Relevant bibliographies by topics / Inspiratory resistive loading system

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Academic literature on the topic 'Inspiratory resistive loading system'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Inspiratory resistive loading system"

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el-Manshawi, A., K. J. Killian, E. Summers, and N. L. Jones. "Breathlessness during exercise with and without resistive loading." Journal of Applied Physiology 61, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 896–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.61.3.896.

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The purpose of this study was to quantify the intensity of breathlessness associated with exercise and respiratory resistive loading, with the specific purpose of isolating the quantitative contributions of inspiratory pressure, length, velocity, and frequency of inspiratory muscle shortening and duty cycle to breathlessness. The intensity of inspiratory pressure was quantified by measurement of estimated esophageal pressure (Pes = pressure at the mouth plus lung pressure), the extent of shortening by tidal volume (VT), and the velocity of shortening by inspiratory flow rate (VI). Six normal subjects underwent five incremental (100 kpm X min-1 X min-1) exercise tests on a cycle ergometer to maximum capacity. The first and last test were unloaded and the intervening tests were performed with external added resistances of 33, 57, and 73 cm H2O X l-1 X s in random order. The resistances were selected to provide a range of pressures, tidal volumes, flow rates, and patterns of breathing. At rest and at the end of each minute during exercise the subjects estimated the intensity of breathlessness (psi) by selecting a number ranging from 0 to 10 (Borg rating scale, 0 indicating no appreciable breathlessness and 10 the maximum tolerable sensation). Breathlessness was significantly and independently related to Pes (P less than 0.0001), VI (P less than 0.0001), frequency of breathing (fb) (P less than 0.01), and duty cycle [ratio of inspiratory duration to total breath duration (TI/TT)] (P less than 0.01): psi = 0.11 Pes + 0.61 VI + 1.99 TI/TT + 0.04 fb - 2.60 (r = 0.83). The results suggest that peak pressure (tension), VI (velocity of inspiratory muscle shortening), TI/TT, and fb contribute independently and collectively to breathlessness. The perception of respiratory muscle effort is ideally suited to subserve this sensation. The neurophysiological mechanism purported is a conscious awareness of the intensity of the outgoing motor command by means of corollary discharge within the central nervous system.
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Tarasiuk, A., S. M. Scharf, and M. J. Miller. "Effect of chronic resistive loading on inspiratory muscles in rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 70, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.70.1.216.

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The development of animal models of respiratory muscle training would be useful in studying the physiological effects of training. Hence, we studied the effects of chronic resistive loading (CRL) for 5 wk on mass, composition, and mechanics of inspiratory muscles in laboratory rats. CRL was produced by means of a tracheal cannula (loaded animals) and results were compared with sham-operated controls. Acutely, upper airway obstruction led to a doubling of inspiratory pleural pressure excursion and 25% decrease in respiratory rate. We observed no changes in lung pressure-volume curves, nor in the geometry of the respiratory system in loaded compared with control animals. Muscle mass normalized for body mass increased in the diaphragm (DI) and the wet weight-to-dry weight ratio increased in the sternomastoid (SM) in loaded compared with control animals. Loaded animals demonstrated a decrease in ether extractable (fat) content of the DI and SM muscles but not the gastrocnemius. For the DI there was no change in length at which active tension was maximal (Lo), but there was an increase in maximum tension at lengths close to Lo in loaded compared with control rats. Endurance did not change, although twitch tensions remained higher in loaded compared with control rats. We conclude that 1) alteration of inspiratory muscle structure and function occurs in rats with CRL; 2) the DI and SM demonstrate different adaptive responses to CRL; and 3) although maximum tension increases, endurance does not.
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Davenport, P. W., D. J. Dalziel, B. Webb, J. R. Bellah, and C. J. Vierck. "Inspiratory resistive load detection in conscious dogs." Journal of Applied Physiology 70, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 1284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.70.3.1284.

