Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Institute of Drugs and Drug Addiction'

Sociology
Ph.D.
Throughout the twentieth century, many behaviors previously considered criminal or immoral were instead defined as medical problems. This process is often referred to as the medicalization of deviance. Like many other behaviors once considered deviant, drug and alcohol abuse has been medicalizing, in a process that accelerated during the latter half of the twentieth century. Despite this movement along the path toward medicalization, drug use, and alcohol use to a lesser extent, are still also sanctioned and managed by the criminal justice system, resulting in a medical-legal-moral hybrid definition of these issues. Today we find instances where these two institutions overlap significantly. At the same time, their mutual involvement in defining and managing drug use is inconsistent. This research uses a qualitative research design to study how this medical-legal-moral hybrid definition of drug use and addiction is discussed and negotiated by various institutions that label and manage individuals who use drugs. I examined this issue by conducting interviews and observations in Philadelphia's Drug Treatment Court as well as in two outpatient drug treatment programs. Results indicate that individuals in both settings frame addiction as a "disease," although the definition is ambiguous and inconsistent. The court and the treatment programs use similar language and methods for assessing substance abuse and how to deal with it. Both also extend the definition of "addiction" to include aspects not directly related to the consumption of drugs or alcohol but to the "drug lifestyle" that includes selling drugs. Still, in neither location is a comprehensive, clear definition of "addiction" promoted and used consistently. This ambiguity results in an overlap of therapeutic and punitive methods to handle the individual's drug usage. In addition, both settings benefit from their interaction and cooperation in managing individuals with substance abuse problems, indicating that rather than moving toward a purely "medical" way of dealing with substance abuse, or placing the issue more firmly in the realm of the criminal justice system, the current mix of moral, criminal and medical methods of labeling and managing substance abuse problems may be more stagnant than the medicalization of deviance thesis suggests.
Temple University--Theses

This thesis explores the politics of drugs and addiction in Iran in light of processes of state formation. The case of Iran provides a paradigm of what has come to be known as the 'War on Drugs' in a political and cultural setting that has been characterised, by most of the area studies literature, by other investigations and scholarly questions. Iran, nevertheless, represents an outstanding case for the study of the War on Drugs; it is at the geopolitical crossroads of international drug routes, it has one of the world highest rates of drug 'addiction' - estimated at between 2-3% and 6-7% of the entire population - and it has progressively seen the rise of synthetic, industrial drugs, such as methamphetamines (shisheh). The thesis situates the phenomenon of drug use in the social and political history of Iran with a particular attention to the transformations taking place after the Islamic Revolution in 1979. It provides a genealogical map of policy experimentations in the field of drugs, while it also casts light on the rationale that governs the formation and transformation of state practices vis à vis drugs, especially during the reformist and post-reformist period (1997-2013). To do so, the research combines extensive archival research using Persian sources (newspapers, reports, films, memoires, etc.) starting from the early 1900s, with ethnographic fieldwork in public clinics, rehab centres, drug using hotspots and, more generally, the street. The outcome is an in-depth engagement with narcotic politics, which unearths unstudied dynamics of Iran's contemporary politics and society. Instead of moralising approaches, what is unveiled is a state that adopts both rhetoric and practice that are secularised and in tune with Western models of policymaking. Eventually, the thesis reveals how the image of the Iranian state has not only been misplaced, but it has also been a myth.

Background: University scholars and community members formed the Prescription Drug Abuse and Misuse Working Group in response to the prescription drug abuse/misuse epidemic plaguing the Appalachian region. Their collaboration has yielded no fewer than four funded and six volunteer service projects in the community. A concern voiced by key community stakeholders has been the non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) among the workforce. The team discovered that the relationship between NMUPD and workplace characteristics is understudied. This study aimed to show the overall and industry-specific prevalence of NMUPD, and to examine workplace characteristics associated with NMUPD. Methods: Data from the 2011-2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) were used. Multiple logistic regression assessed workplace characteristics on past-year NMUPD among employed adults 18 years and older, controlling for demographic variables. Results: The overall prevalence of NMUPD was 9.23% (95% CI: 8.98-9.48). The industries with the highest prevalence were: arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodation, and food services (14.48%; 95% CI: 13.70-15.27), construction (10.82%; 95% CI: 9.77-11.87), and retail trade (10.04%; 95% CI: 9.34-10.74). NMUPD was significantly associated with industry type (p Conclusions: Results suggest alcohol or drug use workplace policies and employee assistance or other counseling programs may protect against NMUPD. Workplace prevention efforts for NMUPD could benefit from incorporating these approaches.

As a part of the overall program in the Grandy laboratory at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), studying the underlying chemical biology of methamphetamine (Meth) addiction, this dissertation reports on the development of six new thyronamine analogs which were synthesized and assayed against trace amine associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), giving preliminary results consistent with the analogs being inverse agonists. Due to highly variable TAAR1 expression levels in the assays, based on inter-assay response to control Meth stimulation as well as other possible factors, kinetic models were developed to qualitatively explain the assay results. The models set approximate limits on the analogs' binding and disassociation rates relative to those of Meth. Analysis of the assays also provides more evidence of TAAR1's basal activity. Based on the models, the conversion rate of ligand-free inactive TAAR1 to ligand-free active TAAR1 is less than 6% of the binding rate of Meth to TAAR1. The models also suggest that the inverse agonists bind to the inactive ligand-free form of TAAR1 between 10 and 100 times faster than Meth binds to the inactive ligand-free form of TAAR1. Three of the new analogs, G5-110s8, G5-112s5, and G5-114s5, bind to the ligand-free active form of TAAR1 faster than they bind to the inactive ligand-free form of TAAR1. The models do not suggest an upper limit on the binding rate of those 3 analogs to the ligand-free active form of TAAR1. A control assay lacking TAAR1 revealed an electrophysiological off-target effect caused by G5-109s8. Also, a novel synthetic route was developed for ET-92, the lead compound for this project, which reduced the number of synthetic steps from 14 to 5 and improved the overall yield from 15.3% to 18.3% (77.4 mg) with the hope that further improvements in yield are possible.

This webinar will describe East Tennessee State University’s efforts to curb the opioid epidemic along the continuum of addiction. ETSU’s Academic Health Science Center has engaged multiple constituents to conduct federally funded research, community based practice and more importantly, to foster cross-sector engagement and education. The team hosts monthly meetings to facilitate partnerships across sectors with multiple aims. These aims include regional health improvement, research capacity development and community outreach. By the end of this webinar, participants will be able to: Describe multiple evidence-based approaches for the prevention and treatment of opioid use disorder. Describe techniques for engagement in community and cross-sector collaboration to address the opioid use disorder crisis.

Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciada em Criminologia
A problemática da toxicodependência é complexa, dinâmica e transversal. Constitui um dos mais graves problemas de saúde pública, a nível mundial, e acarreta diversas consequências negativas, não raras vezes, irreversíveis para as suas vítimas. O presente projeto assenta numa metodologia qualitativa e tem como objetivo geral explorar, através da realização de entrevistas em profundidade, as posições de atores sociais com experiência profissional na área da toxicodependência em torno da emergência, funcionamento e resultados até agora conhecidos relativamente às salas de consumo assistido.
The problem of drug addiction is complex, dynamic and cross-cutting. It is one of the most serious public health problems in the world and has a number of negative, often irreversible consequences for their victims. This project is based on a qualitative methodology and has as its general goal to explore, through in-depth interviews, the positions of social actors with professional experience in the area of drug addiction around the urgency, functioning and results so far known in regards to drug consumption rooms.
N/A

Globally, approximately 208 million people aged 15 and older used illicit drugs at least once in the last 12 months; 2 billion consumed alcohol and tobacco consumption affected 25% (World Drug Report, 2008). In the United States, 20.1 million (8.0%) people aged 12 and older were illicit drug users, 129 million (51.6%) abused alcohol and 70.9 million (28.4%) used tobacco (SAMHSA/OAS, 2008).Usually considered a problem specific to men (Lynch, 2002), 5.2% of pregnant women aged 15 to 44 are also illicit drug and substance abusers (SAMHSA/OAS, 2007). During pregnancy, illicit drugs and substance abuse (ID/SA) can significantly affect a woman and her infant contributing to developmental and communication delays for the infant and influencing parenting abilities (Budden, 1996; March of Dimes, 2006b; Rossetti, 2000). Feelings of guilt and shame and stressful experiences influence approaches to parenting (Ashley, Marsden, & Brady, 2003; Brazelton, & Greenspan, 2000; Ehrmin, 2000; Johnson, & Rosen, 1990; Kelley, 1998; Rossetti, 2000; Velez et al., 2004; Zickler, 1999). Parenthood is an expanded role that can be a trying time for those lacking a sense of self-efficacy and creates a high vulnerability to stress (Bandura, 1994). Residential treatment programs for ID/SA mothers and their children provide an excellent opportunity for effective interventions (Finkelstein, 1994; Social Care Institute for Excellence, 2005). This experimental study evaluated whether teaching American Sign Language (ASL) to mothers living with their infants/children at an ID/SA residential treatment program increased the mothers’ self-efficacy and decreased their anxiety. Quantitative data were collected using the General Self-Efficacy Scale and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory showing there was both a significant increase in self efficacy and decrease in anxiety for the mothers. This research adds to the knowledge base concerning ID/SA mothers’ caring for their infants/children. By providing a simple low cost program, easily incorporated into existing rehabilitation curricula, the study helps educators and healthcare providers better understand the needs of the ID/SA mothers. This study supports Bandura’s theory that parents who are secure in their efficacy can navigate through the various phases of their child’s development and are less vulnerable to stress (Bandura, 1994).

Syftet med studien var att få fram personliga betraktelser av olika kategorier kopplat till intag av narkotika, alkohol och receptbelagda mediciner av personer med egenupplevda erfarenheter. Kategorierna missbruk och självmedicinering står i fokus men det lämnas även plats för andra kategoriseringar av intag. Detta för att undersöka hur kategoriseringar kan påverka behandlingsarbete. Sex personer intervjuas om deras upplevelser av narkotika- och alkoholintag samt hur de ser på olika kategoriseringar inom detta område. Det undersöks hur intervjupersonerna definierar sitt intag eller före detta intag av alkohol och narkotika samt hur denna kategorisering har kommit till. Studien är kvalitativ och har sex semistrukturerade intervjuer som underlag för resultatet. Studien börjar med en genomgång av olika begreppsdefinitioner gällande missbruk samt en genomgång av narkotikastrafflagen. Därefter redovisas forskning som tar upp attityder angående missbruk ur professionella behandlares perspektiv. I teoridelen tas tre teorier upp, Culture in action-teorin, självmedicinerings-hypotesen och stämplingsteorin. Resultatet visar respondenternas egna berättelser vilket är empirin som vår analys bygger på. Analysen görs ihop med de teorier som redovisats. Resultatet visar att många upplever självmedicinering som ett relevant begrepp och att den hårda kategoriseringen av missbrukare påverkar de stämplade starkt. Kategoriseringen av intag ser olika ut beroende på i vilket livsstadie personen befinner sig. Något som också spelar stor roll är i hur stor utsträckning intaget tagit över personens liv. Det framkom tankar om att den hårda kategoriseringen inom behandlingar upplevs som nedtryckande och stämplande. En mer individanpassad missbruksvård var önskad. Det framkom även vissa paralleller mellan respondenterna och självmedicinerings hypotes.
The purpose of this study was to reach personal views on categorization of the intake of natcotics, alcohol and prescription drugs by people with personal experiences on the subject. The categories drug abuse and self medication where the core categories but there where room for other categorization of intake. The purpose was to see how categorization can affect addiction treatment. Six persons where interviewed on their experiences of drugs and alcohol and their views on the categorization of these topics. The persons tell how they define their intake (or former intake) of drugs or alcohol and how this categorization came to be. This is a qualitative study the result is based on six semi structured interviews. It starts with a review on different definitions of addiction and the Swedish drug laws. Thereafter there is a presentation on research about the attitudes of professional addict treaters. The study contains three theories. The culture in action theory, the self-medication hypothesis and the labeling theory. The result shows the respondents own testimony witch is the foundation the analysis rests upon. The analysis is done together with the mentioned theories. The result shows that most respondents see self medication as a valid concept and that the harsh categorization in addict treatment has an impact on those facing it. The categorization of intake differs depending on the life situation of the person that does the categorization. Another important aspect is how much the intake is ruling the intakers life. The harsh categorization in addict treatment is seen as suppressive and labeling. A more individualized addict treatment where wanted. The study shows some parallels with the self-medication hypothesis.

