Relevant bibliographies by topics / Insects - Metamorphosis

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Academic literature on the topic 'Insects - Metamorphosis'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Insects - Metamorphosis"

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Belles, Xavier. "The innovation of the final moult and the origin of insect metamorphosis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1783 (August 26, 2019): 20180415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0415.

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The three modes of insect postembryonic development are ametaboly, hemimetaboly and holometaboly, the latter being considered the only significant metamorphosis mode. However, the emergence of hemimetaboly, with the genuine innovation of the final moult, represents the origin of insect metamorphosis and a necessary step in the evolution of holometaboly. Hemimetaboly derives from ametaboly and might have appeared as a consequence of wing emergence in Pterygota, in the early Devonian. In extant insects, the final moult is mainly achieved through the degeneration of the prothoracic gland (PG), after the formation of the winged and reproductively competent adult stage. Metamorphosis, including the formation of the mature wings and the degeneration of the PG, is regulated by the MEKRE93 pathway, through which juvenile hormone precludes the adult morphogenesis by repressing the expression of transcription factor E93, which triggers this change. The MEKRE93 pathway appears conserved in extant metamorphosing insects, which suggest that this pathway was operative in the Pterygota last common ancestor. We propose that the final moult, and the consequent hemimetabolan metamorphosis, is a monophyletic innovation and that the role of E93 as a promoter of wing formation and the degeneration of the PG was mechanistically crucial for their emergence. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of complete metamorphosis’.
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Rolff, Jens, Paul R. Johnston, and Stuart Reynolds. "Complete metamorphosis of insects." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1783 (August 26, 2019): 20190063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0063.

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The majority of described hexapod species are holometabolous insects, undergoing an extreme form of metamorphosis with an intercalated pupal stage between the larva and adult, in which organs and tissues are extensively remodelled and in some cases completely rebuilt. Here, we review how and why this developmental strategy has evolved. While there are many theories explaining the evolution of metamorphosis, many of which fit under the hypothesis of decoupling of life stages, there are few clear adaptive hypotheses on why complete metamorphosis evolved. We propose that the main adaptive benefit of complete metamorphosis is decoupling between growth and differentiation. This facilitates the exploitation of ephemeral resources and enhances the probability of the metamorphic transition escaping developmental size thresholds. The evolution of complete metamorphosis comes at the cost of exposure to predators, parasites and pathogens during pupal life and requires specific adaptations of the immune system at this time. Moreover, metamorphosis poses a challenge for the maintenance of symbionts and the gut microbiota, although it may also offer the benefit of allowing an extensive change in microbiota between the larval and adult stages. The regulation of metamorphosis by two main players, ecdysone and juvenile hormone, and the related signalling cascades are now relatively well understood. The mechanics of metamorphosis have recently been studied in detail because of the advent of micro-CT and research into the role of cell death in remodelling tissues and organs. We support the argument that the adult stage must necessarily have preceded the larval form of the insect. We do not resolve the still contentious question of whether the larva of insects in general originated through the modification of existing preadult forms or through heterochrony as a modified embryonic stage (pronymph), nor whether the holometabolous pupa arose as a modified hemimetabolous final stage larva. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of complete metamorphosis’.
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Ogilvie, Brian W. "Attending to insects: Francis Willughby and John Ray." Notes and Records of the Royal Society 66, no. 4 (October 10, 2012): 357–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2012.0051.

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Francis Willughby and John Ray were at the forefront of the natural history of insects in the second half of the seventeenth century. Willughby in particular had a deep interest in insects' metamorphosis, behaviour and diversity, an interest that he passed on to his friend and mentor Ray. By examining Willughby's contributions to John Wilkins's Essay towards a Real Character (1668) and Ray's Methodus insectorum (1705) and Historia insectorum (1710), which contained substantial material from Willughby's manuscript history of insects, one may reconstruct how the two naturalists studied insects, their innovative use of metamorphosis in insect classification, and the sheer diversity of insect forms that they described on the basis of their own collections and those of London and Oxford virtuosi. Imperfect as it was, Historia insectorum was recognized by contemporaries as a significant contribution to the emerging field of entomology.
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Nicholson, David B., Andrew J. Ross, and Peter J. Mayhew. "Fossil evidence for key innovations in the evolution of insect diversity." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1793 (October 22, 2014): 20141823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1823.

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Explaining the taxonomic richness of the insects, comprising over half of all described species, is a major challenge in evolutionary biology. Previously, several evolutionary novelties (key innovations) have been posited to contribute to that richness, including the insect bauplan , wings, wing folding and complete metamorphosis, but evidence over their relative importance and modes of action is sparse and equivocal. Here, a new dataset on the first and last occurrences of fossil hexapod (insects and close relatives) families is used to show that basal families of winged insects (Palaeoptera, e.g. dragonflies) show higher origination and extinction rates in the fossil record than basal wingless groups (Apterygota, e.g. silverfish). Origination and extinction rates were maintained at levels similar to Palaeoptera in the more derived Polyneoptera (e.g. cockroaches) and Paraneoptera (e.g. true bugs), but extinction rates subsequently reduced in the very rich group of insects with complete metamorphosis (Holometabola, e.g. beetles). Holometabola show evidence of a recent slow-down in their high net diversification rate, whereas other winged taxa continue to diversify at constant but low rates. These data suggest that wings and complete metamorphosis have had the most effect on family-level insect macroevolution, and point to specific mechanisms by which they have influenced insect diversity through time.
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Hammer, Tobin J., and Nancy A. Moran. "Links between metamorphosis and symbiosis in holometabolous insects." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1783 (August 26, 2019): 20190068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0068.

