Academic literature on the topic 'Instant coffee sensory evaluation'

Decaffeinated coffee is an alternative for caffeine intollerant consumer as a safe and practical choice. However, since decaffeination process employ high temperature extraction, the coffee produced usually possesses inferior sensory qualities. This research was aimed to get an optimum formulation of effervescent coffee tablet that has good physical and sensory quality. In this research, effervescent coffee tablet was formulated with three different ratios of the decaffeinated instant coffee and effervescent reagent (citric acid and sodium bicarbonate), namely 1.5:1; 1:1; and 1:1.5 (w/w) weighed in 3 g per tablet serving. Sensory evaluation was carried out organoleptically in several criteria such as flavors, aromas, and colors on 40 mL, 80 mL, and 120 mL of the solution. Futher, physical quality evaluation was done by measuring its weight uniformity, hardness, friability, and run time which then calculated by statistic analytical method to decide the best formulation. Based on the result, the best formulation of effervescent coffee tablet was 1:1.5 (w/w) due to its shortest run time (4.2 minutes), good weight uniformity and hardness value, 1.16 ± 0.03 g/cm3 dan 6.7 ± 0.5 kg, respectively, while friability value was the smallest (2%) compared to other formulations. The brewing of this formulation in 40 mL water also had best sensory profiles in term of aroma, color and flavor.

This study aimed to develop a process for producing instant coffee from cold brewed Arabica and Robusta roasted coffee beans. The process starts by selecting an appropriate mixture of Arabica and Robusta coffee beans, degree of roasting (light, medium, dark) and degree of grinding (coarse, fine). Sensory evaluation by a trained panel showed that a mixture of 92.5% Arabica and 7.5% Robusta medium roasted, coarsely ground coffee beans produces instant cold brewed coffee equally or better accepted from other instant coffees available to consumers. The selected coffee beans were subjected to vacuum assisted cold extraction and the extract was spray dried. Spray drying conditions (inlet temperature, air volumetric flow and air aspiration rate) were optimized by a 33 full factorial design. Response variables were solids yield, process thermal efficiency and anti-oxidant capacity of the produced powder measured as %DPPH scavenging ability, FRAP and total phenolic content. The produced powder was analysed for its physicochemical characteristics (caffeine content, phenolics, moisture content, hygroscopicity, bulk density, solubility, particle size distribution, acrylamide content and shelf life determination).

Кофе - один из наиболее активно потребляемых на данный момент напитков. Сегодня производством и обработкой кофейных зерен занимаются более 70 стран мира. По данным ФАО, Бразилия и Вьетнам на протяжении многих лет занимают лидирующие позиции по производству кофе. При этом отмечается, что продажи кофе снижаются из-за насыщения рынка и других негативно влияющих факторов, таких как привычки к чаю или безалкогольным напиткам, увеличение неравенства доходов и проблемы со здоровьем. Авторами был проведен анализ ассортимента кофе на мировом рынке, включая элитные и эксклюзивные сорта кофе. Рассмотрены основные потоки производства и импорта кофейных зерен по странам мира, рассмотрены основные поставщики и производители кофе. Проведена экономическая и органолептическая оценка напитков кофе, оценка технологии производства некоторых брендов кофе, производящих зерновой, молотый, растворимый и капсульный кофе. Оценены преимущества и недостатки рассмотренных брендов, отмечено, что для придания потребительских свойств продукции мировые компании закупают кофейные зерна у поставщиков, обжаривают их и соединяют в различные купажи. В статье проанализированы предпочтения потребителей кофе в различных странах и способы удовлетворения данных предпочтений, проведено исследование среди студентов для определения потребительских предпочтений в разных видах кофе. Coffee is one of the most actively consumed beverages at the moment. Today, more than 70 countries are engaged in the production and processing of coffee beans. According to the FAO, Brazil and Vietnam have been leading coffee producers for many years. At the same time, it is noted that coffee sales are declining due to market saturation and other negative factors, such as tea or soft drink habits, increasing income inequality and health problems. Coffee production is based on two varieties of coffee beans: Robusta and Arabica. Based on this, the analysis of the range of coffee on the world market, including elite and exclusive varieties of coffee, was carried out. This article also examines the main flows of production and import of coffee beans in the countries of the world, the main suppliers and producers of coffee are considered. Today, in the coffee market, you can find a huge number of brands that offer coffee in various forms. An economic and organoleptic assessment was carried out, as well as an assessment of the production technology of some coffee brands that produce grain, ground, instant and capsule coffee. The advantages and disadvantages of the considered brands are noted. It was found that to give consumer properties of products, global companies buy coffee beans from suppliers, fry them and combine them into various blends. The article analyzes the preferences among coffee consumers in different countries and the ways to meet these preferences. Additionally, a study was conducted among students to determine the preferences of coffee consumers.

O café solúvel aglomerado é produto da aglomeração do café solúvel em pó. A sua produção envolve etapas de processo cujas variações térmicas modificam qualitativamente e quantitativamente a fração de compostos voláteis responsáveis pelo aroma e sabor do produto acabado. A indústria de bebidas de café considera o sabor e aroma de cereal como um defeito na produção de café solúvel aglomerado. Desta forma, este trabalho objetivou aplicar o planejamento experimental para avaliação dos parâmetros de processo da produção de café solúvel aglomerado em escala industrial. Os efeitos destes parâmetros nos componentes voláteis do café e na intensidade do gosto de cereal foram avaliados através do planejamento fracionário 24-1 com resolução IV. As variáveis independentes estudadas foram temperatura do queimador (TQ), fluxo de ar de processo (FA), temperatura da seção quente do leito (TL) e pressão de vapor (PV). Os resultados do planejamento experimental deram-se pela utilização de análise sensorial conduzida por equipe treinada para a detecção do aroma e sabor indesejado. Adicionalmente, os compostos voláteis foram extraídos pela técnica microextração em fase sólida com amostragem no headspace (HS-MFES), identificados e quantificados por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa (CG-EM). O efeito dos fatores estudados foi avaliado mediante análise de variância (ANOVA) com nível de significância de 90% e os resultados expressos por gráficos de pareto. A análise de componentes principais (ACP) foi realizada com o intuito de identificar dentre os compostos que podem conferir sabor e aroma de cereais aqueles tem a maior contribuição e quais as condições de processo ideias para evitar a formação do sabor e aroma de cereal. De acordo com ACP foi constatado que piridina, 2-metoxi-4-vinilfenol, 2,3-dimetilpirazina, 2,5-dimetilpirazina, 2,6-dimetilpirazina, 4-metiltiazol, pirazina, 2-metoxifenol, 4,5-dimetiltiazol contribuem para formação do sabor e aroma de cereal. Também indicou que a aglomeração deve ocorrer conforme TQ=215ºC, FA=250rpm, TL=120ºC e PV=1,2 x100KPa.