Approximately 200 million people, 5% aged 15-64 worldwide are illicit drug or substance abusers (World Drug Report, 2006). Between 2002 and 2005, an average of 8.2% of 12 year olds and older in the Miami, Fort Lauderdale metropolitan areas used illicit drugs (SAMHSA, 2007). Eight percent of pregnant women, aged 15 to 25, were more likely to have used illicit drugs during pregnancy than pregnant women aged 26 to 44. Alcohol use was 9.8% and cigarette use was 18% for pregnant women aged 15 to 44 (SAMHSA, 2005). Approximately a quarter of annual birth defects are attributed to the exposure of drugs or substance abuse in utero (General Accounting Office, 1991). Physical, psychological and emotional challenges may be present for the illicit drug/substance abuse (ID/SA) mother and infant placing them at a disadvantage early in their relationship (Shonkoff & Marshall, 1990). Mothers with low self efficacy have insecurely attached infants (Donovan, Leavitt, & Walsh, 1987). As the ID/SA mother struggles with wanting to be a good parent, education is needed to help her care for her infant. In this experimental study residential rehabilitating ID/SA mothers peer taught infant massage. Massage builds bonding/attachment between mother and infant (Reese & Storm, 2008) and peer teaching is effective because participants have faced similar challenges and speak the same language (Boud, Cohen, & Sampson 2001). Quantitative data were collected using the General Self-Efficacy and Maternal Attachment Inventory-Revised Scale before and after the 4-week intervention program. A reported result of this study was that empowering ID/SA mothers increased their self-efficacy, which in turn allowed the mothers to tackle challenges encountered and created feelings of being a fit mother to their infants. This research contributes to the existing database promoting evidence-based practice in drug rehabilitation centers. Healthcare personnel, such as nurse educators and maternal-child health practitioners, can develop programs in drug rehabilitation centers that cultivate an environment where the ID/SA rehabilitating mothers can peer teach each other, while creating a support system. Using infant massage as a therapeutic tool can develop a healthy infant and nurture a more positive relationship between mother and infant.

A relação entre drogas e psicanálise tem um entrelaçamento desde o início do projeto freudiano. A criação da psicanálise se deu logo após o envolvimento de Freud com a polêmica da cocaína e seus decorrentes embates políticos. Nessa época, questões ligadas à moralidade e ao papel da ciência em nossa sociedade começavam a entrar em xeque, por consequência do avanço tecnológico e da preocupação com a gestão dos hábitos de populações que viviam em um mundo imerso em novas possibilidades de satisfação, comercializadas enquanto soluções para o enfrentamento do mal-estar da civilização. Nossa pesquisa busca apresentar quais fatores presentes na constituição do sujeito moderno contribuem para a formação do problema das adicções, assim como mostrar que a abordagem da psicanálise sobre o assunto pode ter ignorado aspectos fundamentais para o enfretamento do problema. Por meio da teoria pulsional de Freud e da teoria de sujeito desenvolvida por Jacques Lacan, realizamos uma leitura crítica das proposições fundamentais da psicanálise sobre as drogas, a saber, a noção de autoerotismo e também a droga como elemento antissocial. Como fundamentação desta crítica, propomos uma leitura do superego presente nas adicções enquanto mecanismo integrante do que Marshall Berman cunhou de desenvolvimento fáustico. A leitura de Berman nos proporciona uma visão na qual os efeitos colaterais do desenvolvimento capitalista repercutem nas adicções enquanto problema social, possibilitando identificar como o papel das drogas em nossa sociedade possui aspectos ignorados pela formulação da teoria psicanalítica até então. Dentre esses aspectos, identificamos os lugares do trabalho e das condições sociais como fatores fundamentais no entendimento das adicções. Como resposta às teorias existentes e como proposição clínica, recorremos à formulação teórica de Nathalie Zaltzman sobre o que a mesma denominou de pulsão anarquista, constructo o qual a psicanalista direciona à clínica de situações limite. Por fim, apresentamos algumas vinhetas clínicas que servem de suporte para as reflexões e rearranjos teóricos na abordagem psicanalítica sobre o tema. Passagens que foram extraídas de experiências de trabalho no âmbito da saúde pública e em atendimentos em consultório particular compõem as modulações transferenciais, categorias que utilizamos para compreender as diferentes configurações de demandas clínicas em torno da questão das drogas e seus possíveis direcionamentos. Com o suporte das vinhetas clínicas, pudemos apontar os limites que se situam entre as drogas e os profissionais que acolhem os pacientes com essa demanda, estabelecendo uma interpretação do fenômeno da fissura, no qual a satisfação tóxica pode até ser imprescindível, mas não é suficiente
The relationship between drugs and psychoanalysis has an interlacing since the beginning of the Freudian project. The creation of psychoanalysis occurred right after the involvement of Freud with the controversy of cocaine and its resulting political clashes. At that time, issues of morality and the role of science in our society began to come into question, as a result of technological advancement and the concern for the management of habits of populations that lived in a world steeped in new possibilities of satisfaction, sold as solutions to face the malaise of civilization. Our research aims to show which factors present in the constitution of modern subject contribute to the formation of the addictions problem, as well as show that the approach of psychoanalysis on the subject may have ignored key aspects to face the problem. Through the drive theory of Freud and the theory of subject developed by Jacques Lacan, we conducted a critical reading of the fundamental propositions of psychoanalysis on drugs, namely, the notion of self eroticism and also the drug as an anti-social element. In support to this criticism, we propose a reading of the superego present in addictions as an integral mechanism that Marshall Berman coined the Faustian development. The Berman reading gives us a vision in which the side effects of capitalist development have repercussions on addictions as a social problem, making it possible to identify that the role of drugs in our society has aspects that were overlooked by the formulation of psychoanalytic theory so far. Among these aspects, we have identified the places of work and social conditions as key factors in the understanding of addictions. In response to existing theories and as a clinical proposition, we used the theoretical formulation of Nathalie Zaltzman about what she called the anarchist drive, construct which the psychoanalyst directs to the limit situations clinic. Finally, we present some clinical vignettes that support the reflections and theoretical rearrangements in the psychoanalytic approach to the subject. Passages that were extracted from work experience in the field of public health and in private practice care compose the modulations transference, categories that we use to understand the different settings of clinical demands on the issue of drugs and their possible directions. With the support of clinical vignettes, we could point out the limits that are among the drugs and the professionals who receive patients with this demand, establishing an interpretation of the phenomenon of craving, in which the toxic satisfaction may even be essential, but is not enough

Drug addiction and some eating disorders present striking similarities in their behavioural symptoms. It has been postulated that excessive consumption of drugs of abuse and palatable food could lead to the development of similar neuronal alterations in the brainreward circuit that may account for the resemblance of these pathologies. In the present thesis, we demonstrate that repeated operant training with palatable food promotes behavioural alterations and structural plasticity changes in the esocorticolimbic circuit that are reminiscent to those observed with drugs of abuse. Furthermore, we identify the cannabinoid receptor 1 as a common neurobiological substrate underlying these alterations. Finally, we uncover several synaptic proteins commonly implicated in the retrieval of drug and palatable food rewarding memories that may represent part of the common neurobiological basis underlying drug and palatable food craving.
La adicción a las drogas de abuso y determinados trastornos alimentarios comparten varios síntomas comportamentales. Algunos estudios han sugerido que el consumo excesivo de drogas y de comida palatable podrían producir alteraciones neuronales similares en el circuito cerebral de recompensa. En esta tesis, hemos demostrado que un aprendizaje operante prolongado con comida palatable provoca la aparición de alteraciones comportamentales y cambios de plasticidad estructurales en el circuito mesocorticolimbico que son reminiscentes de los observados con las drogas de abuso. Así mismo, hemos identificamos al receptor cannabinoide 1 como un sustrato neurobiológico común a estas alteraciones. Finalmente, hemos caracterizado varias proteínas sinápticas implicadas en la reactivación de la memoria asociada a los efectos placenteros de las drogas y la comida palatable. Nuestras observaciones contribuyen a definir las bases neuronales subyacentes a la necesidad de consumir drogas y comida palatable.

Abstract INVESTEGATION OF ANTICOAGULATION PROPERTIES OF SULFATED GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN MIMETICS By Elsamani Ismail Abdelfadiel, MS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2017. Supervisor: Umesh R Desai Professor, Department of Medicinal Chemistry The existence of thrombosis in numerous pathophysiological situations formed a vast necessity for anticoagulation therapy. Thrombin and factor Xa are the only two factors of the entire coagulation cascade that have been major targets for regulation of clotting via the direct and indirect mechanism of inhibition. Our recent discovery of sulfated non-saccharide glycosaminoglycan mimetics, especially G2.2, that demonstrates highly selective cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) inhibition activity. G2.2 inhibited the growth of CSCs from multiple cancer cell lines. To evaluate its in vivo anticoagulation effect, we asked a contract research organization (CRO) to produce 20 g of material, labelled as G2.2Y. Evaluation of G2.2C in HT-29 xenograft mouse model showed a significant reduction in tumor volume and CSC markers, but unexpected bleeding consequences in some animals were observed. Also in a tail bleeding experiment, G2.2Y showed a significant enhancement in bleeding volume. Comparable studies with G2.2 synthesized in our laboratory had shown no bleeding effects. To investigate the difference between the two G2.2 samples (G2.2W (white) and G2.2Y (Yellow) that were performed using UPLC-MS characterization, we were able to determine that the G2.2Y sample was an 85:15 blend of two compounds. Elemental, NMR and MS data revealed that G2.2W was fully sulfated flavonoid derivative, as expected, but G2.2Y contained one less sulfate group. We tested both agents for their inhibition of various coagulation factors and revealed that G2.2Y inhibited fXIa nearly 2-fold better in comparison to G2.2W. Furthermore, activated partial thromboplastin time assay (APTT) indicated that G2.2W exhibited almost 3-4-fold less anticoagulant activity compared to G2.2Y. This indicates that the loss of just one sulfate group could induce substantial side effects and lead to a discovery of new anticoagulant agent. Such structure–activity relationship is important to understand if the in vivo metabolism of the agents leads to accumulation of de-sulfated products.

Thesis (MTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Drugs are a very real problem in South-Africa. It affects health and is endemic to societal problems. Methamphetamine, popularly called “Tik,” is relatively cheap and easy to come by. Many young people use it and become addicted - with very bad repercussions for their families and society at large. In the Bellville South area most families suffer because of this scourge and are desperately looking for help. Faith communities have no option but to address the problem. The research focuses on the Bellville-South community where numerous families struggle with the scourge, desparately looking for help. As such faith communites are challenged to get involved and address tik-addiction and the related sociao-economic problems. The leadership of the Rhenish Church in Bellville took on the challenge to live up to the needs of families and society and to provide guidance for families. It is realistic to accept that there is no easy quick-fix solution to the problem. A holistic approach is needed. Thus the congregation has to do some real soul-searching and address its being functions, identity and calling in a time like this. How can the church be a safe haven for its members and the suffering community‟s parents and children? The research took an analytical look at the congregation, describing it from different angles. It also made a study of the drug problem, focussing on Tik. From a normative angle it looked at the essence of a missional church and asked how a missional church should address these challenges. It develops a strategy to guide leadership and congregation to support the families affected by the scourge. Eventually a missional ministry should be in place that will reach out in love and care to serve the community.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dwelmmisbruik is ‟n geweldige probleem in Suid-Afrika. Hierdie probleem hou nie net gesondheidrisiko‟s in nie, maar veroorsaak ook ernstige en dikwels verwoestende sosiale probleme. Methamphetamine, populêr bekend as Tik, is redelik goedkoop en vrylik beskikbaar. Dit word deur talle jongmense gebruik met die gepaardgaande veelvuldige gevolge en verslawing. Dit affekteer individue, gesinne, en totale gemeenskappe. Hierdie studie fokus op die gemeenskap van Bellville-Suid waar talle gesinne worstel met die euwel en desperaat soek om hulp. Hierdie situasie van tikverslawing en gepaardgaande sosiale uitdagings daag veral die verskillende geloofsgemeenskappe uit om betrokke te raak by die aanspreek van die probleem. Ook die Rynse Kerk Bellville staan midde in die sosiaal-maatskaplik en sosio-ekonomies uitdagings en behoeftes. Die leierskap van die gemeente is soekend om hulself te bekwaam om op „n sinvolle wyse lidmate te begelei in hoe om veral die uitdagings rondom tikverslawing aan te spreek. Aangesien gesinne in besonder deur hierdie verskynsel geraak word, fokus hierdie studie op die behoeftes van gesinne. Die gemeente besef dat daar nie ‟n resep vir so iets is nie en dat die probleem holisties aangepak moet word. Die gemeente word dus verplig om baie ernstig selfondersoek te doen en na sy wese, sy identiteit en roeping te kyk. Hoe kan die gemeente ‟n veilige hawe vir sy lidmate en gemeenskap se ouers en kinders word? Die ondersoek beskryf die Rynse Kerk Bellville asook die probleem van tikverslawing in die families van die gemeente. Hoe sou daar in die lig van „n missionale teologie op die uitdagings gereageer word? ‟n Bedieningsplan word voorgestel om die leierskap en lidmate te bemagtig om ondersteunend betrokke te raak by geaffekteerde families. Die doel hiervan is om ‟n missionale bediening te vestig wat met barmhartigheid en liefde die gemeenskap dien.

