Academic literature on the topic 'Insects – Respiratory system'
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Journal articles on the topic "Insects – Respiratory system"
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Lemic, Jembrek, Bažok, and Pajač Živković. "Ozone Effectiveness on Wheat Weevil Suppression: Preliminary Research." Insects 10, no. 10 (October 18, 2019): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10100357.
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Insect infestations within stored product facilities are a major concern to livestock and human food industries. Insect infestations in storage systems can result in economic losses of up to 20%. Furthermore, the presence of insects and their waste and remains in grain and stored foods may pose a health risk to humans and livestock. At present, pests in commercial storage are managed by a combination of different methods ranging from cleaning and cooling to treatment of the stored material with contact insecticides or fumigation. The availability of pesticides for the treatment of grain and other stored products is decreasing owing, in some cases, to environmental and safety concerns among consumers and society, thus emphasizing the need for alternative eco-friendly pest control methods. One of the potential methods is the use of ozone. Although the mechanism of action of ozone on insects is not completely known, the insect’s respiratory system is a likely the target of this gas. The main goal of this investigation was to determine the efficacy of ozone in the suppression of adult wheat weevils Sitophilus granarius. In the experiments conducted, different durations of ozone exposure were tested. In addition to ozone toxicity, the walking response and velocity of wheat weevils were investigated. The results showed the harmful effects of ozone on these insects. In addition to mortality, ozone also had negative effects on insect speed and mobility. The efficiency of the ozone treatment increased with increasing ozone exposure of insects. The ability of ozone to reduce the walking activity and velocity of treated insects is a positive feature in pest control in storage systems, thereby reducing the possibility of insects escaping from treated objects. The results of this investigation suggest that ozone has the potential to become a realistic choice for suppressing harmful insects in storage systems for humans and livestock, either alone or as a complement to other control methods.
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Waters, James S., Wah-Keat Lee, Mark W. Westneat, and John J. Socha. "Dynamics of tracheal compression in the horned passalus beetle." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 304, no. 8 (April 15, 2013): R621—R627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00500.2012.
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Rhythmic patterns of compression and reinflation of the thin-walled hollow tubes of the insect tracheal system have been observed in a number of insects. These movements may be important for facilitating the transport and exchange of respiratory gases, but observing and characterizing the dynamics of internal physiological systems within live insects can be challenging due to their size and exoskeleton. Using synchrotron X-ray phase-contrast imaging, we observed dynamical behavior in the tracheal system of the beetle, Odontotaenius disjunctus. Similar to observations of tracheal compression in other insects, specific regions of tracheae in the thorax of O. disjunctus exhibit rhythmic collapse and reinflation. During tracheal compression, the opposing sides of a tracheal tube converge, causing the effective diameter of the tube to decrease. However, a unique characteristic of tracheal compression in this species is that certain tracheae collapse and reinflate with a wavelike motion. In the dorsal cephalic tracheae, compression begins anteriorly and continues until the tube is uniformly flattened; reinflation takes place in the reverse direction, starting with the posterior end of the tube and continuing until the tube is fully reinflated. We report the detailed kinematics of this pattern as well as additional observations that show tracheal compression coordinated with spiracle opening and closing. These findings suggest that tracheal compression may function to drive flow within the body, facilitating internal mixing of respiratory gases and ventilation of distal regions of the tracheal system.
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Maddrell, SH. "Why are there no insects in the open sea?" Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 17 (September 1, 1998): 2461–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.17.2461.
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The air-filled tracheal respiratory system of insects prevents them from diving deeply in water. It is argued that this is the major factor in preventing insects from colonizing the open sea: they cannot descend sufficiently deeply in the daytime to escape being eaten by fish.
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Sláma, Karel. "Extracardiac haemocoelic pulsations and the autonomic neuroendocrine system (coelopulse) of terrestrial insects." Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 1, no. 1 (2008): 39–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187498308x345433.