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The physiological mechanisms mediating the detection of mechanical loads are unknown. This is, in part, due to the lack of an animal model of load detection that could be used to investigate specific sensory systems. We used American Foxhounds with tracheal stomata to behaviorally condition the detection of inspiratory occlusion and graded resistive loads. The resistive loads were presented with a loading manifold connected to the inspiratory port of a non-rebreathing valve. The dogs signaled detection of the load by lifting their front paw off a lever. Inspiratory occlusion was used as the initial training stimulus, and the dogs could reliably respond within the first or second inspiratory effort to 100% of the occlusion presentations after 13 trials. Graded resistances that spanned the 50% detection threshold were then presented. The detection threshold resistances (delta R50) were 0.96 and 1.70 cmH2O.l-1.s. Ratios of delta R50 to background resistance were 0.15 and 0.30. The near-threshold resistive loads did not significantly change expired PCO2 or breathing patterns. These results demonstrate that dogs can be conditioned to reliably and specifically signal the detection of graded inspiratory mechanical loads. Inspiration through the tracheal stoma excludes afferents in the upper extrathoracic trachea, larynx, pharynx, nasal passages, and mouth from mediating load detection in these dogs. It is unknown which remaining afferents (vagal or respiratory muscle) are responsible for load detection.
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Kosch, P. C., P. W. Davenport, J. A. Wozniak, and A. R. Stark. "Reflex control of inspiratory duration in newborn infants." Journal of Applied Physiology 60, no. 6 (June 1, 1986): 2007–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.60.6.2007.

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We applied graded resistive and elastic loads and total airway occlusions to single inspirations in six full-term healthy infants on days 2–3 of life to investigate the effect on neural and mechanical inspiratory duration (TI). The infants breathed through a face mask and pneumotachograph, and flow, volume, airway pressure, and diaphragm electromyogram (EMG) were recorded. Loads were applied to the inspiratory outlet of a two-way respiratory valve using a manifold system. Application of all loads resulted in inspired volumes decreased from control (P less than 0.001), and changes were progressive with increasing loads. TI measured from the pattern of the diaphragm EMG (TIEMG) was prolonged from control by application of all elastic and resistive loads and by total airway occlusions, resulting in a single curvilinear relationship between inspired volume and TIEMG that was independent of inspired volume trajectory. In contrast, when TI was measured from the pattern of airflow, the effect of loading on the mechanical time constant of the respiratory system resulted in different inspired volume-TI relationships for elastic and resistive loads. Mechanical and neural inspired volume and duration of the following unloaded inspiration were unchanged from control values. These findings indicate that neural inspiratory timing in infants depends on magnitude of phasic volume change during inspiration. They are consistent with the hypothesis that termination of inspiration is accomplished by an “off-switch” mechanism and that inspired volume determines the level of vagally mediated inspiratory inhibition to trigger this mechanism.
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Puddy, A., G. Giesbrecht, R. Sanii, and M. Younes. "Mechanism of detection of resistive loads in conscious humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 72, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): 2267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.72.6.2267.

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Conscious humans easily detect loads applied to the respiratory system. Resistive loads as small as 0.5 cmH2O.l-1.s can be detected. Previous work suggested that afferent information from the chest wall served as the primary source of information for load detection, but the evidence for this was not convincing, and we recently reported that the chest wall was a relatively poor detector for applied elastic loads. Using the same setup of a loading device and body cast, we sought resistive load detection thresholds under three conditions: 1) loading of the total respiratory system, 2) loading such that the chest wall was protected from the load but airway and intrathoracic pressures experienced negative pressure in proportion to inspiratory flow, and 3) loading of the chest wall alone with no alteration of airway or intrathoracic pressure. The threshold for detection for the three types of load application in seven normal subjects was 1.17 +/- 0.33, 1.68 +/- 0.45, and 6.3 +/- 1.38 (SE) cmH2O.l-1.s for total respiratory system, chest wall protected, and chest wall alone, respectively. We conclude that the active chest wall is a less potent source of information for detection of applied resistive loads than structures affected by negative airway and intrathoracic pressure, a finding similar to that previously reported for elastic load detection.
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Brancatisano, T. P., D. S. Dodd, P. W. Collett, and L. A. Engel. "Effect of expiratory loading on glottic dimensions in humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 58, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 605–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.58.2.605.

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We examined the effects of external mechanical loading on glottic dimensions in 13 normal subjects. When flow-resistive loads of 7, 27, and 48 cmH2O X l-1 X s, measured at 0.2 l/s, were applied during expiration, glottic width at the mid-tidal volume point in expiration (dge) was 2.3 +/- 12, 37.9 +/- 7.5, and 38.3 +/- 8.9% (means +/- SE) less than the control dge, respectively. Simultaneously, mouth pressure (Pm) increased by 2.5 +/- 4, 3.0 +/- 0.4, and 4.6 +/- 0.6 cmH2O, respectively. When subjects were switched from a resistance to a positive end-expiratory pressure at comparable values of Pm, both dge and expiratory flow returned to control values, whereas the level of hyperinflation remained constant. Glottic width during inspiration (unloaded) did not change on any of the resistive loads. There was a slight inverse relationship between the ratio of expiratory to inspiratory glottic width and the ratio of expiratory to inspiratory duration. Our results show noncompensatory glottic narrowing when subjects breathe against an expiratory resistance and suggest that the glottic dimensions are influenced by the time course of lung emptying during expiration. We speculate that the glottic constriction is related to the increased activity of expiratory medullary neurons during loaded expiration and, by increasing the internal impedance of the respiratory system, may have a stabilizing function.
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Mengeot, P. M., J. H. Bates, and J. G. Martin. "Effect of mechanical loading on displacements of chest wall during breathing in humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 58, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.58.2.477.