Drugs of abuse represent a global problem not only at a health level, but also at a social and economic extent. Recently, a tidal wave of new emerging psychoactive substances has completely modified the illicit drug market, thereby hundreds of new drugs are being consumed by millions of people worldwide regardless most of these substances are hardly known. Among them, a new family of amphetamine derivatives named synthetic cathinones has surfaced, being 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) one of the most popular members of the first-generation of these drugs. MDPV shares mechanism of action with cocaine and its consumption is often linked to severe acute intoxications, drug dependence and even deaths. In this context, this doctoral dissertation aims to contribute to scientific knowledge by providing new insights about MDPV, more concretely, about the neuroadaptive changes underlying its abuse, its addictive properties, its behavioural effects, as well as about its relationship with cocaine, the most consumed psychostimulant worldwide. In summary, repeated exposure to MDPV induces behavioural abnormalities such as anxiety-related and risk-taking behaviours, aggressiveness and locomotor sensitization. Moreover, it exerts powerful rewarding effects. Importantly, a cross-sensitization and cross-reinstatement between MDPV and cocaine has been evidenced. Nonetheless, despite the great similarities between these two psychostimulants, the intracellular responses that they trigger in reward-related brain areas notably differ. Whereas the first part of the present doctoral dissertation has been focused on studying MDPV, the second one has been devoted to characterizing the in vitro pharmacology as well as the psychostimulant and rewarding properties of structurally related new second-generation synthetic cathinones. To sum up, all the compounds tested proved to be potent dopamine and noradrenaline uptake inhibitors, and their potency at inhibiting such transporters varies according to their amino terminal group. Furthermore, all of them exerted psychostimulant and rewarding effects in mice, a fact that evidences their abuse liability.
Las drogas de abuso representan un problema global no solo a nivel de salud, sino también a nivel social y económico. Recientemente, una ola de nuevas sustancias psicoactivas ha modificado por completo el mercado de las drogas ilegales, por lo que millones de personas en todo el mundo están consumiendo cientos de nuevas sustancias, la mayoría de las cuales apenas se conocen. Entre ellas, ha surgido una nueva familia de derivados anfetamínicos, denominados catinonas sintéticas, siendo la 3,4-mentilendioxipirovalerona (MDPV) una de las catinonas sintéticas de primera generación más populares. La MDPV comparte mecanismo de acción con la cocaína y su consumo está a menudo relacionado con intoxicaciones agudas graves, drogodependencia e incluso muertes. En este contexto, esta tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo contribuir al conocimiento científico proporcionando nueva información sobre la MDPV, más concretamente, sobre los cambios neuroadaptativos subyacentes al abuso de ésta, sus propiedades adictivas, sus efectos conductuales, así como sobre su relación con la cocaína, el psicoestimulante más consumido en todo el mundo. En resumen, la exposición repetida a MDPV induce anormalidades conductuales tales como comportamientos relacionados con ansiedad y una mayor toma de riesgos, agresividad y sensibilización locomotora. Además, ejerce potentes efectos gratificantes. Cabe destacar que se ha evidenciado una sensibilización locomotora y una recaída cruzada entre cocaína y MDPV. No obstante, a pesar de las grandes similitudes entre ambos psicoestimulantes, las respuestas intracelulares que desencadenan en las áreas cerebrales que forman parte del circuito de recompensa difieren notablemente. Mientras que la primera parte de la presente tesis doctoral se ha centrado en el estudio de la MDPV, la segunda parte se ha dedicado a caracterizar la farmacología in vitro, así como las propiedades psicoestimulantes y gratificantes de nuevas catinonas sintéticas de segunda generación estructuralmente relacionadas con la MDPV. En resumen, todos los compuestos testados demostraron ser potentes inhibidores de la recaptación de dopamina y noradrenalina, y su potencia para inhibir dichos transportadores varía según su grupo amino-terminal. Además, todas ellas provocaron potentes efectos psicoestimulantes y gratificantes en el ratón, hechos que demuestran su potencial de abuso.
Les drogues d’abús representen un problema global no només a nivell de salut, sinó també a nivell social i econòmic. Recentment, una onada de noves substàncies psicoactives ha modificat completament el mercat de les drogues il·legals, així doncs, milions de persones en tot el món estan consumint centenars de noves substàncies, la majoria de les quals gairebé no es coneixen. Entre elles, ha sorgit una nova família de derivats amfetamínics, anomenats catinones sintètiques, essent la 3,4-metilendioxipirovalerona (MDPV) una de les catinones sintètiques de primera generació més populars. La MDPV comparteix mecanisme d’acció amb la cocaïna i el seu consum està sovint relacionat amb intoxicacions agudes greus, drogodependència i fins i tot, morts. En aquest context, aquesta tesi doctoral té com a objectiu contribuir al coneixement científic proporcionant nova informació sobre la MDPV, més concretament, sobre els canvis neuroadaptatius subjacents a l’abús d’aquesta, les seves propietats addictives, els seus efectes conductuals, així com sobre la seva relació amb la cocaïna, el psicoestimulant més consumit arreu del món. En resum, l’exposició repetida a MDPV indueix anormalitats conductuals com ara comportaments relacionats amb ansietat i una major presa de riscs, agressivitat i sensibilització locomotora. A més a més, exerceix potents efectes gratificants. Cal destacar que s’ha evidenciat una sensibilització locomotora i una recaiguda creuada entre cocaïna i MDPV. No obstant això, malgrat les grans similituds entre ambdós psicoestimulants, les respostes intracel·lulars que desencadenen en àrees cerebrals que formen part del circuit de recompensa difereixen notablement. Mentre que la primera part de la present tesi doctoral s’ha centrat en l’estudi de la MDPV, la segona part s’ha dedicat a caracteritzar la farmacologia in vitro, així com les propietats psicoestimulants i gratificants de noves catinones sintètiques de segona generació estructuralment relacionades amb la MDPV. En resum, tots els compostos assajats van demostrar ser potents inhibidors de la recaptació de dopamina i noradrenalina, i la seva potència per inhibir aquests transportadors varia en funció del seu grup amino-terminal. A més, totes elles van provocar potents efectes psicoestimulants i gratificants en el ratolí, fets que posen de manifest el seu potencial d’abús.

The striatum represents the main input nucleus of the basal ganglia, a system of subcortical nuclei critically involved into motor control and motivational processes and altered in several conditions such as Parkinson’s diseases or drug addiction. The projection neurons of the striatum are GABAergic (γ-aminobutyric acid) medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs), and account for the large majority of striatal neurons, while interneurons represent about 10% of striatal cells. The MSNs are subdivided into two subpopulations that form two main efferent pathways: the striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons. The striatonigral MSNs project to the entopeduncular nucleus (EP) and substancia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) (direct pathway) and co-express dopamine D1 receptors (D1R) and substance P neuropeptide (SP). On the other hand, striatopallidal MSNs project to the lateral globus pallidus (LGP) (indirect pathway) and co-express dopamine D2 receptor (D2R), adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) and enkephalin (Enk). The D1R striatonigral and D2R striatopallidal MSNs are equal in number and shape and are mosaically distributed through all the striatum. The dorsal striatum is mainly involved in motor control and learning while the ventral striatum is crucial for motivational processes. In view of the still debating respective functions of projection D2R-striatopallidal and D1R-striatonigral neurons and striatal interneurons, both in motor control and learning of skills and habits but also in more cognitive processes such as motivation, we were interested in the development of models allowing the removal of selective striatum neuronal populations in adult animal brain. Because of the mosaical organisation of the striatum, a targeting of specific neuronal type, with techniques such as chemical lesions or surgery, is still impossible. Taking advantage of new transgenic approaches, the goal of the present work was to generate and/or to initiate the characterization of genetic models in which a selective subtype of striatal neuron can be ablated in an inducible way. We used a transgenic approach in which mice express a monkey diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor (DTR) in D2R-striatopallidal or D1R-striatonigral neurons. Local stereotactic injections of DT can then induce selective neuronal ablation in functionally different striatal areas.

We first investigated functions of D2R-striatopallidal neurons in motor control and drug reinforcement by their selective ablation in the entire striatum or restricted to the ventral striatum. This DTR strategy produced selective D2R striatopallidal MSN ablation with integrity of the other striatal neurons as well as the striatal dopaminergic function. D2R MSN ablation in the entire striatum induced permanent hyperlocomotion while ventral striatum-restricted ablation increased amphetamine place preference.

We next compared respective roles of D2R-striatopallidal and D1R-striatonigral neurons in motor control and skill learning in functionally different striatum subregions.

Finally, to target nitrergic interneurons of the striatum, we developed a bacterial artificial chromosome genetic strain in which the cre-recombinase expression is under the control of the neuronal nitric oxide gene promoter.

Altogether, those results show that DTR expression and DT local injections is an efficient and flexible strategy to ablate selective striatum neuronal types with spatial resolution. We provide the first direct experimental evidences that D2R striatopallidal neurons inhibit both locomotor and drug-reinforcement processes and that D2R and D1R MSNs in different striatum subregions have distinct functions in motor control and motor skill learning. Those results strongly support a cell-type and topographic functional organization of the striatum and underscore the need for characterization of the specific cellular and molecular modifications that are induced in D2R and D1R MSNs during drug-reinforcement or procedural learning.

Doctorat en Sciences médicales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Perinatal complications resulting from either alcohol or drug abuse include a high incidence of stillbirths, fetal distress, asphyxia, prematurity, low birth weight, pneumonia, congenital malformations, cerebral infarction, and an increased risk to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

O consumo de drogas e álcool constitui cada vez mais um problema social e de saúde pública, pelas consequências negativas que provocam no desenvolvimento emocional e físico dos indivíduos. Existem poucas referências na literatura avaliando o uso destas substâncias por portadores de doença falciforme (DF). Estes pacientes apresentam crises álgicas severas, recorrentes, frequentemente controladas por opióides. O comprometimento da qualidade de vida predispõe a ocorrência de transtornos psiquiátricos não-psicóticos, como depressão por exemplo, tornando o grupo vulnerável ao uso abusivo de substâncias. Objetivos: avaliar o consumo de álcool e drogas em pacientes portadores de DF acompanhados pelo Centro de Referência de Doença Falciforme (CRAF) do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), estimar o percentual de pacientes em tratamento da doença falciforme que fazem uso abusivo de álcool e drogas, e colaborar com o estudo que avaliará a efetividade de um centro de referência multidisciplinar para esta população. Métodos: estudo transversal, de uma amostra de conveniência, com 139 pacientes portadores de DF acompanhados no CRAF do HCPA. Resultados: a prevalência do uso abusivo foi de 1,5% para o álcool e 3,0% para o tabaco, e não se identificou o uso abusivo de outras substâncias, inclusive opióides. O padrão para o uso de substâncias não foi influenciado pela exposição ou por transtornos psiquiátricos não-psicóticos. Conclusão: São necessários mais estudos para reforçar estes achados, mas demonstra-se a segurança do uso de analgésicos opióides para o manejo das crises dolorosas apresentadas pelos portadores de DF.
Drug abuse is increasingly becoming a social and public health problem, because of the negative consequences that such abuse causes on the emotional and physical development of individuals. There are few references in the literature evaluating the use of these substances by individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD). These patients have severe and recurrent pain crises, frequently needing opioids drugs to control it. The compromised quality of life can predispose this population to the occurrence of non-psychotic psychiatric disorders such as depression, making them vulnerable to substance abuse. Objectives: To evaluate the level of consumption of alcohol and drugs in patients with SCD followed by Sickle Cell Disease Reference Center (CRAF) at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre; to estimate the percentage of patients in treatment of SCD who abuse alcohol and drugs, and to collaborate with the study evaluating the effectiveness of the CRAF. Methods: cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of 139 patients with SCD treated at CRAF. Results: the prevalence of abusive use of the studied population was 1.5% for alcohol and 3.0% for tobacco, and no abusive use of any other substance, including opioids, was identified. It was verified that the pattern for substance use was not influenced by exposure to substances or the presence of non-psychotic psychiatric disorders. Conclusion: More studies are needed to reinforce these findings, but they suggested that the use of opioid analgesics for the management of SCD painful crises is safe and do not induces substance abuse.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Drug abuse and addiction has been regarded as a major public health matter which has transcended social boundaries, leading society to a major concern. In this context, we find crack cocaine, a drug that came up in the 1990 s in Brazil, bringing along strong dependence and rapid damages to its users mental, organic and social health. In order to understand the psycho-social factors that are involved when it comes to its use, we sought to know and analyze the social representations elaborated by drug-addicts in relation to crack cocaine, drug-users and treatment. As a theoretical support, the Social Representations Theory was utilized in the perspective of structural and dimensional approaches. This is a descriptive research of qualitative characteristics which was held in a psychiatric institution in the city of João Pessoa. The sample was made up with 30 under-treatment male crack users. The instruments used were: a socio-demographic questionnaire which was analyzed through the simple frequency calculus and percentages; The Association Free from Words, with the tags crack cocaine , drug users and treatment , analyzed by the program EVOC; and a semi-structured interview, which was analyzed through Bardin s Thematic Content Analysis. Such instruments were applied individually inside the institutional environment, with a recorder and with all ethical precautions that are required for research with humans. A negative representation of crack cocaine was noticed in that it is personalized in the figure of the Devil with powers to destroy its users life and society in general, causing great sadness. Moreover, crack cocaine was perceived as something that takes over the individual thoroughly, causing them to be passive and weak in relation to it. Still, it was concluded that the drug user is accounted as someone not trustable, addicted, valueless, ill, characterless, and held responsible for the destruction of the family. Such an assumption leads to a number of implications, for social representations have a status of truth, guiding the subjects conduct. Thus, this negative representation over themselves may damage these users self-image, affecting their self-esteem and their capacity for fighting against drugs, making it difficult for them to succeed in their treatment as well as their social reinsertion. It was also observed that the treatment s social representation brings up a blaming approach by which the subject is practically considered to be the one guilty for remaining in the condition of addiction. With such results, the need for a change in these social representations was verified, with the comprehension of drug use as a multi-causal phenomenon and the recognition of a drug user as a citizen, with rights, duties and needs. We expect, with this research, to provide scientific data which will help authorities to create public policies turned to this problematic issue.
O uso abusivo de drogas tem sido considerado um problema de saúde pública, que vem ultrapassando todas as fronteiras sociais, preocupando toda a sociedade. Nesse contexto encontra-se o crack, que surgiu na década de 1990 no Brasil, causando forte dependência e prejudicando rapidamente a vida mental, orgânica e social dos seus usuários. A fim de compreender os fatores psicossociais que envolvem este consumo, objetivou-se conhecer e analisar as representações sociais elaboradas por dependentes químicos acerca do crack, dos usuários de drogas e do tratamento. Como suporte teórico foi utilizada a Teoria das Representações Sociais, na perspectiva das abordagens dimensional e estrutural. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, de cunho qualitativo, que foi realizado em uma instituição psiquiátrica de João Pessoa-PB. A amostra foi composta por 30 usuários de crack, em tratamento, do sexo masculino. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: um questionário sociodemográfico, o qual foi analisado através do cálculo de frequências simples e porcentagens; a Associação Livre de Palavras, com os estímulos "crack", "usuário de drogas" e "tratamento", que foi analisada a partir do programa EVOC; e uma entrevista semiestruturada, que foi analisada por meio da Análise de Conteúdo Temática de Bardin. Os instrumentos foram aplicados no ambiente institucional, de forma individual, com o uso de gravador, tomando-se todos os cuidados éticos que envolvem a pesquisa com seres humanos. Verificou-se uma representação negativa do crack, em que ele é personificado na figura do Diabo, tendo o poder de destruir a vida de seus usuários e da sociedade em geral, gerando grande tristeza. Além disso, o crack foi percebido como algo que domina o indivíduo inteiramente, tornando-o passivo e impotente diante da droga. Constatou-se ainda que o usuário de drogas é representado como alguém não confiável, viciado, sem valor, doente, que não tem caráter e que é responsável pela destruição da família. Tal percepção acarreta uma série de implicações, pois as representações sociais possuem status de verdade, guiando as condutas dos sujeitos. Neste sentido, essa representação negativa sobre si mesmo pode prejudicar a autoimagem desses usuários, afetando sua autoestima e sua capacidade de enfrentamento às drogas, o que pode dificultar o sucesso do seu tratamento, bem como a sua reinserção social. Observou-se, também, que a representação social do tratamento apresenta um enfoque culpabilizante, em que o sujeito é considerado praticamente o único responsável pela sua permanência na condição de dependente. Diante dos resultados encontrados, verificou-se a necessidade de mudança dessas representações sociais, com a compreensão do uso de drogas como um fenômeno multicausal e o reconhecimento do usuário de drogas como um cidadão, com direitos, deveres e necessidades. Espera-se, com esta pesquisa, fornecer dados científicos que possam auxiliar os órgãos competentes na formação de políticas públicas voltadas para esta problemática.

