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1
Philpott, Delberi E. "Relaxation in the Institute of Muscle Research Marine Biological Lab, Woods Hole, MA." Microscopy Today 1, no. 5 (August 1993): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500068097.
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Our boss, the Nobel Prize winner Dr. Albert Szent Gyorgyi, believed in working hard and playing hard. He expected dedication and esprit de corps to come from the intermingling of work and special moments of relaxation. Our respect and dedication to him and his philosophy was never more evident than on April Fool's Day.The Institute consisted of 12 to 13 scientists, each working on some aspect of muscle structure or function. Its location in Woods Hole, MA, at the tip of Cape Cod was ideal. Dr. Szeni Gyorgyi had gazed out the window of my laboratory on my first day saying, “if I ever walk in and see you staring out the window at the sailboats and fishing vessels I will know you are just recharging your battery.” His warm friendly approach, the seashore and the visiting scientists from all over the world made me feel that this was as close to heaven as I would ever get.
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Curran, Catherine, Archana Agarwal, Amin Nassar, Sarah Abou Alaiwi, Vivek Kumar, Matthew Mossanen, Mark A. Preston, et al. "Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI) experience." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2019): e16037-e16037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e16037.
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e16037 Background: Cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) followed by radical cystectomy (RC) extends overall survival in muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients (pts) and pathologic complete response (pCR) is associated with improved survival. We conducted a retrospective study at DFCI to examine the impact of different chemotherapy regimens and renal function on pCR and tolerability. Methods: Pts who underwent RC for MIBC were retrospectively studied. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and univariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was conducted to examine the prognostic effect of candidate factors (age, gender, chemotherapy regimen, creatinine clearance [Cr Cl] by Cockroft Gault formula) on pCR (ypT0), < ypT2N0 rate and early discontinuation for toxicities. Results: 196 patients treated with NAC were identified from 2002 -2018 (Table). Unconventional regimens (split dose cisplatin or carboplatin combined with gemcitabine) exhibited lower pCR rate (14%), but a moderate < ypT2N0 rate (36%). Among those receiving conventional cisplatin-based regimens, we did not identify an association between renal function (Cr Cl < 60 vs. ≥60 ml/min), age, gender and specific regimen (Cisplatin/Gemcitabine, MVAC, ddMVAC) with pCR or early discontinuation ( < 4 cycles) for toxicities, although the < ypT2N0 rate was numerically higher for MVAC/ddMVAC. The modest size of this cohort limited the analysis. Conclusions: pCR rates were similar with ddMVAC/MVAC and GC for MIBC, with potential superiority of MVAC/ddMVAC to GC for a subset of pts. If Cr Cl ≥50 ml/min, it may be reasonable to consider conventional cisplatin therapies as non-conventional NAC appeared to yield lower depth of benefit emphasizing need for evaluation of new tolerable regimens. [Table: see text]
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Eržen, Ida. "PLASTICITY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE STUDIED BY STEREOLOGY." Image Analysis & Stereology 23, no. 3 (May 3, 2011): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.5566/ias.v23.p143-152.
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The present contribution provides an overview of stereological methods applied in the skeletal muscle research at the Institute of Anatomy of the Medical Faculty in Ljubljana. Interested in skeletal muscle plasticity we studied three different topics: (i) expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms in slow and fast muscles under experimental conditions, (ii) frequency of satellite cells in young and old human and rat muscles and (iii) capillary supply of rat fast and slow muscles. We analysed the expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms within slow rat soleus and fast extensor digitorum longus muscles after (i) homotopic and heterotopic transplantation of both muscles, (ii) low frequency electrical stimulation of the fast muscle and (iii) transposition of the fast nerve to the slow muscle. The models applied were able to turn the fast muscle into a completely slow muscle, but not vice versa. One of the indicators for the regenerative potential of skeletal muscles is its satellite cell pool. The estimated parameters, number of satellite cells per unit fibre length, corrected to the reference sarcomere length (Nsc/Lfib) and number of satellite cells per number of nuclei (myonuclei and satellite cell nuclei) (Nsc/Nnucl) indicated that the frequency of M-cadherin stained satellite cells declines in healthy old human and rat muscles compared to young muscles. To access differences in capillary densities among slow and fast muscles and slow and fast muscle fibres, we have introduced Slicer and Fakir methods, and tested them on predominantly slow and fast rat muscles. Discussing three different topics that require different approach, the present paper reflects the three decades of the development of stereological methods: 2D analysis by simple point counting in the 70's, the disector in the 80's and virtual spatial probes in the 90's. In all methods the interactive computer assisted approach was utilised.
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Aklaeva, Nailya Anvarovna. "DIAGNOSTICS OF STRABISMUS INCOMMITANT." Russian Pediatric Ophthalmology 13, no. 2 (June 15, 2018): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1993-1859-2018-13-2-99-102.
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Strabismus incommitant-complicated kind of oculomotor pathology. Timely detection of signs of strabismus incommitant contributes the choice of the correct optimal treatment tactics, achievement of high functional results and restoration of the lost visual functions. On the ground of long-term working experience in the department of pathology of refraction and binocular vision of The Helmholtz Moscow Research Institute of Eye Diseases were elaborated general diagnostic schemes of the strabismus incommitant for children and for adults, which help to identify features of strabismus and binocular diplopia and also to reveal the affected oculomotor muscle (muscles).
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TURABI, AFTAB, GHULAM ALI ASGHAR QURESHI, Muhammad ZIAULLAH, and S. Saud Hasan. "HISTAMINE RECEPTORS." Professional Medical Journal 17, no. 04 (December 10, 2010): 691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2010.17.04.3026.
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Objective: This research work deals with the mechanism of action involved in determining the therapeutic potential of histamine and its blockers in gastrointestinal motility. Study Design: Rabbits of equal weights were used in this study. They were brought from the animal house of BMSI, sacrificed in the Pharmacology Research laboratory. Ileum strip were isolated and with special recommended methodology, longitudinal and circular muscles were separated. Individual muscle strip were then exposed separately to the desired drugs in the organ bath and reading were recorded on the polygraph machine. Setting: Basic Medical Sciences Institute, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi. Period: 1996 to 1998. Results: Histamine increases the contractile effects of longitudinal and circular muscle. H and H blockers 1 2 potentiate its effects on longitudinal muscle while in circular muscle no change was observed with H blocker whereas H blocker antagonized 1 2 the histaminic effects. However when H blocker applied directly it increases the amplitude of contraction in longitudinal and circular muscle 1 whereas H blocker decreases the height of contractions. Histamine in the presence of H and H blocker augmented their effects in longitudinal 2 1 2muscle and antagonizes in circular layer. Conclusion: Gastrointestinal motility can be controlled through histamine and its antagonist. New drugs can be formulated on the basis of this study for the regulation of intestinal motility.
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Colcord, Madison, Michael D. Watson, Nicole Lee Gower, Jennifer H. Benbow, Sally Jeanne Trufan, Joshua Hill, and Jonathan C. Salo. "Preoperative muscle strength as a predictor of complications after esophagectomy." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2020): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.4_suppl.454.
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454 Background: Sarcopenia has been associated with post-operative complications and length of stay (LOS) in patients undergoing esophagectomy. A variety of methods exist to measure muscle mass and strength, with few comparisons between methods. We compared hand-grip strength (HGS), muscle mass and intramuscular adipose tissue as predictors of post-operative outcomes. Methods: Patients with esophageal cancer undergoing esophagectomy were identified between January 2015 – June 2019 at Levine Cancer Institute. Skeletal muscle index (SMI) and skeletal muscle density (SMD), a measure of intramuscular adipose tissue, were derived from CT. HGS was measured using a dynamometer. Uni- and multivariable GLM analyses were performed. Results: 115 patients (100 male, 15 female) underwent esophagectomy with an average age of 64.3 +/- 9.8. The analysis was stratified by sex due to significant differences in HGS, SMI, and SMD. Among men, univariable analysis revealed a significant association between pre-operative HGS <25 kg and increased risk of post-operative pneumonia ( p=0.02), ventilation >48hrs ( p=0.02), LOS ( p=0.002), discharge to home ( p=0.001), and one-year mortality ( p=0.005). All associations except discharge home remained significant in multivariable analyses (Table). Among women, no factors analyzed were significantly associated with postoperative outcomes. Conclusions: HGS is a more powerful predictor of postoperative complications and LOS than either muscle mass or intramuscular adipose tissue among men undergoing esophagectomy. HGS is cost-effective and easily incorporated into routine clinical care, allowing for preoperative intervention to optimize patients for esophagectomy. To better understand the implications in women, additional research with a larger cohort is needed. [Table: see text]
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Mann, Della, Vishwa Raj, Madison Colcord, Michael D. Watson, Sally Jeanne Trufan, Jennifer H. Benbow, Nicole Lee Gower, Joshua Hill, and Jonathan C. Salo. "Effect of age on swallowing dysfunction after esophagectomy." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2020): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.4_suppl.455.
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455 Background: Patients undergoing esophagectomy frequently experience malnutrition, which in combination with the catabolic effects of surgery can result in loss of muscle mass and function. Safe swallowing requires the preservation of muscle mass. Modified barium swallow (MBS) enables assessment of postoperative swallowing impairments. We assessed the incidence and risk factors of swallowing dysfunction post-esophagectomy. Methods: Patients with a MBS post-esophagectomy were identified between January 2015-June 2019 at Levine Cancer Institute at Carolinas Medical Center. Swallowing was evaluated with the Penetration Aspiration Scale. Muscle loss was evaluated with pre-operative hand-grip strength (HGS) and skeletal muscle index (SMI) and skeletal muscle density (SMD) from axial CT images. Uni- and multivariable GLM analyses were performed. Results: 91 patients (79 men, 12 women) underwent esophagectomy with an average age of 64.0 + 10.1. Pre-operative HGS, SMI, and SMD all decreased with age. Significant differences existed between sexes in HGS, SMI, and SMD, so the cohort was stratified by sex for analysis. Univariate analysis of male patients revealed older age, lower body mass index (BMI), smoking history, prior feeding tube, and lower pre-operative HGS and SMI were associated with aspiration or penetration on MBS. Among women, no factors analyzed were significantly associated with swallowing dysfunction. Conclusions: Swallowing dysfunction after esophagectomy is correlated with increased age and lower BMI. The role of muscle loss in the risk of aspiration after esophagectomy is not clear. Further research is needed to determine the relationship between these factors with the goal of enabling preoperative physiologic optimization and patient selection. [Table: see text]
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Riavkina, K. S., T. V. Konovalova, O. S. Korotkevich, and V. L. Petukhov. "Manganese accumulation in females and males in muscle tissue and scales of Sander lucioperca of the Novosibirsk Reservoir." Bulletin of NSAU (Novosibirsk State Agrarian University), no. 1 (March 26, 2021): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2072-6724-2021-58-1-108-116.
