Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Inspection des écoles – Maroc'
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Ammoumri, Mohammed. "Vers une supervision clinique et une évaluation formative des enseignants d'éducation physique au Maroc." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29159.
Full textAbouricha, Noureddine. "L'école dans l'organisation socio-économique du Maroc précolonial (à partir du XIIIe siècle)." Paris 5, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA05H007.
Full textLahlou, Loubna. "Les Écoles Supérieures de Technologie marocaines : entre le professionnel et l'académique." Paris 10, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA100063.
Full textJouhir, Latifa. "L'école et la société face au défi de la modernité : le cas du Maroc." Paris 8, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA081055.
Full textN'est pas exclu. This research deals with the following questions : how and why does the moroccan modern school play in certain cases the role of a critical apparatus paving the way for innovations, whereas, in other cases, it is but a conformity factor consolidating established situations ? the moroccan school participates in the change and in the creation of a new individual, however, it is not the direct factor of this change because this state of creativity can not be the achievement of the school alone might it be a higher level of school education. Change in attitudes, mentalities, and behaviour can not be understood without elucidating a complex causality. Change attempts take place in a two-way movement between the different systems of reference and, the risk of a return to conformity or of a new refusal of the possibilities of change is not excluded
Ferrier, Jean. "Les inspecteurs des écoles primaires." Dijon, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995DIJOL020.
Full textFollowing an introduction which situates the creation (in 1835) and the organization of the primary school inspectorate in the historical background, the first part of this thesis is devoted to the study of the general framework in which inspectors have been working from the creation of this body to the present day. The first chapter provides an analysis of the development of their functions. After being mainly administrative, their activities started opening up to the pedagogical field between 1850 and 1875 and there was the addition of a third constituent in the early 1880 s - the training of schoolteachers. This chapter is also an opportunity to show part the inspectorate played in the long conflict that divided the primary and secondary orders on the control of the education of children aged 11 to 16. The second chapter deals with the recruitment and training of inspectors. It shows in particular how difficult it has always been for the ministry to appoint applicants with high level diplomas. Chapter three is an analysis of the conditions in which inspectors have to carry out their mission : their conditions of work, how they are appointed, what they receive. Finally chapter four deals with sociological characteristics of the body, on the basis of sections made for the years 1835, 1865, 1913, 1939, 1970 and 1994. The second part deals with the action of the inspectorate. Still covering the past and present times, it successively analyses the role of the inspectorate in the training of teachers (chapter V), the inspection that used to be the inspection of the school before becoming the inspection of individuals from the end of the XIIth century (chapter VI), and finally the management of the district and the role of the inspectorate in the department which has always been the area within which primary school inspectorate
El, Ajel El Ghazi. "Eléments pour une formation continue des maîtres bilingues au Maroc : constat diagnostique et propositions." Paris 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA030097.
Full textTreignier, Jacques. "Le discours d'une institution : Rapports des inspecteurs et textes officiels : école maternelle." Rouen, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ROUEL211.
Full textThe thesis analyses two types of discourses : instructions officielles (official instructions) and inspection reports about nursery schools (écoles maternelles) for the period from 1970 to 1991. This enunciative analysis aims at studying functions and functionings of the person markers in the scope of a praxematic theory of interaction. (Robert Lafont, Françoise Gardes-Madray, 1976, Introduction à l'analyse textuelle, Université de Montpellier). The study consists in a comparison of two sets of official instructions of 1977 versus 1986, the inspection reports published before 1977, versus after 1986 and versus those intermediary between 1978 and 1985, as well as the inspection reports versus the official instructions. The analysis shows, in agreement with the first hypothesis, that these two types of injunction discourses, define, apart from contents, social and speaking places of executioner agents, deprived of both speech and initiative. The injunction appears particularly strong for the official instructions, more as an end than as a means. A scission occurs however between the official instructions of 1977 and those of 1986. The former present a more professional and more complex discourse, in which the discourse concerning childhood sciences is being reported without really being identified. The cultural connivance between the locuter and the adresse is therefore important (in that discourse). For the latter, in 1986, the discourse becomes easy and evident, intended
Lupu, Jacob. "La métamorphose ultra-orthodoxe des jeunes juifs du Maroc : l'influence lituanienne du début du XXe siècle jusqu'à l'apparition du phènomène Chass en Israe͏̈l." Paris 10, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA100047.
Full textIn recent years there has developed, among a wide variety of Jews of North African origin and particulary those from Morocco, a Sephardic/Oriental movement and political party which is called "Shas". Sociologists tend to see it as a sectorial reaction, against the elite of Eastern European origin which has traditionally been dominant in the State of Israel, with roots in the discriminatory attitude of the establishment during the mass immigration of the 50's. Thes researchers have not explained the fact that it has developed as an ultra-orthodox phenomenon with cultural and religious characteristics simular to those of "integral" Jews from Eastern-Europe and particularly the Lithuanians. .
Ravier, Joël. "La mise en place et le développement de l'inspection primaire dans le département du Nord de la loi Guizot à la loi Falloux." Paris 4, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA040090.