As comunidades terapêuticas para dependentes químicos são importantes recursos, descritos pela Secretária Nacional Antidrogas, na rede de atenção aos transtornos relacionados ao abuso de substâncias psicoativas. A equipe profissional nestas comunidades terapêuticas é representada, principalmente, por conselheiros em dependência química. É consenso entre os especialistas, pela complexidade desta problemática, que o tratamento deve abordar o paciente em seu contexto sociofamiliar (Stanton e Todd, 1990). O presente estudo tem como objetivo apresentar e avaliar um programa de tratamento e prevenção para dependentes químicos em comunidades terapêuticas com foco em seu contexto sociofamiliar, por nós denominado TRA: terapia de rede para adictos. Um programa destinado aos conselheiros em dependência química, que trabalham nestas comunidades. Fundamentados no pensamento-novo-paradigmático, de Esteves de Vasconcellos (2002), e na representação social, de Moscovici (2003), utilizamos como método uma pesquisa interventiva, com delineamento qualitativo construtivista, baseado em Pakman (1995), o que significa, no contexto deste trabalho, que o modelo de TRA foi construído em conjunto com os participantes: conselheiros e pacientes da comunidade terapêutica na qual realizamos a pesquisa. As principais técnicas empregadas foram: a família de origem do conselheiro e o discurso do sujeito coletivo (DSC), de acordo com Lefèvre e Lefèvre (2003). Para a análise dos resultados, usamos a técnica de triangulação de dados, segundo Denzin e Lincoln (2000). Os resultados obtidos contribuíram para conhecermos as representações sociais dos participantes sobre suas famílias e, sistemicamente, compreendermos os múltiplos aspectos envolvidos na complexidade do ciclo da drogadicção. As téc nicas interventivas auxiliaram no resgate dos aspectos resilientes e das competências dos sistemas familiares e no empoderamento da comunidade terapêutica, dos pacientes e de suas famílias, para lidar com os problemas da dependência química. Estas técnicas também colaboraram para a compreensão e a abordagem da imprevisibilidade ocorrida, em vários âmbitos, no desenvolvimento da pesquisa. As diferentes representações sociais nos DSC foram analisadas sob o olhar da intersubjetividade, proporcionando uma rica troca entre os participantes. A coparticipação, na elaboração deste modelo, contribuiu, principalmente, para a coconstrução de um novo saber em prevenção e tratamento para as comunidades terapêuticas, com um olhar mais amplo e globalizador, para o sistema familiar e outros sistemas envolvidos no problema da drogadicção
Therapeutic communities for chemical dependents are important resources, described by National Antidrug Secretary, to the network of care for disorders related to the abuse of psychoactive substances. The professional team in these therapeutic communities and represented, mainly, by advisers in chemical dependency. There is a consensus among the experts, the complexity of the problem, that treatment must approach the patient in their family environment (Stanton and Todd, 1990). The purpose of the present study is to present and assess a program of prevention and treatment for chemical dependents in therapeutic communities with a focus on their family environment, we called TRA: therapy of network for addiction. A program for counselor in chemical dependency, working in these communities. Based on thought-new-paradigmatic, Esteves de Vasconcellos (2002), and the social representation of Moscovici (2003), we used the method an interventional research, with qualitative design constructivist, based in Pakman (1995), which means, in the context of this work, that the model of TRA was built together with the participants, counselors, and patients in the therapeutic community where we have the research. The main techniques used were: the family of origin of the counselor and the collective subject discourse (DSC), according to Lefèvre and Lefèvre (2003). For the analysis of the results, we used the technique of data triangulation, second Denzin and Lincoln (2000). The results contributed to know the social representations of the participants on their families, and systemically, we understand the many aspects involved in the complexity of the cycle of drug-addiction. The interventional techniques helped with the rescue of the aspects resilient and the skills of the family systems and the empowerment of the therapeutic community, patients and their families to approach with the problems of chemical dependency. These techniques also collaborated for the understanding and approach of unpredictability that occurred in a number of areas in the development of the research. The different social representations in DSC were analyzed under the gaze of the intersubjectivity, providing a rich Exchange of views between the participants. The participation in colaboration, in drawing up this model contributed mainly to build together a new knowledge in treatment and prevention for the therapeutic communities, with a broader perspective and global vision, for the family system and other systems involved in the problem of drug-addiction

The purpose of this study is to see if all the special circumstances, extra classes, and parenting aspects of a treatment program are effective for pregnant substance abusing women. This study also explored the factors that contributed to the perceived satisfaction and effectiveness of the clients enrolled in a drug and alcohol treatment program.

Este trabalho de investigação visa a análise do processo de extinção do Instituto da Droga e da Toxicodependência (IDT), no contexto da reforma da Administração Pública de 2011, nomeadamente do Plano de Redução e Melhoria da Administração Central (PREMAC). Pretende-se compreender o que esteve na génese da extinção do IDT, se foi apenas a implementação do PREMAC, com os inerentes imperativos de racionalidade económica, ou se nessa decisão política foram, também, considerados estudos de avaliação da intervenção do Instituto bem como os resultados das estratégias e políticas públicas contra a droga e toxicodependência adotadas e se, em algum momento, foram ouvidos peritos da área e colaboradores do organismo que estão, diariamente, presentes no terreno. O objetivo é analisar o processo de agendamento da política que ditou a extinção do Instituto e levou à consequente mudança de estrutura, com a adoção, de uma estratégia de intervenção distinta e perceber se, esta decisão política foi baseada em critérios de racionalidade económica, ou se foi também fundamentada em informação técnica e científica da área das políticas públicas do combate à droga e toxicodependência.
This investigation work aims to analysis the extinction process of the Institute of Drugs and Drug Addiction (Instituto da Droga e da Toxicodependencia - IDT), in the context of the public administration retirement of 2011, namely the Reduction Plan and Improvement of Central Administration (Plano de Redução e Melhoria da Administração Central - PREMAC). It is intended to understand what was the root cause of the IDT extinction, if it was just a PREMAC implementation, with the inherent imperatives of economic rationality, or if in that politic decision it was, also, considered evaluation studies of the institute intervention as well as the strategies and public politics results against the adopted drugs and drug addiction and if, in some moment, experts and employees of the organization that are, daily, present in the terrain were listened. The goal is to analyse the process of the politic scheduling which dictated the Institute extinction and led to the structure consequent change, with the adoption, of a distinct intervention strategy and understand if, this politic strategy was based in economic rationality criteria, or if it was also substantiated in technical and scientific research information in the area of public policies to combat drugs and drug addiction information.