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Many animals depend on microbial symbionts to provide nutrition, defence or other services. Holometabolous insects, as well as other animals that undergo metamorphosis, face unique constraints on symbiont maintenance. Microbes present in larvae encounter a radical transformation of their habitat and may also need to withstand chemical and immunological challenges. Metamorphosis also provides an opportunity, in that symbiotic associations can be decoupled over development. For example, some holometabolous insects maintain the same symbiont as larvae and adults, but house it in different tissues; in other species, larvae and adults may harbour entirely different types or numbers of microbes, in accordance with shifts in host diet or habitat. Such flexibility may provide an advantage over hemimetabolous insects, in which selection on adult-stage microbial associations may be constrained by its negative effects on immature stages, and vice versa. Additionally, metamorphosis itself can be directly influenced by symbionts. Across disparate insect taxa, microbes protect hosts from pathogen infection, supply nutrients essential for rebuilding the adult body and provide cues regulating pupation. However, microbial associations remain completely unstudied for many families and even orders of Holometabola, and future research will undoubtedly reveal more links between metamorphosis and microbiota, two widespread features of animal life. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of complete metamorphosis’.
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Reynolds, Stuart. "Cooking up the perfect insect: Aristotle's transformational idea about the complete metamorphosis of insects." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1783 (August 26, 2019): 20190074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0074.

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Aristotle made important contributions to the study of developmental biology, including the complete metamorphosis of insects. One concept in particular, that of the perfect or complete state, underlies Aristotle's ideas about metamorphosis, the necessity of fertilization for embryonic development, and whether morphogenesis involves an autonomous process of self-assembly. Importantly, the philosopher erroneously views metamorphosis as a necessary developmental response to lack of previous fertilization of the female parent, a view that is intimately connected with his readiness to accept the idea of the spontaneous generation of life. Aristotle's work underpins that of the major seventeenth century students of metamorphosis, Harvey, Redi, Malpighi and Swammerdam, all of whom make frequent reference to Aristotle in their writings. Although both Aristotle and Harvey are often credited with inspiring the later prolonged debate between proponents of epigenesis and preformation, neither actually held firm views on the subject. Aristotle's idea of the perfect stage also underlies his proposal that the eggs of holometabolous insects hatch ‘before their time’, an idea that is the direct precursor of the much later proposals by Lubbock and Berlese that the larval stages of holometabolous insects are due to the ‘premature hatching’ from the egg of an imperfect embryonic stage. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of complete metamorphosis’.
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Tariq, K., M. Noor, M. Hori, A. Ali, A. Hussain, W. Peng, C. J. Chang, and H. Zhang. "Blue light-induced immunosuppression in Bactrocera dorsalis adults, as a carryover effect of larval exposure." Bulletin of Entomological Research 107, no. 6 (May 9, 2017): 734–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485317000438.

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AbstractDetrimental effects of ultraviolet (UV) light on living organisms are well understood, little is known about the effects of blue light irradiation. Although a recent study revealed that blue light caused more harmful effects on insects than UV light and blue light irradiation killed insect pests of various orders including Diptera, the effects of blue light on physiology of insects are still largely unknown. Here we studied the effects of blue light irradiation on cuticular melanin in larval and the immune response in adult stage of Bactrocera dorsalis. We also evaluated the effects of blue light exposure in larval stage on various age and mass at metamorphosis and the mediatory role of cuticular melanin in carryover effects of larval stressors across metamorphosis. We found that larvae exposed to blue light decreased melanin contents in their exoskeleton with smaller mass and delayed metamorphosis than insects reared without blue light exposure. Across metamorphosis, lower melanotic encapsulation response and higher susceptibility to Beauveria bassiana was detected in adults that had been exposed to blue light at their larval stage, thereby constituting the first evidence that blue light impaired adult immune function in B. dorsalis as a carryover effect of larval exposure.
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Liu, Suning, Kang Li, Yue Gao, Xi Liu, Weiting Chen, Wei Ge, Qili Feng, Subba R. Palli, and Sheng Li. "Antagonistic actions of juvenile hormone and 20-hydroxyecdysone within the ring gland determine developmental transitions in Drosophila." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 1 (December 18, 2017): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716897115.