Full textIf, just like the law of the 28th of June 1833, the creation of primary school inspectors in February 1835 can appear in a good position when you evaluate the school system of the "Monarchie de juillet" and of its main instigator, François Guizot, however we can notice that the appointment of the first primary school inspectors wasn't a real success in all the counties, because it didn't fall in with the hopes of the people who believed in primary school education. In fact, at the end of the year, a lot of people (country council, prefects) realized that the primary school inspector of their county hadn't fulfilled his task. Even if most of them will rectify their position after having a look at the numbers of towns and villages and at the numbers of schools visited by inspectors (the county council of the north of France will do it), and after the nomination of the first deputy-inspectors in 1837, others will go on criticizing. This shows the problems: the conflicts due to the inspector's personality or due to the definition of his work
Boutkhil, Hasna. "Le rôle de l'inspection du travail dans l'application du droit du travail au Maroc à la lumière du droit français." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU10015.
Full textLe résumé en anglais n'a pas été communiqué par l'auteur
Menebhi-Courant, Amina. "Les politiques et pratiques de l'éducation à l'environnement et au développement durable : le cas des écoles primaines de Tanger (Maroc)." Thesis, Le Mans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LEMA3005.
Full textFor several years, all the studies have shown that the citizens’ awareness regarding sustainable development and its issues is increasing. But simultaneously, they have been trouble to integrate it into their daily life. At the heart of thisdichotomy: cultural base, acknowledged patterns and references need to be deeply changed. Environmental education goes beyond a simple transmission of knowledge about the concept of sustainable development. It has the ambition of reconstructing our way of thinking and acting in way to produce lesser environmental impacts and more solidarity.Nowadays, Morocco undertakes a major project to reorganized its economic, political, and legal structures in such a way to reach the sustainable environmental spirit imposed by the 2011 constitution. In a society in constant changes and confronted to a number of environmental challenges, education is a cornerstone of the leanings in terms of greening education. The setting up of educational and informal networks is one of the keys to the cross-sectoral collaborations (teachers, municipalities, associations, non-profit organizations, companies) to raise the success rate of educationalgreening actions outside of school by providing scientific knowledge, expertise regarding environmental education,and by providing available and suitable tested and validated tools.In the primary schools of Tangier, numerous initiatives are set up in the purpose to implement a favourable interfacebetween knowledge and practice. The local territory, through its resources, serves also as a support to the enforcement of the EEDD.Yet, a lot of obstacles (training, programs, textbooks, representations, gap between the school and families, etc...) are listed for an effective implementation of the EEDD in Morocco. It will be necessary to keep improving the awareness, information, and education of young Moroccans regarding the preservation and protection of their environment and assets
Guillot-Meunier, Françoise. "Acte d'inspection : action de formation." Paris 8, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA081186.
Full textThis survey describes the role of inspection in primary education and considers inspection in its efficiency as regards to essential questions relating to school. It examines two aspects of the inspector's mission : valuation and training. It surrounds valuation by precising criterion, fonctions and qualificatives referring to it ; it sets some problematic aspects which regard inspection in a valuative purpose ; it elucidates the concept of training according to etymological, historical, institutonal as well as psychological and scientific approaches in order to aim training as the transforming of representation, points of view, behaviours and practising. Inspectoral devices registered in an experimental preparing are described, analysed, brought in question. The elements of analysis, as regards the reality of inspection in its ideological evolution, as regards its link to training, as regards its place in the relation to knowledge that child establishes at school, lead to the following theses : if the act of inspecting has no longer any sense as a mere control, it still has a role to play for the teacher, in the institution, provided that it's inscribed in other logics such as valuation, intervening and mediation to knowledge. New devices enabling to situate teachers in an interactive autoformation proceeding are to be invented. Thus, the inspector gathers varied competences inscribed in a relation of help, a guidance and a mediation so propicious as to allow him to become an author in a system he contributes to pilot. This new aspect of inspection and the purpose of its action lead to reconsider both its denomination, its missions, some structures, in fact all what - in a prospective matter - this survey tends to
Baba-Ali, Mohammed. "L'enseignement du français et la formation des maîtres à l'école primaire marocaine." Paris 8, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA082122.
Full textThis research reminds us about Moroccan educational system throughout history. It tells us about the progress occurred since the independence period in arabisation, moroccanisation, unification and the time when school became a right for everyone. The implementation of French as a first language within the Moroccan primary school system has encountered quite a few hindrances so that it has resulted into the regress of pupils' level in French language and aroused parents' anger. The Moroccan primary school teacher hardly deals with linguistic, morphological and syntaxical problems of the French language. Teachers' training centers do not despatch high standard programs yet. The methods used, the programs taught, the pedagogical items and bocks are too old. This research may help the Moroccan primary school teacher to deal with French phonetic sounds, rhythm, intonation and the way they work together in comparison with Arabian phonetic. It also gives advice about the way French must be taught and how new words must be introduced in oral classes. Moroccan primary school teaches must be aware of the difficulties of the oral language and know what progression has to be followed for the first few weeks of the teaching. The second chapter introduces the way primary school teaches are taught how to teach French at school. The timetable, the methods used in training centers are hardly efficient. The didactic items used and the great numbers of pupils per class are obstacles to any kind of progress. The primary school teacher fails when he enters a countryside primary class whit pupils of different school levels, whit no electricity &water. This work may help him to make up his mind about his future as a French teacher
Roux, Christian. "L'inspection primaire et la surveillance de l'école en France au XIXe siècle." Aix-Marseille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX10049.