過去50年，香港媒體有關藥物成癮的主要概念主要來自對海洛因(俗稱「白粉」)吸毒者的想像。「吸毒者」通常被視為「對工作和家庭不負責任」，並且被描繪成「以犯罪獲得金錢購買毒品來紓緩嚴重的斷癮症狀。」然而，近年來，大部份青少年吸毒者吸食軟性毒品如氯胺酮和搖頭丸，而非海洛因。對青少年吸毒者而言，在道德和醫學概念上的「吸毒」定義並不符合他們的毒品經驗，原因是他們在使用藥物後並無嚴重的斷癮症狀。這種傳統毒品觀念與青少年吸毒者經驗之間的「矛盾」對戒毒和預防教育產生很大障礙。
本研究旨在找出現有主流媒體、戒毒機構及青少年吸毒者對「吸毒」的詮釋。本研究首先對禁毒政策進行歷史分析，以找出禁毒政策和現有的道德和醫學毒品論述之間的關係。另外，本研究對1978年至2008年的100個禁毒廣告及由1979年至2009年的26部禁毒電視新聞紀錄片進行文本及論述分析，以整合過去30年來本地媒體所運用的毒品論述。再者，本研究在一所福音戒毒中心（基督教得生團契）及一間社區戒毒輔導中心（香港路德會青欣中心）分別進行14個月及10個月民族誌考察，以檢視社工及青少年吸毒者如何運用主流媒體流行的毒品論述。
本研究發現主流媒體經常使用一種包含道德及醫學論述的「過來人」敘事法(go through narrative)。這種敘事法主要以吸毒「過來人」作為關鍵主體，去描述吸毒者最「真實」的「浪子回頭」故事，並且組成了主流的「浪子回頭」論述(Prodigal Son Returns Home Discourse)，為吸毒者建立了一個「浪子」身份。另外，本研究亦發現媒體中常見的「過來人」敘事法亦常被社工及戒毒過來人應用，並將吸毒定性為生活方式問題。青少年吸毒者對主流論述的「浪子」身份表現出不同程度的適應，但這種敘述自我身份的靈活性仍被局限於「過來人」敘事法及其容許的論述原素(discursive components)當中。
在理論層面上，本研究歸納出形成社會異類身份的主流論述所涉及的社會、組織、及互動層面的因素。而且，本研究亦歸納出在主流論述控制下，社會異類者體現自我身份自主性的策略，包括：「漠不關心」(Indifference)、「完整接受」(Adoption)、「自我適應」(Adaptation)及「自我肯定」(Affirmation)。透過靈活表述社會異類行為的性質，他們肯定個人身份及對抗主流論述。然而這種敘述自我身份的靈活性仍被局限於主流論述原素當中。
For over 50 years, the major conception of drug addiction in Hong Kong media comes from the imaginations of heroin addiction. Drug addicts are usually presented as irresponsible for job and family, and they commit crimes to get money to buy drugs in order to relieve serious withdrawal symptoms. However, in recent years, most youth addicts use ‘recreational drugs’ like ketamine and ecstasy rather than heroin. The moral and disease conceptions of drug addiction are not applicable in their drug-taking experiences because many youth psychotropic drug addicts find no severe withdrawal and tolerance symptom. The ‘gap’ between the conventional drug discourses and the experience of youth drug users produces dissonance among addicts, drug rehabilitation and preventive education.
This study aims at figure out the existing meanings of drug addiction in the mass media and drug rehabilitation. Firstly, a historical analysis on the government anti-drug policy was conducted to figure out the relationship between social policy and the moral and medical drug discourses. Secondly, textual analysis on 100 government anti-drug advertisements from 1978 to 2008 and discourse analysis on 26 local TV news documentaries about drug addiction from 1979 to 2009 were conducted to examine the mediated drug discourses. Thirdly, a 14-month ethnographic research in a Christianity drug rehabilitation camp (called the Christian New Being Fellowship) and a 10-month ethnographic research in a local drug rehabilitation-counseling center (called Hong Kong Lutheran Social Service Cheer Centre) have been conducted to reveal the current drug discourses consumed by the social workers and the youth drug addicts.
From the analysis on anti-drug TV advertisements and TV news documentaries, a “go through" narrative is identified which encapsulates the moral and medical drug discourses. Such narrative involves ex-addict as key subject who tells the “authentic" drug story of a “prodigal son". It contributes to a mediated dominant “Prodigal Son Returns Home" discourse that constitutes the ‘prodigal son’ identity of drug addicts. From the ethnographic studies in drug rehabilitation organizations, it is found that the “go through" narrative identified in media functions as an important discursive component for the social workers and professional ex- to present the nature of drug addiction. “Prodigal Son Returns Home" discourse could also be identified in drug rehabilitation, which morally defines drug addiction as personal misconduct and lifestyle problem. However, youth drug addicts adopt the ‘prodigal son’ identity to various extents. But such flexibility is restricted to selecting discursive components of the only available “go through narrative under rehabilitation.
This research makes theoretical contributions by identifying the factors in social, institutional and interactional dimensions that constitute the mediated dominant discourse of deviant identity. Besides, this research shows some tactics of the socially deviant in performing agency under the mediated dominant discourse, which include: “Indifference", “Adoption", “Adaptation", and “Affirmation". Socially deviants may favor their own personal identity and resist the mediated dominant discourse by flexible narration of deviant behavior, which is restricted by the available discursive components of the mediated dominant discourse.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Tsen, Wai Sing.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 516-534).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstract also in Chinese; some appendixes also in Chinese.
Abstract of thesis entitled --- p.i
Acknowledgements --- p.v
Table of Contents --- p.vi
List of Tables and Figures --- p.xiii
Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- The Current Conceptions of Drug Addiction -- 2 Dimensions --- p.2
Chapter 1.2 --- Current problem of youth drug addiction in Hong Kong -- changing conceptions on drug experiences --- p.4
Chapter 1.3 --- Challenge to the field: to negotiate a new conception of drug addiction --- p.7
Chapter 1.4 --- Theoretical Implication: The Question of Mediated Dominant Discourse and Agency of Deviant Identity --- p.9
Chapter Chapter 2 --- Social Constructionist Approach on Drug Addiction --- p.11
Chapter 2.1 --- The concepts of ‘Drug Addiction’ --- p.11
Chapter 2.2 --- Drug Addiction Models --- p.13
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Moral Model --- p.13
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Disease Model --- p.14
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Social Learning Model --- p.15
Chapter 2.2.4 --- Identity Model --- p.16
Chapter 2.3 --- Symbolic Interactionism and Identity Transformation --- p.17
Chapter 2.4 --- Social Construction of Drug Addiction --- p.20
Chapter 2.5 --- From Behaviorism to Discursive Psychology on Drug addiction --- p.23
Chapter 2.6 --- Addiction as Social Accomplishment --- p.25
Chapter 2.7 --- The Myth of Addiction -- A Functional Explanation for Drug Use --- p.29
Chapter 2.7.1 --- Attribution Bias in Drug Addiction --- p.30
Chapter 2.7.2 --- The Paradox of ‘Scientific’ Evidence on Drug Addiction --- p.32
Chapter 2.7.3 --- Drug Addiction as Preferred Explanation --- p.33
Chapter 2.8 --- Implications -- to Elucidate the Constituted Nature of Drug Addiction --- p.34
Chapter Chapter 3: --- Symbolic Interactionism on Deviant Identity --- p.38
Chapter 3.1 --- Sociological Study of the Socially deviants --- p.38
Chapter 3.2 --- Symbolic Interactionism: the Production of Self as Social Constructs --- p.40
Chapter 3.3 --- Goffman: Deviant as Social Construction on Social Identity --- p.43
Chapter 3.4 --- Becker: Deviant as Career on Social Label --- p.46
Chapter 3.5 --- The Issue of Power and Deviant Identity --- p.49
Chapter Chapter 4: --- Research Issues and Methodology --- p.52
Chapter 4.1 --- Discourse Analysis -- the Basic Principles --- p.53
Chapter 4.2 --- Discourse of Normality and Deviant Discursive Power of Regulations --- p.55
Chapter 4.3 --- Discourse, Identity and Power --- p.57
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Constructive Views on Social Identity --- p.57
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Formation of Drug Addicts in Subject Position --- p.58
Chapter 4.3.3 --- From Interpellation to Discursive Construction of Subjects --- p.59
Chapter 4.4 --- Intertextuality in Texts and Mediation -- Study of Narrative and Discourse --- p.64
Chapter 4.4.1 --- Narrative and Identity --- p.65
Chapter 4.4.2 --- Narrative of Recovery --- p.68
Chapter 4.4.3 --- The Structured Narrative of Recovery -- the Story of Professional Ex- --- p.70
Chapter 4.5 --- Drug Discourses in Institutions Study of Disorders of Discourses --- p.72
Chapter 4.6 --- Research Issues --- p.73
Chapter 4.7 --- Research Methods --- p.77
Chapter Chapter 5: --- Social and Historical Contexts of Drug Addiction in Hong Kong --- p.84
Chapter 5.1 --- Historical Context of Drug Addiction in Hong Kong --- p.84
Chapter 5.2 --- The Rise of Heroin Addiction in Hong Kong --- p.87
Chapter 5.3 --- The Construction of Moral and Disease Conceptions of Drug Addiction --- p.89
Chapter 5.4 --- Recent Trend of Drug Addiction in Hong Kong --- p.93
Chapter 5.5 --- Recent Youth Drug Addiction Profile -- the Rise of Psychotropic Substances --- p.96
Chapter 5.6 --- Youth Attitudes on Drug Addiction --- p.98
Chapter 5.7 --- The Influence of ‘Rave Culture’ and Psychotropic Drugs Addiction --- p.100
Chapter 5.8 --- Cross Border Drug Addiction in Youth Community --- p.101
Chapter 5.9 --- From Recreational Use to Personal Use of Psychotropic Drugs --- p.102
Chapter Chapter 6: --- Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation in Hong Kong --- p.106
Chapter 6.1 --- Treatment Goals in Rehabilitation --- p.106
Chapter 6.2 --- Treatments and Rehabilitation in Hong Kong --- p.108
Chapter 6.2.1 --- Compulsory Drug Treatment Scheme --- p.109
Chapter 6.2.2 --- Methadone Treatment Program in Hong Kong --- p.110
Chapter 6.2.3 --- Voluntary Residential Treatment and Rehabilitation Programs --- p.113
Chapter 6.2.4 --- Substance Abuse Clinics and Counseling Program for Psychotropic Substance Abusers --- p.115
Chapter 6.3 --- Christianity Drug Rehabilitation in Hong Kong --- p.115
Chapter 6.3.1 --- The Early History of Christianity Drug Rehabilitation --- p.117
Chapter 6.3.2 --- The Important Role of Operation Dawn --- p.120
Chapter 6.3.3 --- Further Development of Christianity Drug Rehabilitation in 1980s --- p.122
Chapter 6.4 --- The Rise of Counseling Services for Psychotropic Substances Abusers --- p.124
Chapter Chapter 7: --- Anti-Drug TV Advertisements -- Construction of Moral Drug Discourse in Hong Kong --- p.126
Chapter 7.1 --- Paradoxical Linkage between Drug Addiction and Crime --- p.127
Chapter 7.2 --- The Construction of Moral Conception of Drug Addiction in 1970s --- p.129
Chapter 7.3 --- New Approach in 1980s the Incoming of Psychotropic Drugs. --- p.133
Chapter 7.4 --- The Dilution of Moral Conception of Drug Addiction in the 1990s --- p.135
Chapter 7.5 --- From Lifestyle Appeal to Re-invention of Moral Appeal in 2000s --- p.137
Chapter 7.6 --- The Change of Moral Conception of Drug Addiction --- p.141
Chapter Chapter 8: --- Anti-Drug TV News Documentaries -- An Overview --- p.143
Chapter 8.1 --- Categories and Distributions of TV News Documentaries from 1979-2009 --- p.144
Chapter 8.2 --- Types of Informants in News Documentaries -- Who can speak? --- p.149
Chapter 8.3 --- The Image of Drug Addicts in the News Documentaries --- p.154
Chapter 8.4 --- Reported Types of Drugs Abused in News Documentaries --- p.156
Chapter 8.5 --- Attributions of Drug Addiction given in News Documentaries --- p.158
Chapter 8.6 --- Solutions of Drug Addiction in News Documentaries from Personal Misconduct to Societal Responsibility --- p.161
Chapter 8.7 --- Consequences of Drug Addiction in News Documentaries to Construct Moral and Medical Drug Discourses --- p.164
Chapter 8.8 --- The Importance of Christianity Drug Rehabilitation as Major Source of Informants in News Documentaries --- p.167
Chapter 8.9 --- The Preferred Image of Drug Addicts in News Documentaries --- p.169
Chapter Chapter 9: --- Mediated Drug Discourses in TV News Documentaries --- p.171
Chapter 9.1 --- Medical Discourse --- p.172
Chapter 9.1.1 --- Medical Discourse in TV News Documentaries --- p.173
Chapter 9.1.2 --- Defining Psychotropic Drug Addiction in Medical Discourse --- p.176
Chapter 9.1.3 --- The Construction of ‘Addictive Substance’ --- p.178
Chapter 9.2 --- Moral Discourse --- p.182
Chapter 9.2.1 --- Moral Discourse in TV News Documentaries --- p.183
Chapter 9.2.2 --- Moral Discourse and Heroin Addiction --- p.185
Chapter 9.2.3 --- Dominant Role of Moral Drug Discourse --- p.191
Chapter 9.3 --- Legal Discourse --- p.193
Chapter 9.3.1 --- Legal Discourse in TV News Documentaries --- p.193
Chapter 9.3.2 --- Functional Use of Legal Drug Discourse --- p.195
Chapter 9.4 --- The Dominance of Moral and Medical Drug Discourses --- p.199
Chapter Chapter 10: --- Prodigal Son Returns Home Discourse Articulation of Drug Addict Identity in Go Through Narrative --- p.202
Chapter 10.1 --- The ‘Go Through’ Narrative in Life Story Programs about Christianity Drug Rehabilitation --- p.203
Chapter 10.1.1 --- Subject Positions in Life Story Programs on Christianity Drug Rehabilitation --- p.203
Chapter 10.1.2 --- Stories by Addict / Ex-addict as Central Component --- p.205
Chapter 10.1.3 --- The Role of Social Workers / Rehabilitation Practitioners / Relatives --- p.211
Chapter 10.2 --- The ‘Go Through’ Narrative in Current Affairs Programs --- p.216
Chapter 10.3 --- Summary: ‘Go Through’ Narrative in TV News Documentaries --- p.222
Chapter 10.4 --- The Exception Alternatives and Disorders of Discourses --- p.225
Chapter 10.5 --- The “Prodigal Son Returns Home" Discourse and the Personalization of Drug Problems --- p.228
Chapter 10.6 --- ‘Prodigal Son Returns Home’ Discourse as Social Practice -- the Zheng Sheng College incident --- p.231
Chapter 10.7 --- The Mediated Drug Discourses and the Preferred Identity of Drug Addicts --- p.236
Chapter Chapter 11: --- Christianity Drug Rehabilitation and the Preferred ‘Prodigal Son’ Identity of Drug Addicts --- p.240
Chapter 11.1 --- About the Field of Study: Christian New Being Fellowship (CNBF) --- p.241
Chapter 11.1.1 --- Treatment Stages in the CNBF --- p.242
Chapter 11.1.2 --- Training Programs in the CNBF --- p.243
Chapter 11.2 --- Research Methods in the Field --- p.244
Chapter 11.2.1 --- Participant Observation --- p.245
Chapter 11.2.2 --- In-depth Interviews: the CNBF Trainees --- p.245
Chapter 11.2.3 --- In-depth Interviews: Ex-addicts Helpers and Social Workers --- p.246
Chapter 11.3 --- The “Scheduled" Life in CNBF --- p.246
Chapter 11.4 --- The “Dull" Life in CNBF --- p.249
Chapter 11.5 --- Ways to Tackle --- p.251
Chapter 11.6 --- The Preferred “Prodigal Son Returns Home" Discourse in the CNBF --- p.255
Chapter 11.6.1 --- Presenting the “Love" and “Heal" as Core Message --- p.255
Chapter 11.6.2 --- Drug Addiction as “Lifestyle Problem" --- p.256
Chapter 11.6.3 --- Professional ex- as the ‘Role Model’ of Lifestyle Transformation --- p.259
Chapter 11.6.4 --- The Hitting Bottom Experience as Key to Recovery --- p.260
Chapter 11.6.5 --- Sin, Heal and the Prodigal Son --- p.261
Chapter 11.7 --- Oppositional Readings to the “Prodigal Son" Story of Drug Addiction --- p.265
Chapter 11.7.1 --- The Narration of ‘Withdrawal’ Symptoms --- p.266
Chapter 11.7.2 --- The Volitional Nature of Recreational Drug Use --- p.267
Chapter 11.7.3 --- Functional Uses of drugs --- p.268
Chapter 11.7.4 --- Habitual and ‘Harmless’ Usage of Drugs --- p.270
Chapter 11.7.5 --- The Evil Heroin Addiction --- p.272
Chapter 11.8 --- Hardship in Christianity Drug Rehabilitation the Resistance to “Prodigal Son Identity --- p.275
Chapter Chapter 12: --- Outpatient Drug Counseling Centre The Strategic Use of Prodigal Son Identity --- p.279
Chapter 12.1 --- The History and Information of Out-patient Drug Counseling Service --- p.281
Chapter 12.1.1 --- Information about the Field of Study: Cheer Lutheran Centre --- p.282
Chapter 12.1.2 --- Characteristics of Youth Drug Addicts in Cheers Centre --- p.285
Chapter 12.2 --- Getting into the Field --- p.286
Chapter 12.3 --- Comparison between the CNBF and Cheer Centre: Mode of Rehabilitation --- p.291
Chapter 12.3.1 --- Major Differences in the Modes of Rehabilitation --- p.291
Chapter 12.3.2 --- Difference in Goal of Rehabilitation --- p.293
Chapter 12.3.3 --- Difference in Degree of Intimacy --- p.294
Chapter 12.4 --- The Basic Format of Counseling Groups --- p.296
Chapter 12.4.1 --- Themes of Motivational Groups: From Health Appeal to Self-Narrative of Lifestyle --- p.297
Chapter 12.4.2 --- Themes of Relapse Prevention Group Self Narration and Positive Psychology --- p.299
Chapter 12.4.3 --- The Important Role of Professional Ex- in Counseling Groups --- p.300
Chapter 12.5 --- Comparison between the CNBF and Cheer Centre: Organization Practices --- p.301
Chapter 12.5.1 --- Tight Regulations vs. Loose Regulations --- p.302
Chapter 12.5.2 --- Surveillance Role vs. Serving Role of Social Workers --- p.303
Chapter 12.5.3 --- Systematic Training vs. Loose Training of Professional Ex- --- p.305
Chapter 12.6 --- The Preferred Narrative of Drug Addiction in Cheer Centre --- p.308
Chapter 12.6.1 --- Health Appeal on Drug Addiction --- p.308
Chapter 12.6.2 --- Moral Appeal on Drug Addiction --- p.310
Chapter 12.6.3 --- Drug Addiction as a Lifestyle Problem --- p.311
Chapter 12.6.4 --- The Identification of Addictive Use as Hitting Bottom Experience --- p.313
Chapter 12.6.5 --- The Role of Positive Psychology --- p.314
Chapter 12.7 --- The Resistance and Disorders of Discourse in Cheer Centre --- p.318
Chapter 12.7.1 --- Resistance from Youth Addicts -- Tactics to Get Rid of Addict Identity --- p.318
Chapter 12.7.2 --- Contradiction between Medical and Legal Discourses --- p.320
Chapter 12.7.3 --- Disorders of Discourse: Hedonistic Discourse and Functional Use of Drug --- p.321
Chapter 12.7.4 --- Ignorance of Marijuana Users -- Incapability of Prodigal Son Returns Home Discourse --- p.323
Chapter 12.7.5 --- Ignorance of Hitting Bottom Experience --- p.324
Chapter 12.8 --- Adaptation by Youth Addicts -- Strategic Use of Prodigal Son Returns Home Discourse --- p.325
Chapter 12.9 --- Conclusion: Prodigal Son Returns Home Discourse in the CNBF and Cheers centre --- p.328
Chapter Chapter 13: --- Drug Narratives of Youth Drug Addicts in Cheer Centre --- p.332
Chapter 13.1 --- The Study of Self-Narrative as Part of the Drug Discourse --- p.333
Chapter 13.2 --- Narrative Inquiry on Youth Drug Addicts’ Life Stories --- p.335
Chapter 13.2.1 --- Dimensions in the Study of Self Narratives --- p.335
Chapter 13.2.2 --- A Narrative Model in the Analysis of Drug Stories --- p.338
Chapter 13.3 --- The Preferred Go Through Narrative of Drug Addiction --- p.340
Chapter 13.3.1 --- Cases showing the Preferred Go Through Narrative of Drug Addiction --- p.341
Chapter 13.3.2 --- Important Features of Preferred Go Through Narrative --- p.342
Chapter 13.3.2.1 --- Capable of Presenting Drug Stories in Temporal Order --- p.343
Chapter 13.3.2.2 --- Clear Identification of Addiction --- p.344
Chapter 13.3.2.3 --- Concrete Hitting Bottom Experience --- p.346
Chapter 13.3.2.4 --- Relating Drug Addiction to Lifestyle Problem --- p.347
Chapter 13.3.2.5 --- Capable in Narrating Key to Recovery --- p.349
Chapter 13.3.2.6 --- The Presentation of Stable Abstinent Identity --- p.349
Chapter 13.4 --- The Habitual and Consumption Story of Drug Use --- p.351
Chapter 13.4.1 --- Cases showing the Habitual and Consumption Story of Drug Use --- p.353
Chapter 13.4.2 --- Important Features of the Habitual and Consumption Story --- p.354
Chapter 13.4.2.1 --- Lack of Explicit Temporal Order in Drug Story --- p.355
Chapter 13.4.2.2 --- Lack of Identification of Addiction --- p.356
Chapter 13.4.2.3 --- Incapability to Articulate Hitting Bottom Experience --- p.357
Chapter 13.4.2.4 --- Drug Use as Personal Consumption but not Lifestyle Problem --- p.358
Chapter 13.4.2.5 --- Blurred Key to Recovery --- p.360
Chapter 13.4.2.6 --- Lack of Stable Abstinent Identity --- p.361
Chapter 13.5 --- The Flexible Prodigal Son Story of Drug Addiction --- p.362
Chapter 13.5.1 --- Cases showing the Flexible Prodigal Son Story of Drug Addiction --- p.365
Chapter 13.5.2 --- Important Features of the Flexible Prodigal Son Story --- p.368
Chapter 13.5.2.1 --- Clear Temporal Order of Drug Story --- p.368
Chapter 13.5.2.2 --- Clear Identification of Recreational Use to Addictive Use of Drugs --- p.369
Chapter 13.5.2.3 --- Capability in Articulating the Hitting Bottom Experience --- p.370
Chapter 13.5.2.4 --- Relating Drug Addiction to Lifestyle Problem --- p.371
Chapter 13.5.2.5 --- Clear but Diverse Keys to Recovery --- p.372
Chapter 13.5.2.6 --- Hybrid Abstinence Identity with Past Identity Practices --- p.373
Chapter 13.6 --- In Struggle: The Ineffective Prodigal Son Story of Drug Addiction --- p.375
Chapter 13.6.1 --- Cases showing the Ineffective Prodigal Story of Drug Addiction --- p.377
Chapter 13.6.2 --- Important Features of the Ineffective Prodigal Son Story --- p.380
Chapter 13.6.2.1 --- Lack of Clear Temporal Order of Drug Story --- p.380
Chapter 13.6.2.2 --- Identification of Addictive Use of Drugs --- p.382
Chapter 13.6.2.3 --- Not Concretely Articulating the Hitting Bottom Experience --- p.382
Chapter 13.6.2.4 --- Implicitly Relate Drug Addiction to Lifestyle Problem --- p.383
Chapter 13.6.2.5 --- Lack of Concrete Key to Recovery --- p.385
Chapter 13.6.2.6 --- Suspicion of Self Abstinence Identity --- p.386
Chapter 13.6.3 --- Key Differences between the Flexible Prodigal Son Story and the Ineffective Prodigal Son Story --- p.387
Chapter 13.7 --- Conclusion: Discursive Formation of Deviant Identity through the Subject of Prodigal Son --- p.388
Chapter Chapter 14: --- Conclusion Drug Addiction, Prodigal Son and Normalization of Drug Use --- p.394
Chapter 14.1 --- Research Summary and Key Findings --- p.395
Chapter 14.2 --- Answers to Research Questions: --- p.407
Chapter 14.2.1 --- Answer to Research Question 1 --- p.408
Chapter 14.2.2 --- Answer to Research Question 2 --- p.409
Chapter 14.2.3 --- Answer to Research Question 3 --- p.413
Chapter 14.3 --- Discussions and Implications --- p.414
Chapter 14.3.1 --- Foucault’s Concept of Disciplinary Power Discursive Control by Prodigal Son Identity --- p.415
Chapter 14.3.2 --- Goffman’s Concept of Role and Performance the Strategic Use of Prodigal Son as Impression Management --- p.422
Chapter 14.3.3 --- Theoretical Implication: A Suggested Model of Agency under Mediated Dominant Discourse of Deviant Identity --- p.428
Chapter 14.3.3.1 --- Suggested Conditions for the Constitution of Mediated Dominant Discourse of Deviant Identity --- p.429
Chapter 14.3.3.2 --- Suggested Model of Agency under Mediated Dominant Discourse of Deviant Identity --- p.438
Chapter 14.3.4 --- Social Implications and Limitations of Research --- p.449
Chapter Appendix I: --- Drug Addiction Models --- p.455
Chapter Appendix II: --- Major Treatment Modes of Drug Addiction in Hong Kong --- p.459
Chapter Appendix III: --- Voluntary Residential Rehabilitation Programs in Hong Kong --- p.462
Chapter Appendix IV: --- Lists and Summary of the selected Hong Kong Anti-drug TV APIs in 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2006 and 2008 --- p.464
Chapter Appendix V: --- Attributions, Solutions and Consequences of Drug Addiction Reported by Informants in Anti-Drug TV News Documentaries --- p.481
Chapter Appendix V: --- Interview Schedule for the Trainee Informants in the CNBF --- p.485
Chapter Appendix VII: --- Interview Schedule for the CNBF Mentors --- p.487
Chapter Appendix VIII: --- Socio-demographic Profile of the CNBF Informants and Interview Report --- p.491
Chapter Appendix IX: --- Socio-demographic Profile of the Informants in Cheer Centre and Interview Reports --- p.503
Chapter Appendix X: --- Interview Schedule for the Informants in Cheer Centre --- p.512
Chapter Appendix XI: --- A Selected Glossary of Local Drug Addicts --- p.513
Bibliography --- p.516

