent to wide parts of the river were more likely to support larger populations of aerial predators than those at the narrow sections. Apart from the diet changes across time and space, there was evidence of inter-specific niche partitioning in both spiders and odonates, but no differences were observed between males and females of the same species. Results showed odonates of different sizes and hunting strategies had separate dietary niches, hence varied access to aquatic nutritional subsidies. The larger odonate taxa that frequently foraged mid-air had more varied diets and relied less on aquatic emergent insects than the smaller odonates that foraged from perches near the river. There was also evidence of niche partitioning amongst the spiders, as those that built horizontal webs captured more aquatic insects (40 – 78%) than the vertical orb-web builders (20 – 66%). This study showed that the nature and extent of trophic cross-boundary linkages in riparian areas largely depended on the availability of subsidies that varied seasonally and spatially. The width of the stream and seasonal variability emerged as important predictors of emergent insect abundances/biomasses that influenced predator feeding niches. The high mobility of odonates made their reliance on aquatic nutritional subsidies different from the less mobile spiders. The link between the width of the river and the extent of trophic connectivity has implications for riparian area management and definition of riparian buffer zones. However, the variation in diet niches amongst terrestrial consumers makes the results area-specific, and more studies are required that incorporate additional terrestrial predators in other fluvial systems so that we can make some generalizations on the dynamics of riparian trophic cross-boundary links.
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Mellbrand, Kajsa. "The Spider and the Sea : Effects of marine subsidies on the role of spiders in terrestrial food webs." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Botaniska institutionen, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-27227.

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The purpose of this study was to identify if terrestrial arthropod predators on Baltic Sea shores vary in their use of marine versus terrestrial food items, and to construct a bottom-up food web for Baltic Sea shores. The inflow of marine nutrients in the area consists mainly of marine algal detritus and emerging aquatic insects (e.g. phantom midges, Chironomidae). Diets of coastal arthropods were examined using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis, and a two source mixing model was used to examine proportions of marine carbon to diets. The results suggest that spiders are the terrestrial predators mainly utilizing nutrients and energy of marine origin on Baltic Sea shores, while insect predators such as beetles and hemipterans mainly utilize nutrients and energy derived from terrestrial sources, possibly due to differences in hunting behaviour. That spiders are the predators that benefit the most from the marine inflow suggest that eventual effects of marine subsidies for the coastal ecosystem as a whole are likely mediated by spiders.
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Loreaux, Hosanna B. "Nutrient Flux from Aquatic to Terrestrial Invertebrate Communities Across a Lakeside Ecotone." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1557912595532676.

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Burdon, Francis John. "The effects of stream productivity on aquatic-terrestrial linkages." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1415.