The agglomerated instant coffee is the product of the powder instant coffee agglomeration. Its production involves stages of processes whose thermal variations change qualitatively and quantitatively the volatile compounds fractions responsible for the aroma and flavor of the finished product. The coffee beverage industry considers the cereal like flavor and aroma as a fault in the production of the agglomerated instant coffee. In this way, this study had as the aim to apply experimental plan to evaluate the parameters of the processes of the agglomerated instant coffee production on an industrial scale. The effects of those parameters in the coffee volatile components and in the intensity of the cereal taste were evaluated through the fractional 24-1 with resolution IV. The independent variables studied were the burner temperature (BT), the process air flow (AF), the temperature of the fluidized bed hot section (LT) and the steam pressure (SP). The results of the experimental plan were made by the use of sensory analysis performed by a trained team for the detection of the undesired aroma and flavor. Additionally, the volatile compounds were extracted by solid-phase microextractiontechniquewithsampling in theheadspace (HS-SPME), identified and quantified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The effect of the factors studied was evaluated by variance analysis (ANOVA) with significance level of 90% and the results showed by Pareto charts. The principal components analysis (PCA) was made with the aim to identify, among several compounds, those that implies on more cereal flavor and aroma, those which major contribution and which ideal process conditions could be used to reduce the cereal flavor and aroma development. According to PCA, it was found that pyridine, 2-metoxi-4-vinylphenol, 2,3-dimethylpyrazine, 2,5-dimetylpyrazine, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, 4-methyltiazol, pyrazine, 2-methoxyphenol, 4,5-dimethylthiazol contribute to the development of the cereal flavor and aroma. It was also found that the agglomeration must be according to TQ = 215°C, AF=250 rpm, LT=120°C and EPV = 1,2 x 100 KPa.

A aplicação de óleo de café torrado diretamente no produto café solúvel liofilizado é utilizado como recurso para minimizar a formação de pó fino que adere à parede da embalagem de vidro tornando o aspecto visual indesejado, e também contribui para o impacto aromático na abertura da embalagem. O óleo é considerado um produto de custo expressivo obtido de grãos de café arábica, selecionados e torrados, pelo processo de prensagem mecânica. A cultura do café no Brasil e a comercialização resulta na seleção dos grãos classificados por tipos de bebida e tipos de defeitos, sendo que os grãos destinados à exportação devem apresentar baixa quantidade de defeitos, mantendo à disposição do mercado nacional um grande volume de cafés defeituosos comercializáveis. No entanto, cafés que apresentam grãos defeituosos, como verdes e preto-verdes, apresentam interferência no sabor final do café torrado. Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma avaliação da composição química do óleo de café obtido a partir de grãos classificados como sadios, verdes e preto-verdes nas condições “in natura” e torrados. O óleo de café foi obtido por extração por solventes a frio e a quente, e avaliou-se o rendimento do teor de óleo, assim como a composição dos ácidos graxos. Os óleos dos grãos torrados também foram empregados na bebida do café solúvel tipo liofilizado na proporção de 0,2% (m/m), e oferecido a provadores treinados, aplicando-se o teste de diferença triangular com o intuito de avaliar se é possível observar diferenças nas características sensoriais da bebida, quando comparado ao tratamento usando o óleo de café torrado comercial extraído pelo processo de prensagem. As amostras de óleo obtidas de grãos defeituosos apresentaram teor de óleo extraídos pelo método convencional similar aos dos grãos sadios. Nas análise cromatográfica não houve diferenças significativas em relação aos grãos defeituosos em relação aos dos grãos sadios estando de acordo com os resultados da literatura. As análises sensoriais, indicaram que os provadores tiveram mais dificuldades em diferenciar quando aplicaram-se óleos de grãos pretos-verdes com torra lenta clara, ou óleos dos grãos verdes, torra rápida média e escura, nas bebidas de café solúvel, que associado a analise de componente principal (ACP) os grãos preto-verdes foram alocados em direção as variáveis de luminosidade (*L) e porcentagem de acertos indicando maior facilidade ao acerto no teste sensorial. A viabilidade econômica, considerando os preços atuais dos cafés arábica de baixo teor de defeitos em relação aos café com elevado teor de defeitos demonstra que a extração de óleo de café torrado a partir de cafés com mais defeitos abrange 64% de economia sobre o preço da matéria prima.