Thesis (Ph.D.)--York University, 2008. Graduate Programme in Communication and Culture.
Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 261-277). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:NR51780

No
This scholarly examination of the worldwide web of narcotics today provides students, social workers, health providers, law enforcement officers and policy makers with an up-to-date, overall exploration of the world of drugs. Vast resources are pumped into the 'war on drugs'. But in practice, prohibition has failed. Narcotics use continues to rise, while technology and globalisation have made a whole new range of drugs available to a vast consumer market. Where wealth and demand exist, supply continues to follow. Prohibition has failed to stem consumption and production, criminalised social groups, impeded research into alternative medicine and disease, promoted violence and gang warfare, and impacted negatively on the environment. The alternative is a humane policy framework that recognizes the incentives to produce, traffic and consume narcotics.

No
Recent research addressing the use of music to support the needs of people receiving treatment for drug addiction has led to the development and implementation of music-assisted therapeutic interventions. We hypothesized that two different music modalities combined with systematic desensitization can counter-condition drug-related cues and significantly reduce the associated craving responses. We further examined the effect of the two treatments on cognitive and psychopathological components of addiction. Twenty-four individuals experiencing drug addiction were randomly assigned to one of the three study groups, namely systematic desensitization (SD) combined with listening to New Age meditation music improvised live on Tibetan bowls (IMT), systematic desensitization combined with listening to relaxing New Age music recorded in individual MP3 devices (NIMT), or a control group that received no additional therapeutic intervention (CTR). Participants in the two treatment groups received six sessions in addition to their standard treatment during a period of three weeks. Evaluation took place at baseline, post-treatment and one month after the end of treatment. Results showed that IMT and NIMT combined with SD significantly reduced craving in response to external drug-conditioned cues, while IMT appeared to be slightly more effective than NIMT in altering permissive thoughts on drug and alcohol use, depression symptoms and everyday life craving reactivity. Further investigation as to the role of music-assisted systematic desensitization as a therapeutic intervention for drug addiction treatment is warranted.
Grant from Grundtvig Education and Culture Lifelong Learning Program (agreement contract number 2013-1-FR1-GRU11-50690).