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Studies on the accumulation of manganese in females and males in the scales and muscle tissue of the Sander lucioperca of the Novosibirsk Reservoir were carried out. Analyzes were taken in a A.M. Nikolaev analytical laboratory of the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS. The pike perch were divided by gender. Then 34 samples of scales and muscle tissue were taken from them. The manganese content was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry on a Thermo Scientific iCAP-6500 spectrometer. High variability of manganese accumulation in females and males in scales and muscle tissue was revealed. It was found that the concentration of manganese in females scales was 7.7 times higher than in muscle tissue, and in males - 15.7 times. There were no significant differences in manganese content between the genders. The ratio of extreme variants of scales in females and males was 1: 5 and 1: 6, and in muscle tissue - 1: 35 and 1: 30, respectively. The average values of the concentration of manganese in the muscles of the Sander lucioperca of the Novosibirsk reservoir were determined. Differences in the deposition of manganese in muscle tissue in females and males of Sander lucioperca were revealed. The concentration of manganese in the muscles of females was 2 times higher than that of males. The results obtained on the accumulation of manganese in scales and muscle tissue can be used as reference values. The level of metal concentration is characterized by an uneven distribution in the muscles and scales of Sander lucioperca. The research results are suitable for a lifetime assessment of the Sander lucioperca interior. An average positive correlation was found between manganese in females with absolute length and body weight (r = 0.329 and r = 0.311). It was found that the amount of manganese and other heavy metals in the Novosibirsk reservoir is increasing.
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Aggarwal, PhD, Sunil K., Gregory T. Carter, MD, MS, Mark D. Sullivan, MD, PhD, Craig ZumBrunnen, PhD, Richard Morrill, PhD, and Jonathan D. Mayer, PhD. "Medicinal use of cannabis in the United States: Historical perspectives, current trends, and future directions." Journal of Opioid Management 5, no. 3 (January 29, 2018): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jom.2009.0016.
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Cannabis (marijuana) has been used for medicinal purposes for millennia, said to be first noted by the Chinese in c. 2737 BCE. Medicinal cannabis arrived in the United States much later, burdened with a remarkably checkered, yet colorful, history. Despite early robust use, after the advent of opioids and aspirin, medicinal cannabis use faded. Cannabis was criminalized in the United States in 1937, against the advice of the American Medical Association submitted on record to Congress. The past few decades have seen renewed interest in medicinal cannabis, with the National Institutes of Health, the Institute of Medicine, and the American College of Physicians, all issuing statements of support for further research and development. The recently discovered endocannabinoid system has greatly increased our understanding of the actions of exogenous cannabis. Endocannabinoids appear to control pain, muscle tone, mood state, appetite, and inflammation, among other effects. Cannabis contains more than 100 different cannabinoids and has the capacity for analgesia through neuromodulation in ascending and descending pain pathways, neuroprotection, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. This article reviews the current and emerging research on the physiological mechanisms of cannabinoids and their applications in managing chronic pain, muscle spasticity, cachexia, and other debilitating problems.
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Holmes, Kenneth C., and Alan Weeds. "Hugh Esmor Huxley MBE. 25 February 1924 — 25 July 2013." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 63 (January 2017): 309–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2016.0011.
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Hugh Esmor Huxley devoted his life to understanding how muscles contract. He was born in Birkenhead and entered Christ's College, Cambridge, in 1941 to study Physics. Joining the RAF in 1943 as an Acting Pilot Officer, he later moved to the Malvern Telecommunications Research Establishment where his pioneering work on developing H 2 S Mk IVA airborne radar over two years to 1947 led to his being elected a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 1948 while still an undergraduate. He started X-ray research on living muscle with Sir John Kendrew at the Medical Research Council Unit in the Cavendish Laboratory and showed that skeletal muscle is made of a hexagonal array of thick and thin filaments. In 1952 he moved to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to study muscle ultrastructure by electron microscopy, where he was joined by Jean Hanson, and in 1954 they published the sliding filament hypothesis (7) † . Back in London he produced ultra-thin sections of muscle barely 150 Å thick, which showed cross-bridges between the filaments, and in 1960 was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. His research at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology from 1962 led to his proposal of the swinging cross-bridge model. His ambition of studying cross-bridge movement in living muscle by X-ray diffraction in the millisecond time range required ever stronger X-ray sources and more sensitive detectors. The development in the 1970s of beam lines from synchrotron radiation opened a new perspective that fascinated him for the rest of his working life. From his last work at Argonne National Laboratory with Massimo Reconditi, Hugh finally convinced himself that he had incontrovertible evidence for the tilting lever-arm model.
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Kon, Michihiro, Kai Tanabe, Hoseong Lee, Fuminori Kimura, Takayuki Akimoto, and Ichiro Kono. "Eccentric muscle contractions induce greater oxidative stress than concentric contractions in skeletal muscle." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 32, no. 2 (April 2007): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h06-115.
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The purpose of this study was to examine oxidative stress in skeletal muscle after eccentric and concentric muscle contractions. Eight-week-old Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice (n = 90) were divided into 3 groups: eccentric muscle contraction group (ECC, n = 42), concentric muscle contraction group (CON, n = 42), and control group (pre, n = 6). The tibialis anterior muscle was stimulated via the peroneal nerve to contract either eccentrically or concentrically. The tibialis anterior muscle was isolated before and 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 72, and 168 h after muscle contraction. Immediately after muscle contractions, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in skeletal muscle significantly increased (p < 0.05) in both ECC and CON conditions. However, in the ECC group alone, the TBARS level peaked at 12 and 72 h after the contractions. There was greater migration of mononuclear cells in ECC than in CON muscle. In addition, there was a correlation between TBARS in skeletal muscle and migration of mononuclear cells in ECC muscle (r = 0.773, p < 0.01), but this correlation was not apparent in CON muscle (r = 0.324, p = 0.12). The increased mononuclear cells may reflect inflammatory cells. These data suggest that eccentric muscle contraction induces greater oxidative stress in skeletal muscle, which may in turn be due to enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by migrating inflammatory cells.
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Dastgir, Jahannaz, Anne Rutkowski, Rachel Alvarez, Stacy A. Cossette, Ke Yan, Raymond G. Hoffmann, Caroline Sewry, et al. "Common Data Elements for Muscle Biopsy Reporting." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 140, no. 1 (July 1, 2015): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2014-0453-oa.
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Context There is no current standard among myopathologists for reporting muscle biopsy findings. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke has recently launched a common data element (CDE) project to standardize neuromuscular data collected in clinical reports and to facilitate their use in research. Objective To develop a more-uniform, prospective reporting tool for muscle biopsies, incorporating the elements identified by the CDE project, in an effort to improve reporting and educational resources. Design The variation in current biopsy reporting practice was evaluated through a study of 51 muscle biopsy reports from self-reported diagnoses of genetically confirmed or undiagnosed muscle disease from the Congenital Muscle Disease International Registry. Two reviewers independently extracted data from deidentified reports and entered them into the revised CDE format to identify what was missing and whether or not information provided on the revised CDE report (complete/incomplete) could be successfully interpreted by a neuropathologist. Results Analysis of the data highlighted showed (1) inconsistent reporting of key clinical features from referring physicians, and (2) considerable variability in the reporting of pertinent positive and negative histologic findings by pathologists. Conclusions We propose a format for muscle-biopsy reporting that includes the elements in the CDE checklist and a brief narrative comment that interprets the data in support of a final interpretation. Such a format standardizes cataloging of pathologic findings across the spectrum of muscle diseases and serves emerging clinical care and research needs with the expansion of genetic-testing therapeutic trials.
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Dooley, Katherine, Suzanne J. Snodgrass, Peter Stanwell, Samantha Birse, Adrian Schultz, Michael K. Drew, and Suzi Edwards. "Spatial muscle activation patterns during different leg exercise protocols in physically active adults using muscle functional MRI: a systematic review." Journal of Applied Physiology 129, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 934–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00290.2020.
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An emerging method to measure muscle activation patterns is muscle functional magnetic resonance imaging (mfMRI), where preexercise and postexercise muscle metabolism differences indicate spatial muscle activation patterns. We evaluated studies employing mfMRI to determine activation patterns of lumbar or lower limb muscles following exercise in physically active adults. Electronic systematic searches were conducted until March 2020. All studies employing ≥1.5 Tesla MRI scanners to compare spatial muscle activation patterns at the level of or inferior to the first lumbar vertebra in healthy, active adults. Two authors independently assessed study eligibility before appraising methodological quality using a National Institutes of Health assessment tool. Because of heterogeneity, findings were synthesized without meta-analysis. Of the 1,946 studies identified, seven qualified for inclusion and pertained to hamstring ( n = 5), quadriceps ( n = 1) or extrinsic foot ( n = 1) muscles. All included studies controlled for internal validity, with one employing assessor blinding. MRI physics and differing research questions explain study methodology heterogeneity. Significant mfMRI findings were: following Nordic exercise, hamstrings with previous trauma (strain or surgical autograft harvest) demonstrated reduced activation compared with unharmed contralateral muscles, and asymptomatic individuals preferentially activated semitendinosus; greater biceps femoris long head to semitendinosus ratios reported following 45° hip extension over Nordic exercise; greater rectus femoris activation occurred in “flywheel” over barbell squats. mfMRI parameters differ on the basis of individual research questions. Individual muscles show greater activation following specific exercises, suggesting exercise specificity may be important for rehabilitation, although evidence is limited to single cohort studies comparing interlimb differences preexercise versus postexercise.
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Avadhani, Ramakrishna, and K. Kalyan Chakravarthi. "A STUDY ON MORPHOLOGY OF THE BICEPS BRACHII MUSCLE." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 02, no. 03 (September 2012): 02–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1703579.
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AbstractThe anatomical variations and abnormalities of the muscles of the upper limb have become significant because of new imaging techniques, such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Among the three muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm, a very uncommon anomaly of the biceps is having three or more heads. Knowledge of the existence of the three headed or four headed biceps brachii may become significant in preoperative diagnosis and during surgery of the upper limb. The present study was undertaken to observe the anomalous origin, insertion and the incidence of three or more heads biceps brachii in the adult human cadavers. This study was carried out on 24 human cadavers at Dr. Pinnamaneni Siddhartha institute of medical sciences & research foundation (Dr. PSIMS & R.F) Gannavaram; Krishna Dist; A.P. Variant biceps brachii may cause compression of neurovascular structures because of their close relationship to brachial artery and median nerve. The surgeons and traumatologists have to keep such muscular variations in mind.