The application of roasted coffee oil directly on freeze dried soluble coffee is used to minimize the formation of fine poder which adhere on the glass packaging, which results in a negative visual appearance, as well as contributes to the aromatic impact when opening the packaging. The coffee oil is considered a high cost product obtained from Arabica coffee beans, previosly selected and roasted, by mechanical press. In Brazil the coffee culture and marketing results in the selection of the beans by type of defects and beverage, the volume of exportation works with types of coffee beans with low quantity of defects resulting in a large volume of defective coffee beans trading on the domestic market. Nevertheless, coffees which present defective grains like green, black-green beans present differences in the final flavor of the roasted coffees. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of the oils extracted from grains classified as normal, green and black-green, at natural and roasted conditions. The oil was obtained by cold extraction using solvents of different polarities, and yield was calculated as well as its fatty acid composition. The oil of the roasted defective coffee grains was also used to prepare drinks of lyophilized soluble coffee in order to verify if jugdes were able to differenciate the sensory caracteristics of the beverages, in comparison to the product prepared using commercial oil obtained by mechanical pressing. Samples of oil obtained from defective grains showed similar extraction yields compared to hot extraction. Cromatographs of oils of the deffective grains did not showed differences compared to normal grains. In relation to the sensory analysis of the soluble coffee beverages, it was verified that when applying oils of light roasted black-green beans or oils of medium and dark roasted green beans obtained with rapid process, judges had more difficulties to distinguish differences between samples. Economic viability demonstrated that with the actual prices of the coffee beans, the use of defective beans could reduce in 64% the costs of the raw beans.

Orientador: Marcelo Alexandre Pado
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas
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Resumo: Na atualidade a qualidade do café transformou-se num aspecto imprescindível para conquista de novos mercados. Sabe-se que a qualidade do café acha-se estritamente relacionada aos diversos constituintes físico-químicos do grão responsáveis pelo sabor e aroma característicos da bebida e que esta pode ser comprometida pela falta de cuidado durante as etapas pós-colheita e de armazenamento dos grãos, uma vez que os mesmos ficam sujeitos às alterações físicas e químicas que podem comprometar a qualidade da bebida. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar o comportamento de alguns parâmetros físico-químicos durante o pós-colheita de café arábica, variedade Mundo Novo, colhidos e monitorados em diferentes estádios de maturação, visando à produção de café de qualidade superior. Primeiramente foi realizada a escolha da fazenda, tomou-se o cuidado em escolher uma fazenda que já realizasse procedimentos adequados durante o processamento dos grãos e que permitisse a realização do monitoramento pós-colheita. Após esta escolha, iniciou-se o trabalho de campo, no qual foi feito o acompanhamento de todas as etapas pós-colheita dos grãos com auxílio de um check list. Em todas as etapas avaliadas neste estudo (secagem em terreiro, secador rotativo, armazenamento em tulha e em armazém) foram coletadas amostras para a realização das análises de umidade, acidez titulável total, pH, sólidos solúveis totais, proteínas, lipídeos, ácidos clorogênicos e açúcares. O monitoramento foi realizado nos três estádios de maturação estudados, representados pelos lotes L1 (frutos 90% cereja + 10% de verde); L2 (frutos 100% cereja) colhidos no início da safra, e pelo lote L3 (85% de café bóia + 10% de cereja + 5% de verde) colhido 45 dias após a primeira colheita, permitindo avaliar além das alterações físico-quimicas ocorrida nos grãos durante o processamento pós-colheita, avaliar também a variação destes parâmentros entre os estádios estudados. A avaliação da qualidade dos grãos foi complementada por avaliação sensorial das bebidas que foi realizada através de três testes sensoriais sendo eles: Prova de Xícara, Análise Descritiva Quantitativa (ADQ) e Língua Eletrônica. Ao decorrer de todas as etapas estudadas os teores de umidade e proteína diminuíram enquanto os sólidos solúveis totais e o pH aumentaram gradativamente. Já os teores de lipídeos e a acidez titulável apresentaram-se instáveis durante o processamento. Com relação aos monoisômeros de ácidos clorogênicos, o teor de 5-CQA tende a aumentar e os isômeros 3 e 4 não apresentam tendência definida de aumento ou diminuição durante o processamento. Durante o processo de torração e elaboração da bebida ocorreu redução no teor de 5-CQA e aumento nos teores de 3 e 4-CQA. Na bebida preparada em papel filtro também foram encontrados os três monoisômeros. Com relação aos açúcares, o teor de sacarose tende a aumentar enquanto os teores de frutose e glicose tendem a diminuir durante o processamento. Após a torração o nível de sacarose, frutose e glicose diminuíram drásticamente, não sendo detectados glicose e frutose nos grãos torrados. Os resultados dos testes sensoriais indicaram que grãos colhidos em diferentes estádios de maturação são passíveis de produzir bebida de qualidade superior. Este estudo também demonstrou a importância da realização de futuros trabalhos que avaliem o comportamento de compostos físico-quimicos em grãos durante todo o procedimento pós-colheita, para que seja possível estabelecer futuramente procedimentos seguros de pós-colheita capazes de garantir a qualidade do grão e da bebida
Abstract: Nowadays the quality of coffee became an indispensable aspect for the conquest of new markets. It is known that the quality of coffee is strictly related to diverse physical-chemical constituents of the grain responsible for the characteristic flavor and taste of the drink and this could be compromised for the absence of precaution during the post-harvested stages and storage, since the grains become susceptible to physical and chemical alterations that may decrease the quality of the drink. Within this facts, the present work has the main objective to evaluate the behavior of some physical-chemical parameters in the course of post-harvest of coffee Arabica, Mundo Novo variety, harvested and monitored in different stages of maturation, aiming to produce a superior quality of coffee. Firstly it was chosen carrefully a farm that already accomplish the adequate proceedings during the grain processing.and that could allow the accomplishment of the monitoring in the course of the post-harvest. After this choice, the work at the field was initiated, in which the accompanying of all post-harvested stages with help of a checklist. In all stages evaluated in this study dry in brick yard, rotative drier, storage in warehouse and in granary some samples were collected for accomplishment of moisture, acid