The purpose of the study was to explore the complex ways in which chemsex and internalised homophobia may be linked. The study sought to: Elucidate the concept of internalised homophobia; determine the challenges experienced by gay men and how psychoactive drugs influence their sexual relationships with other men; and also explore a possible relationship between chemsex and internalised homophobia. The study hopes to contribute to a better understanding of the challenges that are faced by gay people and the reasons why some gay men participate in chemsex. A total of eleven participants were identified from an LGBTIQ+ friendly drug rehabilitation centre and a gay bath house in Cape Town. A qualitative approach was used to conduct the study by conducting semi structured interviews with each participant. The theoretical framework used to elucidate the concept of internalised homophobia among the LGBTIQ+ community was underpinned by the minority stress model. This model was used to explain the concepts of homophobia and internalised homophobia. The methodological framework used was qualitative research, which focuses on the stories of individuals and is concerned with the social construction of the individual’s life, and specifically Thematic Analysis which assisted in identifying patterns or themes in people’s accounts. The findings were that even though there is a relationship between internalise homophobia and chemsex, there are many other factors and influences that play a role, such as the individuals' backgrounds, their experiences in coming out as gay, and other life circumstances. In conclusion, the study suggests that there is much more that can be done to break down the stigma and prejudice facing the LGBTIQ+ community, which is a first step towards addressing the chemsex phenomenon and related psychological consequences.
Psychology
M.A. (Psychology)

The diploma thesis deals with the drug addiction issue, the circumstances that lead to drug addiction and most importantly the impact the drug addiction has on an individual. It also describes the behaviour of the drug addicted in different life situations and the impact of such behaviour; specifically the impact of behaviour of the drug addicted Romany on functioning of Romany families and communities. The aim of this thesis is to present drug-related issues of the Romany ethnic group, specific aspects of the behaviour of the drug addicted and the impact of such behaviour on their communities. Terminology related to the topic is defined and further described and drug addiction related issues of the Romany ethnic group are specified. As a part of the analysis there are semi-structured interviews which aim to describe, as authentically as possible, behaviour of the drug addicted Romany and to help people understand what kind of impact the Romany community perceive as the most urgent. Among the most important there are: the negative and condemning attitude of the older generation towards the drug addicted members; financial burden of the families of the drug addicted and prevailing negative attitude of the majority society towards the Romany as a whole, which is strengthened by the behaviour of the drug addicted and by higher rate of criminality among them.

In the first part of my thesis I deal with a theoretical basis of the issue of environment and education influence on human psyche, socialisation, addictive drugs and addictions. In a practical part I have set a research target to find out some selected characteristics of family and school environment in connection with appearance of experiment children with addictive drugs, it means concretely with use of nicotine, alcohol and cannabis. I have chosen anonymous questionnaire for the data collection. The research was taken at stage 2 primary school Hrotovice in Vysocina Region. The total research complex is comprised by 112 respondents.

This diploma thesis on the theme: The incidence of suicidal behaviour among drug addicts in the theoretical part deals with the development of the drug scene in the Czech Republic, the EU drugs policy in the Czech Republic, selected studies dealing with drug use, health and social consequences of drug use. Also deals with suicide behaviour, its forms, types, methods and causes of suicidal behaviour, motivation, development of data collection and the treatment of suicidal behaviour. The aim of this work was to find out the most common reasons and ways of suicidal behaviour in addicts individuals in the psychiatric hospital of the Cerveny Dvur (hereinafter referred to as PH CD ). Another objective was to determine whether the clients have undergone a treatment PH CD after the suicide attempt. On the basis of the objectives have been created three research questions. Due to the nature of the investigated problem was as a research method chosen semi- structured interview with clients. Before the research was carried out in PH CD questionnaire survey on suicidal behavior for a team project GA JU No. 103/2013/S "The effect of systematic psychotherapy tailored to the incidence of intentional self-injurious behaviour".. Based on the data from the questionnaire investigation were clients selected for this diploma thesis. Interviews were conducted with eight clients of PH CD.

Orientação: Carlos Alberto Poiares
O fenómeno das drogas origina e propõe percursos plurais bem como uma complexa diversidade de abordagens. Os anos 70 do século passado marcam a criminalização do consumo de drogas na legislação portuguesa. Perante tal imposição da intervenção legislativa, as Ciências do Saber manifestaram uma grande preocupação no tratamento desta patologia. Face à problemática da droga, é importante entendermos a trajetória do consumo de drogas, desde a intervenção legislativa até ao momento em que observamos uma abertura do Direito às Ciências do Saber, para compreendermos a dimensão biopsicossocial do fenómeno da toxicodependência. A intervenção das Ciências do Saber e do Direito permitiram um novo olhar sobre o individuo toxicodependente, viabilizando a criação da Estratégia Nacional de Luta Contra a Droga, consagrada na RCM n.º 46/99, de 22 de maio. Portugal abriu um novo caminho expresso na descriminalização do consumo sobre novos desígnios e estruturas vocacionadas para a luta contra a toxicodependência. Cabe compreender como a Comissão para a Dissuasão da Toxicodependência de Lisboa carateriza o indiciado como consumidor toxicodependente, frequentador deste dispositivo de intervenção juspsicológica. Por último, urge definir possíveis critérios válidos e rigorosos, para podermos identificar padrões que permitem ajustar adequadamente essa caraterização neste campo de aplicação. Para a compreensão destes percursos interventivos, jurídicos e psicossociais, no fenómeno da toxicodependência, elaborámos a presente dissertação.
The drug phenomenon originates and proposes plural paths as well as a complex diversity of approaches. The 70 years of the last century mark the criminalization of drug use in the Portuguese legislature. With that charge the legislative intervention, know of the Sciences expressed the concern in the treatment of this pathology. So it is important to understand the history of drug use, since legislative action until such time as we see an opening of law to the Sciences of Knowledge to understanding the biopsychosocial dimension of the phenomenon of drug addiction. The intervention of the Sciences of Knowledge and Law allowed a fresh look at the individual addict which enabling in the creation of National Strategy to Combat Drugs, enshrined in RCM No. 46/99 of 22 May. Portugal opened a new path expressed in the decriminalization of consumption on new designs and structures geared to the fight against drug addiction. Finally understand how the Commission for Dissuasion of Drug Abuse in Lisbon features the accused as consumer drug addict, frequenter of this juspsychology intervention device. Lastly, urges possible criteria valid and accurate in order to identify patterns that can be properly adjust this characterization in this field of application. To understand these interventional routes, whether legal as psychosocial, at the phenomenon of drug addiction, we developed this present dissertation.

The thesis deals with the role of a tutor in the Therapeutic community Karlov within a group of drug addicted mothers and their children. The thesis introduces the drug issue, including the general specification of a therapeutic community. The status of the non-profit organization SANANIM in the Czech Republic is described herein, as well as detailed characterization of its Therapeutic community Karlov which focuses on treating drug-addicted mothers along with their children. Another part of this thesis concentrates on the treatment of drug-addicted mothers along with their children and highlights the role of the tutor in the whole process. The last part of this work is dedicated to a qualitative research conducted within a group of abstaining mothers that received a treatment in this Therapeutic community. Over the course of this research a hypothesis that a tutor has positive influence on the relation of mother and her child/children during the treatment phase was confirmed.

This thesis is divided into two main parts. The first theoretical part consists of 8 chapters and informs of main topics, on which is based the research in the second part. The chapters are as follows: 1) Characteristics of adolescence age; 2) Definition of leisure; 3) Education outside the classroom; 4) Family; 5) The school as an institution acting on adolescent leisure; 6) Behavioral disorders; 7) The legal basis for the issue of spare time and 8) Juveniles in an educational institute. The main chapters are further divided into subsections, which are in some cases divided into more chapters. In the second practical part are set research objectives and hypotheses based on previous theoretical part. The use of research methods is justified and it also describes the research sample. The validity of the hypotheses was tested by research techniques of the questionnaire, the complementary technique was the interview. The research was focused on mapping the interest of girls living in the Reformatory and girls growing up in a family environment, attending secondary vocational school or vocational school and finding out what are their strongest patterns. It was found that the interests of the compared groups of girls compared to expectations do not differ significantly.

This diploma thesis deals with social-pathological phenomena at elementary schools. The theoretical part focuses on the characteristics of pathological phenomena and puts stress on anti-drug prevention at elementary schools. The practical part deals with the drug prevention, especially in the ninth grade from three elementary schools in České Budějovice and its surroundings.

My thesis is about supervision in therapeutic communities for drug abusers in the Czech Republic. In the first, theoretical part, there are described concepts the supervision and the therapeutic community. It shows a developement of TC's in the world and also in the Czech Republic and describes the history of TC's for drug abusers after 1989. Part of thesis is about clients of TC's and also about what is therapeutic community therapeutic. It's giving point also to quality standards, that are for these organisations and their supervision. The second part, empirical, maps and describes supervision praxis in TC's in the Czech Republic. Answers the questions: who is providing supervision in TC's(external, internal), with whom is supervision provided (team, individual, group), what is it about (case, program, focused on employees for example team, management), how is it provided (regular, occasional, crisis). After all it is about the developement of supervision in TC's after 1989 and reasons, that in TC's leads to change of supervisor. And at least to conflicts of roles, that accompanied (accompanies?) supervision in TC's.

The work consists of two parts, theoretical and experimental. The theoretical part deals with the specialities of Romany ethnic minority, it concentrates on the mutual relations among Romanies and majority, present status of Romany community, current drug scene and care system of the drug dependents. The aim of my experimental work has been to look through the life of drug dependent Romanies, to upvalue their situatio, to map the spectrum of drug use and to reveal problems connected with drugs. I also wanted to investigate the possibilities of specific services for Romany drug users and tried to reveal the real causes of low use of current offer by dependent Romanies.