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AbstractTerrestrial insects exhibit extracardiac pulsations (ExP) in haemocoelic pressure, similar in some respect to the human blood pressure pulse. The pulsations are produced by large intersegmental abdominal musculature (abdominal pressure pump). The dorsal vessel of insects is a relatively weak organ which is unable to pump haemolymph against an increased gradient of pressure. The weak cardiac pulsations (myogenic nature) and strong ExP (neurogenic nature) occasionally occur hand in hand during similar periods with similar, but not identical frequencies. This increases the possibility of their mutual confusion. ExP can be recorded directly from haemocoelic cavity by means of hydraulic transducers or, indirectly from the body surface by recording movements of some flexible segments. In most cases, we recorded pulsations in haemocoelic pressure indirectly by recording movements of the terminal abdominal segments in immobile pupal stages. The movements caused by ExP are generally very small and invisible, only in the μm range. However, the corresponding abdominal movements or changes in haemocoelic pressure associated with the heartbeat are 30- to 500-fold smaller, in the range of nanometers. During the past three decades we have recorded cardiac and extracardiac pulsations in haemocoelic pressure in a number of insects and ticks. Practical examples of extracardiac pulsation patterns and their distinction from the heartbeat is described here for all major groups of terrestrial insects. The results obtained with monitoring of haemocoelic pulsations have revealed that terrestrial insects and possibly other arthropods posses a brain-independent, neuroendocrine system, called coelopulse. This type of newly discovered, autonomic, cholinergic system of insects shows apparent structural and functional analogy with the parasympathetic system of vertebrate animals. It regulates a number of homeostatic physiological and developmental functions, using pulsations in haemocoelic pressure for controlling circulatory and respiratory functions. The regulatory nervous center of the coelopulse system is located within thoracic ganglia of the ventral nerve cord (in analogy with parasympathetic centers in the spinal cord). Nerve impulses are dispatched from neurons of the thoracic ganglia through connectives and abdominal ganglia into large intersegmental abdominal muscles, whose contractions cause large peaks in haemocoelic pressure. The described coelopulse system controls a number of important physiological functions. For instance: 1) ExP in haemocoelic pressure cause rapid circulatory inflow and outflow of haemolymph between thoracic and abdominal parts of the body; 2) The relatively strong pressure changes caused by ExP can vigorously move tissue and organs against each other, thus preventing occlusion of haemolymph among densely packed organs; 3) Large extracardiac peaks in haemocoelic pressure open or close passively, one-way valves or tissue fold and promote circulation of haemolymph to destinations that cannot be reached by the heartbeat, i.e. ventral perineural sinus, appendages; 4) Strong ExP in haemocoelic pressure produce rhythmic, up and down compressions of tracheal tubes and air sacs, resulting in actively regulated inspirations or expirations of air through individual spiracles, i.e. actual insect breathing; 5) ExP controlled by the coelopulse neuroendocrine system causes unidirectional ventilation of the determined spiracles during emergency hypoxia, or during enzymatically produced outbursts of CO2; 6) The coelopulse system effectively controls various homeostatic physiological functions, like respiratory water loss, water retention, isoosmosis, optimum body volume, or economic gaseous exchange; 7) ExP in haemocoelic pressure plays an important roles in execution of special developmental events, like ecdysis, oviposition or pupariation. I am convinced that knowledge of the autonomic, parasympathetic-like neuroendocrine system in terrestrial arthropods may open new avenues for comparative animal physiology and pharmacology.
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Sláma, Karel. "Regulation of Respiratory Acidemia by the Autonomic Nervous System (Coelopulse) in Insects and Ticks." Physiological Zoology 67, no. 1 (January 1994): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/physzool.67.1.30163840.
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Bansal, Pradeep Kumar, C. L. Nawal, Aradhana Singh, Radheyshyam Chejara, Siddharth Chouhan, and Megha Agarwal. "Neonicotinoid insecticides: an emerging cause of acute pesticide poisoning." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 6, no. 3 (May 24, 2019): 976. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20192275.