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In both vertebrates and insects, developmental transition from the juvenile stage to adulthood is regulated by steroid hormones. In insects, the steroid hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), elicits metamorphosis, thus promoting this transition, while the sesquiterpenoid juvenile hormone (JH) antagonizes 20E signaling to prevent precocious metamorphosis during the larval stages. However, not much is known about the mechanisms involved in cross-talk between these two hormones. In this study, we discovered that in the ring gland (RG) of Drosophila larvae, JH and 20E control each other’s biosynthesis. JH induces expression of a Krüppel-like transcription factor gene Kr-h1 in the prothoracic gland (PG), a portion of the RG that produces the 20E precursor ecdysone. By reducing both steroidogenesis autoregulation and PG size, high levels of Kr-h1 in the PG inhibit ecdysteriod biosynthesis, thus maintaining juvenile status. JH biosynthesis is prevented by 20E in the corpus allatum, the other portion of the RG that produces JH, to ensure the occurrence of metamorphosis. Hence, antagonistic actions of JH and 20E within the RG determine developmental transitions in Drosophila. Our study proposes a mechanism of cross-talk between the two major hormones in the regulation of insect metamorphosis.
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Gomez-Orte, E., and X. Belles. "MicroRNA-dependent metamorphosis in hemimetabolan insects." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 51 (December 4, 2009): 21678–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0907391106.

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KUBOTA, Kohei. "Metamorphosis and Appendicular Development of Insects." Journal of the Society of Mechanical Engineers 113, no. 1099 (2010): 436–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemag.113.1099_436.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Insects - Metamorphosis"

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Kamsoi, Orathai 1987. "Factors regulating metamorphosis in hemimetabolan insects." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669682.

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The project consists in studying different aspects of the regulation of insect metamorphosis, using the cockroach Blattella germanica and the mayfly Cloeon dipterum, as laboratory models. In B. germanica the idea has been to study the possible role of Myoglianin in regulation of the decrease of juvenile hormone production that occurs at the beginning of the last nymphal instar. Also, to study the possible role of the adult specifier factor E93 in the destruction of the PG after the imaginal molt. In C. dipterum the plan has been to study the mechanisms that regulate metamorphosis, particularly during the formation of the subimago, and to compare these mechanisms with those operating in neopteran insects, which are condensed in the so-called MEKRE93 pathway.
El projecte consisteix en estudiar diferents aspectes de la regulació de la metamorfosi dels insectes, utilitzant la panerola Blattella germanica i l’efímera Cloeon dipterum com a models de laboratori. A B. germanica, la idea ha estat estudiar el possible paper de la mioglianina en la regulació de la disminució de la producció d’hormona juvenil que es produeix al començament de l’últim instar nimfal. També ha estat previst estudiar el possible paper del factor especificador de l’adult E93 en la destrucció de la glàndula protorácica després de la muda imaginal. A C. dipterum, el pla ha estat estudiar els mecanismes que regulen la metamorfosi, particularment durant la formació del subimago, i comparar aquests mecanismes amb els que operen en insectes neòpters, condensats en l'anomenada via MEKRE93
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Erezyilmaz, Deniz F. "The genetic and endocrine bases of the evolution of complete metamorphosis in insects /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5165.

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Johnson, Jennifer Lisa. "Evolution: A Museum of Entomology for Roosevelt Island." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34323.

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Buildings have identities. Like people, they have an essence that people can appreciate whether or not they can consciously evaluate that impression. Buildings can have personality and character. They can be amiable, reserved, even abrasive; we can enjoy or detest being in them. How does design imbue this character? Sometimes a building's identity is so sympathetic towards a program that the original use is apparent even after a change of use. Is this solely the result of conscious alteration, or can the original architect assist this constancy by so thoroughly infusing character into the design that, short of demolition, a semblance of identity will always be retained? Buildings have identities which can be enhanced or repressed through renovation. But can a building inform? Can a building be a devise for spreading information? What essential characteristics are necessary for identification? Would a building, possessing the characteristics of another object, be identifiable as that thing? Can a building be an insect?
Master of Architecture
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Winbush, Ari. "Steroid-triggered, cell-autonomous programmed cell death of identified Drosophila motoneurons during metamorphosis /." Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank) Connect to title online (ProQuest), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/9503.

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Zee, Michele Chi-Wai. "Steroid hormones and cell death : analysis of motorneuron and muscle fates during insect metamorphosis /." view abstract or download file of text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3136456.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2004.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-113). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Westberg, Tove. "Impact of contamination by mining rest products (Zn and Pb) on lake insect abundance, composition, and metamorphosis." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-151892.

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Heavy metals are of great concern when released into the environment, especially at high concentrations. Because of their persistence and toxicity, they have the ability to impact organisms both directly and indirectly via bioaccumulation in the food chain. In this report the effects on aquatic insect composition and abundance as well as possible effects on metamorphosis from larvae to adults were examined in six lakes – three with elevated Zn and Pb concentrations and three reference lakes - situated in Arjeplog municipality. Aquatic larvae and adult aquatic insects were sampled one year apart, and the number of individuals and community composition of both life stages were compared. Contrary to my hypothesis, the results showed no significant differences in abundance, taxa richness or number of individuals in pollution sensitive taxa (EPT) due to contamination. However, the result showed that the effect of contamination on the number of insects is different at different life stages (larval or adult), with fewer adults than expected emerging from contaminated lakes. This is likely explained by detrimental effects, caused by high metal concentrations, obstructing metamorphosis and decreasing emergence success. In this study, the negative effects on emergence could foremost be observed in chironomids (Chironomidae), which was the most abundant insect taxon in both reference and contaminated sites. This leads to the conclusion that including effects on metamorphosis can provide useful insights when assessing effects of a contaminant on the health of freshwater ecosystems.
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Ureña, Sala Enric. "Regulació de la metamorfosi en insectes hemimetàbols i holometàbols. Caracterització funcional del gen E93 i del procés de sumoilació." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/129634.