titration, pH, total soluble solids, proteins, lipids, chlorogenic acids and sugars. The monitoring was carried out in three stages of maturation studied, represented by L1 lots (90% cherry fruit + 10% green); L2 (cherry fruit 100%) taken at the start of the season, and the lot L3 (85% of coffee float + 10% of cherry + 5% of green) collected 45 days after the first harvestwhich allowed to evaluate not only the physical-chemical alterations occurred in the grains in the course of post-harvest process, but also the evaluation of these parameters between the stages studied. The evaluation of grain quality was complemented by sensorial evaluation of the drinks, which was realized in three sensorial tests, as follows; Cup Test, Descriptive Quantitative Analysis and Eletronic Tongue. In all studied stages the levels of moisture and protein decreased, while the total soluble solids and pH increased gradually. In the case of lipids and titration acid, they presented themselves unstable in the course of the process. About the chlorogenic acid monoisomers, the level of 5-CQA tends to increase during the grain process and levels of the isomers 3 and 4 did not present a definite tendency of increasing or decreasing during the process. During the torrefaction process and elaboration of the drink occurred a reduction in the levels of 5-CQA, and increase of the 3 and 4-CQA. In drink prepared in filter paper also were encountered concentrations of three monoisomers. In relation to sugars, the sucrose level tends to increase however, the levels of fructose and glucose tend to decrease within the process. After the torrefaction, the level of sucrose, fructose and glucose decreased drastically, and the presence of of glucose and fructose wasn¿t detected in toasted grains. The results of sensory analysis indicate that grains harvested at different stages of maturation are likely produce drinks of a superior quality. This study has demonstrated the importance of the accomplishment of future works that evaluate the behavior of physical-chemical compounds in grains during all post-harvest proceeding, to allow the possibility to establish future safe proceedings of post-harvest capable of guarantying the quality of the grain and the drink
Mestrado
Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

Orientador: Maria Aparecida Azevedo Pereira da Silva
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Em produtos como o café solúvel, que requerem preparo antes do consumo, o consumidor pode ter sua expectativa prévia influenciada pelos estímulos sensoriais advindos do produto, através da manipulação e contato gradativo que ocorrem durante o processo de preparação. Por sua vez, a Análise Sensorial ainda carece de trabalhos que estudem a validação de análises estatísticas que analisem os dados gerados em estudos com consumidores segmentando-os em função de suas percepções individuais e não em função da média aritmética obtida para o grupo de indivíduos que participou do teste. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos: i) verificar, especificamente em café solúvel, como os estímulos sensoriais observados durante a preparação, influenciaram a aceitação e percepção dos atributos gosto amargo e riqueza de sabor da bebida pronta e; ii) comparar as metodologias estatísticas tradicionais ANOVA e Teste de Tukey com a Mapa de Preferência, na exploração de dados sensoriais gerados por consumidores. Para atingir este objetivo dois experimentos foram realizados. No primeiro experimento o desempenho do Mapa de Preferência foi estudado e comparado ao desempenho da ANOVA seguida de teste de Tukey, na análise dos dados de aceitação e de intensidade dos atributos gosto amargo e riqueza de sabor de 9 amostras comerciais de café solúvel do mercado inglês, gerados por 178 consumidores ingleses. Para avaliar as amostras, os consumidores utilizaram escala hedônica estruturada de nove pontos e escalas de categoria. Os cafés foram preparados a 17% com adição de 17% de leite pasteurizado semidesnatado. A ordem de apresentação das amostras foi realizada segundo um delineamento de blocos completos balanceados. Os escores gerados pelos consumidores foram submetidos a ANOVA, Teste de Tukey e Mapa de Preferência - modelo vetorial. O Mapa de Preferência demonstrou ser uma técnica útil na análise dos dados, mostrando a segmentação dos consumidores em relação às suas preferências e ainda fornecendo informações que não puderam ser concluídas a partir das análises estatísticas tradicionais, ao identificar a existência de dois grupos de consumidores: i) um grupo menor (23%), que discriminou fortemente as amostras quanto à aceitação e, ii) um grupo maior, constituído pela maioria dos participantes (77%) que a despeito de terem demonstrado preferências similares ao primeiro grupo, utilizaram porção menor da escala hedônica para se expressarem, discriminando menos as amostras em relação à aceitação, comparativamente ao primeiro grupo.o segundo experimento foram avaliados os efeitos do contato com os estímulos sensoriais do café solúvel na expectativa, aceitação e percepção do atributo gosto amargo dos consumidores. Para isso, inicialmente foram formados três diferentes conjuntos embalagem + amostra de café, de forma a confirmar, desconfirmar positivamente e desconfirmar negativamente a expectativa dos consumidores. As avaliações realizadas ocorreram em três etapas: i) avaliação cega, onde os consumidores avaliaram as amostras de café em recipientes codificados; ii) avaliação da expectativa, onde os consumidores avaliaram a expectativa a partir das embalagens e/ou estímulos sensoriais do produto e iii) avaliação informada, onde os consumidores avaliaram as amostras de café na presença das respectivas embalagens. Na avaliação da expectativa os consumidores foram separados em três grupos e cada grupo avaliou a expectativa após adotarem um dos três diferentes procedimentos: 1) manipular a embalagem; 2) manipular a embalagem, abri-Ia e avaliar o aroma do produto e 3) manipular a embalagem, abri-Ia, avaliar o aroma e dosar o produto para o preparo. As amostras e embalagens utilizadas foram adquiridas nos supermercados ingleses. Participaram deste estudo 96 consumidores com perfil similar de preferência de café solúvel. Para gerar os escores de aceitação e intensidade de gosto amargo nas avaliações cega e informada, e aceitação esperada e intensidade de gosto amargo esperada na avaliação da expectativa, os consumidores utilizaram escala hedônica estruturada de 9 pontos e escalas de categoria. A ordem de apresentação das amostras nas três avaliações foi realizada segundo um delineamento de blocos completos balanceados. Os efeitos individuais da expectativa foram identificados através da análise de gráficos (EX - CE) x (IN - CE) plotados para cada amostra, por grupo de consumidores, onde EX representa os escores gerados na avaliação da expectativa, CE na avaliação cega e IN na avaliação informada e das regressões lineares calculadas para cada gráfico. Para avaliar os efeitos da expectativa na aceitação e na percepção de gosto amargo, em cada grupo de consumidores, os escores CE, EX e IN, obtidos para cada grupo, foram expressos como valores de médias e submetidos à ANOVA seguida de Teste de Tukey. Adicionalmente, os dados obtidos para cada grupo nos avaliações cega (CE) e informada (IN) foram submetidos à ANOVA, considerando-se as seguintes fontes de variação: tipo de avaliação (cega ou informada), consumidor e amostra. Para comparação entre as médias CE e IN, obtidas para cada conjunto, nos 3 diferentes procedimentos, foi aplicado o Teste t. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo sugerem que diferentes formas de contato dos consumidores com os estímulos sensoriais do café solúvel, antes da degustação, influenciaram fortemente, e de maneira distinta, a aceitação dos consumidores. O modelo assimilação da expectativa foi predominantemente identificado, sendo significativa (p=0,05) sua ocorrência tanto após desconfirmação negativa da expectativa (produto pior do que o esperado) como após desconfirmação positiva da expectativa (produto melhor do que o esperado). Estes resultados reforçam a importância da embalagem na aceitação e decisão de recompra do produto pelos consumidores
Abstract: In products such as instant coffee, which require preparation before consumption, the expectations of the consumer may be influenced by the sensory stimuli emanating from the product during the manipulation and gradual contact occurring during the preparation process. On the other hand, sensory analysis still lacks research studying the validation of statistical analyses of the data produced in consumer studies in which the consumers are segmented as a function of their individual perceptions and not as a function of the arithmetic mean obtained with the group of individuals who participated in the test. Thus the objectives of this study were: i) verify, specifically with instant coffee, how the sensory stimuli observed during preparation influenced liking and the perception of the attributes bitterness and richness in the final beverage and; ii) compare the traditional statistical methodologies of ANOVA and Tukey with Preference Mapping, in order to explore sensory data generated by consumers. Two experiments were carried out to achieve these objectives. In the first experiment, the performance of Internal Preference Mapping (IPM) was studied and compared with that of ANOVA followed by Tukey's test, in the analysis of the data generated by 178 English consumers for liking and the intensity of bitterness and richness, in 9 commercial instant coffee samples acquired on the English market. The consumers used a 9 point structured hedonic scale and category scales to evaluate the samples. The coffee samples were prepared with a concentration of 17% plus 17% pasteurized semi-skimmed milk. The order of presentation was according to a balanced complete block design. The scores attributed by the consumers were submitted to ANOVA, Tukey's test and the vector model of Internal Preference Mapping (IPM). IPM was shown to be a useful technique in the data analysis, showing the segmentation of the consumers according to their preferences and providing information not available from the traditional statistical analyses, that of identifying two groups of consumers: i) a smaller group (23%), which strongly discriminated the samples with respect to their liking and, ii) a larger group constituted by the majority of the participants (77%), which, despite showing similar preferences to the first group, used a smaller portion of the hedonic scale, discriminating the samples less with respect to their liking as compared to the first group. In the second experiment the effect of contact with the sensory stimulus of the instant coffee was evaluated, with respect to consumer expectation, liking and bitterness perception. Thus initially three different sets of package + coffee sample were prepared, so as to confirm, positively disconfirm and negatively disconfirm consumer expectation. The evaluations occurred in three steps: i) blind evaluation, in which the consumers evaluated the samples from codified containers; ii) expectation evaluation in which the consumers evaluated their expectation from the package and/or sensory product stimulus and iii) informed evaluation, where the consumers evaluated the coffee samples in the presence of their respective packages. In the expectation evaluation, the consumers were divided into three groups, and each group evaluated the expectation after adopting one of three different procedures: 1) manipulate the package; 2) manipulate the package, open it and evaluate product aroma and 3) manipulate the package, open it, evaluate the aroma and dose the product for preparation. The samples and packages used were acquired from English supermarkets. Ninety-six consumers took part in this study, each with a similar preference profile for instant coffee. To evaluate the samples they used a nine point structured hedonic scale and a category scale. In all three evaluations, the samples were presented according to a balanced complete block design. Individual effects of expectation were identified: i) by way of an analysis of the graphs (EX - SE) x (IN - SE), plotted for each sample for each group of consumers, where EX represents the scores generated in the expectation evaluation, SE in the blind evaluation and IN in the informed evaluation and ii) by way of the linear regressions calculated for each graph. To evaluate the effects of expectation on liking and bitterness perception in each consumer group, the scores for SE, EX and IN obtained for each group were expressed as mean values and submitted to ANOVA followed by Tukey's test. In addition, the data obtained for each group in the blind (SE) and informed (IN) evaluations, were submitted to ANOV A, considering the following sources of variation: type of evaluation (blind or informed), consumer and sample. The t test was applied to compare the means for SE and IN, obtained for each set in the 3 different procedures. The results obtained in the present study suggest that different forms of consumer contact with the sensory stimuli of instant coffee before tasting, strongly influence consumer liking, each in a distinct way. The effect assimilation was predominantly identified, its occurrence being significant (p=0,05) after both negative disconfirmation (product worse than expected) and positive disconfirmation (product better than expected). These results reinforce the importance of the package in the acceptance and decision to buy of the product by the consumers
Doutorado
Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Orientador: Helena Maria Andre Bolini