Full textThis thesis deals with the historical and thematic development of primary education inspection in the nineteenth century within the political and legal framework of the period. It also considers the human ressources then available (namely the primary school inspectorate from its inception in 1835 until the passing of the ferry legislation in 1881-1882 ) it discusses the following issues : - supervision as evidence of the way in which the state took control of education in the 19th century. - the power conferred by this supervision role. - the three main functions of the primary school inspectorate, namely : to promote primary education, to standardize teaching methods and to preserve the status quo. This study also has a biographical aim : it has allowed a list to be made of the primary school inspectors appointed between 1835 and 1882 ; it has, in addition, provided an opportunity to formally record the names, and to retrace the careers, of the men who contributed, mainly anonymously, to the creatioin and growth of primary education
Boix, André Chantal. "Le discours des rapports d'inspection." Toulouse 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU20004.
Full textThis research, grounded in the discourse analysis framework, deals with a description about the structure and the function of a peculiar kind of judgment : teacher's evaluation through inspection reports. Regarded as reasoning space, the discourse of the reports puts on the judicial court's different characters and this is in such a polyphonic frame that enunciators take a part, they are named thanks to categories from the juridical field : "the witnessthe expert-the trial lawyers-the judge". Therefore the discourse constructs the objectiving validation of an evaluated judgment through a rhetorical argumentative stating which handles with institutional categories refering to this administrative rule. Beyond the argumentative strategies' study at work in this kind of discourse, this research may recognize, from a diachronical point of vue, the evolution of ethical and aesthetical values which rule the evaluative reasoning
De, Grauwe Anton. "L'Etat et l'inspection scolaire : analyse des relations et modèles d'action." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2006. http://spire.sciences-po.fr/hdl:/2441/f4rshpf3v1umfa09lat2mcuc5.
Full textInspection, a key tool of the State, has as objective to regulate the school. The analysis of this tool and its reforms helps to better understand the action by the State and the changes in the relations between State and school. The lack of impact by the inspection seems to illustrate the incapacity of the public service to regulate itself and leads to reforms, inspired by the New Public Management. Their implementation encounters everywhere a different context. The resulting inspection system is an expression of the power of the actors, of their interpretation of the concepts of accountability and professionalism, and of the objectives and the competence of the State. Rather than to confirm a convergence of education polices, our analysis shows a deep diversity concerning the role, the organisation and the action of inspection. An analysis of these differences leads to the identification of four models. The classical inspection model is based on a regulation of conformity, within a contractual accountability framework. In the central control model, which links contractual and public accountability, regulation relies on the promotion of the quasi-market, inspection being a source of information for that market. In the close-to-school support model, which associates contractual with professional accountability, regulation adapts itself to the differences between schools and aims at reducing disparities. The peer inspection model, which recognizes professional and public partnership accountability, is based on a supervision of the autonomous regulation within the school
Essadiki, Abdelhak. "Analyse de besoins de perfectionnement ppédagogique des enseignants des établissements agricoles supérieurs marocains (E.A.S.M.)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37342.
Full textQuébec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2019
Pellegrini, Chloé. "L'enseignement des langues à l'école publique au Maroc : construction des savoirs, identités et citoyenneté." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0345.
Full textIn Morocco, language policies in the state educational system and, more widely, coexisting languages in Moroccan society – Arabic, Amazigh, French, English and Spanish – are the focus of heated political, ideological and social debates since the end of the French protectorate (1956). These debates oppose antagonist arguments based on issues and values of identity, society and civilisation in a global context of tensions between local and globalised knowledge. They rely on and participate in developing language ideologies that lock languages in sealed and opposed worlds of meanings and references. Beyond these debates, what is happening with languages inside the school walls? How is each of these languages constructed? How and what knowledge is constructed and valued? Which relationships to the world, to the self and the other and which worlds of meanings and references are developed in the teaching of each language? Which knowledge-bearers are valued? Which forms of citizenship and social identity are promoted? Moreover, how do school actors (especially teachers and pupils) interpret, transform and appropriate these conceptions of knowledge, identity and citizenship?This work analyses the ethnographic material collected through fieldwork over a period of two school years in nine schools – from primary schools to high schools – in three towns. Analyses are drawn from participant observations in language classes and school spaces, written documents like curricula, textbooks and pupils’ notebooks and interviews conducted with actors such as school officials, inspectors, headmasters, teachers, pupils and parents
Ndizigiye, Audace. "Perceptions des inspecteurs, des directeurs, des préfets des études et des enseignants sur le système d'inspection en vigueur dans les écoles secondaires du Burundi." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29373.
Full textAlexis, Patrick. "Perceptions et pratiques de la supervision pédagogique au niveau primaire (premier et deuxième cycles fondamental) en Haïti." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29671/29671.pdf.
Full textVoisin-Girard, Bernadette. "Activité de jugement des inspecteurs d’académie – inspecteurs pédagogiques régionaux (IA-IPR) et développement de l’activité professionnelle en entretien d’inspection dans le système éducatif français : règles, jeux de langage, et conflits d'une activité dialogique pluri-adressée." Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0025.