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Using a respiratory inductive plethysmograph (Respitrace) we studied thoracoabdominal movements in eight normal subjects during inspiratory resistive (Res) and elastic (El) loading. The magnitude of loads was chosen so as to produce a fall in inspiratory mouth pressure of 20 cmH2O. The contribution of rib cage (RC) to tidal volume (VT) increased significantly from 68% during quiet breathing (QB) to 74% during El and 78% during Res. VT and breathing frequency did not change significantly. During loading a phase lag was present on inspiration so that the abdomen led the rib cage. However, outward movement of the abdomen ceased in the latter part of inspiration, and the RC became the sole contributor to VT. These observations suggest greater recruitment of the inspiratory musculature of the RC than the diaphragm during loading, although changes in the mechanical properties of the chest wall may also have contributed. Indeed, an increase in abdominal end-expiratory and end-inspiratory pressures was observed in five out of six subjects, indicating abdominal muscle recruitment which may account for part of the reduction in abdominal excursion. Both Res and El increased the rate of emptying of the respiratory system during the ensuing unloaded expiration as a result of a reduction in rib cage expiratory-braking mechanisms. The time course of abdominal displacements during expiration was unaffected by loading.
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Fernandes, Andréia K., Bruna Ziegler, Glauco L. Konzen, Paulo R. S. Sanches, André F. Müller, Rosemary P. Pereira, and Paulo de Tarso R. Dalcin. "Repeatability of the Evaluation of Perception of Dyspnea in Normal Subjects Assessed Through Inspiratory Resistive Loads." Open Respiratory Medicine Journal 8, no. 1 (December 26, 2014): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874306401408010041.

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Purpose: Study the repeatability of the evaluation of the perception of dyspnea using an inspiratory resistive loading system in healthy subjects. Methods: We designed a cross sectional study conducted in individuals aged 18 years and older. Perception of dyspnea was assessed using an inspiratory resistive load system. Dyspnea was assessed during ventilation at rest and at increasing resistive loads (0.6, 6.7, 15, 25, 46.7, 67, 78 and returning to 0.6 cm H2O/L/s). After breathing in at each level of resistive load for two minutes, the subject rated the dyspnea using the Borg scale. Subjects were tested twice (intervals from 2 to 7 days). Results: Testing included 16 Caucasian individuals (8 male and 8 female, mean age: 36 years). The median scores for dyspnea rating in the first test were 0 at resting ventilation and 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 7 and 1 point, respectively, with increasing loads. The median scores in the second test were 0 at resting and 0, 0, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4 and 0.5 points, respectively. The intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.57, 0.80, 0.74, 0.80, 0.83, 0.86, 0.91, and 0.92 for each resistive load, respectively. In a generalized linear model analysis, there was a statistically significant difference between the levels of resistive loads (p<0.001) and between tests (p=0.003). Dyspnea scores were significantly lower in the second test. Conclusion: The agreement between the two tests of the perception of dyspnea was only moderate and dyspnea scores were lower in the second test. These findings suggest a learning effect or an effect that could be at least partly attributed to desensitization of dyspnea sensation in the brain.
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Kosch, P. C., P. W. Davenport, J. A. Wozniak, and A. R. Stark. "Reflex control of expiratory duration in newborn infants." Journal of Applied Physiology 58, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 575–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.58.2.575.

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We investigated the effect on expiratory duration (TE) of application of graded resistive and elastic loads and total airway occlusions to single expirations in 9 full-term healthy infants studied on the 2nd or 3rd day of life. The infants breathed through a face mask and pneumotachograph, and flow, volume, airway pressure, and diaphragm electromyogram (EMG) were recorded. Loads were applied to the expiratory outlet of a two-way respiratory valve using a manifold system. Application of all loads resulted in expired volumes (VE) decreased from control (P less than 0.05), and changes were progressive with increasing loads. As VE became smaller, end-expiratory volume (EEV) became greater. TE, measured either from the pattern of airflow or airway pressure, or from diaphragm EMG activity, progressively increased with increasing loads and was greatest with total occlusions (P less than 0.05, compared with control). Resistive loading resulted in a greater accumulated VE history than elastic loading to the same EEV. For equivalent changes in EEV, TE was more prolonged with resistive than with elastic loading. Expiratory loading did not change the inspiratory duration determined from the diaphragm EMG activity of the breath immediately following each loaded expiration. These findings in infants are consistent with an integrative neural mechanism that modulates TE in response to the accumulated VE history, including both EEV and rate of lung deflation.
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Mortola, Jacopo P., Anne Marie Lauzon, and Brian Mott. "Expiratory flow pattern and respiratory mechanics." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 65, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 1142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y87-180.