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Neonicotinoids are a new class of insecticides widely applied for crop protection. Information on human exposures to neonicotinoids is limited. The most common routes of exposure were ingestion (51%), dermal (44%), and ocular (11%). These insecticides act as agonists at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which cause insect paralysis and death the high specificity for receptors in insects was considered to possess highly selective toxicity to insects and relative sparing of mammals. However, an increasing number of cases of acute neonicotinoid poisoning have been reported in recent years. Present study report three cases presented to us with acute neonicotinoid poisoning with different manifestations including acute myocardial infarction, central nervous system (CNS) depression, and acute kidney injury, who recovered subsequently with supportive care. A detailed literature review found that respiratory, cardiovascular and certain neurological presentations are warning signs of severe neonicotinoid intoxication. Supportive treatment and decontamination are the practical methods for the management of all neonicotinoid-poisoned patients.
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O'Brien, M. A., and P. H. Taghert. "A peritracheal neuropeptide system in insects: release of myomodulin-like peptides at ecdysis." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 2 (January 15, 1998): 193–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.2.193.
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We identified of a set of neuropeptide-expressing cells sited along the respiratory system of Drosophila melanogaster using an antibody to the molluscan neuropeptide myomodulin. The number and positions of these 'peritracheal' myomodulin (PM) cells were reminiscent of the epitracheal Inka cells in the moth Manduca sexta. These Inka cells release the peptide ecdysis-triggering hormone, which helps elicit ecdysial behavior at the molt, and we show that they are also recognized by the myomodulin (MM) antibody. In both D. melanogaster and M. sexta, the PM and Inka cells are the only MM-positive cells outside the central nervous system. In both insects, MM immunoreactivity disappears at the end of the molt. In D. melanogaster, we have monitored the PM cells throughout development using two enhancer trap lines; the PM cells persist throughout development, but at larval, pupal and adult ecdyses, they display a loss of MM immunoreactivity. This transient loss occurs at a predictable time, just prior to ecdysis. In contrast, MM-positive neurons in the central nervous system do not show these changes. The PM cells also reveal a concomitant loss of immunostaining for an enzyme contained in secretory granules. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the PM cells release MM-like peptides just prior to each ecdysis. In addition, we demonstrate that peritracheal cells of five widely divergent insect orders show a myomodulin phenotype. The peritracheal cell size, morphology, numbers and distribution vary in these different orders. These data suggest that peritracheal cells release MM-like peptides as part of a conserved feature of the endocrine regulation of insect ecdysis.
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Hanna, Lisa, and Aleksandar Popadić. "A hemipteran insect reveals new genetic mechanisms and evolutionary insights into tracheal system development." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 8 (February 10, 2020): 4252–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908975117.
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The diversity in the organization of the tracheal system is one of the drivers of insect evolutionary success; however, the genetic mechanisms responsible are yet to be elucidated. Here, we highlight the advantages of utilizing hemimetabolous insects, such as the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus, in which the final adult tracheal patterning can be directly inferred by examining its blueprint in embryos. By reporting the expression patterns, functions, and Hox gene regulation of trachealess (trh), ventral veinless (vvl), and cut (ct), key genes involved in tracheal development, this study provides important insights. First, Hox genes function as activators, modifiers, and suppressors of trh expression, which in turn results in a difference between the thoracic and abdominal tracheal organization. Second, spiracle morphogenesis requires the input of both trh and ct, where ct is positively regulated by trh. As Hox genes regulate trh, we can now mechanistically explain the previous observations of their effects on spiracle formation. Third, the default state of vvl expression in the thorax, in the absence of Hox gene expression, features three lateral cell clusters connected to ducts. Fourth, the exocrine scent glands express vvl and are regulated by Hox genes. These results extend previous findings [Sánchez-Higueras et al., 2014], suggesting that the exocrine glands, similar to the endocrine, develop from the same primordia that give rise to the trachea. The presence of such versatile primordia in the miracrustacean ancestor could account for the similar gene networks found in the glandular and respiratory organs of both insects and crustaceans.
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Omelina, E. S., E. M. Baricheva, and E. V. Fedorova. "Main types of respiratory system structure of eggshells in insects and genes participating in their development." Biology Bulletin Reviews 3, no. 1 (January 2013): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2079086413010076.