Full textJudgment activity of academy inspectors - regional pedagogical inspectors (IA-IPR) anddevelopment of the professional activity in inspection interviews in the French educational system: rules, language games, and conflicts of a multi-addressed dialogic activity. The international scientific literature shows the reality of active research to address the concerns of governments to improve the quality of education. It highlights research based almost exclusively on the process-product paradigm, which directs the logic of evaluation towards the profitability of teaching practices, despite the negative effects observed. The present research aims precisely to gain access to the language games that govern the judging activity of inspectors in inspection interviews with experienced teachers, and to set the conditions for the development of this activity in order to shed light on the grey area that research in this area constitutes. This study is part of an anthropocultural research program (Bertone, 2011; Chaliès, 2012) whose theoretical presuppositions are borrowed from ordinary language philosophy (Wittgenstein, 2004) and statement theory (Bakhtine, 1984). It has been carried out within the framework of two devices. The first, with an epistemic aim, allows access to the complexity of the inspectors' judgement activity deployed within the inspection interview. It is based on the collection of verbatims from self-confrontation interviews which reveal the language games of a multi-addressed dialogical activity to conduct the inspection interview in a formativedimension. The second system, conducted with a group of inspectors who are not confronted with a peer activity, is designed on the basis of the results of the first system. Following fruitful controversies, it has brought to light interesting alternatives to settle the dialogical conflicts of the activity of judgement in inspection. The main results of the research show the modeling of the inspectors' judging activity, thus contributing to document international and national research on the activity of teacher assessors, little known to date. They show a heterogeneity in the practices of assessors on the ability to conduct formative interviews with experienced teachers. Indeed, the results show the value of making the rules governing their activity intelligible in order to uncover the conflicts they contain. This is a major condition for the development of inspectors' professional activity and the constitution of a self-regulated community of practice
Mercier, Delphine. "L'Inspection primaire, l'enseignement de l'histoire et de l'instruction morale et civique : 1880-1914." Paris 4, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA040207.
Full textMurhega, Mashanda. "Les inspecteurs scolaires itinérants et leur efficience: une approche évaluative des rôles de l'inspecteur à travers les tâches prescrites, attendues et accomplies. Cas de la région du Haut-Zaïre." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212879.
Full textAzouaghe, Soufian. "Santé psychologique au travail dans le milieu scolaire public : étude des déterminants organisationnels et psychologiques chez les enseignants marocains." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAH007/document.
Full textThe present PhD dissertation relies on the Job Demands-Resources Theory (Bakker & Demerouti 2017). It aims to identify the determinants of well-being at work (WBW) and psychological distress at work (PDW) of Moroccan primary and secondary school teachers. Chapters 1 to 5 introduce the context, the conceptual and theoretical ideas, state the problem under investigation, and specify the main hypotheses. This thesis consists of two studies. The first study aimed to identify factors associated with WBW and PDW. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 60 teachers. It appears that the teaching profession in Morocco provides benefits (e.g., social support, work climate, perceived job utility), but also many demands (e.g., environment at work, workload, emotional demands, displacement difficulties). As such, Moroccan teachers seem to mobilize coping strategies to juggle job demands. The second study was conducted by administering a questionnaire to 1 107 teachers. Indeed, the results show that the more teachers perceive the demands of their profession as strong, the more they tend to experience a low level of WBW and a high level of PDW. In addition, the availability of job resources increases the WBW and reduces the PDW of these teachers. Similarly, it seems that teachers who mobilize personal resources (i.e., coping strategies) tend to report a higher level of WBW and a lower level of PDW. Otherwise, the interaction analyses indicate that high job demands combined with high job resources results in a low level of WBW. Finally, the results show that the effect of resources at work on WBW is mediated by coping strategies. The results obtained are in line with previous work and provide some enrichment to the Job Demands-Resources theory. At a practical level, this thesis contributes additional evidence that a range of interventions, including both personal as well as organizational interventions, may be successful at improving Moroccan teachers’ health and wellbeing
April, Daniel, and Daniel April. "Supervision pédagogique en contexte de gestion axée sur les résultats : pratiques de membres de la direction d'établissement d'enseignement accompagnés en communauté d'apprentissage." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35002.
Full textTableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2018-2019.
La réussite scolaire présuppose une délimitation claire des responsabilités des acteurs du système de l’éducation, un suivi des apprentissages des élèves et, si nécessaire, l’apport de réajustements aux pratiques pédagogiques. Une absence de responsabilité et d’imputabilité pourrait nuire aux progrès en matière d’éducation et venir cristalliser les pratiques préjudiciables dans les systèmes éducatifs (UNESCO, 2017). Dans cette optique, au Québec, la Loi sur l’instruction publique (LIP) est venue prescrire une approche contractuelle de gouvernance nommée Gestion axée sur les résultats (GAR) qui oblige le ministère de l’Éducation, les commissions scolaires et les établissements à se fixer des objectifs pour la diplomation et la persévérance des élèves et à en être imputables. Au niveau local, la supervision pédagogique constitue un processus incontournable pour la direction d’établissement afin d’atteindre ces objectifs (Brassard, Lusignan et Pelletier, 2013; Maroy et collab., 2016). Or, bien que la finalité de l’approche de GAR fasse consensus – soit l’amélioration de l’efficacité éducative – la philosophie derrière ce mode de régulation soulève d’importants enjeux, dont la lourdeur de ces