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During resting breathing, expiration is characterized by the narrowing of the vocal folds which, by increasing the expiratory resistance, raises mean lung volume and airway pressure. This is even more pronounced in the neonatal period, during which expirations with short complete airway closure are commonly occurring. We asked to which extent differences in expiratory flow pattern may modify the inspiratory impedance of the respiratory system. To this aim, newborn puppies, piglets, and adult rats were anesthetized, paralyzed, and ventilated with different expiratory patterns, (a) no expiratory load, (b) expiratory resistive load, and (c) end-inspiratory pause. The stroke volume of the ventilator and inspiratory and expiratory times were maintained constant, and the loads were adjusted in such a way that inflation always started from the resting volume of the respiratory system. After 1 min of each ventilatory pattern, mean inspiratory impedance and compliance of lung and respiratory system were measured. The values were unchanged or minimally altered by changing the type of ventilation. We conclude that the expiratory laryngeal loading is not primarily aimed to decrease the work of breathing. It is conceivable that the expiratory pattern is oriented to increase and control mean airway pressure in the regulation of pulmonary fluid reabsorption, distribution of ventilation, and diffusion of gases.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Inspiratory resistive loading system"

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Fernandes, Andreia Kist. "Repetibilidade da avaliação do grau de dispnéia através de um sistema de cargas resistivas inspiratória em indivíduos normais." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/30920.

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Introdução: Estudos têm mostrado a magnitude das cargas resistivas inspiratórias adicionadas externamente segue uma relação previsível com a percepção de dispneia, na qual a magnitude psicológica cresce conforme o aumento das cargas adicionadas. O efeito de medidas repetidas de percepção de dispneia utilizando o sistema de cargas resistivas não está claro na literatura. Objetivo: Estudar a repetibilidade da percepção da dispneia avaliada através de um sistema de carga resistiva inspiratória em indivíduos normais. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com coleta de dados prospectiva, realizado em indivíduos sadios com idade ≥ 18 anos. A percepção da dispneia foi avaliada através de um sistema de cargas resistivas inspiratórias, utilizando dispositivo que compreende uma válvula unidirecional (Hans-Rudolph) e um circuito de reinalação. A sensação de dispneia foi mensurada durante ventilação com o aumento na carga resistiva inspiratória (≅0, 6,7, 15, 25, 46,7, 67, 78 e ≅0 L/s/cmH2O) para um fluxo de 300 mL/s. Após respirar em cada nível de resistência por dois minutos, o indivíduo expressava sua sensação de falta de ar (dispneia) usando a escala de Borg modificada. Os indivíduos foram submetidos a dois testes (intervalos de 3 a 7 dias). Resultados: Foram incluídos no estudo 16 indivíduos sadios, sendo 8 homens e 8 mulheres, todos da raça branca. A média de idade foi 36,3 ± 11,9 anos. A média do índice de massa corporal foi de 23,9 ± 2,8 kg/m2. As medianas dos escores da Escala de Borg no primeiro teste foram 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 7 e 1 ponto, respectivamente para os momentos de aplicação de carga resistiva de ≅ 0, 6,7,15, 25, 46,7, 67, 78 e ≅ 0 L/s/cmH2O. As medianas dos escores no segundo teste foram, respectivamente, 0, 0, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4 e 0,5 pontos. A concordância pelo coeficiente de correlação intraclasse foi, respectivamente para cada momento, 0,57, 0,80, 0,74, 0,80, 0,83, 0,86, 0,91 e 0,92. Observou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa entre momentos de cargas resistiva (p < 0,001) e entre os testes (p = 0,003), através do modelo de análise linear generalizada. Os valores dos escores de dispneia entre os diferentes momentos foram significativamente menores no segundo teste. As pressões inspiratórias resistivas (p=0,59) e as frequências respiratórias (p=0,81) não foram diferentes entre os testes. Conclusão: A concordância entre os dois testes de percepção de dispneia foi apenas moderada e os escores de dispneia foram menores no segundo teste. Estes resultados sugerem um efeito de aprendizagem. A sensação de dispneia pode ser modificada por uma experiência prévia. O indivíduo poderia controlar melhor o sentido de aferência cortical e/ou aprender a ventilar no sistema com medidas repetidas.
Introduction: Studies have shown that the magnitude of externally added inspiratory resistive loads follows a predictable relationship with dyspnea perception, in which the psychological magnitude grows as a power of the added loads. The effect of repeated measures of dyspnea perception using resistive loading system is not clear in literature. Objective: To study the repeatability of the dyspnea perception using an inspiratory resistive loading system in normal subjects. Methods: Cross sectional study conducted in healthy individuals aged ≥ 18 years, with data collected prospectively. Dyspnea perception was assessed using an inspiratory resistive load system previously described that comprises a unidirectional valve (Hans-Rudolph) and a rebreathing circuit. The sensation of dyspnea was assessed during ventilation with increasing in inspiratory resistive loads (≅ 0, 6.7, 15, 25, 46.7, 67, 78 and ≅ 0 L/s/cmH2O), for a flow 300 ml/s, returning to the resistance of 0. After breathing in each level of resistance for two minutes, the subject expressed the feeling of shortness of breath (dyspnea) using the modified Borg scale. Subjects were tested twice (intervals from 3 to 7 days). Results: The study included 16 healthy individuals, 8 men and 8 women and all were white. The mean age was 36.3 ±11.9 years. The body mass index averaged 23.9±2.8 kg/m2. The median scores dyspnea perception in the first test were 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 7 and 1 point, respectively, during ventilation with resistive loads of ≅ 0, 6.7,15, 25, 46.7, 67, 78 and ≅ 0 L/s/cmH2O. The median scores in the second test were, respectively, 0, 0, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4 and 0.5 points. The agreement assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient was, respectively, for each resistive load, 0.57, 0.80, 0.74, 0.80, 0.83, 0.86, 0.91, and 0.92. In a generalized linear model analysis, there was a statistically significant difference between the moments of resistive loads (p<0.001) and between tests (p=0.003). Dyspnea scores were significantly lower in the second test. There were no difference for inspiratory pressures (p=0.59) and respiratory frequency (p=0.81) between two tests. Conclusion: The agreement between the two tests of dyspnea perception was only moderate and dyspnea scores were lower in the second test. These findings suggested an evidence for a learning effect. Dyspnea perception may be modified by previous experience. The subject could control better the sense of cortical afference and/or learn to ventilate in the system with repeated measures.
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Peters, Carli Monica. "Does inspiratory resistive loading cause expiratory muscle fatigue?" Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/55739.