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The potential relationship between riparian arachnids and aquatic insect productivity was assessed in forest streams throughout the central South Island of New Zealand. Initially, a survey was conducted of thirty seven, first-third order forest streams. Streams were selected to represent a range of benthic invertebrate standing crops (as a surrogate measure of "productivity") from Banks Peninsula streams with relatively high benthic invertebrate densities to acid mine drainage streams near Reefton that were almost devoid of aquatic life. At each site benthic invertebrate densities and biomass were measured in riffle habitats and adjacent gravel bars were sampled for terrestrial invertebrates. At a sub-set of 16 sites, a 20 metre longitudinal web-building spider survey was conducted along each bank of the stream. As an additional component, a 20 metre transect starting at the stream margin and running perpendicularly into the forest was used to survey the density of web-building spiders with increasing distance from the stream. Results from the survey of in-situ stream insect biomass and gravel bar invertebrates showed a strong relationship between aquatic insect biomass and the biomass of riparian arachnids (R2 = 0.42, P < 0.001) having accounted for potentially confounding factors such as stream size, elevation, substrate and disturbance. The 20 metre longitudinal survey showed that streams with the highest in-situ insect biomass had significantly higher densities of web-building spiders along their banks (R2 = 0.28, P < 0.05), having accounted for potential confounding variables of elevation, habitat architecture and stream and channel width. The stream to forest survey showed a strong exponential decay in web-building spider densities with increasing distance from the stream (R2 = 0.96, P < 0.0001). Regardless of stream productivity web-building spiders were most abundant at the stream margins and rapidly declined to very low densities 20 metres from the stream. In order to further test the relationship between riparian web-building spider densities and stream insect productivity, a stream fertilization experiment was conducted on six first-second order streams in the Maimai experimental catchment, Reefton. Three streams were enriched by the addition of a fertiliser solution mainly consisting of sodium nitrate for seven months, and the other three streams were used as controls. Water chemistry, benthic invertebrate communities, emerging aquatic adults, and the densities of web-building spiders along the stream corridor and in the forest were monitored in three seasons (spring, summer and autumn) over the course of the nutrient-addition. By the end of the experiment, conductivity was significantly higher in nutrient-addition streams than in the control streams (F = 80.5, P < 0.001), but chlorophyll concentrations showed no significant differences between treatments. Both benthic mayfly densities (F = 6.15, P < 0.05) and the biomass of adult aquatic dipterans (Chironomidae, Simuliidae) (F = 9.25, P < 0.01) were significantly higher in nutrient-addition streams in the last sampling round. Spiders recorded from intercept traps indicated that by the end of the experiment spider activity was significantly higher within 2.5 metres of the nutrient-addition streams (F = 5.70, P < 0.01). However, seasonal densities of web-building spiders along the stream margin and in the forest decreased with no significant differences observed between nutrient-addition and control streams. The results from these studies indicate that adult insects emerging from streams represent an important source of prey that could influence the biomass and abundance of riparian arachnids. Additionally, the results imply that stream productivity and size could mediate the strength of the interaction between riparian and stream habitats. Moreover, feedback mechanisms present in both systems could have implications for such interactions. The elevated densities of web-building spiders observed at the stream margin led to the proposal of the "Highway Robber" hypothesis. This hypothesis suggests that such higher densities of spiders are the result of increased insect activity along the stream corridor: the emergence of adult aquatic insects was predicted to vary less over temporal and spatial scales than that of terrestrial insects due to the poorly synchronized life histories in many New Zealand stream insects. I conclude by suggesting that there are numerous anthropocentric perturbations such as loss of heterogeneity, introduced species, pollution and habitat degradation that could undermine and decouple the intimate linkages between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
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Woloschuk, John Robert. "Testing Spillover of Nocturnal Predators in Agroecosystems: The Influence of Ditch Type and Prey Availability." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1573840600112587.

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Pepper, David R. "Actions of spider venoms on insect nerve and muscle." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280292.

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Greenwood, Michelle Joanne. "The population dynamics of a riparian spider: interactive effects of flow-related disturbance on cross-ecosystem subsidies and spider habitat." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1453.

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The transfer of prey resources between ecosystems can have dramatic consequences for both recipient and donor systems by altering food web stability and the likelihood of trophic effects cascading across the ecosystem boundary. Landscape-scale factors influence the importance, direction and magnitude of energy flows, but may also alter the ability of consumer organisms to respond to spatio-temporal changes in allochthonous prey availability. Here, I used flood and drying disturbance gradients to investigate interactions between these two processes on populations of a riparian fishing spider Dolomedes aquaticus (Pisauridae). The abundance of aquatic insects with a winged adult stage, a major component of the diet of D. aquaticus, was markedly higher at less flood-prone rivers and declined with increasing flood disturbance. It was expected that spider populations would be largest at these stable rivers where the aquatic prey abundance was highest. However, a habitat (loose, unembedded riverbank rocks) manipulation revealed that the lack of scouring floods at these sites led to habitat-limited populations, preventing response to the increased prey resource. In fact a peak shaped relationship of spider biomass and abundance was found, with the largest spider populations at intermediately disturbed rivers. In addition, patchy habitat availability was the most likely cause of the small scale (4 m2) aggregation of spiders seen at the most stable and disturbed rivers. These patterns were also associated with strong interactions between the spiders. Stable isotope analysis of field collected spiders and an experimental manipulation of spider densities and food availability indicated that cannibalism rates were likely to be significantly higher at stable and disturbed rivers than those intermediate on the disturbance gradient. Differences in D. aquaticus population size structure and life history traits across the flood disturbance gradient were driven by interactions between resource availability, environmental stability and cannibalism rates. To separate the effects of habitat availability and aquatic prey abundance I used drying rivers, as the amount of aquatic insect prey alters as the water recedes. Desiccation mortality and low aquatic prey biomass most likely caused the spiders' spatial distribution and size class structure to alter in drying river reaches, potentially also leading to differences in cannibalism rates. Overall, cross-ecosystem transfers of prey had large impacts on the distribution, cannibalism rates and life history traits of D. aquaticus but their effects were modified by the nature of the ecosystem boundary. Thus river flow regime controlled the magnitude of the subsidy and its use by a consumer. Hence, cross-ecosystem subsidies will not always lead to larger consumer populations and consumer responses will depend on interactions between large-scale processes.
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Rethwisch, Michael D., and Jessica Grudovich. "Spider mite management in spring alfalfa utilizing swather applied treatments, 2003." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/205399.