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Mishra, Aniket, and Stuart MacGregor. "A Novel Approach for Pathway Analysis of GWAS Data Highlights Role of BMP Signaling and Muscle Cell Differentiation in Colorectal Cancer Susceptibility – Erratum." Twin Research and Human Genetics 20, no. 2 (February 23, 2017): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2017.6.
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The publishers regret to announce that the affiliation for the above paper was incorrectly inserted. The correct affiliation is below:Aniket Mishra1, Genetics and Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer Consortium (GECCO) and the Colorectal Cancer Family Registry (CCFR), and Stuart MacGregor11 Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Eliseev, V. V., and T. V. Kulishova. "EFFICIENCY OF GAIT FUNCTION CORRECTION AT PATIENTSWITH CEREBRAL PALSY IN THE FORM OF SPASTIC DIPLEGIA." HERALD of North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov 7, no. 4 (December 15, 2015): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/mechnikov20157443-46.
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Under our observation were 71 patients with a spastic diplegia in the age of 3-16 years. Patients are parted on 2 groups. The first group have made 38 children received a treatment complex with application of a functional programmed electrical stimulation on apparatus «ACorD», the second - 33 children received a complex of treatment with application of an electrostimulator «Miorithm-040». Electrical stimulations in both groups of patients were exposed the weakened muscles of legs and a back. Both groups of patients received paraffinic applications, manual massage, a specialized complex of medical physical training, employment in a corrective suit «Adeli». Before and after a complex of procedures function of walking by a technique of research children's orthopedic institute was investigated. At observable patients after application of a rehabilitational complex with including various kinds of a muscle electrical stimulation improvement of gait parameters is noted. Authentically best results are received at application of a rehabilitational complex with including a functional programmed electrical stimulation of muscles.
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Inokuchi, Jin-ichi. "Research work undertaken in the Inokuchi Laboratory – Chronic inflammation & chronic disease research including diabetes and metabolic diseases." Impact 2020, no. 7 (November 30, 2020): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2020.7.22.
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Today, type 2 diabetes is typically treated by lowering sugar in the blood and increasing the sensitivity of muscle cells to insulin. However, novel discoveries could allow future treatments to target the molecular mechanisms in our bodies that generate insulin resistance – effectively preventing the biological chain of events that causes chronic inflammation and disease to initially occur. Professor Jin-ichi Inokuchi heads the Glycopathology Laboratory at Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan. Situated within the Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, the Laboratory focuses on gangliosides and their roles in inflammatory cycles. The scientists are particularly interested in GM3 ganglioside species, as their previous research has indicated that the increased presence of anti-inflammatory GM3 species and decreased presence of pro-inflammatory GM3 species have the power to alter inflammatory cycles in the body, thus contributing to chronic inflammation and associated diseases. Recently, Inokuchi and his colleagues' research revealed some interesting insights regarding GM3. Namely, they discovered that GM3 plays an important role in an inflammation amplification loop that affects diseases involving chronic inflammation, such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic diseases closely linked with obesity. 'Collectively, we propose a novel inflammation loop triggered by GM3 molecular species,' asserts Inokuchi. Inokuchi's research provides an avenue for tackling these conditions from the inside out. By focusing on the biological processes involved in these lifestyle-related chronic diseases, it may be possible to treat type 2 diabetes and metabolic diseases more efficiently.
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Iordanishvili, A. K. "Gerontostomatology: from science to clinical medicine (survey)." Endodontics Today 18, no. 3 (October 12, 2020): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.36377/1683-2981-2020-18-3-71-77.
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Aim of the study was, based on the analysis of dissertation research prepared in scientific laboratories and departments of the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, to present the contribution of the staff of this Institute to the development of modern gerontostomatology. Dissertation research carried out within the walls of the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology in the field of gerontostomatology touched on the pathology of hard tissues and pulp of teeth, rehabilitation in case of tooth loss, periodontal diseases, oral mucosa, injuries and inflammatory diseases of the jaws and peri-maxillary soft tissues, as well as pathology temporomandibular joint and masticatory muscles in elderly and senile people.
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Gravely, Annabel K., Alice Vlasov, Amy Freeman, Kay Wu, Nathaniel J. Szewczyk, Robert D’Cruz, and Jane Batt. "Levels of Acid Sphingomyelinase (ASM) in Caenorhabditis elegans in Microgravity." Gravitational and Space Research 6, no. 1 (July 20, 2020): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gsr-2018-0003.
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AbstractBoth Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) patients and astronauts in spaceflight suffer from muscle atrophy. Previous research suggests that the enzyme acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) may be involved in the pathogenesis of ALS, but it is not known if ASM influences muscle atrophy in microgravity. In this study, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) were exposed to microgravity conditions on the International Space Station (ISS) within the confines of a Fluid Mixing Enclosure (FME). Return of the FME yielded 72,050 live nematodes, the first demonstration of C. elegans survival of space travel in an FME. After the nematodes returned to Earth, in much larger numbers than seen in previous FME experiments, the size and ASM expression levels in experimental worms were compared to control Earth-bound worms. C. elegans that returned from the ISS were larger in both length and cross-sectional area than the control worms, and they exhibited decreased expression of ASM-1 and ASM-2 proteins. Further research must be conducted to elucidate the role of ASM in muscle atrophy, as there were many limitations to this study. Understanding the role of ASM in muscle atrophy may lead to the discovery of novel targets for treatment of both ALS and muscle atrophy in microgravity. This study was a student led initiative and undertaken as a project within the Student Spaceflight Experiments Program (SSEP), under the auspices of the National Center for Earth and Space Science Education and the Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Space Education.
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Brown, Jared, Caitlin Hensel, Jiaxian He, Megan McDonald, Philip Newhall, and Stephen Boyd Riggs. "Is it necessary to obtain a second review on outside pathology for patients referred with non-muscle invasive (NMI) bladder cancer?" Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): e17049-e17049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e17049.
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e17049 Background: Correct pathological staging is paramount in treatment recommendations for patients with non-muscle invasive disease. As a referral center, we sought to evaluate the quality of outside pathology determined by College of American Pathology (CAP) recommendation as well as discordance in AUA risk group stratification. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed our database of patients who originally underwent resection of bladder tumors at external facilities that were subsequently referred to our cancer institute between 2015 and 2018. 75 initial pathologies were overread by one of our GU pathologists all with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. We evaluated the discordance rate between outside pathology reports and our overread using the CAP criteria for reporting. Additionally, we included the association in risk stratification category as well as the change in risk stratification group following overread. Cohen’s kappa (κ) statistics were used to evaluate concordance in pathology report between LCI and external facilities. Comparisons of risk stratification between LCI and external facilities were analyzed using Fisher’s exact test. Results: 5 criteria for quality were evaluated to assess reporting. A relatively high agreement in reporting tumor grade between LCI and external facilities (κ = 0.65, p < 0.001) and moderate agreement in microscopic extent (κ = 0.41, p < 0.001). LVI was not commented on in 58.7% of outside reports. 6/12 (50%) of patients were upstaged from Low Risk (LR) to Intermediate Risk (IR), 2/11 (18%) from IR to High Risk (HR), and 6/46 (13%) from HR to MIBC (Table). Conclusions: Initial pathology reports from outside facilities were often lacking minimum criteria as recommended by the CAP. Furthermore, a significant number of patients were upstaged after review, including 13% of HR patients being overread as muscle invasive disease. Second review of outside pathology should strongly be considered as re-review may have implications on treatment recommendations. [Table: see text]
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Alimov, A. V., O. S. Fedotova, N. A. Shmelyova, A. A. Bakharev, A. V. Rezaykin, P. S. Usoltseva, B. S. Imangaliyev, and T. L. Bakhareva. "Determining sensitivity of novel animal-derived cell cultures to clinical isolates of human enterovirus Echovirus 11 and Coxsackievirus B5." Medical alphabet, no. 18 (September 24, 2020): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2020-18-17-19.
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The cell culture laboratory of Ekaterinburg Research Institute of Viral Infections established and characterized diploid cell cultures of fetal porcine larynx, lungs, kidneys and muscles for the first time. Sensitivity of the novel animal-derived cell cultures to the priority clinical isolates of human enterovirus, Coxsackievirus B5 and Echovirus 11, was evaluated. Experimental studies with a Coxsackievirus B5 (CB5–8100) strain detected high sensitivity to the virus in the diploid laryngeal and renal cells and absence of such sensitivity in the cells of the lung and muscle tissues. We also documented the total absence of sensitivity to Echovirus 11 (111/RD) in all the cell cultures under study. The results will be used for further studies of animal-derived cell cultures. Certification of the novel fetal porcine renal and laryngeal cells will open up new opportunities for a wide variety of their uses in virology for studying the etiology of enteroviral infections caused by Coxsackievirus B5.
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Opara, Józef, Jakub Taradaj, Karolina Walewicz, Joanna Rosińczuk, and Robert Dymarek. "The Current State of Knowledge on the Clinical and Methodological Aspects of Extracorporeal Shock Waves Therapy in the Management of Post-Stroke Spasticity—Overview of 20 Years of Experiences." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10020261.
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In many patients after stroke, spasticity develops over time, resulting in a decrease in the patient’s independence, pain, worsening mood, and, consequently, lower quality of life. In the last ten years, a rich arsenal of physical agents to reduce muscle tone such as extracorporeal shock therapy (ESWT) wave has come through. The aim of this narrative review article is to present the current state of knowledge on the use of ESWT as a supplement to the comprehensive rehabilitation of people after stroke suffering from spasticity. The PubMed and PEDro databases were searched for papers published in English from January 2000 to December 2020, 22 of which met inclusion criteria for clinical studies related to post-stroke spasticity management with ESWT. A total of 22 studies including 468 post-stroke patients—11 reports with the upper limb (267 patients) and 10 reports within the lower limb (201 patients), as well as one report including both upper and lower limb. We focused our attention on clinical and methodological aspects. Therefore, we performed the assessment of enrolled studies in terms of methodological quality using the PEDro and level of evidence using the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines. Furthermore, we indicated implications for clinical practice in using ESWT for post-stroke spasticity management. Moreover, we discussed a suggestion for future research directions. In conclusion, an ESWT effectively reduces muscle tone in people with spastic limb after stroke. Further, ESWT is safe and free of undesirable side effects. The mechanism of action of ESWT on muscles affected by spasticity is still unknown. To date, no standard parameters of ESWT in post-stroke spasticity regarding intensity, frequency, location, and the number of sessions has been established. Further research, meeting the highest standards, is needed to establish uniform muscle stimulation parameters using ESWT.