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Expiratory resistive loading (ERL) elicits inspiratory as well as expiratory muscle fatigue, suggesting parallel co-activation of the inspiratory muscles during expiration. It is unknown whether the expiratory muscles are similarly co-activated to the point of fatigue during inspiratory resistive loading (IRL). The purpose of this study was to determine whether IRL elicits expiratory as well as inspiratory muscle fatigue. Male subjects (n=10) underwent isocapnic IRL to task failure (60% maximal inspiratory pressure, 15 breaths/min, 0.7 inspiratory duty cycle). Abdominal and diaphragm contractile function was assessed at baseline and at 3, 15 and 30 min post-IRL by measuring gastric twitch pressure (Pga,tw) and transdiaphragmatic twitch pressure (Pdi,tw) in response to potentiated magnetic stimulation of the thoracic and phrenic nerves, respectively. Electromyographic activity of the diaphragm, rectus abdominis, and external oblique was monitored to ensure consistency of stimulation. Fatigue was defined as >15% reduction from baseline in Pga,tw or Pdi,tw. During IRL (mean ± SE; 11.9 ± 2.5 min), mean arterial pressure and heart rate increased in a time-dependent manner (13 mmHg and 50 beats/min for the final min, respectively). Pdi,tw was significantly lower than baseline (34.1 ± 3.2 cmH₂O) at 3 min (23.2 ± 1.9 cmH₂O, p<0.05) and 15 min post-IRL (24.2 ± 1.7 cmH₂O, p<0.05). Pga,tw was not significantly different from baseline after IRL. These results suggest that IRL elicits objective evidence of diaphragm, but not abdominal, muscle fatigue. Agonist-antagonist interactions for the respiratory muscles appear to be more important during ERL than during IRL. Future studies attempting to characterize the physiological consequences of diaphragm fatigue, without the confounding effects of abdominal fatigue, can use IRL to induce diaphragm fatigue.
Education, Faculty of
Kinesiology, School of
Graduate
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Griffiths, Lisa Ann. "The application of respiratory muscle training to competitive rowing." Thesis, Brunel University, 2010. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/4598.