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An experiment was initiated utilizing a swather based sprayer to determine if miticides applied at cutting would be an effective control method of spider mites in low desert alfalfa hay. Two treatments (Trilogy, Trilogy + Kinetic) were applied the morning of May 23, 2003, to alfalfa with very high numbers of spider mites. Treatments had five replications, with plots sampled on June 2, 9 and 18. Data indicated a severe reduction in spider mite numbers as of June 2 in all treatments (including untreated) thought due to high temperatures experienced shortly after cutting that exceeded lethal thresholds for spider mite survival. Differences in treatments for spider mites or western flower thrips were not noted until June 18, when significantly fewer spider mites were noted in Trilogy treated plots than untreated check plots. Trilogy + Kinetic treatments resulted in numerically fewer spider mites than the untreated check on this sample date, but numerically more than Trilogy treatment.
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Books on the topic "Insects and spiders"

1

Clarke, Penny. Insects & spiders. New York: F. Watts, 1995.

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Burnie, David. Insects & spiders. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1997.

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O'Toole, Christopher. Insects and spiders. New York: Facts on File, 1990.

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Milne, Lorus Johnson. Insects and spiders. New York: Doubleday, 1991.

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M, Bell Simon, ed. Insects and spiders. New York, N.Y: Ladybird Books, 1997.

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Insects and spiders. Orlando: Harcourt, 2003.

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Insects and spiders. Chicago: World Book, 2011.

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Insects and spiders. New York, NY: Scholastic, 2012.

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World, Book Inc. Insects and spiders. Chicago: World Book, 2011.

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Insects and spiders. Pleasantville, N.Y: Reader's Digest Children's Books, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Insects and spiders"

1

Avilés, Leticia. "Social Spiders." In Encyclopedia of Social Insects, 1–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90306-4_110-1.

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Avilés, Leticia. "Social Spiders." In Encyclopedia of Social Insects, 858–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28102-1_110.

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Reck, Heinrich, and Rodney van der Ree. "Insects, Snails and Spiders." In Handbook of Road Ecology, 247–57. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118568170.ch29.

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Barth, Friedrich G. "The Vibrational Sense of Spiders." In Comparative Hearing: Insects, 228–78. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0585-2_7.

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Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. "Spiders and scorpions (Araneae and Scorpiones)." In Medical Insects and Arachnids, 659–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1554-4_19.

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Iranipour, Shahzad. "Superfamily Platygastroidea: Natural Enemies of True Bugs, Moths, Other Insects, and Spiders." In Progress in Biological Control, 293–332. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63990-7_8.

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Wehner, Todd C., Rachel P. Naegele, James R. Myers, Narinder P. S. Dhillon, and Kevin Crosby. "Insects and spider mites." In Cucurbits, 207–19. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786392916.0207.

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Tso, I.-Min. "Insect View of Orb Spider Body Colorations." In Spider Ecophysiology, 319–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33989-9_23.

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Cordero, Mireya, M. Anwar Hossain, Nayely Espinoza, Veronica Obregon, Mariel Roman, Samantha Navarro, Laura Lina, Gerardo Corzo, and Elba Villegas. "Identifying Insect Protein Receptors Using an Insecticidal Spider Toxin." In Spider Venoms, 405–18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_22.

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Cordero, Mireya, M. Anwar Hossain, Nayely Espinoza, Veronica Obregon, Mariel Roman, Samantha Navarro, Laura Lina, Gerardo Corzo, and Elba Villegas. "Identifying Insect Protein Receptors Using an Insecticidal Spider Toxin." In Spider Venoms, 1–11. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6646-4_22-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Insects and spiders"

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Grudzinski, J. J., R. Fischer, R. L. Talaga, V. Guarino, A. Pla-Dalmau, J. E. Fagan, and C. Grozis. "Evaluation of Mechanical Properties at the Knit Line Interface in a Complex Multi-Cell PVC Extrusion." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-40217.