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Korn, Gustavo Polacow, João Roberto Maciel Martins, Sung Woo Park, Aline Mendes, Elsa Yoko Kobayashi, Helena Bonciani Nader, and Noemi Grigoletto De Biase. "Concentration of Hyaluronic Acid in Human Vocal Folds in Young and Old Subjects." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 145, no. 6 (August 26, 2011): 981–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599811419457.
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Objective. To compare and evaluate concentrations of hyaluronic acid (HA) in normal vocal folds of both young and elderly people of both sexes. Study Design. Experimental study. Setting. The research was carried out at the ENT, Head and Neck Surgery Department and the Pharmacology Institute of São Paulo Federal University. Subjects and Methods. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay plates coated with biotin-conjugated binding protein and streptavidin-europium conjugate were sequentially incubated with samples from the middle portion of the cover, vocal ligament, and vocal muscle of 19 young and 20 elderly subjects of both sexes. After the release of europium in an enhancement solution, final fluorescence was measured using a fluorometer. Results. Statistically significant comparisons: (1) all subject groups combined exhibited a higher HA concentration in the cover and ligament compared with the muscle samples; (2) women subjects had a significantly lower HA concentration in muscle compared with the ligament, and male subjects showed significantly lower HA in muscle compared with the cover; and (3) both genders of young subjects showed a higher HA concentration in ligament samples compared with the muscle. Conclusion. HA concentrations are higher in the cover and ligament compared with the muscle in both genders and age groups, and there is a higher HA concentration in ligament compared with the muscle of young subjects of both genders. HA levels in the cover samples of younger women showed great variability that may relate to ovarian hormone levels, reflecting different phases of the menstrual cycle.
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Zahir, Faryal, Radha Budhwar, Gabrielle Gonsalves, Lily Green, and Aliza Barua. "The physiological basis of neuromuscular fatigue during high intensity exercise." STEM Fellowship Journal 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.17975/sfj-2017-011.
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Introduction Neuromuscular fatigue refers to a reduction in maximal force generation capacity, and is categorized as central and peripheral. Central fatigue is defined as a reduction in the ability of the central nervous system to voluntarily activate muscles, and peripheral fatigue indicates a decrease in the contractile strength of muscle fibers. During high intensity exercise, motor neurons are involved in the recruitment of type IIB muscle fibers as they are fast-twitch, high glycolytic, and have low aerobic capacity. Furthermore, group III and IV muscle afferents detect the physiological circumstances in the body and convey signals to the brain that influence the onset of central and peripheral fatigue. Methods A PRISMA flow diagram was created to record relevant studies found from scholarly databases. Inclusion criteria required studies from 2005 to 2017, and subject grouping headings required key terms indicating that the presence of central and peripheral fatigue was analyzed on healthy adult subjects performing exercise. To ensure that high quality studies were analyzed, each article was independently rated using the National Institute of Health Quality Assessment Tool criteria. Discussion During low intensity exercise, asynchronous motor unit recruitment is involved in delaying the onset of muscle fatigue. However, this is not apparent in high intensity exercises, as maximal motor unit firing is required in order to sustain a maximal level of force output. Persistent firing of action potentials to maintain muscle contraction results in acetylcholine depletion at the motor end plate, initiating the process of central fatigue. Furthermore, due to prolonged metabolite accumulation in skeletal muscle fibers, group III and IV afferents convey signals to the motor cortex and cause a reduction in the action potential conduction velocities along the contracting muscle. This leads to the onset of peripheral fatigue. As high intensity exercise proceeds, electromyogram (EMG) measurements display this as an increase in amplitude to reflect heightened motor unit recruitment and a compressed power density spectrum alongside a decreased centre frequency. This is determined by the innervated muscle fiber’s conduction velocity and subsequent variations in the action potential waveform shape. Conclusion A record of current studies systematically display the overview of muscle fatigue and its underlying mechanisms during exercise. However, further research is yet to be conducted for a more comprehensive understanding regarding the onset and recovery of neuromuscular fatigue in varied population demographics and physiological circumstances. Likewise, the distinctive roles of group III and IV muscle afferents in supraspinal stimulation require further investigation in order to gain a holistic understanding of their involvement in central fatigue and resistance training. Additional research in this subject matter is currently being explored through technology involving imaging studies, as they have potential to elucidate motor cortex activity alongside other regions of the brain and portray neuromuscular muscle fatigue eminently.
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Jung, Seongeun, Sung-Hwan Kim, Woonhee Jeung, Jehyun Ra, Keon Heo, Jae-Jung Shim, and Jung-Lyoul Lee. "Fermented Antler Improves Endurance during Exercise Performance by Increasing Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Muscle Strength in Mice." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (June 10, 2021): 5386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125386.
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In this study, we investigated whether antler fermented with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) increases mitochondrial biogenesis and muscle strength in vitro and in vivo. LAB from a strain library were grown in antler extract agar at the Yakult Central Research Institute of Korea. Isolated LAB, named Lactobacillus curvatus HY7602, were used to ferment antlers. Analysis of the effects of fermented antler (FA) revealed that it enhanced the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I), signaling pathway and mitochondrial metabolic activity in mouse skeletal myotube (C2C12) cells. Next, we evaluated the effect of non-fermented antler (NFA) and FA on exercise performance in C57BL/6J mice. The results showed that HY7602-FA increased treadmill exercise capacity and forced swimming endurance. Furthermore, blood markers associated with muscle fatigue, endurance, and energy supply (e.g., alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine, creatine kinase, and lactate) in the FA-intake group were lower than in the NFA-intake group. In addition, the expression index of genes associated with muscle protein synthesis, and with mitochondrial energy production and supply, in muscle tissue was remarkably higher in the FA group than in the control and NFA groups. Taken together, these results suggested that HY7602-FA may be an effective functional food and health supplement.
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Saravanan, S. A., V. Sokolovski, V. Voloshin, M. Aliev, V. Zybikov, and D. Nisichenko. "Analysis of five-year survival rate in patients with proximal femoral tumours after total hip replacement." Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2006): 19508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.19508.
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19508 Background: To analyse the five-year survival rate in patients with proximal femoral tumours after total hip replacement. Methods: Between the period of 1994–2003, 50 patients were operated (Total Hip Replacement) for proximal femoral tumours at the Department of General Oncology (Bone & Soft tissue tuomurs), N. N. Blokhin Cancer Research Institute & Moscow Regional Clinical Research Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation. The histological diagnoses included 14 - metastases, 10 - osteosarcoma, 8 - chondrosarcoma, 4 - Ewing’s sarcoma, 4 - Giant cell tumor, 3 - malignant fibrous histiocytoma, 2 paraosteal and 2 periosteal osteosarcoma, and 1 each from primary neuroectodermal tumor, myeloid disease, and aneurysmal bone cyst. The follow-up ranged from 1–9 years (mean follow-up 5 years). 21 patients (45.7%) had pathological fracture. The cause of the pathological fracture was metastasis in 12 patients (26%). 28 patients (60.8%), had soft tissue invasion. All the survival analyses were done using Kaplan-Meier survivorship analysis method. Functional outcome was estimated using Enneking’s evaluation criteria. Results: The overall survival rate of patients was 66.7% at 5 years. 2 patients had local recurrence.12 patients had metastases after surgery. In that 11 patients were died. There was no evidence of disease in 32 patients. In 3 patients, we performed disarticulation of the hip joint because of the local recurrence. The overall survival rate of limb was 92.7% at 5 years. The overall survival rate of prostheses was 84.2% at 5 years. At the latest follow up, functional outcome was excellent in 15 (30%) patients, good in 27 (54%) patients, fair in 5 (10%) patients, poor in 3 (6%) patients. Conclusions: Though the extent of the muscle and bone resection is large, there is no doubt that endoprosthetic replacement of the proximal femur provides a good functional and oncological outcome when compared with the various other reconstructive surgeries. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Kamatchi, K., B. Arun, G. Tharani, G. Yuvarani, G. Vaishnavi, S. Srilakshmi, and N. Kaviraja. "Effects of Swiss ball exercise and Pilates exercise on core muscle strengthening in college cricketers." Biomedicine 40, no. 3 (November 9, 2020): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.51248/.v40i3.31.
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Introduction and Aim: Cricket is one of the most popular game in India played by men and women of all ages. Core stability is defined as the ability to control the position and movement of the trunk over the pelvis to allow optimum production, transfer and control of force and movement to the terminal segment. Major muscles involved are pelvic floor muscles, Transverse abdominis, multifidus, internal and external obliques, and rectus abdominis. Core is used to stabilize the thorax and the pelvis during dynamic movement. The study helps to compare the effectiveness of Swiss ball exercise and Pilates exercise on gaining core muscle strength. The aim of the study is to compare the effect of Swiss ball exercise and Pilates exercise on core muscle strengthening in college cricketers.
Materials and Methods: The design of the study is comparative type. The study was carried out in faculty of Physiotherapy, Dr.M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute. The study sample of 30 male college cricketers between the age group of 18 to 25 years are included in the study. Individuals with associated neuromuscular conditions, any injuries to lower limbs and any spinal injuries have been excluded in the study. Swiss ball and Pilates mat are the materials used. Sphygmomanometer is the outcome measure.30 male individuals between the age group of 18 to 25 years were divided into two groups, group A and group B. Individuals in the group A (n=15) received the Swiss ball exercise and group B (n=15) received Pilates exercise for 4 session/ week for 6 weeks.
Results: On comparing the mean values of group A and group B on double leg lowering test (DLLT), it shows significant decrease in the post test mean values but (group B- Pilates exercise) shows (30.60) which has the lower mean value is more effective than (group A- Swiss ball exercise) (46.80) at P ? 0.001. Hence, null hypothesis is rejected.
Conclusion: The study concluded that both the group was effective but while comparing Pilates exercise showed the potential treatment option than swiss ball exercise. Hence, Pilates exercise was effective on core muscle strengthening in college cricketers.
Keywords: Swiss ball; Pilates mat; core muscle; sphygmomanometer.
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Woledge, Roger C. "Douglas Robert Wilkie. 2 October 1922 – 21 May 1998." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 47 (January 2001): 481–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2001.0029.