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Trimmer, Barry A., June Aprille, and Josephine Modica-Napolitano. "Nitric oxide signalling: insect brains and photocytes." Biochemical Society Symposia 71 (March 1, 2004): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bss0710065.
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The success of insects arises partly from extraordinary biochemical and physiological specializations. For example, most species lack glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and respiratory-gas transport proteins and thus allow oxygen to diffuse directly into cells. To counter the increased potential for oxidative damage, insect tissues rely on the indirect protection of the thioredoxin reductase pathway to maintain redox homoeostasis. Such specializations must impact on the control of reactive oxygen species and free radicals such as the signalling molecule NO. This chapter focuses on NO signalling in the insect central nervous system and in the light-producing lantern of the firefly. It is shown that neural NO production is coupled to both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The NO-mediated increase in cGMP evokes changes in spike activity of neurons controlling the gut and body wall musculature. In addition, maps of NO-producing and -responsive neurons make insects useful models for establishing the range and specificity of NO's actions in the central nervous system. The firefly lantern also provides insight into the interplay of tissue anatomy and cellular biochemistry in NO signalling. In the lantern, nitric oxide synthase is expressed in tracheal end cells that are interposed between neuron terminals and photocytes. Exogenous NO can activate light production and NO scavengers block evoked flashes. NO inhibits respiration in isolated lantern mitochondria and this can be reversed by bright light. It is proposed that NO controls flashes by transiently inhibiting oxygen consumption and permitting direct oxidation of activated luciferin. It is possible that light production itself contributes to the restoration of mitochondrial activity and consequent cessation of the flash.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Insects – Respiratory system"
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Garrett, Joel Frederick. "Microfluidic Flow Creation in the Insect Respiratory System." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101784.
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In this dissertation, we examine how advective and diffusive flows are created in the insect respiratory system, using a combination of direct biological studies and computational fluid dynamics simulations. The insect respiratory system differs significantly from the vertebrate respiratory system. While mammals use oxygen-carrying molecules such as hemoglobin, insects do not, favoring the direct delivery of oxygen to the tissues. An insect must balance advective flow with diffusive flux in order to sustain the appropriate oxygen concentrations at the tissue level. To better understand flow creation mechanisms, we studied the Madagascar hissing cockroach. In Chapter One, we used x-ray imaging to identify how tracheal tube compression, spiracular valving, and abdominal pumping coordinate to produce unidirectional flow during active respiration. In Chapter Two, we altered the environmental conditions by exposing the animals to various levels of hypoxia and hyperoxia, then examined how they changed their respiratory behaviors. In Chapter Three, we used our previous findings to construct a simulated insect respiratory system to parametrically study the effects of network geometry and valve timing on the creation of unidirectional advective flow and diffusive flux. These results can be used to inform future studies of the insect respiratory system, as well as act as the basis for bio-inspired microfluidic devices.Doctor of Philosophy
The insect respiratory system works through the direct delivery of oxygen to the tissues. This occurs via a complex network of pumps, tubes, valves, and other structures that facilitate flow. These mechanisms allow insects to survive and prosper under a wide range of environmental and physiological conditions. While these structures have been studied extensively in a wide range of insect species, there are still many aspects of the respiratory system that remain unexplored. Here, we use the Madagascar hissing cockroach to examine how both bulk flow and diffusion are created in some types of insect respiratory systems. First, in Chapter One, we studied the animal under normal environmental conditions in order to determine how abdominal pumping, tracheal tube collapse, and spiracular valving are coordinated. Then, in Chapter Two, we exposed the animals to a range of oxygen concentrations to identify how the animals respond to varying environmental conditions. Finally, in Chapter Three, we constructed a simulated insect respiratory system to parametrically study the effects of network geometry and valve timing on the creation of advective and diffusive flow. By combining these three studies, we were able to improve our understanding of flow creation in the insect respiratory system.
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Chatterjee, Krishnashis. "Analytical and Experimental Investigation of Insect Respiratory System Inspired Microfluidics." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/85688.