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In order to form internal cells in PVC extrusions, the die requires an insert or internal member that the material flows past. These inserts are supported to the outer die structure by so-called spiders that pass through to the outer wall of the extrusion die. The extruded material must separate and then recombine as it passes over the spider. The material must then form a bond at this interface shortly before exiting the die. These interfaces are referred to as knit-lines. In a recent project involving a large and complex PVC extrusion, difficulty was encountered in developing these knit lines within the webs of the extrusions. Upon visual inspection, these interfaces appeared to be without bond over portions of the cross section. However, mechanical testing in the worst knits revealed that bonding had occurred with the knit providing 85% of the bulk material strength although without supporting any significant ductility. At the same time, knits at different parts of the extrusions showed ductility comparable with the base material. Altering the process variables showed a means for improvement in the webs but this was limited by other constraints. In this work we describe the character of the knitlines and the resulting mechanical properties along with the testing methodology.
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Welti, Ellen. "Crab spiders (Thomisidae) attract insect flower-visitors without UV signaling." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.113748.

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Barbier, Charlotte, Joseph A. C. Humphrey, John Paulus, and Michael Appleby. "Design, Fabrication and Testing of a Bioinspired Hybrid Hair-Like Fluid Motion Sensor Array." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43006.

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Many animals detect motions in air and water by means of specialized hair-like sensilla that respond with high sensitivity and specificity to the fluid medium motion. For a review see Humphrey and Barth (2007). Examples are the filiform hairs of arthropods such as arachnids, crustaceans and insects, and the vibrissae of seals. In the case of the arthropods the sensors are relatively small (diameter ∼ 5–10 microns, length ∼ 100 – 1000 microns). In the case of seals they are much larger (diameter ∼ 1–2 mm, length ∼ 50 – 150 mm). These sensors are generally clustered in arrays consisting of hairs of different lengths which, for example, in the case of the cricket Grillus bimaculatus and the spider Cupiennius salei can result in frequency fractionation of the motion signals detected. We have designed, fabricated and tested a new type of hybrid sensor array that embodies favorable features taken from the spider trichobothria (such as the flexible membrane structure that supports a trichobotrium) and the seal vibrissae (such as the larger hair length). Each sensor in the array is embedded in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) platform that simulates the spider trichobothrium membrane. Four pairs of capacitors associated with each sensor allow the N-S and E-W detection of fluid motion parallel to the plane of the platform. Sensitivities in the order of few picofarads per 0.5° angular displacements of the sensors are obtained. Measurements and modeling of the sensor array are presented and discussed.
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Palmer, Emily H., Nicolas Deshler, and Rajat Mittal. "Aeromechanics of Long Jumps in Spider Crickets: Insights From Experiments and Modeling." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-73498.

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Flapping, gliding, running, crawling, and swimming in animals have all been studied extensively in the past and have served as sources of inspiration for engineering designs. In this paper, we describe the aeromechanics of a mode of locomotion that straddles ground and air: jumping. The subject of our study is the spider cricket of the family Rhaphidophoridae, an animal that is among the most proficient of long-jumpers in nature. The focus of the study is to understand the aeromechanics of the aerial portion of the jump of this animal. The research employs high-speed videogrammetry to track the crickets’ posture and appendage orientation throughout their jumps. Experiments demonstrate that these insects employ carefully controlled and coordinated positioning of their limbs during their jumps so as to increase jump distance and stabilize body posture. Simple phenomenological models based on drag laws indicate that the conformation of the limbs during the latter portion of the jump is stable to pitch and enables these animals to land in a controllable manner. Insights from this study could be useful in the design of micro-robots that exploit jumping as a means of locomotion.
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Høye, Toke T. "Winners and losers of Arctic climate change — insect and spider abundance variation across two decades in high-arctic Greenland." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.105033.

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Kinzel, Holger, P. T. Tai, and Kurt Buttner. "Evaluation of the Corrosion caused by Elevator and Spider Marks on C.R.A.-Pipe comparing Conventional Inserts and a New Gripping System." In SPE/IADC Asia Pacific Drilling Technology. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/36386-ms.

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Reports on the topic "Insects and spiders"

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Brodo, F. The insects, mites, and spiders of Hot Weather Creek, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/211956.

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