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La maduració sexual dels animals està controlada per hormones. En els insectes alats aquesta maduració es coneix amb el nom de metamorfosi, i pot anar acompanyada d’una completa reorganització de la majoria d’òrgans i estructures juvenils (insectes holometàbols), o bé limitar-se a uns pocs teixits, principalment les ales i la genitàlia (insectes hemimetàbols). La metamorfosi dels insectes holometàbols (metamorfosi completa), que va aparèixer fa uns 300 milions d’anys a partir d’insectes hemimetàbols (metamorfosi incompleta), ha fet que aquest grup animal assolís un gran èxit evolutiu, ja que la diferent morfologia entre les formes juvenils i adultes els permet explotar hàbitats diferents i no competir entre elles. En tots els insectes els canvis metamòrfics estan controlats per dues hormones, la 20-hidroxiecdisona (20E) i l’hormona juvenil (HJ). La 20E s’encarrega d’induir les transicions entre les diverses mudes i estadis del desenvolupament, mentre que l’HJ modula la naturalesa d’aquestes transicions. La present tesi doctoral pretén aprofundir en el coneixement de la regulació molecular de la metamorfosi mitjançant l’estudi del procés de sumoilació, per una banda, i de la funció del gen E93 de l’altra. Per fer-ho s’han utilitzat tres models d’insectes: la panerola Blattella germanica (hemimetàbol), l’escarabat Tribolium castaneum (holometàbol basal) i la mosca Drosophila melanogaster (holometàbol modificat). La sumoilació és una modificació posttraduccional que consisteix en la unió de manera reversible d’una proteïna petita, anomenada Sumo (de l’anglès Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier), a una proteïna diana. Aquesta unió comporta la modificació de les propietats de la proteïna diana canviant-ne la conformació, la localització subcel•lular, la capacitat d’interacció amb altres proteïnes o la capacitat d’unió al DNA (en el cas dels factors de transcripció), entre d’altres. En els insectes, l’estudi del procés de sumoilació s’havia centrat fins ara en l’holometàbol D. melanogaster, on s’ha vist que és imprescindible per a l’inici de la metamorfosi. En aquesta tesi doctoral s’ha descrit la funció d’aquest procés en el desenvolupament postembrionari d’un insecte molt més basal, B. germanica. Aquesta panerola té dos paràlegs Sumo, BgSumo1 i BgSumo3, mentre que D. melanogaster en té tan sols un, Smt3. Aquest fet permetia, doncs, estudiar l’evolució funcional de la sumoilació en els insectes, i com aquesta funció està distribuïda en animals amb dos proteïnes Sumo. Així, mitjançant la tècnica de l’RNA d’interferència in vivo, s’ha comprovat que la sumoilació és essencial per a la supervivència durant el desenvolupament postembrionari de B. germanica. A més, s’ha vist que el paràleg BgSumo1 és necessari per a que es doni correctament la muda imaginal, per a la transducció del senyal de la 20E durant aquesta muda i per a la proliferació de l’epiteli fol•licular de l’oòcit basal. D’altra banda, s’ha comprovat que diversos receptors nuclears que conformen la via de senyalització de la 20E, imprescindible per a l’inici de la metamorfosi, són capaços de sumoilar-se en condicions in vitro. La segona part del treball se centra en l’estudi funcional del factor de transcripció E93. Aquest, descrit prèviament en D. melanogaster com el responsable de la transmissió del senyal de la 20E en el procés de mort cel•lular programada durant la metamorfosi, s’ha comprovat en aquesta tesi que actua de regulador molt més general dels processos metamòrfics. Així, s’expressa fortament durant el període metamòrfic en els tres models estudiats (B. germanica, T. castaneum i D. melanogaster), i la seva absència bloqueja aquest procés. En l’hemimetàbol B. germanica, la manca de BgE93 durant el darrer estadi nimfal provoca la formació de nimfes supernumeràries, que mai assoleixen l’estadi adult. En l’holometàbol basal T. castaneum, per altra banda, l’absència de TcE93 impedeix la diferenciació adulta que es dóna durant la fase pupal i provoca la muda a un segon estadi pupal supernumerari. Finalment, en l’holometàbol modificat D. melanogaster també provoca un bloqueig general de la metamorfosi. A més, en aquests tres insectes E93 s’encarrega de reprimir l’expressió dels factors de transcripció Broad i Krüppel homolog-1, la presència dels quals impedeix la diferenciació adulta durant el darrer estadi juvenil dels insectes. Per tot això, aquest treball ha pogut descriure el factor de transcripció E93 com l’especificador adult dels insectes alats, pas essencial per avançar en el coneixement de la regulació de la metamorfosi i en l’estudi de l’aparició de la metamorfosi completa a partir d’insectes hemimetàbols.
All immature animals undergo remarkable morphological and physiological changes to become mature adults. In winged insects, metamorphic changes are either limited to a few tissues (hemimetaboly) or involve a complete reorganization of most tissues and organs (holometaboly). In both cases, adult differentiation requires a temporally regulated balance between cell death, tissue growth and morphogenesis. Two hormones control this balance, the steroid 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and juvenile hormone (JH). The main goal of this thesis is to characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying the metamorphic process in insects through (i) the study of sumoylation and (ii) the functional characterization of the E93 transcription factor. To this aim, the hemimetabolous cockroach Blattella germanica, as well as the basal holometabolous beetle Tribolium castaneum and the highly modified holometabolous fly Drosophila melanogaster were used. Sumoylation is a post-translational modification that consists on the covalent binding of a small protein, called Sumo (Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier), to a target protein. This modification is involved in the regulation of various cellular processes such as nuclear-cytosolic transport, transcriptional regulation and progression of cell cycle, among others. Notably, whereas D. melanogaster has only one Sumo protein (Smt3), B. germanica has two, BgSumo1 and BgSumo3. In this thesis, by using RNAi in vivo experiments we have shown that, whereas BgSumo3 is dispensable for the correct development of B. germanica, reduction of BgSumo1 levels resulted in severe defects during the metamorphic transition, including a marked developmental delay due to impaired activation of the ecdysone-triggered signaling cascade. Furthermore, we have shown that all the proteins belonging to the ecdysone-dependent transcriptional cascade of nuclear hormone receptors (BgEcR, BgRXR, BgE75, BgHR3 and BgFTZ-F1) are SUMOylated in vitro. The second part of the thesis is focused on the functional characterization of the E93 gene. First described as a dedicated regulator of cell death, we have demonstrated that this factor controls all the metamorphic transformations in insects. Thus, in the hemimetabolous B. germanica the absence of E93 during the last nymphal instar causes the formation of supernumerary nymphal instars. Moreover, in the holometabolous T. castaneum and D. melanogaster the depletion of E93 impairs adult differentiation during the pupal period and, in the beetle, also causes the formation of a supernumerary pupal stage. Furthermore, E93 controls the essential downregulation of the anti-metamorphic factors Broad and Krüppel homolog-1, two proteins whose presence blocks adult metamorphosis during the pupal stage. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that, despite the evolutionary distance and the differences in the developmental strategies to reach adulthood, E93 is the universal adult specifier in winged insects.
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Lozano, Fernàndez Jesús. "Mecanisme d’acció de l’hormona juvenil en la metamorfosi dels insectes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/286366.