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Microfluidics has been the focal point of research in various disciplines due to its advantages of portability and cost effectiveness, and the ability to perform complex tasks with precision. In the past two decades microfluidic technology has been used to cool integrated circuits, for exoplanetary chemical analysis, for mimicking cellular environments, and in the design of specialized organ-on-a-chip devices. While there have been considerable advances in the complexity and miniaturization of microfluidic devices, particularly with the advent of microfluidic large-scale integration (mLSI) and microfluidic very-large-scale-integration (mVLSI), in which there are hundreds of thousands of flow channels per square centimeter on a microfluidic chip, there remains an actuation overhead problem: these small, complex microfluidic devices are tethered to extensive off-chip actuation machinery that limit their portability and efficiency. Insects, in contrast, actively and efficiently handle their respiratory air flows in complex networks consisting of thousands of microscale tracheal pathways. This work analytically and experimentally investigates the viability of incorporating some of the essential kinematics and actuation strategies of insect respiratory systems in microfluidic devices. Mathematical models of simplified individual tracheal pathways were derived and analyzed, and insect-mimetic PDMS-based valveless microfluidic devices were fabricated and tested. It was found that not only are these devices are capable of pumping fluids very efficiently using insect-mimetic actuation techniques, but also that the fluid flow direction and magnitude could be controlled via the actuation frequency alone, a feature never before realized in microfluidic devices. These results suggest that insect-mimicry may be a promising direction for designing more efficient microfluidic devices.Ph. D.
Microfluidics or the study of fluids at the microscale has gained a lot of interest in the recent past due to its various applications starting from electronic chip cooling to biomedical diagnostic devices and exoplanetary chemical analysis. Though there has been a lot of advancements in the functionality and portability of microfluidic devices, little has been achieved in the improvement of the peripheral machinery needed to operate these devices. On the other hand insects can expertly manipulate fluids, in their body, at the microscale with the help of their efficient respiratory capabilities. In the present study we mimic some essential features of the insect respiratory system by incorporating them in microfluidic devices. The feasibility of practical application of these techniques have been tested, at first, analytically by mathematically modeling the fluid flow in insect respiratory tract mimetic microchannels and tubes and then by fabricating, testing and analyzing the functionality of microfluidic devices. The mathematical models, using slip boundary conditions, showed that the volumetric fluid flow through a trachea mimetic tube decreased with the increase in the amount of slip. Apart from that it also revealed a fundamental difference between shear and pressure driven flow at the microscale. The microfluidic devices exhibited some unique characteristic features never seen before in valveless microfluidic devices and have the potential in reducing the actuation overhead. These devices can be used to simplify the operating procedure and subsequently decrease the production cost of microfluidic devices for various applications.
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Simelane, Simphiwe. "Numerical modelling of the insect respiratory system and gas flow." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/19347.
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A thesis submitted in fulflment of the requirements
for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
in the
School of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics. November 2015The understanding of uid ow at microscale geometrics is an increasingly important eld in applied science and mechanics, especially in bioinspiration and biomimetics. These elds seek to imitate processes and systems in biology to design improved e cient engineering devices. In this thesis, inspired by the e ciency of the insect tracheal system in transporting respiratory gases at microscale, mathematical models that both mimic and explain the gas exchange process are developed. Models for the simultaneous movement of respiratory gases across the insect spiracle, gas transfer from one respiratory chamber to the next, end di usion and tissue absorption at the tracheole tips, and tracheal uid transport are presented. Expressions for tracheal partial pressures of the respiratory gases, rate of change of gas concentrations, rate of tracheal volume change, spiracle behaviour on net gas ow, cellular respiration and tissue absorption, and global gas movement within the insect are presented as well. Two versions of bioinspired pumping mechanism that is neither peristaltic nor belongs to impedance mismatch class of pumping mechanism are then presented. A paradigm for se- lectively pumping and controlling gases at the microscale in a complex network of channels is presented. The study is inspired by the internal ow distributions of respiratory gases produced by rhythmic wall contractions in dung beetle tracheal networks. These networks have been shown to e ciently manage uid ow compared to current produced micro uidic devices. The insect-like pumping models presented are expected to function e ciently in the microscale ow regime in a simple or complex network of channels. Results show the ability to induce a unidi- rectional net ow by using an inelastic channel with at least two moving contractions. These results might help in explaining some of the physiological systems in insects and may help in fabricating novel e cient micro uidic devices. In this study, both theoretical and the Di erential Transform Method are used to solve the exible trachea with gas exchange problem as well as the 2D viscous ow transport with or without prescribed moving wall contractions problem. Both Lubrication theory and quasi- steady approximations at low Reynolds number are used in the derivation of theoretical analysis. ii Moreover, an analytical investigation into the compressible gas ow with slight rarefactions through the insect trachea and tracheoles is undertaken, and a complete set of asymptotic analytical solutions is presented. Then, estimation of the Reynolds and Mach numbers at the channel terminal ends where the tracheoles directly deliver the respiratory gases to the cells is obtained by comparing the magnitude of the di erent forces in the compressible gas ow. The 2D Navier-Stokes equations with a slip boundary condition are used to investigate the compressibility and rare ed e ects in the respiratory channels.