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D.R. Wilkie entered University College London (UCL), which was to be his lifelong academic home, in 1940 to study medicine on the shortened wartime course. He soon showed his great academic ability and won the Rockefeller Scholarship that took him to Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, for the last year of his medical education, where he obtained his MD. He returned to University College Hospital as house physician in 1944 and, quite exceptionally, obtained his MRCP in that same academic year. The Physiology Department of UCL appointed him to an assistant lectureship in 1945 when he was 23 years old and, apart from a period of military service at the Institute of Aviation Medicine in Farnborough, from 1948 to 1950, he worked there until his retirement in 1988. During the period 1951–54 he held a Locke Fellowship of The Royal Society. In 1945 A.V. Hill, F.R.S., then nearly 60, had returned to his laboratories at UCL to resume the muscle research interrupted by the war. Wilkie evidently soon fell under his spell and he took up some of Hill's lifelong interests: the mechanics of muscle, its relation to human performance and the application of thermodynamics to muscle contraction. In addition, he adopted something of Hill's style of research, characterized by the application of basic principles and measurements from physics, mathematics and chemistry to the understanding of the behaviour of human or muscle, together with ingenuity in the invention of methods. Wilkie's research work started with the application of muscle mechanics to human movement. He critically tested the current theories of muscle mechanics and then took up the question of the supply of chemical energy for muscle contraction. Through initiating collaborations he brought together the experimental study of the chemical changes in muscle with that of the output of energy as heat and as work. These experiments, along with his 1960 review (12)*, put this subject of ‘chemical energetics of muscle contraction’ back on the thermodynamic rails from which it had strayed and allowed the subject to make further progress, exposing again the limitations of the current theories. In 1969 A.F. (later Sir Andrew) Huxley, F.R.S. (P.R.S. 1980–85), head of UCL's Physiology Department, stepped aside to take a Royal Society Chair and it was natural that Wilkie, by then holder of a personal chair and a major force in medical education, should be asked to lead the department. He filled that role conscientiously for 10 years. Although his personal involvement in scientific experimentation had consequently to be reduced during this period, his interest in muscle energy supply led to a new enthusiasm: the application of magnetic resonance spectroscopy, first to the study of isolated muscles, in collaboration with G.K. Radda (F.R.S. 1980) and D.G. Gadian in Oxford, and then, with his UCL colleagues R.H.T. Edwards (Medicine), D.T. Delpy (F.R.S. 1999) (Medical Physics) and E.O.R. Reynolds (F.R.S. 1993) (Paediatrics), to the study of the brains of newborn babies. Wilkie was elected to Fellowship of The Royal Society in 1971 and to Fellowship of UCL in 1972.
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Ileana, Ecaterina, Sami Antoun, Laurence Albiges, Christophe Massard, Mario Di Palma, Bernard J. Escudier, Karim Fizazi, and Yohann Loriot. "Effects of abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide on muscle and adipose mass in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): 5088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.5088.
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5088 Background: Abiraterone acetate (AA) and enzalutamide (MDV3100), two androgen receptor-directed compounds, have been shown to improve survival for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) progressing after Docetaxel.. Since these drugs might be used at an early-stage in the future, and skeletal muscle (SM) and adipose tissue (AT) are known to be prognosis parameters, the aim of this study was to evaluate the body composition changes in patients with mCRPC treated with AA and MDV3100. Methods: Patients included in AFFIRM (n=62 treated with MDV3100 and placebo n=28) and COU-AA-301 (n=24 treated with AA+Prednisone (P)10mg/day and placebo+P n= 13) trials at the Institute Gustave Roussy were included in the analysis. Cross-sectional areas (cm2) of visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and SM were assessed by computed tomography imaging at 3rd lumbar vertebra and were indexed for height (cm2/m2) with Slice-O-Matic software V4.3 at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months of treatment. The data from patients treated with AA or MDV3100 were compared to placebo-patients and tissues changes were compared to baseline. We used the validated sarcopenic definitions as SM index less than 52.4 (cm2/m2). Results: For all cohort, median age was 69 years (range: 48-83), median weight was 79 kg (range: 47-150) and median BMI was 25.9 kg/m2(range: 18-46). At inclusion, 74 patients (58%) were overweight or obese (BMI>24.9 kg/m2), and only 2 patients were underweight (BMI<18.5kg/m2). 97 patients (81%) were sarcopenic, and 56 (75%) of overweight or obese patients were sarcopenic. Over 3 months, the patients from the entire cohort lost muscle mass (mean change: 4.5±7.5% (» 0.7 kg of muscle)) (P=0.01) . A non significant loss of SAT -4.6±19.2% and a non significant increase of VAT (+10.7±50.3% ) were observed. A similar pattern was observed at 6 months. There was no significant difference between body composition changes in treated groups and placebo. Conclusions: Sarcopenia is highly prevalent in patients with advanced CRPC. Unexpectedly, no difference in body composition changes was observed between patients treated with MDV3100 or AA and placebo.
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Polyakov, Pavel, Aleksandr Mordovskiy, Mikhail Ratushnyy, O. Matorin, Irina Rebrikova, Petr Nikiforovich, Andrey Polyakov, and Vasiliy Solovev. "TONGUE MICROSURGICAL RECONSTRUCTION IN PATIENTS WITH ORAL CANCER. FUNCTIONAL OUTCOMES." Problems in oncology 65, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37469/0507-3758-2019-65-1-88-93.
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Objectives: present our experience tongue microsurgical reconstruction in patients with oral caner Т2-Т4аN+M0. Material and methods: prospective study of cases reconstruction of oropharyngeal zone defects after radical operations for cancer from 2015 to 2017 in microsurgery department P. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute. Total 18 patients included in our study. We used flaps for reconstruction of post-resection defects: small intestine flap (2), radial forearm flap (10), thoracodorsal flap (2) chimeric thoracodorsal flap LDM+ serratus anterior muscle (4). Results: Reconstruction was successfully completed in 94 % of patients. In all cases was not flap necrosis. Mean follow-up was 16 months. Patients were free air - 89%. Patients were able to feed entirely by mouth - 83%. Speech function was completely restored in 82% of patients after operation. Spontaneous sensory re-innervation occurred in 35% of cases. One patient noted motor neuronal re-innervation. By the end of the 6th month after the operation, speech function was completely restored in 82% of patients. Conclusions: Attention to the principles of tongue reconstruction and knowledge of the range of available reconstructive options can result in more favorable functional outcomes.
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Panjaitan, Delita Br, Raisha Octavariny, Sri Melda Br Bangun, Anggi Isnani Parinduri, and Ade Julfiani Ritonga. "HUBUNGAN BEBAN KERJA DAN MASA KERJA DENGAN KELUHAN NYERI LEHER PADA PENJAHIT DI LEMBAGA LATIHAN KERJA LUBUK PAKAM TAHUN 2020." JURNAL KESMAS DAN GIZI (JKG) 3, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35451/jkg.v3i2.599.
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Complaints of neck pain are a complaint on the part of the skeletal muscle as a result of forced movement and receiving heavy loads for a long time. Tailoring is one of the jobs that has a high risk of experiencing neck pain complaints. The rotation of the spine when the body is bending is a factor in neck pain complaints that are often complained of by tailors. This work activity will indirectly endanger health. This study aims to determine the relationship between workload and work period with complaints of neck pain in tailors at the Lubuk Pakam Training Institute in 2020. The type of research used is quantitative with a cross sectional design. The population of this study were 30 workers at the Lubuk Pakam training institute using the total sampling technique. Data collection by questionnaire. Data analysis used the chi-square test at the level of confidence level of 95% and α = 0.05. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between workload (p = 0.024) and length of service (p-0.016) with complaints of neck pain in tailors at the Lubuk Pakam Training Institute. It is advisable for tailors to pay more attention to health and safety while working without forcing the body to work and regulating good working hours, adequate rest, stretching while working and paying attention to the dangers that can occur in the work environment
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Coppin, C. M., M. K. Gospodarowicz, K. James, I. F. Tannock, B. Zee, J. Carson, J. Pater, and L. D. Sullivan. "Improved local control of invasive bladder cancer by concurrent cisplatin and preoperative or definitive radiation. The National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group." Journal of Clinical Oncology 14, no. 11 (November 1996): 2901–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1996.14.11.2901.
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PURPOSE A prospective randomized trial was conducted to determine whether the addition of concurrent cisplatin to preoperative or definitive radiation therapy in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer improved local control or survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS Ninety-nine eligible patients with T2 to T4b transitional cell bladder cancer participated, 64% with cT3b or cT4. Patients and their physicians selected either definitive radiotherapy or precystectomy radiotherapy; patients were then randomly allocated to receive intravenous cisplatin 100 mg/m2 at 2-week intervals for three cycles concurrent with pelvic radiation, or to receive radiation without chemotherapy. Patients were stratified by clinical tumor stage and by radiation plan. The median follow-up duration is 6.5 years. RESULTS The occurrence of distant metastases was the same in both study arms. However, 25 of 48 control patients have had a first recurrence in the pelvis, compared with 15 of 51 cisplatin-treated patients (P = .036). The pelvic relapse rate in the two groups was significantly reduced by concurrent cisplatin (P = .038, log-rank test) and this effect was preserved in a stepwise Cox regression model of prognostic factors (hazards ratio, 0.50; 90% confidence interval [CI], 0.29 to 0.86; P = .036). The hazard reduction was similar for both radiation plans. Pretreatment leukocytosis and high clinical stage were independent adverse factors in a Cox model of overall survival, but the effect of cisplatin was not significant. CONCLUSION Concurrent cisplatin may improve pelvic control of locally advanced bladder cancer with preoperative or definitive radiation, but has not been shown to improve overall survival. The use of concurrent cisplatin had no detectable effect on distant metastases.
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Wong, Rachel, Julia Freckelton, Daniel Croagh, Darcy Quinn Holt, Adrian Fox, Margaret Lee, and Gregory Thomas Moore. "The relationship between dose to skeletal muscle area ratio and gemcitabine nab-paclitaxel toxicity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2018): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.4_suppl.492.