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La metamorfosi és un procés de canvi morfològic radical que succeeix en un període específic durant el desenvolupament postembrionari de diverses espècies animals, tals com amfibis o insectes. En el cas dels insectes, hi ha dos tipus principals de metamorfosi: de tipus hemimetàbol, on els individus fan una metamorfosi progressiva i les nimfes s’assemblen als adults, com succeeix en les xinxes, paneroles i saltamartins. En la metamorfosi holometàbola, en canvi, es dóna una transformació morfològica radical, de larva a pupa i de pupa a adult, com s’observa en papallones, escarabats i mosques. La metamorfosi holometàbola s’originà a partir d’ancestres hemimetàbols, i aquesta innovació va tenir molt d’èxit si considerem que més del 80% dels insectes actuals són espècies holometàboles. En tots dos tipus de metamorfosi la regulació és propiciada per l’acció de dues hormones, l’esteroide 20-hidroxiecdisona (20E), o hormona de la mud,a i el sesquiterpenoide hormona juvenil (HJ). Mentre que la 20E indueix les mudes, l’HJ reprimeix la metamorfosi. L’objectiu general d’aquesta tesi doctoral és ajudar a comprendre els mecanismes moleculars pels quals l’HJ reprimeix la metamorfosi, utilitzant com a model la panerola Blattella germanica, un insecte amb metamorfosi hemimetàbola poc modificada, i emmarcar aquests resultats en un context evolutiu. Així, hem estudiat el paper del receptor de l’HJ, el factor de transcripció Methoprene-tolerant (Met). Els estudis suprimint l’expressió d’aquest gen mitjançant RNA d’interferència (RNAi) en fases nimfals mostren que Met és necessari en la transducció del senyal hormonal, ja que la seva supressió provoca una metamorfosi precoç. El factor de transcripció Taiman (Tai) es postula com a millor candidat a actuar com a heterodímer de Met en la recepció de l’HJ, encara que cap experiment in vivo ha pogut demostrar aquesta funció degut a que la seva supressió en diversos models d’insectes resultà letal. A B. germanica Taiman s’expressa en quatre isoformes resultants de la combinació de dues insercions/delecions (indels) a la regió carboxi-terminal de la seqüència. La reducció de l'expressió de les isoformes que contenen la inserció-1 de Tai provoca una metamorfosi precoç. La presència d’aquesta inserció en isoformes de Tai d’altres espècies suggereix que el mecanisme de transducció de l’activitat antimetamòrfica de l’HJ mitjançant aquestes isoformes és un fenomen conservat en altres insectes. Un altre factor de transcripció que participa en la senyalització de l'HJ és Broad-Complex (BR-C). A les espècies holometàboles BR-C s’expressa al darrer estadi larvari i la seva expressió transitòria és essencial per una formació de la pupa. Els estudis a B. germanica revelen funcions ancestrals de BR-C relacionades amb divisió cel·lular i creixement de l’ala, alhora que aporten noves pistes que ajuden a entendre l’evolució de la metamorfosi dels insectes. Un altre element important que participa en la transducció del senyal de l’HJ en relació amb la metamorfosi és el factor de transcripció Krüppel-homolog 1 (Kr-h1). Hem mostrat que la reducció de nivells d'expressió de Kr-h1 a fases nimfals a B. germanica indueix una metamorfosi precoç. Aquests resultats, conjuntament amb els resultats previs obtinguts en espècies holometàboles, suggereixen que el paper repressor de Kr-h1 en la metamorfosi és una condició ancestral que s’ha conservat en espècies hemimetàboles i holometàboles. Els microRNAs (miRNAs) són una classe d’RNAs petits no codificants que regulen l’expressió de gens a nivell transcripcional mitjançant la regulació de l’mRNA. Per tal de desvetllar la funció dels miRNAs durant el desenvolupament de B. germanica, es van dur a terme experiments suprimint l’expressió de Dicer-1, enzim que participa en la biosíntesi dels miRNAs, i el resultat va ser una inhibició de la metamorfosi. Els resultats presentats en aquesta tesi suggereixen aquest fenotip és la conseqüència principal d’una davallada de l’expressió d’una sola família de miRNAs, miR-2. El conjunt d’experiments realitzats indiquen que miR-2 regula la davallada de l’expressió del transcrit de Kr- h1 a la darrera fase nimfal de B. germanica, la qual cosa propicia que la metamorfosi es desenvolupi correctament.
Metamorphosis is a process were a sudden and conspicuous morphological change occurs at a specific time point during the postembryonic development of several animal groups, like amphibians and insects. Insect metamorphosis proceeds in two modes: hemimetaboly, defined by a gradual change along the life cycle, as occurs in bugs, cockroaches and locusts, and holometaboly, characterized by an abrupt change from larvae to adult mediated by a pupal stage, has observed in butterflies, beetles and flies. Metamorphosis evolved from hemimetaboly to holometaboly and the latter innovation was most successful because more than 80% of present insects are holometabolan species. From an endocrine point of view, both hemimetabolan and holometabolan metamorphosis is regulated by two kinds of hormones: 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), which induce molts, and juvenile hormone (JH), which inhibits metamorphic changes. Using the cockroach Blattella germanica as a basal hemimetabolous model, the general objective of this thesis is to study the molecular action of JH in repressing insect metamorphosis. One of the main players in hormonal signalling is Methoprene-tolerant (Met), which plays the role of JH receptor. Depletion of Met in young nymphal instars triggers precocious metamorphosis, suggesting that Met transduces the antimetamorphic signal of JH. Recent studies report that Met heterodimerizes with Taiman (Tai) forming the receptor complex of JH in metamorphosis repression. However, there is no data in vivo demonstrating a role of Tai in metamorphosis, because its depletion in a number of insect models resulted in 100% mortality. B. germanica possesses four Tai isoforms resulting from the combination of two indels in the C-terminal region of the sequence. RNAi depletion of insertion-1 isoforms results in a precocious adult development, demonstrating its involvement in metamorphosis. The insertion-1 of Tai is conserved in other insect species, which suggests that the mechanism of signal transduction of the antimetamorphic action of JH I conserved in other species. An important JH-dependent factor is BR-C, whose expression in holometabolan species is inhibited by JH in young larvae and enhanced in mature larvae to specify to pupal stage. The functional study of BR-C in cockroach reveal ancestral functions related to cell division and wing pad growth. Krüppel-homolog 1 (Kr-h1) is a transcription factor whose function as transductor of the antimetamorphic action of JH has been demonstrated in holometabolan species. RNAi experiments depleting Kr-h1 in young nymphal instars of B. germanica results in precocious metamorphosis, suggesting that their role as a JH transductor in metamorphosis is evolutionary conserved in hemimetabolan and holometabolan species. Finally, it has been reported that depletion of dicer-1, the enzyme that catalyzes the final step of miRNA biosynthesis, prevents metamorphosis in B. germanica. This thesis has addressed the question of how miRNAs act in metamorphosis and why their absence impairs it. The whole data of experiments reported here indicate that miR-2 scavenges Kr-h1 transcripts in the last nymphal instar of B. germanica, which contributes to the correct development of metamorphosis.
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Ylla, Bou Guillem 1990. "Comparative transcriptomics of hemimetabolan and holometabolan metamorphosis." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/565925.