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Respiratory muscle training (RMT) has been shown to improve exercise tolerance during a wide range of exercise modalities and durations of activity (McConnell & Romer, 2004b). However, there is a limited amount of research characterising the influence of RMT in specific athletic populations, or examining any sport-specific factors that may influence the benefits of RMT. Hence, the purpose of this dissertation was to evaluate the application of RMT in competitive rowers and to explore methods of optimising this to rowing. Results: Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) increased inspiratory muscle strength (~20-29%; p < 0.05) and attenuated inspiratory muscle fatigue (~8-28%; p < 0.05) during time trial performance in club-level and elite rowers. However, only in the club-level oarsmen was IMT associated with a measurable improvement in rowing performance (2.7% increase in mean power; p < 0.05). Expiratory muscle training (EMT) provided no ergogenic effect, and concurrent EMT and IMT did not enhance performance above that seen with IMT alone. IMT loads performed at 60-70% of maximal inspiratory mouth pressure (PImax) were equivalent to the widely used 30 repetition maximum, which is higher than reported for non-rowers (Caine & McConnell, 1998a); further, a load of 60% PImax was sufficient to activate the inspiratory muscle metaboreflex, as evidenced by a time-dependent rise in heart rate (70.1 ± 13.2 to 98.0 ± 22.8 bpm; p < 0.05) and mean arterial blood pressure (92.4 ± 8.5 to 99.7 ± 10.1 mmHg; p < 0.05). Higher and lower inspiratory loads did not activate the metaboreflex. Assessments of flow, pressure and volume in rowing relevant postures revealed no significant impairments, but optimal function occurred in the most upright postures. Conclusions: These data support the application of IMT, but not EMT, in elite and sub-elite rowers, and suggest that a load of 60-70% of PImax provides metaboreflex activation during loading. Further, the data do not support a requirement to undertake IMT in rowing relevant postures.
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Osborne, Salma. "The role of the diaphragm in task failure during inspiratory resistive loading in the rabbit." Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/7078.

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In experimental animal models, fatigue of the diaphragm has been implicated as the predominant determinant of hypercapnic ventilatory failure and ultimately as the cause of task failure of inspiratory muscles during inspiratory resistive breathing. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of increased inspiratory resistive loads on diaphragm function in the anesthetized rabbit model to test three hypotheses: first, that task failure results from a decrease in neural activation; second, that task failure results from a decrease in neuromuscular transmission to the diaphragm; and third, that the development of hypoventilation and hypercapnia precede task failure. We assessed central motor output and neuromuscular transmission to the diaphragm by continuous monitoring of phrenic nerve activity and electromyogram activity of the costal diaphragm during both sustainable and exhaustive inspiratory resistive loads. We found a linear relationship between the severity of the target inspiratory airway pressure achieved with resistive loading and the indices of motor output to the diaphragm and activity of this muscle. Central motor output to the diaphragm remained elevated throughout resistive loading even at task failure. Neuromuscular transmission, as assessed by evoked compound potentials of the diaphragm, remained intact throughout inspiratory resistive loading including at task failure. The activity of the diaphragm remained elevated and coupled to central motor output throughout resistive loading, including at task failure. Hence, task failure did not result from either a decrease in neural activation nor from a decrease in neuromuscular transmission to the diaphragm. We found that despite substantial increases in inspiratory effort, rabbits hypoventilated during both sustainable and exhaustive loads. Therefore, hypercapnia typically accompanied inspiratory resistive loading. Furthermore, we found that the elevated levels of arterial P2c0 associated with prolonged loading alone, suppressed central drive to the diaphragm through a time-dependent reduction in breathing frequency. We observed task failure only during intense loading at target pressure close to the maximum strength of the rabbit diaphragm. The activity of the inspiratory muscles (parasternal intercostal and diaphragm) remained elevated and coupled despite severe arterial hypoxemia and hypercapnia during task failure. In contrast, a susbstantial decay in expiratory muscle activity and in abdominal pressure swings preceded task failure. In conclusion, neural activation and impulse propagation to the diaphragm were maintained during inspiratory resistive loading even at task failure. Task failure followed a loss in abdominal muscle assist to the diaphragm.
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Books on the topic "Inspiratory resistive loading system"

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Cordioli, Ricardo Luiz, and Laurent Brochard. Respiratory system compliance and resistance in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0074.