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492 Background: Combination gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel (Gem-Nab-P) is a common regimen used to treat metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Toxicity is less than that associated with other combination metastatic regimens (FOLFIRINOX), but it is still associated with significant morbidity. Currently, Gem-Nab-P is dosed using estimated body surface area. This study investigates whether skeletal muscle assessment could be a useful tool in the dosing of Gem-Nab-P in metastatic PDAC. Methods: This study involved two sites and included patients who had received Gem-Nab-P between January 2013 and March 2017. A review of medical records was used to identify demographic, disease and first-cycle treatment information. Chemotherapy toxicity was defined as grade 3 or 4 adverse events using the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria Adverse Events manual v4.0. Body composition analysis was performed on computed tomography scans at spinal level L3, using SliceOmatic software. SPSS software was used to for all statistical analysis, with a p value of < 0.05 considered significant. Results: We identified 52 patients treated with first-line Gem-Nab-P for PDAC. Median age was 65 years (57-73) and 24 (47%) were male. Median BMI at commencement of Gem-Nab-P was 24.7 kg/m2 (21.3-27.4) and 38 (58%) of the patients were myopenic before starting chemotherapy. Fourteen (27%) patients experienced toxicity during the first cycle of chemotherapy. Patients who experienced first-cycle chemotherapy-associated toxicity did not have a different median SkMA to those who did not (128.6 cm2 vs. 111.4 cm2, p= 0.2). There was also no difference in the gemcitabine dose to SkMA ratio (14.1 mg/cm2 vs. 14.4 mg/cm2, p=0.8), nab-paclitaxel to SkMA ratio (1.8 mg/cm2 vs. 1.8 mg/cm2, p=0.6) or combined dose equivalent to SkMA ratio (2.8 mg/cm2 vs. 2.9 mg/cm2, p=0.9) between the patients that experienced first cycle toxicity versus those that did not. Conclusions: This study suggests that a pancreatic cancer patient’s skeletal muscle area is unlikely to be a useful addition to conventional body surface area in the dosing of first line Gem-Nab-P, to reduce first-cycle toxicity.
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Fischer-Valuck, Benjamin Walker, Soumon Rudra, Prashant Gabani, Ryan Mueller, Hiram Alberto Gay, Jeff M. Michalski, Christopher Abraham, and Brian Christopher Baumann. "Impact of facility patient volume on overall survival in patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer undergoing trimodality bladder preservation therapy." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2019): e16039-e16039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e16039.
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e16039 Background: There is an association between higher hospital and urologist case volume and improved survival outcomes for patients with bladder cancer. Limited data on facility volume and outcomes exists following trimodality bladder preservation with TURBT followed definitive chemoradiation (CRT). Methods: The National Cancer Database was queried for patients from 2004-2013 with urothelial bladder cancer (cT2-4aN0M0) receiving definitive CRT after TURBT. High-volume bladder preservation case volume (BPCV) was defined as facilities in the > 70th percentile of trimodality bladder preservation cases per ten years examined. We compared OS between high- and low-BPCV using Cox proportional hazard models. CRT was defined as > = 5040cGy pelvic RT with chemotherapy given within 21 days. Propensity matching was performed to match high- and low-volume centers. Results: A total of 666 treatment facilities treating 1,635 patients with bladder preservation were identified with a median follow-up of 26 months (range 2-136 months). A 70th percentile cutoff identified 497 patients that received treatment at 64 high-volume facilities. Median OS of patients treated at high BPCV centers was 37.0 months (95% CI, 27.9-33.6) versus 32.3 months (95% CI, 27.3-46.7) for patients treated at low BPCV centers (P = 0.004). High BPCV facilities were independently associated with a decreased hazard of death (HR, 0.86, 95% CI, 0.75-0.98; P = 0.031). When BPCV was analyzed as a continuous variable, an increasing number of bladder preservation cases per institute was also independently associated with improved OS (HR: 0.98, 95% CI, 0.97-0.99; P = 0.044). In the propensity score matched cohort, median OS of patients treated at high BPCV was 36.1 months (95% CI, 26.5-45.8) versus 28.1 months (95% CI, 23.9-32.3) for patients treated at a low BPCV facility (P = 0.016). Conclusions: In this observational cohort, treatment at a high BPCV facility was associated with improved OS. Causal factors for this finding may include greater institutional expertise in multidisciplinary bladder cancer care and potential advantages in treatment technology.
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Michael, Stelin Agnes, and Gaddam Vijaya Lakshmi. "A Study of Variations in Radial Wrist Extensors." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 08, no. 02 (April 2019): 071–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1688901.
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Abstract Background and Aim Supernumerary muscles and tendons from extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) and extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) are sometimes encountered during hand surgery. They include accessory muscles like extensor carpi radialis intermedius (ECRI), intertendinous slips (ITS) between the two muscles, or simple birfurcated tendons. Awareness of these variations is crucial for preoperative planning for tendoplasty. This study was conducted with the aim of studying their prevalence since there is limited literature on its variations. Materials and Methods The study was carried out on 80 free upper limbs from the human cadavers, in the Anatomy Department of Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Thiruvalla, Kerala. The radial carpal extensors were studied in detail. The length and width of the accessory muscles and tendons were measured. The percentage of different variations was also calculated. Results ITS from ECRL were seen in 20 of the limbs. ECRI was identified in 7 cases. Bifurcated tendon from ECRB was observed in two limbs. Absent ECRB was also noted in a specimen. In one specimen, ECRL and ECRB fused to form a single muscle and tendon, that later split into two for insertion into second and third metacarpal. The proximal attachment of both radial extensors was normal in all cases. Conclusion A total of 37.5% of variations was observed, among which supernumerary tendons accounted for 35%. Knowledge of these variations is essential in planning for tendon grafting and finger deformity correction surgeries.
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Raja, Anand, Kanuj Malik, Arulmolichelvan Arunandhichelvan, N. Kathiresan, and L. S. Ravishankar. "Utility and Safety of Repeat Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor Performed at a Tertiary Center." South Asian Journal of Cancer 9, no. 02 (June 2020): 086–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1721213.
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Abstract Introduction Repeat transurethral resection of bladder tumor (ReTURBT) has become an integral part of the management of superficial bladder cancers at various urological centers around the world. Early detection of residual disease, leading to upstaging in some cases, leads to decrease in recurrence rates. Our study aimed to analyze the impact of ReTURBT in detecting residual tumor and tumor recurrences, hence validating the benefits of procedure as a routine. Materials and Methods A total of 152 patients with superficial bladder cancer who were treated at Cancer Institute (WIA) between January 2005 and December 2013 were analyzed and followed up for 3 years. Results Of the 152 cases who underwent ReTURBT, 47 patients had residue in the final histopathology of the resected specimen (31%). The overall rate of upstaging to muscle-invasive disease following ReTURBT was 3.3%. The mean follow-up period was 47.13 months, during which 25 (17%) out of 147 patients who underwent ReTURBT had disease recurrence. There was no additional morbidity due to ReTURBT as compared with the primary procedure. Conclusion ReTURBT is an effective procedure in treating recurrent tumors also as long as they remain superficial. The procedure when performed with utmost care in experienced hands remains a very safe procedure to be followed as a routine and standard.
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Sudhaharan, Sukanya, Kanne Padmaja, Rachana Solanki, Vemu Lakshmi, Pamidi Umabala, and Bhaskara Aparna. "Extra-intestinal salmonellosis in a tertiary care center in South India." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 8, no. 07 (July 14, 2014): 831–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.3731.
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Introduction: The present study is a retrospective analysis of a total of 36 cases of bacteriologically proven extra-intestinal salmonellosis, managed at Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, between 1987 and 2012 (25 years). The extra-intestinal sites involved were the skin, cerebrum, spleen, ovary, synovium, and the skeletal muscle. Methodology: The extra-intestinal specimens were first processed using standard methods. Colonies suspected as Salmonella were identified by standard laboratory methods, initially by manual biochemical reactions and later by the API system (bioMerieux, Marcy l’Etoile- France) and the Vitek-2 system (bioMerieux). All the Salmonella isolates were sent to Central Research Institute, Kasauli, for serotyping. Results: The predominant serotype isolated was Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) in 27 (75%) patients, followed by Salmonella Senftenberg (S. Senftenberg) in 5 (14%), Salmonella Paratyphi A (S. Paratyphi A) in 3 (8%), and Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) in 1 (3%). There was an increasing resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cephalosporins (third generation), and quinolones over the 25 years. Conclusions: The diagnosis of extra-intestinal salmonellosis requires a high degree of clinical suspicion and should be included in the differential diagnosis in patients with deep-seated abscesses.
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Souza-Smith, Flavia M., Charles H. Lang, Laura E. Nagy, Shannon M. Bailey, Loren H. Parsons, and Gary J. Murray. "Physiological processes underlying organ injury in alcohol abuse." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 311, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): E605—E619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00270.2016.
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This review summarizes the American Physiological Society (APS) Presidential Symposium 1 entitled “Physiological Processes Underlying Organ Injury in Alcohol Abuse” at the 2016 Experimental Biology meeting. The symposium was organized by Dr. Patricia Molina, past president of the APS, was held on April 3 at the Convention Center in San Diego, CA, and was funded by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. The “Physiological Processes Underlying Organ Injury in Alcohol Abuse Symposium” assembled experts and leaders in the field and served as a platform to discuss and share knowledge on the latest developments and scientific advances on the mechanisms underlying organ injury in alcohol abuse. This symposium provided unique, interdisciplinary alcohol research, including several organs, liver, muscle, adipose, and brain, affected by excessive alcohol use.
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Kwan, Marilyn L., Lawrence H. Kushi, Virginia P. Quinn, Nirupa R. Ghai, Janise M. Roh, Tracy A. Becerra, Adriana A. Martinez, et al. "Identifying lifestyle and genetic factors to prevent recurrence of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer in a prospective cohort study at Kaiser Permanente (the Be-Well study)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, no. 3_suppl (January 20, 2016): e296-e296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.34.3_suppl.e296.
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e296 Background: Bladder cancer is one of the top 10 incident cancers. Most cases (75%) are diagnosed as non-muscle invasive disease (NMID), yet NMID typically recurs (70%) and a subset (25%) progresses to muscle-invasive disease. Be-Well is a 5-year, NCI-funded prospective cohort study of NMID bladder cancer patients at Kaiser Permanente Northern (KPNC) and Southern California (KPSC). The goal is to examine diet and lifestyle factors and prognosis, with an emphasis on cruciferous vegetable (CV) intake and their unique isothiocyanate (ITC) content, the modifying effect of polymorphisms of ITC-metabolizing genes, and interactions with treatment. Our prior work suggests that dietary ITCs may prevent disease recurrence and progression in NMID patients. Methods: Newly-diagnosed patients with NMID (Ta, Tis, T1), who are English-speaking, KP members, and ≥ 21 years of age, are rapidly ascertained from electronic pathology reports and enrolled on average 2.6 months post-diagnosis. Baseline participation consists of a telephone interview including a food frequency questionnaire focused on CV intake, and providing blood and urine samples. Patients will be contacted for follow-up interviews and urine samples at 12 and 24 months. Smoking, medication use, occupational exposures, physical activity, quality of life, and urinary function are also queried. Biospecimens are processed and assayed at Roswell Park Cancer Institute. Strong support for Be-Well by KP urologists will promote dissemination of study results in patient care and recommendations. Results: Recruitment began in February 2015. To date, 159 patients have completed the baseline interview, representing 76% male and 24% female, and 80% White, 8% Black, 6% Hispanic, 3% Asian, and 3% Other. Urine specimens have been collected from 87% of consented patients. Blood specimens have been collected from 87% of KPNC patients, with collection at KPSC to begin in Fall 2015. Conclusions: The Be-Well Study is poised to be the largest and most comprehensive study to answer critical questions related to prognosis, quality of life, and care in patients diagnosed with early-stage bladder cancer.