politiques qui force les directions à consacrer plus de temps à la réalisation de tâches administratives au détriment de tâches pédagogiques (Champoux-Lesage et collab., 2014). De plus, les formations traditionnelles ne préparent que partiellement les directions à exercer leurs responsabilités liées à la supervision pédagogique (Bickmore, 2010). Dans ce contexte, le travail de collaboration entre les milieux de recherche et de pratique se révèle une piste d’avenir pour la formation dans le champ de l’administration de l’éducation (Bernatchez, 2017 ; Bouchamma, April et Basque, 2018 ; CTREQ, 2018 ; MELS, 2008). Cette collaboration permet à la fois le développement des pratiques de la communauté professionnelle et l’avancement des connaissances de la communauté scientifique (Bourassa et collab., 2013). Dans cet esprit de collaboration, cette recherche doctorale aspire à mieux comprendre et à améliorer les pratiques professionnelles en supervision pédagogique de membres de la direction d’établissement (n = 37) dans un contexte de GAR. Cette recherche trouve son fondement dans trois concepts : la supervision pédagogique individuelle et collective, la communauté d’apprentissage professionnelle (CAP) et le développement professionnel. Parallèlement, nous retenons la théorie de la fixation des objectifs (Locke et Latham, 1990 ; 2002 ; 2013). Cette recherche s’inscrit dans un projet Chantier 7 Programme de soutien à la formation continue du personnel scolaire intitulé « Améliorer les compétences des gestionnaires d’établissement scolaire en supervision pédagogique par la communauté d’apprentissage et de pratique professionnelle en présentiel et en ligne » (Bouchamma et Giguère, 2014-2017). Des membres de la direction d’établissement d’enseignement des commissions scolaires des Découvreurs (n = 21) et des Navigateurs (n = 16) ont participé au projet sur une base volontaire. Cette recherche est basée sur un devis mixte (Tashakkori et Teddlie, 2009). Le corpus issu de 21 rencontres en communauté d’apprentissage a fait l’objet d’une analyse thématique (Paillé et Mucchielli, 2012) et les données quantitatives, recueillies à partir d’un questionnaire, ont été soumises à des tests T, de régression et de statistiques descriptives. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que les pratiques de supervision individuelle par les membres de la direction tendent à être plus fréquentes que celles collectives. Les pratiques individuelles sont surtout axées sur la rencontre d’observation, et moins sur la prérencontre ou la rencontre post-observation. La pratique de supervision collective la moins mise de l’avant est celle de créer des structures collaboratives axées sur l’enseignement et l’apprentissage. En second lieu, les résultats montrent que peu de membres de la direction sont portés à quantifier leurs cibles et à développer des indicateurs chiffrés ; ces derniers mettent principalement l’accent sur la planification stratégique (les moyens) et moins sur les processus de contractualisation (l’évaluation de l’atteinte des objectifs). Enfin, bien que les membres de la direction associent la supervision collective à un idéal à atteindre et identifient plusieurs obstacles liés à l’accompagnement individuel, ces derniers tendent à mettre davantage en pratique la supervision individuelle. En ce sens, les pratiques mises de l’avant ne collent pas toujours en tous points aux idéaux d’une supervision plus collective. Mots clés : communauté d’apprentissage, développement professionnel, direction d’établissement d’enseignement, gestion axée sur les résultats, obstacles, pratiques gagnantes, recherche collaborative, supervision pédagogique, théorie de la fixation des objectifs.
La réussite scolaire présuppose une délimitation claire des responsabilités des acteurs du système de l’éducation, un suivi des apprentissages des élèves et, si nécessaire, l’apport de réajustements aux pratiques pédagogiques. Une absence de responsabilité et d’imputabilité pourrait nuire aux progrès en matière d’éducation et venir cristalliser les pratiques préjudiciables dans les systèmes éducatifs (UNESCO, 2017). Dans cette optique, au Québec, la Loi sur l’instruction publique (LIP) est venue prescrire une approche contractuelle de gouvernance nommée Gestion axée sur les résultats (GAR) qui oblige le ministère de l’Éducation, les commissions scolaires et les établissements à se fixer des objectifs pour la diplomation et la persévérance des élèves et à en être imputables. Au niveau local, la supervision pédagogique constitue un processus incontournable pour la direction d’établissement afin d’atteindre ces objectifs (Brassard, Lusignan et Pelletier, 2013; Maroy et collab., 2016). Or, bien que la finalité de l’approche de GAR fasse consensus – soit l’amélioration de l’efficacité éducative – la philosophie derrière ce mode de régulation soulève d’importants enjeux, dont la lourdeur de ces politiques qui force les directions à consacrer plus de temps à la réalisation de tâches administratives au détriment de tâches pédagogiques (Champoux-Lesage et collab., 2014). De plus, les formations traditionnelles ne préparent que partiellement les directions à exercer leurs responsabilités liées à la supervision pédagogique (Bickmore, 2010). Dans ce contexte, le travail de collaboration entre les milieux de recherche et de pratique se révèle une piste d’avenir pour la formation dans le champ de l’administration de l’éducation (Bernatchez, 2017 ; Bouchamma, April et Basque, 2018 ; CTREQ, 2018 ; MELS, 2008). Cette collaboration permet à la fois le développement des pratiques de la communauté professionnelle et l’avancement des connaissances de la communauté scientifique (Bourassa et collab., 2013). Dans cet esprit de collaboration, cette recherche doctorale aspire à mieux comprendre et à améliorer les pratiques professionnelles en supervision pédagogique de membres de la direction d’établissement (n = 37) dans un contexte de GAR. Cette recherche trouve son fondement dans trois concepts : la supervision pédagogique individuelle et collective, la communauté d’apprentissage professionnelle (CAP) et le développement professionnel. Parallèlement, nous retenons la théorie de la fixation des objectifs (Locke et Latham, 1990 ; 2002 ; 2013). Cette recherche s’inscrit dans un projet Chantier 7 Programme de soutien à la formation continue du personnel scolaire intitulé « Améliorer les compétences des gestionnaires d’établissement scolaire en supervision pédagogique par la communauté d’apprentissage et de pratique professionnelle en présentiel et en ligne » (Bouchamma et Giguère, 2014-2017). Des membres de la direction d’établissement d’enseignement des commissions scolaires des Découvreurs (n = 21) et des Navigateurs (n = 16) ont participé au projet sur une base volontaire. Cette recherche est basée sur un devis mixte (Tashakkori et Teddlie, 2009). Le corpus issu de 21 rencontres en communauté d’apprentissage a fait l’objet d’une analyse thématique (Paillé et Mucchielli, 2012) et les données quantitatives, recueillies à partir d’un questionnaire, ont été soumises à des tests T, de régression et de statistiques descriptives. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que les pratiques de supervision individuelle par les membres de la direction tendent à être plus fréquentes que celles collectives. Les pratiques individuelles sont surtout axées sur la rencontre d’observation, et moins sur la prérencontre ou la rencontre post-observation. La pratique de supervision collective la moins mise de l’avant est celle de créer des structures collaboratives axées sur l’enseignement et l’apprentissage. En second lieu, les résultats montrent que peu de membres de la direction sont portés à quantifier leurs cibles et à développer des indicateurs chiffrés ; ces derniers mettent principalement l’accent sur la planification stratégique (les moyens) et moins sur les processus de contractualisation (l’évaluation de l’atteinte des objectifs). Enfin, bien que les membres de la direction associent la supervision collective à un idéal à atteindre et identifient plusieurs obstacles liés à l’accompagnement individuel, ces derniers tendent à mettre davantage en pratique la supervision individuelle. En ce sens, les pratiques mises de l’avant ne collent pas toujours en tous points aux idéaux d’une supervision plus collective. Mots clés : communauté d’apprentissage, développement professionnel, direction d’établissement d’enseignement, gestion axée sur les résultats, obstacles, pratiques gagnantes, recherche collaborative, supervision pédagogique, théorie de la fixation des objectifs.
Educational achievement requires a clear delineation of the responsibilities of the stakeholders, monitoring of students’ learning and, if necessary, readjustments to pedagogical practices. The lack of accountability could jeopardize progress and entrench harmful practices in education systems (UNESCO, 2017). In this regard, in the province of Québec, Canada, the Public Education Act law (PEA) advocates using the results-based management approach (RBM). RBM requires the Ministry of Education, school boards and the schools themselves to set performance targets for graduation and perseverance of students. At the local level, pedagogical supervision is an essential process for the school principal in achieving these targets identified in the RBM tools (Brassard, Lusignan and Pelletier, 2013; Maroy et collab., 2016). Although a consensus has been reached regarding the purpose of the RBM policies – here being the improvement of educational effectiveness – the philosophy behind this method of regulation creates a considerable number of challenges for education stakeholders (Maroy, 2013). For example, because of the administrative burden of these policies, many school principals must devote more time to the execution of administrative tasks, to the detriment of educational tasks, including pedagogical supervision (Champoux-Lesage et al., 2014). In addition, traditional training methods only partially prepare school principals to meet their pedagogical supervision responsibilities (Bickmore, 2010). In this regard, the collaborative work between the worlds of research and practice is a promising avenue to be explored for training in the field of educational administration (Bernatchez, 2017; Bouchamma, April and Basque, 2018; CTREQ, 2018; MELS, 2008). This collaboration allows for both the development of practices and knowledge for the professional community as well as the advancement of knowledge for the scientific community (Bourassa et al., 2013). In this spirit of collaboration, this doctoral research project aspires to better understand and to improve the professional practices of school principals (n = 37) in pedagogical supervision in a context of RBM. This research project is based on three concepts: individual and collective pedagogical supervision, professional learning community (PLC) and professional development. In addition, we retain the theory of goal setting (Locke and Latham, 1990; 2002; 2013). This research is part of a Chantier 7 project In-service training program for school staff entitled “Améliorer les compétences des gestionnaires d’établissement scolaire en supervision pédagogique par la communauté d’apprentissage et de pratique professionnelle en présentiel et en ligne” (Bouchamma and Giguère, 2014-2017). School principals from the Découvreurs School Board (n = 21) and the Navigateurs School Board (n= 16) were recruited on a voluntary basis. The chosen design is mixed methods (Tashakkori and Teddlie, 2009). The corpus of qualitative data, produced from 21 focus group interviews in learning community was analysed thematically (Paillé and Mucchielli, 2012). Quantitative data collected from a questionnaire was analysed through Ttests, regression, and descriptive statistics. The results of the study indicate that individual supervision practices tend to be more numerous than the collective ones. Individual practices are mainly focused on the in-class observation and less on pre-observation or post-observation meetings. The least-used collective supervision practice is that of creating collaborative structures centered on teaching and learning. Moreover
Educational achievement requires a clear delineation of the responsibilities of the stakeholders, monitoring of students’ learning and, if necessary, readjustments to pedagogical practices. The lack of accountability could jeopardize progress and entrench harmful practices in education systems (UNESCO, 2017). In this regard, in the province of Québec, Canada, the Public Education Act law (PEA) advocates using the results-based management approach (RBM). RBM requires the Ministry of Education, school boards and the schools themselves to set performance targets for graduation and perseverance of students. At the local level, pedagogical supervision is an essential process for the school principal in achieving these targets identified in the RBM tools (Brassard, Lusignan and Pelletier, 2013; Maroy et collab., 2016). Although a consensus has been reached regarding the purpose of the RBM policies – here being the improvement of educational effectiveness – the philosophy behind this method of regulation creates a considerable number of challenges for education stakeholders (Maroy, 2013). For example, because of the administrative burden of these policies, many school principals must devote more time to the execution of administrative tasks, to the detriment of educational tasks, including pedagogical supervision (Champoux-Lesage et al., 2014). In addition, traditional training methods only partially prepare school principals