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The evolutionary success of insects was particularly shaped by the innovation of the metamorphosis, especially by the transition from hemimetaboly to holometaboly. The mechanisms underlying this evolutionary transition represent an unsolved question, although different approaches have been used to study them. In the present thesis we followed a transcriptomic approach, comparing data on mRNA and miRNA expression in key developmental moments, comprising embryonic and postembryonic stages, in species representing the hemimetabolan and holometabolan modes. Most of the work has been carried out in the hemimetabolan species Blattella germanica, but we have used also other reference species for comparison, especially the holometabolan Drosophila melanogaster and Tribolium castaneum. The results show that there are not qualitative gene differences between holometabolan and hemimetabolan species, but differences in patterns of expression and potential networking of orthologous genes. Transcription factors, epigenetic modifiers, and miRNAs appear as important players in both developmental modes.
L'èxit evolutiu dels insectes ha estat mercat per la innovació de la metamorfosi i, en especial, per la transició de la metamorfosi hemimetàbola a holometàbola. Els mecanismes subjacents en aquesta transició evolutiva representen una qüestió no resolta. Per tal d'estudiar aquesta transició, en aquesta tesi hem utilitzat un enfocament transcriptomic comparant dades de mRNA i miRNA en estadis clau del desenvolupament, incloent-hi estadis embrionaris i post embrionaris en espècies representatives de metamorfosis hemimetàbola i holometàbola. La major part dels anàlisis s'han centrat en l'hemimetàbola Blattella germanica, tot i que s'han utilitzat dades d'altres espècies com a contrast, especialment dels holometàbols Drosophila melanogaster i Tribolium castaneum. Els resultats mostren que no hi ha diferències qualitatives en relació a gens dels hemimetàbols i holometàbols, en canvi les principals diferències consisteixen en els diferents perfils d'expressió de gens comuns i la seva xarxa de d'interacció. Els factors de transcripció, els modificadors epigenètics i els miRNAs emergeixen com a principals protagonistes dels mecanismes reguladors en ambdós models de desenvolupament.
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Chafino, Aixa Silvia 1991. "Endocrine control of insect metamorphosis : Characterization of he "Metamorphic Gene Network"." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665654.