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: O café é uma das bebidas mais conhecidas e consumidas em todo o mundo. O Brasil é o maior produtor mundial de grãos de café e o segundo mercado consumidor atrás somente dos Estados Unidos. A tendência de substituir o açúcar por edulcorante também é percebida na hora de tomar o tradicional ¿cafezinho¿. Este estudo teve a intenção de avaliar o ecomportamento dos principais edulcorantes permitidos no Brasil como a estévia, sucralose, acessulfame K, aspartame e a mistura ciclamato/sacarina (2:1) em bebidas preparadas com café solúvel e café torrado moído. Foram realizadas análises Físico-químicas (pH, º Brix, acidez total titulável), determinação da doçura ideal e equivalente, Análise de Aceitação, Análise Descritiva Quantitativa e Análise Tempo-Intensidade para os estímulos: gosto doce, gosto amargo e sabor de café nas bebidas preparadas com café solúvel e café torrado moído separadamente. A concentração ideal de sacarose considerada ideal foi de 9,5% e 12,5% para a bebida preparada com café solúvel e com café torrado /moído respectivamente. As concentrações de edulcorantes necessárias para promover a doçura equivalente à ideal de 9,5% de sacarose para a bebida preparada com café solúvel foram: 0,05064% para o aspartame; de 0,04967% para o acessulfame K; de 0,01494% para a sucralose; de 0,09448% para a estévia e de 0,0339% para a mistura ciclamato/sacarina (2:1). Para a bebida prepara com café torrado moído as concentrações equivalentes à doçura ideal de 12,5% foram 0,724% para o aspartame; de 0,064% para o acessulfame K; de 0,0209% para a sucralose; de 0,1663% para a estévia e de 0,0582% para a mistura ciclamato/sacarina (2:1). Em relação ao teste de aceitação a bebida preparada com café solúvel não apresentou boa aceitação obtendo médias inferiores à 6,0 para os atributos: aroma, sabor textura e impressão global. Na bebida preparada com café torrado/moído a amostra adoçada com sacarose apresentou as maiores médias de aceitação para os atributos aparência, aroma sabor e impressão global. A análise Descritiva Quantitativa permitiu o levantamento dos atributos para as bebidas preparadas com café solúvel e com café torrado/moído: Cor marrom, Brilho, Aroma de Café, Aroma Doce, Aroma Torrado, Aroma Erva, Residual amargo, Doçura, Residual doce, Sabor de Café, Adstringência, Sabor de Erva Sabor Torrado e Corpo. A amostra adoçada com estévia se destacou por apresentar sabor adstringente, aroma e sabor de erva superior aos demais edulcorantes. Na Análise Tempo-Intensidade para a bebida preparada com café solúvel em relação ao estímulo doce a sucralose apresentou o maior tempo total de duração do estímulo-Ttot; para o estímulo amargo as amostras não diferiram entre si (p_0,05) em relação à Timáx e Imáx, a estévia apresentou as maiores médias dos parâmetros área e Ttot; para o estímulo sabor de café as amostras não apresentaram diferença significativa em nenhum dos parâmetros estudados. Para a bebida preparada com café torrado moído em relação ao estímulo doce a sacarose apresentou as menores médias de Timáx, Imáx e Ttot; em relação ao estímulo amargo a estévia apresentou maior Área e Ttot; para o estímulo sabor de café a mistura ciclamato/sacarina (2:1), apresentou as maiores médias de Imáx, Ttot e Área
Abstract: Coffee is one of the most famous and consumed beverages in the world. Brazil has the biggest coffee beans production among all countries and is the second consumer market, following USA. Replacing sugar using sweetener is a tendency even when consumers have their traditional ¿coffee break¿. This study aimed to evaluate main sweeteners allowed in Brazil, such as stevioside, sucralose, acesulfame potassium, aspartame and cyclamates/saccharine (2:1) blend in beverages containing instant coffee and toasted ground coffee. Physical-chemical analyses (pH, degree Brix, total titratable acidity), most accepted sweetness and equivalent sweetness determinations, Acceptance Analysis and Quantitative Descriptive Analysis were performed as well as Time-Intensity Analysis for stimuli sweet taste, bitter taste and coffee flavor in beverages prepared with instant coffee or toasted ground coffee. Most accepted sucrose concentrations were 9.5% and 12.5% for beverage prepared with instant coffee and for beverage prepared with toasted ground coffee, respectively. Sweetener concentrations needed to present the same sweetness as 9.5% sucrose in beverage prepared with instant coffee were 0.05064% for aspartame, 0.04967% for acesulfame potassium, 0.01494% for sucralose, 0.09448% for stevioside and 0.0339% for cyclamates/saccharine (2:1) blend. In the case of beverage prepared with toasted ground coffee, sweetener concentrations were 0.724% for aspartame, 0.064% for acesulfame potassium, 0.0209% for sucralose, 0.1663% for stevioside and 0.0582% for cyclamates/saccharine (2:1) blend. Regarding acceptance testing, beverage prepared with instant coffee didn¿t present high acceptance means, lower than 6.0 for attributes aroma, flavor, texture and overall liking. Considering beverage prepared with toasted ground coffee, sample sweetened with sucrose presented the highest acceptance means for attributes appearance, aroma, flavor and overall liking. Quantitative Descriptive Analysis determined attributes for beverages prepared with instant coffee and with toasted ground coffee: brown color, gloss, coffee aroma, sweet aroma, toasted aroma, herb aroma, bitter aftertaste, sweetness, sweet aftertaste, coffee flavor, astringency, herb flavor, toasted flavor and viscosity. Sample sweetened using stevioside was stood out because it presented astringent flavor, herb aroma and flavor in higher intensity than other sweeteners. Sucralose presented the highest total time duration (Ttot) stimulus during Time-Intensity Analysis applied for beverage with instant coffee regarding stimulus sweetness. There was no significant difference (p_0.05) among samples relating to stimulus bitterness for Timáx and Imáx and stevioside had the highest means for parameters area and Ttot. There was no significant difference amongst samples for all parameters of coffee flavor. Considering beverage prepared with toasted ground coffee related to stimulus sweetness, sucrose had the lowest means for Timáx, Imáx and Ttot. Stevioside presented the biggest area and Ttot for stimulus bitterness. Cyclamates/saccharine (2:1) blend provided the highest means for Imáx, Ttot and area
Doutorado
Consumo e Qualidade de Alimentos
Doutor em Alimentos e Nutrição

Orientador: João Domingos Biagi
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
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Doutorado
Tecnologia Pós-Colheita
Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Orientador: Helena Maria André Bolini