Books on the topic "Insects – Respiratory system"
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Nikam, T. B. Insect spiracular systems. Chichester, West Sussex, England: E. Horwood, 1989.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Insects – Respiratory system"
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Tan, Boon-Huan, Gaie Brown, and Richard J. Sugrue. "Secretion of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Protein From Insect Cells Using the Baculovirus Expression System." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 149–61. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-393-6_11.
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Harrison, Jon F. "Respiratory System." In Encyclopedia of Insects, 889–95. Elsevier, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-374144-8.00235-6.
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Perry, Steven F., Markus Lambertz, and Anke Schmitz. "Respiratory faculties of amphibious and terrestrial invertebrates." In Respiratory Biology of Animals, 84–99. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0007.
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This chapter focuses on the respiratory faculties of invertebrate air breathers. Although the partial pressure of oxygen in water is the same as in the surrounding atmosphere, the oxygen content per unit volume is around 30 times less due to its relatively low solubility in water. So it is no wonder that there is evidence for invertebrate animals on land as early as from the Palaeozoic. In spite of this apparent metabolic advantage, aside from some annelid groups, the only invertebrates to truly call dry land their home are some snails and arthropods. Among the latter, we see several independent origins of air breathing, and crustaceans present a particularly interesting study group in this regard. Arachnids and insects, on the other hand, were from the beginning terrestrial and air breathing, and insect tracheae form the most effective respiratory system going.
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Perry, Steven F., Markus Lambertz, and Anke Schmitz. "The evolution of air-breathing respiratory faculties in invertebrates." In Respiratory Biology of Animals, 113–24. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0010.
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This chapter aims at piecing together the evolution of air breathing in invertebrates, the main conclusion here being that it evolved independently several times. In molluscs alone, air breathing has evolved several times, but almost exclusively among snails. Among crustaceans, several groups of crabs have also independently developed terrestrial representatives and transitional stages, particularly in the control of breathing, are evident. Analysis of insects shows few recognizable evolutionary progressions: air sacs and different stigmatal closure mechanisms have appeared and disappeared numerous times, even within closely related groups. But other tracheate groups such as myriapods show an interesting correlation between the presence of tracheal lungs, which end in an open circulatory system, and tracheae that invade the tissue as in insects, and the presence or reduction of respiratory proteins. In arachnids a similar tendency is seen, and the most interesting developments were the (partial) replacement of a ‘perfectly good’ air-breathing organ (book lungs) by another one (tracheae).
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Klowden, Marc J. "Respiratory Systems." In Physiological Systems in Insects, 445–74. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-415819-1.00009-x.
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Klowden, Marc J. "Respiratory Systems." In Physiological Systems in Insects, 433–61. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012369493-5.50010-9.
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"CHAPTER XV. THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM." In Principles of Insect Morphology, 422–63. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9781501717918-017.
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Hsu, Desmond, and Zahir Osman Eltahir Babiker. "Fever in Returned Travellers." In Tutorial Topics in Infection for the Combined Infection Training Programme. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801740.003.0073.