to meet their pedagogical supervision responsibilities (Bickmore, 2010). In this regard, the collaborative work between the worlds of research and practice is a promising avenue to be explored for training in the field of educational administration (Bernatchez, 2017; Bouchamma, April and Basque, 2018; CTREQ, 2018; MELS, 2008). This collaboration allows for both the development of practices and knowledge for the professional community as well as the advancement of knowledge for the scientific community (Bourassa et al., 2013). In this spirit of collaboration, this doctoral research project aspires to better understand and to improve the professional practices of school principals (n = 37) in pedagogical supervision in a context of RBM. This research project is based on three concepts: individual and collective pedagogical supervision, professional learning community (PLC) and professional development. In addition, we retain the theory of goal setting (Locke and Latham, 1990; 2002; 2013). This research is part of a Chantier 7 project In-service training program for school staff entitled “Améliorer les compétences des gestionnaires d’établissement scolaire en supervision pédagogique par la communauté d’apprentissage et de pratique professionnelle en présentiel et en ligne” (Bouchamma and Giguère, 2014-2017). School principals from the Découvreurs School Board (n = 21) and the Navigateurs School Board (n= 16) were recruited on a voluntary basis. The chosen design is mixed methods (Tashakkori and Teddlie, 2009). The corpus of qualitative data, produced from 21 focus group interviews in learning community was analysed thematically (Paillé and Mucchielli, 2012). Quantitative data collected from a questionnaire was analysed through Ttests, regression, and descriptive statistics. The results of the study indicate that individual supervision practices tend to be more numerous than the collective ones. Individual practices are mainly focused on the in-class observation and less on pre-observation or post-observation meetings. The least-used collective supervision practice is that of creating collaborative structures centered on teaching and learning. Moreover
El éxito académico presupone una delimitación clara de las responsabilidades de los actores del sistema educativo, un seguimiento del aprendizaje de los estudiantes y, si es necesario, reajustes a las prácticas pedagógicas. La falta de rendición de cuentas podría socavar el progreso en la educación y consolidar prácticas perjudiciales en los sistemas educativos (UNESCO, 2017). A este respecto, la provincia de Québec, Canadá, mediante la Ley de Educación Pública demanda la adopción de un enfoque contractual de gobernanza llamado Gestión Basada en Resultados (GBR). Esta Ley obliga al Ministerio de Educación, los distritos escolares y las instituciones a establecer metas para incrementar las tasas de graduación y de retención de los alumnos. A nivel local, la supervisión pedagógica es un proceso esencial iniciado por el director de la escuela para lograr dichos objetivos establecidos en las herramientas de GBR (Brassard, Lusignan y Pelletier, 2013; Maroy et al., 2016). Aunque se ha llegado a un consenso sobre la finalidad de las políticas de GBR – es decir la mejora de la eficiencia de la educación – la filosofía detrás de este modo de regulación plantea cuestiones importantes, incluida la naturaleza engorrosa de estas políticas, lo que obliga a las direcciones a dedicar más tiempo para realizar tareas administrativas en detrimento de otras tareas de carácter pedagógico (Champoux-Lesage et al., 2014). Además, las formaciones pedagógicas tradicionales preparan solo parcialmente a los directores para ejercer sus responsabilidades de supervisión pedagógica (Bickmore, 2010). En este contexto, el trabajo de colaboración entre los investigadores y profesionales es una vía prometedora de formación en el campo de la administración de la educación (Bernatchez, 2017; Bouchamma, April y Basque, 2018; CTREQ, 2018; MELS, 2008). Esta colaboración permite tanto el desarrollo de las prácticas de los profesionales como el avance del conocimiento de la comunidad científica (Bourassa et al., 2013). En este espíritu de colaboración, esta investigación doctoral tiene como objetivo mejorar la comprensión y las prácticas profesionales en supervisión pedagógica de los directores de escuela (n = 37) en un contexto de gestión basada en resultados. Esta investigación se basa en tres conceptos: supervisión pedagógica individual y colectiva, comunidad de aprendizaje profesional (CAP) y desarrollo profesional. Al mismo tiempo, conservamos la teoría del establecimiento de metas (Locke y Latham, 1990; 2002; 2013). Esta investigación forma parte de un proyecto Chantier 7 Programa de apoyo a la educación continua para el personal escolar titulado “Améliorer les compétences des gestionnaires d’établissement scolaire en supervision pédagogique par la communauté d’apprentissage et de pratique professionnelle en présentiel et en ligne” (Bouchamma y Giguère, 2014-2017). Los directores de escuela, que provenían de las comisiones escolares des Découvreurs (n = 21) y des Navigateurs (n = 16), fueron reclutados de forma voluntaria. La tesis adopta un enfoque mixto (Tashakkori et Teddlie, 2009). El conjunto de datos cualitativos, construido a partir de 21 entrevistas en la comunidad de aprendizaje, se analizó temáticamente (Paillé y Mucchielli, 2012) y los datos cuantitativos, recopilados a partir de un cuestionario, se analizaron mediante pruebas T, análisis de regresión y estadística descriptiva. Los resultados del estudio indican que las prácticas de supervisión de los directores de escuela tienden a ser más frecuentes que las colectivas. Las prácticas individuales se centran principalmente en la observación durante la clase y menos en las pre-observación o postobservación. La práctica de supervisión colectiva menos frecuente es la de crear estructuras colaborativas que se centren en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje. Además, los resultados muestran que los directores tienen poca tendencia a cuantificar sus objetivos y desarrollar indicadores numéricos. Los directores se centran principalmente en la planificación estratégica (medios) y otorgan menos importancia a los procesos de evaluación del logro de los objetivos. Finalmente, aunque los directores de las escuelas perciben las prácticas de supervisión colectiva como un ideal y mencionan varios obstáculos relacionados con la supervisión individual, siguen inclinándose por la supervisión individual en la práctica. Palabras claves: comunidad de aprendizaje, desarrollo profesional, directores de escuela, gestión basada en resultados (GBR), investigación colaborativa, obstáculos, prácticas líderes, supervisión pedagógica, teoría del establecimiento de metas.