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Under mechanical ventilation, monitoring of respiratory mechanics is fundamental, especially in patients with abnormal mechanics. In order to appropriately set the ventilator, clinicians need to understand the relationship between pressure, volume and flow. To move air in and out the thorax, energy must be dissipated against elastic and resistive forces. Elastance is the pressure to volume ratio and necessitates an end inspiratory occlusion to measure the so-called plateau pressure. Resistance is the ratio between pressure dissipated and mean gas flow. Finally, the total positive end expiratory pressure must be measured with an end expiratory occlusion. Volume-controlled ventilation is the recommended mode to assess respiratory mechanics of a passive patient. Clinicians must be aware that both chest wall and lung participate in forces imposed by the respiratory system. An oesophageal catheter can estimate pleural pressure, and used to partition the respective role of the lung and the chest wall.
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Fanelli, Vito, and V. Marco Ranieri. Failure to ventilate in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0100.

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Mechanical ventilation is an efficacious therapy to respiratory failure because it improves gas exchange and rests respiratory muscles. During controlled mechanical ventilation, a patient’s inspiratory muscles are resting and the ventilator delivers a preset tidal volume through the generation of inspiratory flow, overcoming resistive and elastic thresholds of the respiratory system. During assisted ventilation, the same goal is reached through an interplay between the patient’s inspiratory muscles and ventilator. Every perturbation of this interaction causes patient ventilator asynchrony and exposes to the risk of failure to ventilate. Patient–ventilator asynchrony may occur at each stage of assisted breath Signs of patient’s discomfort, the use of accessory muscles, tachycardia, hypertension, and assessment of flow and airway pressure traces displayed on modern ventilators, helps to detect asynchronies. Prompt recognition and intervention to improve patient–ventilator interaction may expedite liberation from mechanical ventilation, and reduce intensive care unit and length of hospital stay.
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Book chapters on the topic "Inspiratory resistive loading system"

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F. Rodriguez, Ramón, Robert J. Aughey, and François Billaut. "The Respiratory System during Intermittent-Sprint Work: Respiratory Muscle Work and the Critical Distribution of Oxygen." In Respiratory Physiology. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91207.

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In healthy individuals at rest and while performing moderate-intensity exercise, systemic blood flow is distributed to tissues relative to their metabolic oxygen demands. During sustained high-intensity exercise, competition for oxygen delivery arises between locomotor and respiratory muscles, and the heightened metabolic work of breathing, therefore, contributes to limited skeletal muscle oxygenation and contractility. Intriguingly, this does not appear to be the case for intermittent-sprint work. This chapter presents new evidence, based on inspiratory muscle mechanical loading and hypoxic gas breathing, to support that the respiratory system of healthy men is capable of accommodating the oxygen needs of both locomotor and respiratory muscles when work is interspersed with short recovery periods. Only when moderate hypoxemia is induced, substantial oxygen competition arises in favour of the respiratory muscles. These findings extend our understanding of the relationship between mechanical and metabolic limits of varied exercise modes.
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Magee, Patrick, and Mark Tooley. "Artificial Ventilators." In The Physics, Clinical Measurement and Equipment of Anaesthetic Practice for the FRCA. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199595150.003.0030.

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When pressure is applied by the ventilator to drive gas into the lungs, energy is expended to overcome airway resistance R to gas flow in the airways, in order to store gas in the alveoli, whose readiness to having their volume increased is represented by the concept of compliance, C. The storage of gas within individual compliances represents potential energy storage. The acceleration of gas and anatomical components within the system represent kinetic energy change, resisted by the inertance, I, of the system. At conventional ventilation frequencies, these kinetic energy changes are negligible compared with the other energy changes taking place. Inertance can be ignored and the system behaves like a flow resistor in series with a compliance. These variables determine the pressure and volume changes that take place within the lung. As ventilation frequency increases into the high range, inertance becomes significant and the frequency response of anatomical structures becomes important, with phase differences between pressure and volume signals occurring [Lin et al. 1989]. Mechanical resistance, R, in the system is largely due to resistance to gas flow down airways and is defined as pressure change per unit flow ΔP/Q, typically 4 cm H2O l−1 s. at 0.5 l s−1. However there is a contribution from viscous resistive forces in the lung and chest wall tissues. High resistance may require long inspiratory times, while expiratory times that are too short may lead to gas trapping in alveoli. Excessive resistance may mean that the power required to ventilate the patient may exceed that available to the ventilator. Compliance, C, is a measure of the capacitative properties of the alveoli and is defined as volume change per unit pressure change ΔV/ΔP. It is not uniform throughout the respiratory cycle and has values in the range 0.05–0.10 L (cmH2O)−1. Dynamic compliance is the value given to this variable throughout the inspiratory period to the end of inspiration, when airway pressure is highest. During the inspiratory pause, airway pressure falls to a plateau during which the static compliance can be measured, which is greater than the dynamic compliance.
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Thakkur, Pallavi, and Smita Shandilya. "STATCOM Based Solid State Voltage Regulation for Isolated Self-Excited Induction Generator." In Advances in Computer and Electrical Engineering, 147–83. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9911-3.ch009.