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Insect metamorphosis is controlled by several genes that are regulated by two hormones, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and juvenile hormone (JH). These genes, E93, Krüppel-homolog 1 (Kr-h1) and Broad-complex (Br-C), form a network of transcription factors defined as the “Gene Metamorphic Network” (MGN). Changes in the regulation of the MGN underlie evolution of complete metamorphosis. However, knowledge about the MGN in different insect types is scarce. This thesis works towards the characterization of the regulation and function of the MGN. First, we have characterized two larval size-assessment checkpoints that regulate the onset of metamorphosis in the coleopteran Tribolium castaneum by controlling the stage-specific expression of the MGN. Second, we have characterized the MGN in the neotenic Strepsipteran Xenos vesparum, and found that neoteny could result from modifications in E93, Br-C and Kr-h1 expression. Finally, we have characterized the role of the EGFR pathway in the regulation of 20E biosynthesis in T. castaneum.
La metamorfosi dels insectes està controlada per per dues hormones, l’hidroxiecdisona (20E) i l’hormona juvenil (HJ), que a la vegada regulen l’expressió d’una sèrie de gens. Aquests gens, E93, Krüppel-homolog 1 (Kr-h1) i Broad-complex (Br-C), formen una xarxa de factors de transcripció anomenada “Gene Metamorphic Network” (MGN). Canvis en la regulació de la MGN són la base de l’evolució de la metamorfosi completa, no obstant, el coneixement sobre la MGN en diferents tipus d’insectes és escàs. Aquesta tesi te com a objectiu la caracterització i la regulació de la MGN en diferents tipus d’insectes. En primer lloc, hem co-relacionat l’expressió dels gens de la MGN amb dos moments del desenvolupament associats a la mida de l’organisme que controlen l’inici de la metamorfosi en el coleòpter Tribolium castaneum. En segon lloc, hem caracteritzat la MGN en el desenvolupament neotènic de l’espècie Strepsiptera Xenos vesparum i hem trobat que la neotènia podria ser el resultat de modificacions en l’expressió de E93, Br-C and Kr-h1. Finalment, hem analitzat la funció de la via de senyalització EGFR en la regulació de la síntesis de l’20E en Tribolium castaneum.
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Books on the topic "Insects - Metamorphosis"

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Katharina, Schmidt-Loske, ed. Insects of Surinam =: Die insecten Surinams = Les insectes de Surinam = Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium. Hong Kong: Taschen America Llc, 2009.

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Insect development: Morphogenesis, molting and metamorphosis. London: Academic, 2009.

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Peter, Kuper. The metamorphosis. Carmel, Calif: Hampton-Brown, 2003.

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Goor, Ron. Insect metamorphosis: From egg to adult. New York: Atheneum, 1990.

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Nancy, Goor, ed. Insect metamorphosis: From egg to adult. New York: Atheneum, 1990.

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Nancy, Goor, ed. Insect metamorphosis: From egg to adult. New York: Aladdin Paperbacks, 1998.

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V, Danks H., and International Congress of Entomology (19th : 1992 : Beijing, China), eds. Insect life-cycle polymorphism: Theory, evolution, and ecological consequences for seasonality and diapause control. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, 1994.

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Das Insektenbuch =: Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium. Frankfurt/Main: Insel, 1991.

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Merian, Maria Sibylla. Das Insektenbuch =: Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium. Frankfurt am Main: Insel Verlag, 2002.