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Travel-related problems have been reported in up to two-thirds of travellers to developing countries and approximately 10% of them seek medical advice during or after return from abroad. Furthermore, global migration from the developing to the developed world has increased over the past decades and these individuals may present with tropical infections soon after arrival in non-endemic settings. Fever, with or without localizing symptoms or signs, is a common presenting symptom in returning travellers. Most unwell travellers seek medical attention within one month of return from abroad. Travellers who visit friends and relatives (VFRs) in their countries of origin are disproportionately affected by the burden of imported infections, e.g. 70% of patients with imported malaria in the United Kingdom (UK) are VFRs. While most febrile travellers have common infections such as respiratory or urinary tract infection, it is of paramount importance not to miss potentially life-threatening tropical infections. Evaluation of fever in returning travellers requires an understanding of the geographical distribution of infectious diseases, risk factors for acquisition, incubation periods, and major clinical syndromes of travel-associated infections. The following points should be considered when assessing febrile international travellers: A. Travel dates: the relationship between the timing of the onset of symptoms and travel dates should be assessed. B. Geography: ● travel destination: a detailed itinerary is required. ● local setting: urban vs rural locations; type of accommodation, e.g. air-conditioned hotel room, outdoor camping, etc. C. Risk factors for acquiring infectious diseases: ● purpose of travel: visiting friends and family; social gatherings (e.g. funerals and weddings); mass gatherings (e.g. Hajj pilgrimage, Kumbh Mela religious festival, Olympic games, etc.); tourism; business; voluntary work. ● contact with unwell individuals. ● activities while abroad (examples): ■ food consumption: street food, seafood, raw food, unpasteurized dairy products, exotic foods, bush meat, etc. ■ contact with animals: visits to game parks, farms, caves, bites or scratches by bats or terrestrial animals, visits to ‘wet markets’, birding events, etc. ■ bites: ticks, insects, snakes, spiders, etc. ■ use of local healthcare system: dental or surgical procedures, blood transfusion, dialysis, tattoos, acupuncture.
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Johnson, Thomas E., and Jennifer I. Hui. "Management of Orbital Cellulitis." In Surgery of the Eyelid, Lacrimal System, and Orbit. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195340211.003.0028.
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Orbital cellulitis is an acute infectious inflammation of the post-septal orbital tissues. This chapter outlines the medical and surgical management of bacterial orbital cellulitis. The paranasal sinus complex is the most common source of orbital bacterial infection. Over 50% of orbital cellulitis cases result from secondary extension from the paranasal sinuses. Other causes of orbital cellulitis include spread from ocular and periocular infections such as dacryoadenitis, dacryocystitis, and panophthalmitis; trauma, insect bites, or surgery; or endogenous sources in immunocompromised or septic patients. Orbital cellulitis resulting from sinusitis is believed to start with viral or allergic inflammation of the upper respiratory system. The inflammation decreases mucociliary clearance and causes obstruction of the sinus ostia. The sinus mucosa absorbs air, thereby creating negative pressure within the sinuses. Transudation occurs, creating a nutrient medium for bacteria. Aerobic and facultative organisms proliferate, and inflammatory products accumulate resulting in decreasing oxygen tension and pH. As inflammatory products are produced, sinus pressure increases, causing mucosal blood flow to decrease. A proliferation of obligate anaerobes occurs as aerobic bacteria consume the remaining oxygen. Young children are less likely to develop anaerobic conditions within their sinuses because their ratio of ostia size to sinus volume is much larger than that of adults. The sinus cavities enlarge markedly with age while the ostia remain approximately the same size. Thus, as children become adults, the decreased ratio of ostia size to total sinus volume increases the propensity for anaerobic sinus infections. The bony walls shared by the orbit and sinuses account for approximately half of the orbital surface area. Bacteria and inflammatory products from the sinuses may extend directly into the orbit through the neurovascular foramina, congenital bony dehiscences, anastomosing valveless venous channels, or compromised bony walls in cases of osteitis and necrosis secondary to sinusitis. An abscess may form in the subperiosteal area, a relatively avascular potential space. Subperiosteal abscesses most often involve the medial orbital wall, as it is the thinnest wall and is adjacent to the ethmoid sinuses.