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Self-Excited Induction Generator (SEIG) offers many advantages such as low cost, simplicity, robust construction, self-protection against faults and maintenance free in today's renewable energy industry. However, the SEIG demands an external supply of reactive power to maintain the constant terminal voltage under the varying loading conditions, which limits the application of SEIG as a standalone power generator. The regulation of speed and voltage does not result in a satisfactory improvement although several studies have been emphasized on this topic in the past. To improve the performance of the SEIG system in isolated areas and to regulate the terminal voltage STATic COMpensator (STATCOM) has been modelled and developed in this dissertation. The STATCOM consists of AC inductors, a DC bus capacitor and solid-state self-commutating devices. The ratings of these components are quite important for designing and controlling of STATCOM to maintain the constant terminal voltage. The proposed generating system is modelled and simulated in MATLAB along with Simulink and sim power system block set toolboxes. The simulated results are presented to demonstrate the capability of an isolated power generating system for feeding three-phase resistive loads.
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Conference papers on the topic "Inspiratory resistive loading system"

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Cheng, S., J. Butler, S. Gandevia, and L. Bilston. "Deformation of the Upper Airway Muscles during Inspiratory Resistive Loading in Humans." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a5596.

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Van Hollebeke, Marine, Laura Muelas, Mariana Hoffman Barbosa, Beatrix Clerckx, Greet Hermans, Daniel Langer, and Rik Gosselink. "Inspiratory muscle training with tapered flow resistive loading versus mechanical threshold loading in difficult to wean patients." In ERS International Congress 2020 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.3028.

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Kabir, Muammar M., Sarah A. Immanuel, Reza Tafreshi, David A. Saint, and Mathias Baumert. "Effect of resistive inspiratory and expiratory loading on cardio-respiratory interaction in healthy subjects." In 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6943689.

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Fouzas, Sotirios, Aggeliki Vervenioti, and Gabriel Dimitriou. "Effect of inspiratory resistive loading on diaphragmatic muscle function of preterm and term infants." In ERS International Congress 2016 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2016.pa1221.

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Loverdos, Konstantinos, Dimitrios Toumpanakis, Eleni Litsiou, Vassiliki Karavana, Constantinos Glynos, Christina Magkou, Stamatios Theocharis, and Theodoros Vassilakopoulos. "The differential effect of inspiratory, expiratory and combined resistive loading on healthy rat lung." In Annual Congress 2015. European Respiratory Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2015.pa3918.

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Kobayashi, Daisuke, Hajime Kurosawa, Wataru Hida, and Masahiro Kohzuki. "The Effect Of Breathing Pattern On Dyspnea During Inspiratory Resistive Loading In Healthy Subjects." In American Thoracic Society 2012 International Conference, May 18-23, 2012 • San Francisco, California. American Thoracic Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2012.185.1_meetingabstracts.a2059.

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Hoffman Barbosa, Mariana, Beatrix Clerckx, Daniel Langer, Rik Gosselink, and Marine Van Hollebeke. "Inspiratory muscle training with tapered flow resistive loading versus mechanical threshold loading in ICU difficult to wean patients: a pilot study." In ERS International Congress 2017 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.pa3280.

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Louvaris, Zafeiris, Sauwaluk Dacha, Lotte Janssens, Rik Gosselink, Ioannis Vogiatzis, and Daniel Langer. "Inspiratory muscle effort, perfusion and oxygenation responses to inspiratory muscle training (IMT) with Tapered Flow Resistive Loading (TFRL) and Normocapnic Hyperpnea (NH) in COPD." In ERS International Congress 2018 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2018.oa3634.

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Louvaris, Zafeiris, Marine Van Hollebeke, Beatrix Clerckx, Johannes Muller, Rik Gosselink, Greet Hermans, and Daniel Langer. "The effects of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) with Tapered Flow Resistive Loading (TFRL) on breathing characteristics and inspiratory muscle oxygenation during weaning: a preliminary data analysis." In ERS International Congress 2019 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2019.pa2201.

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Rossi Caruso, Flavia Cristina, Bruno Archiza, Daniela Kuguimoto Andaku Olenscki, Renata Trimer, Stela Mattiello, Cleiton Libardi, André Capaldo Amaral, et al. "The effects of inspiratory resistive loading on respiratory and locomotors muscle oxygenation during high intensity exercise in female soccer players." In ERS International Congress 2016 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2016.pa697.

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