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Graziani, Silvia Regina, Carolina Graziani Vital, Hezio Jadir Fernandes, Fauzia de Fátima Naime, Ricardo Oliveira Da Fonseca, Carla Andressa Rodrigues Dias, Ligia Rabello De Almeida, et al. "Evaluation of nutritional parameters in prechemotherapy of oncology patients in a service of the Unified Health System." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): e21628-e21628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.e21628.
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e21628 Background: Pre-chemotherapy nutritional evaluation is fundamental strategy as predictive factor for the possibility of response to oncological treatment and treatment-related toxicity. As in the Unified Health System patients usually arrive for evaluation with advanced disease, we believe that medical evaluation of the nutritional parameters is important in the therapeutic decision. Methods: From October 2015 through July 2016, we evaluated 210 patients referred for cancer treatment at the Arnaldo Vieira de Carvalho Cancer Institute in São Paulo (Brazil), which is an Institution that exclusively serves the Unified Health System. We evaluated the clinical parameters of weight and height, for estimation of BMI; evaluation the muscle of the fold of the thumb; and laboratory parameters as hemoglobin, lymphocytes, albumin, PCR (C-reactive protein) levels. We included 54 patients with gastrointestinal tract carcinoma; 32 colorectal carcinoma, 14 gastric carcinoma, 8 esophageal carcinoma, 12 lung carcinoma, 16 head and neck carcinomas, 38 breast carcinoma, 6 cervical carcinoma, 4 uterine carcinoma, 6 ovarian carcinoma, 4 malignant melanoma carcinoma, 2 soft tissue sarcomas, 10 prostate carcinoma, and 4 bladder carcinoma. Results: We found significant changes in the clinical nutritional parameters in patients with gastric, esophageal, lung and head and neck carcinomas, whose hemoglobin levels were among the mean normal values of 8.9 g/dL (6.5-10.3 g/dL), the lymphocytes levels were 850/mm3 (450-1200/mm3), the albumin levels were 3.2 g/dL (2.3-3.8 g/dL), the PCR levels were 126 mg/L (80-620 mg/L) and the Adductor muscle of the thumb were < 1 mm. Although all the evaluated patients presented advanced stages in diagnosis, the tumors of breast, prostate, uterine body, malignant melanoma and bladder did not present any significant alterations in the nutritional state. Conclusions: Our strategy shows that nutrition evaluation is an easy-to-use instrument, and opens the possibility of using in the therapeutic decision in patients with severe mal nutrition and compromising the general condition, since palliative chemotherapy has no impact on the overall survival of this population.
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Rose, Shannon, Eugenia Carvalho, David Irby, Sirish Bennuri, Alexandria Beebe, and Reza Hakkak. "Mitochondrial Respiration in Female Zucker Rats: Effects of Obesity and Short-Term Metformin Treatment." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa063_080.
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Abstract Objectives As childhood obesity rates climb, so has the incidence of type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents. Metformin, an FDA approved anti-hyperglycemic drug, is thought to target the mitochondria, but its effects on mitochondrial function in obesity have not been well studied. We used an obese Zucker rat model to investigate the effects of obesity and short-term metformin treatment on mitochondrial respiration. Methods Five-week old female Zucker rats (n = 16 lean, n = 16 obese) were fed AIN-93 G diet for 8 weeks before equally randomized to receive metformin (mixed in diet at 1 g/kg of feed); thus forming 4 groups with 8 rats each: lean +/– metformin and obese +/– metformin. Rats were sacrificed 10 weeks post-metformin treatment and spleens, perigonadal visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and skeletal muscle (SM; gracilis) collected. Mitochondrial respiration was measured in splenocytes by extracellular flux analysis and in VAT and SM fibers by high resolution respirometry. Results Effects of obesity on mitochondrial respiration were found in VAT and SM, but not splenocytes. In VAT, obese rats exhibited increased OXPHOS capacity over lean rats when octanoylcarnitine and malate were provided as substrates (obese vs lean: 1.33 vs 0.76 pmol O2/s/mg; SEdiff = 0.18, P = .005), and after subsequent additions of pyruvate (P = .012), glutamate (P = .009), and succinate (P = .045). In SM, OXPHOS capacity was increased when octanoylcarnitine and malate were provided as substrates (obese vs lean: 12.18 vs 5.45 pmol O2/s/mg; SEdiff = 2.31, P = .011) in obese vs lean rats. Metformin effects were observed only in splenocytes: coupling efficiency was decreased (metformin vs no metformin; 56.2% vs 69.8%; SEdiff = 4.1%, P = 0.005) and proton leak was increased (P < .001) in metformin treated rats as compared to rats not treated with metformin. Conclusions We found obesity was associated with increased mitochondrial respiration, particularly fatty acid oxidation, in VAT and SM. Short-term metformin treatment did not alter mitochondrial respiration in VAT or SM, but was found to increase proton leak and reduce coupling efficiency in splenocytes. Funding Sources Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Arkansas Biosciences Institute (R.H). S.R. and E.C. are also supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health.
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Vincent, Angela. "John Newsom-Davis. 18 October 1932—24 August 2007." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 67 (August 28, 2019): 327–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2019.0028.
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John Newsom-Davis (‘JND’) was a neurologist who played an important role in the discovery of the causes of, and treatments for, myasthenia gravis (MG), and of other diseases of the nerve–muscle junction. He started his career at the National Hospital in London, becoming director of the Batten Unit there, with an interest in respiratory physiology. He began to work on MG in collaboration with Ricardo Miledi (FRS 1970) at University College London and in 1978, after performing the first study on plasma exchange in that disease, he established an MG research group at the Royal Free Hospital, subsequently identifying the role of the thymus in this disease and demonstrating an autoimmune basis for the Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome and ‘seronegative’ myasthenia. He was awarded the first Medical Research Council Clinical Research Professorship in 1979 but moved to Oxford in 1987 when he was elected Action Research Professor of Neurology. While at Oxford he continued to run a very successful multidisciplinary group, and began the molecular work that identified the genetic basis for many forms of congenital myasthenic syndrome. He also helped to establish the Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain (FMRIB) Centre. Meanwhile he was also involved in university and college governance and contributed widely to the Medical Research Council, government committees, and the Association of British Neurologists (ABN). Among many honours, he was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1996 and made a Foreign Associate Member of the Institute of Medicine (now the National Academy of Medicine) in the USA in 2001. Following retirement from Oxford, he was President of the ABN and Editor of Brain , and led a National Institutes of Health-funded international trial of thymectomy.
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Fortin, A., J. D. Wood, and O. P. Whelehan. "Breed and sex effects on the development, distribution of muscle, fat and bone, and the partition of fat in pigs." Journal of Agricultural Science 108, no. 1 (February 1987): 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600064212.
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SummaryDissection data from 341 carcasses collected over a period of 7 years at the Institute of Food Research, Bristol (Large White, 138 entire males and 112 females; Pietrain, 41 entire males and 31 females; Iron Age (European Wild Pig × Tamworth), 8 entire males and 11 females) were used to examine the growth of muscle, fat and bone in joints relative to the corresponding total tissue in the side, and the growth of the fat depots relative to total side fat.The musculature of Iron Age pigs was early maturing, as indicated by a particularly slow growth of pelvic limb and fast growth of neck and thorax muscles relative to total side muscle. As a consequence, Iron Age pigs had a lower percentage of pelvic limb and a higher percentage of neck and thorax muscles than the other breeds. Pietrains had proportionately the heaviest pelvic limb muscles, a result which was apparently independent of the overriding effect of maturity. However, considering the large difference in body shape (conformation) between Pietrain and Iron Age pigs, the differences in muscle weight distribution were small. Entire males had faster growing and heavier neck and thorax muscles than females. This was considered to be due to the effects of sex hormones. Entire males had proportionately less muscle in the pelvic limb.Within carcass fat, the order of increasing growth rate relative to total side fat was intermuscular fat <; subcutaneous fat <; perirenal-retroperitoneal fat. Pietrain and Iron Age pigs had higher relative growth rates for subcutaneous fat and lower relative growth rates for intermuscular fat than Large Whites, an indication of earlier maturity in carcass fat development. This was reflected in Iron Age pigs, but not Pietrains, in a particularly heavy weight of subcutaneous fat and light weight of intermuscular fat. Within the subcutaneous and intermuscular fat depots, the highest allometric growth coefficients were generally observed in the forequarter. There were no consistent breed effects on the distribution of subcutaneous fat whereas, in the intermuscular fat depot, Iron Age pigs had less fat in the earlier-maturing thoracic limb, and lumbar and abdominal joint. At the same weight of total side fat (8·80 kg), entire male Pietrains and Large Whites had more intermuscular and less subcutaneous fat than females. There was no sex difference in fat partition in Iron Age pigs.In all breeds, bone in the pelvic limb had the slowest relative growth. Similarly, the femur and the tibia-fibula were the two slowest growing bones of the four major limb bones examined. Otherwise, there was no consistent pattern of relative growth throughout the skeleton. Breed effects on relative growth within the skeleton and on bone distribution were small and considered to be of little commercial significance. Pietrains had the highest muscle: bone ratio in each of the four anatomical joints. Entire males and females had a similar relative growth and distribution of bones. Females had consistently higher muscle:bone ratios.
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Smit, Gerwin, and Dick H. Plettenburg. "Efficiency of Voluntary Closing Hand and Hook Prostheses." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 34, no. 4 (December 2010): 411–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03093646.2010.486390.
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The Delft Institute of Prosthetics and Orthotics has started a research program to develop an improved voluntary closing, body-powered hand prosthesis. Five commercially available voluntary closing terminal devices were mechanically tested: three hands [Hosmer APRL VC hand, Hosmer Soft VC Male hand, Otto Bock 8K24] and two hooks [Hosmer APRL VC hook, TRS Grip 2S]. The test results serve as a design guideline for future prostheses. A test bench was used to measure activation cable forces and displacements, and the produced pinch forces. The measurements show that the hands require higher activation forces than the hooks and 1.5–8 times more mechanical work. The TRS hook requires the smallest activation force (33 N for a 15 N pinch force) and has the lowest energy dissipation (52 Nmm). The Hosmer Soft hand requires the largest activation force (131 N for a 15 N pinch force) and has the highest energy dissipation (1409 Nmm). The main recommendations for future prostheses are the following: (1) Required activation forces should be below the critical muscle force (∼ 18% of maximum), to enable continuous activation without muscle fatigue; and (2) hysteresis of mechanism and glove should be lowered, to increase efficiency and controllability.