Conference papers on the topic "Insects – Respiratory system"
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Aboelkassem, Yasser, Anne E. Staples, and John J. Socha. "Microscale Flow Pumping Inspired by Rhythmic Tracheal Compressions in Insects." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57061.
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Inspired by the physiological network of insects, which have dimensions on the order of micrometers to millimeters, we study the airflow within a single model insect tracheal tube. The tube undergoes localized rhythmic wall contractions. A theoretical analysis is given to model the airflow within the tracheal tube. Since flow motions at the microscale are dominated mainly by viscous effects, and the tube has radius, R, that is much smaller than its length, L, (i.e. δ = R/L ≪ 1), lubrication theory for axisymmetric, viscous, incompressible flows at low Reynolds number (Re ∼ δ) is used to model the problem mathematically. Expressions for the velocity field, pressure gradient, wall shear stress and net flow produced by the driving tube wall contractions are derived. The effect of the contraction amplitudes, time lag, and spacing between two sequences of contractions on the time-averaged net flow over a single cycle of wall motions is investigated. The study presents a new, insect-inspired mechanism for valveless pumping that can guide efforts to fabricate novel microfluidic devices that mimic these physiological systems. A x-ray image that shows the tracheal network of the respiratory system of an insect (Carabid beetle) and the associated locations of these rhythmic contractions are shown in figure (1) to promote this study.
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Barrett, Steven R. H., Nevan Hanumara, Conor J. Walsh, Alexander H. Slocum, Rajiv Gupta, and Jo-Anne O. Shepard. "A Remote Needle Guidance System for Percutaneous Biopsies." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-85387.
Full textAbstract:
This paper describes a teleoperated needle guidance and insertion tool to assist doctors in performing minimally invasive percutaneous biopsies remotely under computed tomography [CT] guidance. Robopsy is a user-friendly robotic device that grips, positions and inserts a biopsy needle while the patient is imaged to provide the radiologist with simultaneous needle position feedback. Patient care is improved through more precise targeting and shortened procedure times. Robopsy is made primarily of simple, lightweight, snap-together, disposable plastic parts and modular motors; contrasting devices are heavy, complex and expensive. It is designed to be taped onto a patient so as to passively compensate for respiratory chest motion and, additionally, it incorporates a novel feature, which compensates for passive needle oscillation. The design process is outlined and the first prototype presented. Initial results from testing on a cardiac phantom indicate that artifacts from the device in the CT images are negligible and that the device can successfully orientate and insert a needle remotely.
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Hoffmann, Alexandra, Beatriz Gracia, Tracy Lopez, and Panagiotis Polygerinos. "Development of a Dynamically Adjusting Soft Wheelchair Insert for Reduction of Single-Point Pressure." In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3437.
Full textAbstract:
Wheelchair-bound patients suffer from a number of constraining ailments that affect the digestive, respiratory, circulatory, and integumentary system. The increased risk of pressure ulcers in wheelchair users can be attributed to the combination of consistent single-point pressure and lack of regional movement for an extended period of time, leading to reduced blood circulation to the lower extremities. Pressure ulcers are especially prevalent in elderly wheelchair-bound patients due to the increased fragility of the skin with age. A study by Stockton and Parker estimated the rate of pressure ulcers in all wheelchair users to be nearly 60% [1] and the 2010 US Census reported that 30.6 million Americans have a major mobility disability that require the assistance of a wheelchair, cane or walker [2]. Products currently on the market claim to either distribute pressure more evenly across the surface or stimulate the region of pressure. The former include gel cushions which ease stress by distributing the pressure load but do not initiate movement, while the latter regularly alternate mechanical cushions that initiate movement but do not target region of highest load. Because many patients are unable to independently identify, communicate, or adjust their bodies when there is excess pressure being placed on a specific area, a method of reducing a patient’s single-point pressure on a seat without requiring direct user input could greatly improve the quality of life of wheelchair users.