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Waldbauer, Gilbert. Insects through the seasons. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Insects - Metamorphosis"

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Dhang, Partho, Philip Koehler, Roberto Pereira, and Daniel D. Dye, II. "Ants." In Key questions in urban pest management: a study and revision guide, 77–84. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620179.0010.

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Abstract This book chapter discusses ants. Because ants live in large nests that can house many thousands to millions of individuals, their collective effect is certainly what causes greatest concern as a force that may destroy or consume large quantities of food or other materials important to humans. In nature, ants perform beneficial functions, preying on pests, aerating soils, moving soil nutrients, and decomposing organic matter, but in urban environments, they can be considered as one of the most destructive urban pests. Ants belong to the order Hymenoptera which also includes bees and wasps, and, like many other hymenopterans, they are social insects with colony duties divided among different castes. Although most ants can bite with their jaws, the ones that cause greater concern are the ones that sting, using a modified ovipositor to inflict pain. Emphasis should be on excluding ants from buildings and eliminating food and water sources. Ants undergo complete metamorphosis, having egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages. Ant management requires diligent effort and the combined use of mechanical, cultural, sanitation, and chemical methods of control.
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Singh Dhadialla, Tarlochan, Ronald Ross, and Makoto Hatakoshi. "Insect Molting and Metamorphosis." In Modern Crop Protection Compounds, 957–98. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527644179.ch28.

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Willis, Judith H. "Regulating Genes for Metamorphosis: Concepts and Results." In Molecular Insect Science, 91–98. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3668-4_11.

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Hildebrand, John G. "Metamorphosis of the Insect Nervous System." In Model Neural Networks and Behavior, 129–48. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5858-0_8.

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Pagán, Oné R. "Endozepines in Insect Development and Metamorphosis." In Naturally Occurring Benzodiazepines, Endozepines, and their Receptors, 89–97. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780367814373-9.

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Ni, Xinzhi, Xianchun Li, Yigen Chen, Fuzhen Guo, Jinian Feng, and Huiyan Zhao. "Metamorphosis of Cisgenic Insect Resistance Research in the Transgenic Crop Era." In Recent Advances in Entomological Research, 258–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17815-3_15.

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Lenoir-Rousseaux, Jean-Jacques. "Variation in Activity of a Major Molecular Form of AChE in Brain and Smooth Muscle During Tenebrio Metamorphosis." In Insect Neurochemistry and Neurophysiology · 1986, 387–92. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4832-3_58.

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"Introduction to: Insects." In Metamorphosis, 1. Elsevier, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012283245-1/50002-6.

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Stehr, Frederick W. "Metamorphosis." In Encyclopedia of Insects, 627–28. Elsevier, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-374144-8.00175-2.

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Lenaerts, Cynthia, Jozef Vanden Broeck, and Elisabeth Marchal. "Puberty & Metamorphosis Related to Reproduction: Metamorphosis, Insects." In Encyclopedia of Reproduction, 430–35. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.20589-x.

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Conference papers on the topic "Insects - Metamorphosis"

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Kayukawa, Takumi. "How does juvenile hormone prevent pupal metamorphosis in holometabolous insects?" In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.105791.

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Ozerova, Aleksandra, and Mikhail Gelfand. "Distinct features of the morphogenesis in the insects undergoing radical metamorphosis on the gene expression level." In Информационные технологии и системы. Москва: Институт проблем передачи информации им. А.А. Харкевича РАН, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53921/itas2020_293.

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Belles, Xavier. "MicroRNAs and the evolution of insect metamorphosis." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.116990.

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Bozkurt, Alper, Ayesa Paul, Siva Pulla, Abhishek Ramkumar, Bernd Blossey, John Ewer, Robert Gilmour, and Amit Lal. "Microprobe microsystem platform inserted during early metamorphosis to actuate insect flight muscle." In 2007 IEEE 20th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memsys.2007.4432976.

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Hashimoto, M., N. Kishimoto, Y. Miyazaki, and M. C. Natori. "Numerical Analysis on Deployment Behaviors of Membrane Structure Systems." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15202.

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This paper shows numerical analysis on dynamic deployment behaviors of membrane structure models embedding inflatable tubes. To treat their nonlinearity, one kind of nonlinear elasto-dynamic analysis methods characterized by modified stiffness matrix is applied. Analyzed models were proposed for future membrane structure systems inspired by insects' metamorphoses. In this paper, we focus on a balance between two kinds of deployment forces: centrifugal forces due to rotation of a central satellite and extension forces due to inflation of embedded tubes. We present numerical results of deployment behaviors of rectangular and hexagonal membrane models. Details of the numerical method are also discussed. Numerical results of the rectangular membrane model provide that there exist minimum values of maximum strain energy of membrane elements at appropriate gas filling time for each rotation rate. This means that we could control deployment behaviors by regulation of inflation rate of embedded tubes and rotation rate of a central satellite bus. Numerical results of the hexagonal membrane model provide that the case of deployment with gas injection shows more smooth deployment behavior without local deformation. In the case of deployment without gas injection there appears to be local deformation with high strain energy density.
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Ureña, Enric. "Evolution of insect metamorphosis: Functional analysis of the metamorphic toolkit formed by E93, Krüppel homolog 1, and Broad-Complex transcription factors." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.105708.

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