El éxito académico presupone una delimitación clara de las responsabilidades de los actores del sistema educativo, un seguimiento del aprendizaje de los estudiantes y, si es necesario, reajustes a las prácticas pedagógicas. La falta de rendición de cuentas podría socavar el progreso en la educación y consolidar prácticas perjudiciales en los sistemas educativos (UNESCO, 2017). A este respecto, la provincia de Québec, Canadá, mediante la Ley de Educación Pública demanda la adopción de un enfoque contractual de gobernanza llamado Gestión Basada en Resultados (GBR). Esta Ley obliga al Ministerio de Educación, los distritos escolares y las instituciones a establecer metas para incrementar las tasas de graduación y de retención de los alumnos. A nivel local, la supervisión pedagógica es un proceso esencial iniciado por el director de la escuela para lograr dichos objetivos establecidos en las herramientas de GBR (Brassard, Lusignan y Pelletier, 2013; Maroy et al., 2016). Aunque se ha llegado a un consenso sobre la finalidad de las políticas de GBR – es decir la mejora de la eficiencia de la educación – la filosofía detrás de este modo de regulación plantea cuestiones importantes, incluida la naturaleza engorrosa de estas políticas, lo que obliga a las direcciones a dedicar más tiempo para realizar tareas administrativas en detrimento de otras tareas de carácter pedagógico (Champoux-Lesage et al., 2014). Además, las formaciones pedagógicas tradicionales preparan solo parcialmente a los directores para ejercer sus responsabilidades de supervisión pedagógica (Bickmore, 2010). En este contexto, el trabajo de colaboración entre los investigadores y profesionales es una vía prometedora de formación en el campo de la administración de la educación (Bernatchez, 2017; Bouchamma, April y Basque, 2018; CTREQ, 2018; MELS, 2008). Esta colaboración permite tanto el desarrollo de las prácticas de los profesionales como el avance del conocimiento de la comunidad científica (Bourassa et al., 2013). En este espíritu de colaboración, esta investigación doctoral tiene como objetivo mejorar la comprensión y las prácticas profesionales en supervisión pedagógica de los directores de escuela (n = 37) en un contexto de gestión basada en resultados. Esta investigación se basa en tres conceptos: supervisión pedagógica individual y colectiva, comunidad de aprendizaje profesional (CAP) y desarrollo profesional. Al mismo tiempo, conservamos la teoría del establecimiento de metas (Locke y Latham, 1990; 2002; 2013). Esta investigación forma parte de un proyecto Chantier 7 Programa de apoyo a la educación continua para el personal escolar titulado “Améliorer les compétences des gestionnaires d’établissement scolaire en supervision pédagogique par la communauté d’apprentissage et de pratique professionnelle en présentiel et en ligne” (Bouchamma y Giguère, 2014-2017). Los directores de escuela, que provenían de las comisiones escolares des Découvreurs (n = 21) y des Navigateurs (n = 16), fueron reclutados de forma voluntaria. La tesis adopta un enfoque mixto (Tashakkori et Teddlie, 2009). El conjunto de datos cualitativos, construido a partir de 21 entrevistas en la comunidad de aprendizaje, se analizó temáticamente (Paillé y Mucchielli, 2012) y los datos cuantitativos, recopilados a partir de un cuestionario, se analizaron mediante pruebas T, análisis de regresión y estadística descriptiva. Los resultados del estudio indican que las prácticas de supervisión de los directores de escuela tienden a ser más frecuentes que las colectivas. Las prácticas individuales se centran principalmente en la observación durante la clase y menos en las pre-observación o postobservación. La práctica de supervisión colectiva menos frecuente es la de crear estructuras colaborativas que se centren en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje. Además, los resultados muestran que los directores tienen poca tendencia a cuantificar sus objetivos y desarrollar indicadores numéricos. Los directores se centran principalmente en la planificación estratégica (medios) y otorgan menos importancia a los procesos de evaluación del logro de los objetivos. Finalmente, aunque los directores de las escuelas perciben las prácticas de supervisión colectiva como un ideal y mencionan varios obstáculos relacionados con la supervisión individual, siguen inclinándose por la supervisión individual en la práctica. Palabras claves: comunidad de aprendizaje, desarrollo profesional, directores de escuela, gestión basada en resultados (GBR), investigación colaborativa, obstáculos, prácticas líderes, supervisión pedagógica, teoría del establecimiento de metas.