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: O Brasil tem a maior produção de café no mundo e é o segundo mercado consumidor, atrás somente dos EUA. O consumo de café está crescendo constantemente, graças a seus efeitos fisiológicos e ao seu sabor e aroma agradáveis. Associado a este consumo, a maior preocupação com a saúde estimulou a área de pesquisa e desenvolvimento de alimentos de baixa caloria e adoçantes não calóricos. Os edulcorantes podem produzir uma variedade de características sensoriais, dependendo do alimento ou bebida ao qual foi adicionado, sendo necessário estudá-los individualmente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar sensorialmente os cafés expressos adoçados com sacarose e diferentes edulcorantes (sucralose, aspartame, neotame, mistura de ciclamato/sacarina e estévia). A avaliação sensorial foi realizada através da determinação da Doçura Ideal, Teste de Equivalência em Doçura, Análise Descritiva Quantitativa (ADQ®), Análise de Aceitação e Análise Tempo-Intensidade para o estímulo gosto doce. A ADQ, Análise Tempo-Intensidade e Teste de aceitação foram avaliados por análise de variância (ANOVA), teste de Tukey e Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP). A doçura ideal de sacarose no café expresso foi de 12,5%. O teste de equivalência de doçura revelou que a amostra com neotame teve a maior potência edulcorante entre os cinco edulcorantes testados, enquanto que a estévia apresentou o menor poder de dulçor. Os termos descritivos do café expresso com sacarose e adoçantes diferentes foram: cor marrom escuro (bebida café), cor marrom claro (espuma), presença de espuma, viscosidade aparente, aroma de café, aroma doce, aroma de baunilha, aroma torrado, sabor de caramelo, gosto doce, gosto doce residual, gosto amargo, gosto amargo residual, sabor de café, adstringência, sabor torrado e corpo. A ACP sugeriu que a amostra com sacarose foi caracterizada principalmente pelos atributos corpo e viscosidade, a amostra com sucralose pelo aroma doce, a amostra com o aspartame por doçura, a amostra com o neotame por adstringência, a amostra com a mistura de ciclamato/sacarina por amargor e gosto residual amargo e, por fim, a amostra com estévia por gosto doce residual. Os resultados não mostraram uma grande diferença no perfil sensorial das amostras de café expresso, mas a amostra com estévia foi a que apresentou maior variação. As amostras de café expresso foram muito semelhantes em relação à aparência, textura e aroma. O teste de aceitação verificou que a amostra comaspartame apresentou maior aceitação entre os consumidores. Não houve diferença estatística significativa (p> 0,05) em relação aos atributos de aparência, aroma e textura, entre as seis amostras. A Análise Tempo-Intensidade revelou que a amostra com estévia apresentou os maiores valores de Imax (intensidade máxima), Timax (tempo em que a intensidade máxima foi registrada); Área (área da curva de tempo x intensidade) e Ttot (tempo total de duração do estímulo)
Abstract: Brazil has the biggest coffee beans production among all countries and is the second consumer market, following USA. The consumption of coffee beverages is growing steadily thanks to their physiological effects and pleasant flavor and aroma. In addition concern about health has given inputs to research and development on low calorie foods and non-caloric sweeteners. Sweeteners can produce a variety of sensory characteristics depending on the food or beverage in which they have been added, therefore it is necessary to study them individually. The objective of this study was to sensorially evaluate espresso coffee sweetened with various sweeteners (sucralose, aspartame, neotame, mixture of cyclamate/saccharin 2:1 and stevioside) and sucrose. The sensory evaluation was done through ideal and equivalent sweetness determinations, Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA), Acceptance Analysis, and Time-Intensity Analysis for stimuli sweet taste. The QDA, time intensity analysis and acceptance test data were evaluated by the analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey's Test and the principal component analysis. The statistical analysis was carried out using the SAS program. The ideal sweetness of sucrose in espresso coffee was 12,5%. The equivalent sweetness determinations showed that neotame had the greatest potency amongst the five intensity sweeteners tested, while stevioside exhibited the smallest. The descriptive terms of the coffee espresso with sucrose and different sweeteners were: dark brown color, light brown color, foam, viscosity, coffee aroma, sweet aroma, vanilla aroma, roasted aroma, caramel flavor, sweetness, sweet aftertaste, bitterness, bitter aftertaste, coffee flavor, astringency, roasted flavor and body. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) suggested that the sample with sucrose was mainly characterized by the body and viscosity, the sample with sucralose by the sweet aroma, the sample with aspartame by the sweetness, the sample with neotame by astringency, the sample with cyclamates/saccharine (2:1) blend by bitterness and bitter aftertaste, and, finally, the sample with stevioside by sweet aftertaste. The results did not show a great difference in the sensory profile of espresso coffee samples, however the sample with stevioside showed more variation. The samples were very similar in relation to appearance, aroma, and texture. The acceptance test showed a greater acceptance for the sample with aspartame. No statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed for appearance, aroma and texture, between all the samples. The Time-Intensity Analysis showed that the sample with stevioside presented highest Imax (maximum intensity), Timax (time in which the maximum intensity was recorded); Area (area of the curve time×intensity) and Ttot (total duration time of the stimulus) of the all samples
Mestrado
Consumo e Qualidade de Alimentos
Mestra em Alimentos e Nutrição

Both consumer and descriptive analyses were used to study the shelf-life of packaged, roasted and ground coffee in order to evaluate the utility of using sensory data in a shelf life model, and to examine the ability of consumers to detect a difference between treated and control samples. Two types of coffee, which differed in bean roast, blend and origin, were evaluated and were referred to as moderate roast and high roast. Samples were packaged under <2%, 9%, or 21% oxygen in airtight laminated foil packages. Over the course of 84 days, the samples were stored in 20��C, 30��C, or 40��C conditions and samples for all treatments were removed throughout the storage. The control samples were packaged at <2% oxygen and stored at -35��C for the duration of the study. Descriptive results illustrated a time trend in the moderate roast coffee along Factor 1, characterized by changes in the attributes of paper aroma, paper flavor, paper aftertaste, wood flavor, body, and oily mouthfeel. This trend resulted in significant differences between the control and the 40��C high oxygen 7 day stored samples in paper aroma (p=0.000) and paper flavor (p=0.000), as well as significant differences between the control and the 40��C high oxygen 49 day stored samples in paper aroma (p=0.002), paper flavor (p=0.000), paper aftertaste (p=0.000), body (p=0.000), and wood flavor (p=0.002). Factor I data from the 40��C high oxygen, moderate roast coffee were utilized in an Arrhenius shelf-life model. A second order model was fit to the data, indicating curvature in relationship for the rate of change over temperature for Factor 1 attributes. The model successfully generated a predictive curve for storage at 40��C. Consumers evaluated 30��C stored samples packaged under high oxygen and stored for either 4 or 7 days, and packaged under low oxygen and stored for 42 and 84 days. Consumer results indicated that it was difficult for consumers to detect differences between the moderate roast coffees. Consumers were readily able to tell significant differences between the high roast coffee treatments and the control sample (p<0.05).