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Khalak, V. I., and B. V. Gutyj. "Physicochemical properties and chemical composition of muscle tissue of young pigs of large white breed and their correlation with some serum enzymes." Ukrainian Journal of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences 3, no. 3 (August 26, 2020): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/ujvas3-3.07.
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The aim of the study was to investigate the biochemical parameters of blood serum, physicochemical properties and chemical composition of muscle tissue of young white pigs of English origin, as well as to calculate the level of correlations between the main quantitative traits. The experimental part of the work was carried out in LTd “AF” Dzerzhynets” Dnipropetrovsk region, Research Center for Biosafety and Environmental Control of Agricultural Resources Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, Ltd “Globinsky Meat Plant” Poltava region, laboratory of zootechnical analysis of the Institute of Pig Breeding and Agriculture and livestock laboratories of the Institute of Cereals NAAS. Blood sampling for biochemical studies was performed in 5-month-old animals, serum activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase and α-amylase was determined. Physicochemical properties and chemical composition of the longest muscle of the back (m. Longissimus dorsi) were studied on the indicators of “moisture holding capacity, %”, “color intensity, units. ext. × 1000”, “tenderness”, c, “fat content, %”, “total moisture content, %”, “protein content, %”, “heat loss, %”, and “energy value of muscle tissue, kcal”. It was found that the biochemical parameters of blood serum of young pigs of large white breed at 5 months of age correspond to the physiological norm of clinically healthy animals. Thus, the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is 1.33 ± 0.074 mmol/h/l, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) – 1.87 ± 0.063 mmol/h/l, alkaline phosphatase – 291.99 ± 12.517 IU/l,α-amylase – 169.82 ± 5.005 g/h×l. Studies of physicochemical properties and chemical composition of samples of the longest back muscle of young pigs of large white breed show that the number of high quality samples in terms of “moisture holding capacity, %” is equal to 12.0%, “color intensity, units. ext. × 1000” – 16.0 %, “tenderness, c” – 12.0 % and “fat content, %” – 16.0 %. Significant correlations were established between the following pairs of features: moisture holding capacity, % × protein content, % (-0.484 ± 0.1825, tr = 2.65), moisture holding capacity, % × heat loss, % -0.416 ± 0.1896, tr = 2.19), fat content, % × moisture holding capacity, %, (-0.450 ± 01862, tr = 2.42), fat content, % × energy value, kcal (0.836 ± 0.1144, tr = 7.31), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, mmol/h/l × pH, units of acidity, (0.443 ± 0.1859, tr = 2.37), alkaline phosphatase activity, units/l × color intensity, units. ext. × 1000 (-0.483 ± 0.1826, tr = 2.65), alkaline phosphatase activity, units/l × P, % (0.484 ± 0.1825, tr = 2.65).
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Wagner, Peter D. "Operation Everest II and the 1978 Habeler/Messner ascent of Everest without bottled O2: what might they have in common?" Journal of Applied Physiology 123, no. 6 (December 1, 2017): 1682–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00140.2017.
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In 1978, Peter Habeler and Reinhold Messner climbed Everest without supplemental O2. Subsequently, Oelz et al. (Oelz O, Howald H, Di Prampero PE, Hoppeler H, Claassen H, Jenni R, Bühlmann A, Ferretti G, Brückner JC, Veicsteinas A, Gussoni M, Cerretelli P. J Appl Physiol (1985) 60: 1734–1742, 1986) assessed their cardiopulmonary function, finding no advantageous physiological attributes to explain their success, and leading West (West JB. High Life: A History of High-Altitude Physiology and Medicine. New York: Oxford University, 1998) to suggest that grit and determination were more important. In 1985, Charlie Houston, John Sutton, and Al Cymerman hosted a scientific project assessing a simulated ascent of Everest (OE II) at the U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine. Included were measurements of O2 transport. In particular, mixed venous Po2 was measured at/near maximal exercise, for calculating pulmonary O2-diffusing capacity. A serendipitous observation was made: while both V̇o2max and mixed venous Po2 fell with altitude (as expected), it was how they fell—in direct proportion—that was remarkable. It later became clear that this reflected diffusion limitation of O2 transport from muscle microvessels to the mitochondria, and that this last step in O2 transport plays a major role in limiting V̇o2max. Thus, how Habeler and Messner made it up Everest without bottled O2 and no special cardiopulmonary attributes might be explained if their muscle O2-diffusing capacity, which depends largely on muscle capillarity, was unusually high. Oelz et al. mention that muscle capillary density was substantially—40%—above normal, but did not suggest that this accounted for the climbersʼ success. Therefore, high muscle capillarity, enhancing diffusive unloading of O2, may have been a major enabling physiological attribute for Habeler and Messner and that OE II, by chance, played a key role in bringing this to light.
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Kutepov, S. M., and S. V. Gulnazarova. "To the history of the method of transosseous osteosynthesis in the Middle Urals." Genij Ortopedii 27, no. 3 (June 2021): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18019/1028-4427-2021-27-3-307-312.
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Background The article reviews the history of the study, development and application of the method of transosseous osteosynthesis in the Middle Urals. G.A. Ilizarov first presented his device and the results of its use in fracture repair at a meeting of the Trauma and Orthopedic Scientific Society in Sverdlovsk in December 1952. The report was met with great interest. Prof. F.R. Bogdanov invited him to conduct research on bone regeneration during compression osteosynthesis at the Ural Research Institute for Trauma and Orthopaedics. The work initiated by G.A. Ilizarov and V.I. Stetsula gave rise to a large and longterm research on transosseous osteosynthesis at the Institute. The study focused on regeneration of bone, muscles, blood vessels and nerves, development and justification of compression-distraction osteosynthesis in fractures, limb shortening, nonunions, bone deformities, severe injuries to the pelvis, spine and spinal cord. Basic research was conducted to explore the role of the blood system and immune reactions involved in bone formation during limb lengthening. Material and methods Databases of scientific works and technical solutions registered with authorship certificates and patents of the USSR and the Russian Federation by fellow workers of the VOSKHITO, SNIITO, the Ural Research Institute for Trauma and Orthopaedics, the holdings of the Institute's scientific archive facility were used for the article. The search depth is 68 years. Results The Ural V.D. Chaklin Research Institute for Trauma and Orthopaedics has been studying and using the method of G.A. Ilizarov for many years and has made a significant contribution through theoretical rationale, development of new technologies of transosseous osteosynthesis, introduction and spread of the techniques over the vast territory of the Middle Urals and neighboring regions. Conclusion Despite the fact that in the recent years, transosseous osteosynthesis has to a certain extent been replaced in Russia by modern techniques with constructs of internal osteosynthesis, but there is no alternative to the method of G.A. Ilizarov in the treatment of gunshot wounds, open fractures, polytrauma, extensive bone defects, achondroplasia and many other disorders of the musculoskeletal system.
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Grigoriev, Michael, and Nikita V. Turushev. "Preliminary Medical Studies of Electrocardiograph on Nanosensors." Applied Mechanics and Materials 770 (June 2015): 526–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.770.526.
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Precision methods and devices for the diagnostics of cardiovascular diseases are the one of the main directions of modern technology development in the field of medical instrument making. However, at this stage of development there are a few overall devices that allow for the diagnostics of cardiac muscle with precise accuracy and without internal interference in the body. This study considers the methods for measurement of biopotentials from the surface of the human body by means of electrocardiographic nanosensors. The device developed in the laboratory No. 63 of the Institute of Non-Destructive Testing of the National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, its parameters and main characteristics are considered. The article focuses on the use of more sensitive equipment for more detailed study of the human body. The results of measurements carried out by means of the developed device are given.
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Huang, Chi-Chang, Mei-Chich Hsu, Wen-Ching Huang, Huei-Ru Yang, and Chia-Chung Hou. "Triterpenoid-Rich Extract fromAntrodia camphorataImproves Physical Fatigue and Exercise Performance in Mice." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/364741.
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Antrodia camphorata(AC) is an endemic mushroom that grows in Taiwan. We investigated the fatigue-alleviating effects of AC on endurance capacity in swim-exercised and weight-loading mice. Male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) strain mice from 3 groups (n=10per group in each test) were orally administered AC fruiting body extract for 7 days at 0, 50, and 200 mg/kg/day, designated vehicle, AC-50, and AC-200, respectively. Trend analysis revealed that AC treatments increased grip strength. AC dose-dependently increased swim time, blood glucose, and muscular and hepatic glycogen levels and dose-dependently decreased plasma lactate and ammonia levels and creatine kinase activity. The increase in swimming endurance with AC administration was caused by an increase in liver and muscle glycogen deposition.A. camphoratamay have potential for use in ergogenic and antifatigue activities.
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Huang, Shih-Wei, Yi-Ju Hsu, Mon-Chien Lee, Hua-Shuai Li, Paul Yeo, Ai Lim, and Chi-Chang Huang. "In Vitro and In Vivo Functional Characterization of Essence of Chicken as An Ergogenic Aid." Nutrients 10, no. 12 (December 7, 2018): 1943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10121943.
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Essence of chicken is a popular Asian nutritional supplement that is often taken to improve metabolism and general health. Although used as a traditional remedy for combating fatigue and general health, there has been few studies investigating the ergogenic properties of chicken essence and its associated mechanism. We conducted a study to investigate the anti-fatigue and anti-oxidant properties of essence of chicken (EC) after exercise. Six weeks old male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were divided to four groups (10 mice/group) and were provided different doses of Essence of Chicken (EC): (1) Vehicle (water), (2) EC-0.5X (558 mg/kg), (3) EC-1X (1117 mg/kg), and (4) EC-2X (2234 mg/kg). EC supplementation could improve endurance and grip strength (p < 0.0001) and it had significant effects on the fatigue-related biochemical markers: ammonia, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatine kinase (CK) levels were significantly lowered, while glucose blood levels and lactate clearance were improved after exercise challenge. Muscle and liver glycogen levels, muscle and liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), hepatic catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels were observed to increase with EC supplementation. Preliminary in vitro data suggests that EC may have a beneficial effect in muscle mass and strength. No abnormalities were observed from pathohistological examination. Our study suggests that the EC could significantly improve exercise performance and endurance capacity and that the anti-oxidant properties of EC may be an important contributing factor to its anti-fatigue effects.