Graduation date: 2000

碩士
大仁科技大學
食品科技研究所
97
There is a coffee planting area of more than 200ha. in Pingtung County, most planted with the variety of Arabica. This study is intended to analyze and evaluate the coffee beans grown in Sandimen Township, Gaoshu Township, Changjhih Township, Taiwu Township, Neipu Township and Wanluan Township etc. along the Yanshan Road in Pingtung County (County Road No. 185) and research the preferences of the consumers. The results show that the green coffee beans contain about waters 10.64-17.23%, crude fat 11.06-13.94%, crude protein 10.38-13.72%, ash 3.88-4.60% and carbohydrate 57.02-61.35%. The coffee beans have a weight of about 13.50-17.40g for every 100 pieces, with a content of titratable acidity 2.07-2.65%, caffeine 0.81-1.22%, and total polyphenol 1036.80-1695μg/g. The roasted coffee beans are more capable to clear the DPPH than the green coffee beans. In cupping evaluation and analyses of survey of consumers’ preferences, the results show that the best coffee bean is the one grown in Sandimen Township, which is preferred by 92.5% of the consumers, and featured by a low acidity, smooth taste, light flavor and a bit puckery.

The term functional has almost replaced psychogenic in the neuromuscular literature for two reasons. It implies a disturbance of function, not structural damage; therefore, it defies laboratory testing such as MRIS, electromyography (EMG), and nerve conduction study (NCS). It is convenient to draw a parallel to the patients between migraine and brain tumors, as both cause headache, but brain MRI is negative in the former without minimizing the suffering of the patient. It is a “software” and not a “hardware” problem. It avoids irritating the patient by misunderstanding the word psychogenic which to many means “madness.”The cause of this functional impairment may fall into one of the following categories:• Conversion reaction: conversion of psychological stress to physical symptoms. This may include paralysis, hemisensory or distal sensory loss, or conversion spasms. It affects younger age groups.• Somatization: chronic multiple physical and cognitive symptoms due to chronic stress. It affects older age groups.• Factions disorder: induced real physical symptoms due to the need to be cared for, such as injecting oneself with insulin to produce hypoglycemia.• Hypochondriasis: overconcern about body functions such as suspicion of ALS due to the presence of rare fasciclutations that are normal during stress and after ingestion of a large amount of coffee. Medical students in particular are targets for this disorder.The following points are to be made on this topic. FNMD should be diagnosed by neuromuscular specialists who are trained to recognize actual syndrome whether typical or atypical. Presentations that fall out of the recognition pattern of a neuromuscular specialist, after the investigations are negative, they should be considered as FNMDs. Sometimes serial examinations are useful to confirm this suspicion. Psychatrists or psychologists are to be consulted to formulate a plan to discover the underlying stress and to treat any associated psychiatric disorder or psychological aberration. Most patients think that they are stressed due to the illness and they fail to connect the neuromuscular manifestations and the underlying stress. They offer shop around due to lack of satisfaction, especially those with somatization disorders. Some patients learn how to imitate certain conditions well, and they can deceive health care professionals. EMG and NCS are invaluable in revealing FNMD. A normal needle EMG of a weak muscles mostly indicates a central etiology (organic or functional). Normal sensory responses of a severely numb limb mean that a lesion is preganglionic (like roots avulsion, CISP, etc.) or the cause is central (a doral column lesion or functional). Management of FNMD is difficult, and many patients end up being chronic cases that wander into clinics and hospitals seeking solutions and exhausting the health care system with unnecessary expenses.It is time for these disorders to be studied in detail and be classified and have criteria set for their diagnosis so that they will not remain diagnosed only by exclusion. This chapter will describe some examples of these disorders. A video clip can tell the story better than many pages of writing. Improvement of digital cameras and electronic media has improved the diagnosis of these conditions, and it is advisable that patients record some of their symptoms when they happen. It is not uncommon for some Neuromuscular disorders (NMDs), such as myasthenia gravis (MG), small fiber neuropathy, and CISP, to be diagnosed as functional due to the lack of solid physical findings during the time of the examination. Therefore, a neuromuscular evaluation is important before these disorders are labeled as such. Some patients have genuine NMDs, but the majority of their symptoms are related to what Joseph Marsden called “sickness behavior.” A patient with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) may unconsciously develop numbness of the entire side of the body because he thinks that he may have a stroke.