Dissertação de mestrado em Sociologia (área de especialização em Organizações e Trabalho)
O consumo de drogas, enquanto dependência socialmente relevante, é um fenómeno social total, na medida em que a ‘droga’ abrange várias dimensões da realidade, é decorrente de um negócio lucrativo com negativas consequências para os toxicodependentes e possui uma grande variedade de significados, nomeadamente para quem as consome. O termo ‘droga’ remete para um elevado número de substâncias com distintos efeitos sobre as perceções, pensamentos ou emoções e com diferente capacidade para produzir dependência. A toxicodependência é vista como um problema social e um desvio comportamental que afecta há algumas décadas a sociedade portuguesa, em que sobressaem em particular adolescentes e jovens consumidores, os quais constituem o objeto central desta dissertação. Nesta tese, após uma introdução ao problema e suas diversas dimensões, é feita no capítulo 2 uma revisão do estado da arte no campo das ciências sociais e, em particular, um enquadramento teórico na sociologia. Para tal são expostos e confrontados os diversos olhares, interpretações e explicações do fenómeno da toxicodependência: a visão estruturo-funcionalista, as abordagens (neo)weberiana e interaccionista simbólica, a perspectiva (neo)marxista e, por fim, a busca de uma explicação de ordem pluricausal. Seguidamente no capítulo 3 é feita uma reflexão sobre modernidade e globalização, tendo todavia presente que o conhecimento das drogas, bem como a sua história, evoluiu em paralelo com a história da humanidade, já que desde sempre fizeram parte das relações sociais, de diversas culturas e até religiões. Neste capítulo focaliza-se contudo um breve olhar histórico à evolução da droga a nível mundial, europeu e nacional. No capítulo 4 é feita uma exposição sucinta das políticas públicas sobre o consumo da droga a nível mundial e a nível nacional – as quais se pautaram entre a repressão e criminalização à regulamentação, descriminalização ou mesmo legalização, sendo analisado mais em detalhe o caso português. Com a presente dissertação pretende-se contribuir para a compreensão da alteração dos padrões de consumo de drogas que se registam na atualidade. Esta investigação versa sobre o início e trajectos dos consumos de drogas e representações sociais dos toxicodependentes, nomeadamente jovens, sobre as drogas. Considerando este objecto de pesquisa empírica, foi estabelecida e desenhada no início do capítulo 5 uma estratégia de pesquisa, em que se apontaram os objectivos e delinearam os diversos métodos e técnicas utilizadas de ordem quantitativa (vg. inquérito) e qualitativa (vg. a entrevista semiestruturada, a história de vida). Foram realizados 50 inquéritos a toxicodependentes, quer em contexto institucional da Cruz Vermelha e do Centro de Atendimento a Toxicodependentes (CAT), quer na rua, entre os quais alguns sem abrigo. Com este projecto de investigação foi possível obter um conhecimento mais apurado sobre o consumo de drogas em Braga, tendo sido possível descortinar as motivações que movem os consumidores e os significados atribuídos ao consumo das drogas. Foi feita no capítulo 6 uma caracterização socio-demográfica da população inquirida: predominam pessoas do sexo masculino sobre o feminino (80% vs 20%), 73 são solteiros e 78% vivem em união de facto, pertencem maioritariamente a escalões etários entre 18 e 34 anos, com habilitações literárias entre 4º ano e 12º ano, são provenientes de sectores da restauração, construção e mecânica mas 2/3 desempregados, reformados e com baixa médica. No capítulo 7 são evidenciados os processos de iniciação, percursos e dependências no uso das drogas por idade, sexo, qualificações e sector profissional; as formas de administração das drogas, predominando a fumada, as substâncias psicoactivas mais consumidas, destacando-se o haxixe, a cocaína e a heroína, os diversos locais de consumo, mas sendo minoritárias as partilhas de material; e, por fim, no capítulo 8 são analisados os casos de toxicodependentes doentes, as estratégias para a abstinência e formas de tratamento. Pelos resultados obtidos pode concluir-se que a toxicodependência afeta pessoas de diversas classes sociais e idades, embora com predomínio de jovens masculinos e sem abrigo. A intervenção social com utilizadores problemáticos de drogas em contextos de reinserção, enquanto fenómeno contemporâneo complexo e multidimensional, requer uma rutura com o paradigma tradicional e exige novas abordagens articuladas. Com este estudo pretende-se dar um contributo para o conhecimento e a compreensão deste fenómeno por forma a contribuir para uma mudança de paradigma de intervenção com esta população.
The consumption of drugs, while dependence socially relevant, is a total social fact in so far the 'drug' encompasses various dimensions of reality, is due to a lucrative business with negative consequences for drug users and has a variety of meanings, including who consumes. The term 'drug' refers to a large number of substances with different effects on the perceptions, thoughts or emotions and with different capacity to produce dependency. Drug addiction is seen as a social problem and as a behavioral deviation affecting sinds some decades ago the Portuguese society, in which stand out in particular teenagers and young consumers, which constitute the central object of this dissertation. In this thesis, after an introduction to the problem and its various dimensions, is made in Chapter 2 a review of the state of the art in the field of social sciences and, in particular, a theoretical framework in sociology. For such are exposed and faced the various perspectives, interpretations and explanations of the phenomenon of drug dependence: the structural-functionalist view, the (neo)weberian and symbolic interactionist approaches, the perspective (neo)Marxist perspective and, finally, the search for an explanation of pluricausal order. Then in Chapter 3 is made a reflection on modernity and globalization, having in mind that this knowledge of drugs, as well as its history, evolved in parallel with the history of mankind, since it has always been part of social relations, of diverse cultures and even religions. This chapter focuses however on a brief historical look at the evolution of the drug worldwide, European and national levels. In Chapter 4 is made a brief exposure of public policies on drug consumption at the global and national level – which are guided between repression and criminalization to regulation, decriminalization or even legalization, being analyzed more in detail the Portuguese case. In this dissertation is intended to contribute to the understanding of the changing patterns of drug use that there are today. This research focuses on the beginning and trajectories of drug consumption and social representations of drug users, particularly young people, about the drugs. Considering this subject of empirical research, it was established and designed at the beginning of Chapter 5 a research strategy, in which it pointed out the objectives and outlined the various methods and techniques of quantitative order (vg. survey) and qualitative (vg. the semi-structured interview, life story). 50 questionaries were carried out, both in institutional context of the Red Cross and the Drug Treatment Center (CAT) or on the street, including some without shelter. With this research project was possible to obtain a more accurate knowledge about drug use in Braga city, having been possible to uncover the motivations that move consumers and the meanings attributed to the consumption of drugs. In Chapter 6 is made a socio-demographic characterization of the survey population: male people predominate (80% vs 20%), 73% are singles, 78% of whom live in cohabitation, prevail age groups are between 18 and 34 years old, with qualifications between fourth and 12th grade, mostly (2/3) from catering sectors, construction and mechanics but unemployed, retired and with medical. In Chapter 7 are evidenced initiation processes, pathways and dependencies in the use of drugs by age, sex, qualifications and professional sector; the forms of drug administration, where the smoked, the more consumed psychoactive substances, including cannabis, cocaine and heroin, the various consumer places, being a minority that shares material. And, finally, in Chapter 8 are analyzed the cases of drug users patients, abstinence strategies and forms of treatment. By the results obtained it can be concluded that drug addiction affects people of different social classes and ages, though with a predominance of male youth and homeless. Social intervention with problematic drug users in rehabilitation settings, while contemporary complex and multidimensional phenomenon, requires a rupture with the traditional paradigm and requires new and articulated approaches. With this study we intend to make a contribution to the knowledge and understanding of this phenomenon in order to contribute to a paradigm shift in intervention with this population.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
Drug addiction is a behavioral disorder characterized by impulsive behavior and continued intake of drug in the face of adverse consequences. Millions of people suffer the financial and social consequences of addiction, and yet many of the current therapies for addiction treatment have limited efficacy. Therefore, there is a critical need to characterize the neurobiological substrates of addiction in order to formulate better treatment options. In the first chapter, the striatal dopamine system is interrogated with [11C]raclopride PET to assess differences between chronic cannabis users and healthy controls. The results of this chapter indicate that chronic cannabis use is not associated with a reduction in striatal D2/D3 receptor availability, unlike many other drugs of abuse. Additionally, recent cannabis consumption in chronic users was negatively correlated with D2/D3 receptor availability. Chapter 2 describes a retrospective analysis in which striatal D2/D3 receptor availability is compared between three groups of alcohol-drinking and tobacco-smoking subjects: nontreatment-seeking alcoholic smokers, social-drinking smokers, and social-drinking non-smokers. Results showed that smokers had reduced D2/D3 receptor availability throughout the striatum, independent of drinking status. The results of the first two chapters suggest that some combustion product of marijuana and tobacco smoke may have an effect on striatal dopamine concentration. Furthermore, they serve to highlight the effectiveness of using baseline PET imaging to characterize dopamine dysfunction in addictions. The final chapter explores the use of [18F]fallypride PET in a proof-of-concept study to determine whether changes in cortical dopamine can be detected during a response inhibition task. We were able to detect several cortical regions of significant dopamine changes in response to the task, and the amount of change in three regions was significantly associated with task performance. Overall, the results of Chapter 3 validate the use of [18F]fallypride PET to detect cortical dopamine changes during a impulse control task. In summary, the results reported in the current document demonstrate the effectiveness of PET imaging as a tool for probing resting and activated dopamine systems in addiction. Future studies will expand on these results, and incorporate additional methods to further elucidate the neurobiology of addiction.

The thesis addresses the issue of use and abuse of drugs in individual types of secondary schools in the district of Teplice and their mutual comparison. The theoretical part describes the issue of drug and other than drug addictions and their impacts on the target population of the secondary-school youth. It also describes individual drugs in respect of their effects and risks of intoxication, protective factors and risk situations. The research was conducted in secondary schools in the district of Teplice. The comparison involved a secondary vocational school, a secondary technical school ended with the final school-leaving examination and a grammar school. The first hypothesis assumes that most of students attending secondary schools have experience in respect of drugs. The second hypothesis assumes that drugs are taken for the first time before reaching the fifteenth year of age. The third hypothesis assumes that the drug most widespread among students is marihuana. The last hypothesis assumes that the minimum of three per cent of students have experience in sniffing of volatile substances.

Orientação: Carlos Alberto Poiares
O presente estudo teve por objetivo captar e compreender a trajetória de uso de drogas ilícitas dos indivíduos classificados como tóxicodependentes e foram indiciados junto a CDT de Lisboa, no período compreendido entre 2015 à 2017. Com base na revisão documental, obtiveram-se dados relacionados com as seguintes variáveis: elementos circunstanciais, dados sociodemográficos e trajetória de uso de substâncias ilícitas. Trata-se de pesquisa quantitativa, descritiva, com uma amostra constituída por 120 processos individuais. Os resultados mostraram que 85,8% são do género masculino, média da idades 41,5 e de anos 72,5% são solteiros, 93,3% são portugueses, 48,3% trabalham. 20,2% têm o 12.º ano, 29,2% moram sozinhos. Para a trajetória de uso de drogas ilícitas observaram-se os seguintes resultados: a idade de início de uso 18,7 anos, sendo o valor mínimo de 10 anos e máximo de 45 anos, 55,8% dos casos apresentaram haxixe como primeira droga, 60,0% da frequência de consumo era regular e 44,2% dos casos as substâncias atuais utilizadas foram cocaína e heroína.
The aim of the present study was to characterize and analyze the course of illicit drugs use by toxicodependent or drug addict individuals who were indicted by CDT Lisbon between 2015 and 2017. From the documental review, it is was the possible to obtain the following data variables: circumstantial elements for drug use, socio demographic data and course of the drug use by each one of the individual. It´s a quantitative and descriptive research with a sample of 120 individuals processes. The results show that 85,8% for individuals are male, with an average age of 41,5 years of age. 72,5% of the individuals are not married. 93,3% are Portuguese and 48,3% are employed. 20,2% have completed high school (12 grade) and 29,2% live by themselves. For the illicit drug use, the following results were found: the average age to stars using drugs is 18,7 years, of which, the youngest age is 10 years old and the oldest is 45 years old. 55,8% have indicated haxixe as the main drug, with a regular consumption of 60,0% and 44,2% used cocaine and heroin as the most current substances.

Orientação: José de Almeida Brites
Esta dissertação teve como objetivo verificar quais as diferenças entre os traços de personalidade, os padrões vinculativos e a procura de sensações entre sujeitos com comportamentos aditivos em tratamento e sujeitos sem comportamentos aditivos, tal como, compreender se a qualidade das relações de vinculação que estabelecem ao longo da vida, os traços de personalidade e a procura de sensações diferem significativamente entre estes dois grupos, e também, compreender se a vinculação, os traços de personalidade e a procura de sensações se associam e de que forma se influenciam entre si. A amostra é constituída por 64 indivíduos, dividida em dois grupos, sendo que 30 nunca consumiram drogas e 34 consumiram no passado, e atualmente estão em tratamento. Os instrumentos utilizados abrangeram, um questionário sobre os dados sociodemográficos e sobre a história toxicológica, para avaliar a personalidade foi usado o Big Five Inventory, para a vinculação a Escala de Vinculação para Adultos e o Sensation Seeking Scale- Version para avaliar a procura de sensações. Os resultados foram indicadores da existência de diferenças, entre o grupo de consumidores de drogas e não consumidores em relação aos traços de personalidade, assim como, aos padrões vinculativos e à maior procura de sensações.
The objective of this dissertation was to verify the differences between personality traits, attachment patterns and sensation seeking between individuals being treated for addictive behaviours and individuals without those behaviours; that is, to understand if the quality of the attachment relationships that the individuals establish throughout their lifespan, as well as their personality traits and their sensation seeking differ significatively between these two groups and also to comprehend if attachment, personality traits and sensation seeking are associated variables and in which way they exert influence over one another. Our sample is comprised of 64 individuals, divided in two groups, 30 of which have never used drugs and the remaining 34 of which have used drugs in the past and are currently being treated for drug abuse. Our evaluation protocol included a sociodemographic data and toxicology history questionnaire, as well as the Big Five Inventory to evaluate personality factors, the Adult Attachment Scale – R to evaluate attachment factors, and the Sensation Seeking Scale – V to evaluate sensation seeking factors. Our results show that there are differences between the subjects that have used drugs and those that have never used them, regarding their personality traits, their attachment patterns and their sensation seeking behaviour.

As pessoas classificadas como sem-abrigo vivem inseridas numa realidade que muitos desafios têm vindo a lançar a quem procura maior conhecimento sobre a mesma. Realizou-se um estudo de caráter misto, com recurso a uma entrevista estruturada, na qual participou uma amostra de 22 indivíduos que possuíam na sua história de vida a presença de toxicodependência, episódios de vitimação e que habitavam os já haviam habitado as ruas. O presente estudo tem assim como objetivos identificar eventuais padrões de consumo na população sem-abrigo, identificar a presença de um padrão de vitimação, estudar os impactos da vitimação no indivíduo e procurar elementos que nos levem a uma reflexão relativa a questões específicas deste tipo de população.
The people classified as homeless are living in a reality that brings many challenges to those who seek greater knowledge about it. A quantitative and qualitative study was carried out, using a structured interview, in which the participants were a sample of 22 individuals who had in their life history the presence of drug addiction, episodes of victimization and who had already lived on the streets. The present study aims to identify possible consumption patterns in the homeless population, to identify the presence of a pattern of victimization, to study the impacts of victimization on the individual, and to search for elements that lead us to a reflection on specific issues of this type of population.

A quantitative, descriptive, explorative design was used to examine drug abuse among adolescents in Swaziland. The researcher collected data by interviewing adolescents who abused drugs in the Msunduza township, Mbabane, Swaziland. The study found that these adolescents abused alcohol to such an extent that they were often intoxicated and their schoolwork deteriorated. Only 21,7% (n=13) of the adolescents were addicted to illegal drugs. The respondents indicated that the use of drugs had negatively affected their relationships with other people and their lives in general, and they had been arrested for criminal offences, which could be contributed to their use of drugs. Peer group pressure and being accepted by their friends were the primary factors that contributed to the problem. However, the fact that more than half of the sample did not live with both their parents and had a poor relationship with their guardians could also be a factor.
Health Studies
M.A. (Health Studies)

Bestaande navorsing aangaande die terapeutiese intervensie met die dwelmafhanklike adolessent is beperk, veral navorsing wat fokus op die bewuswordingsproses tydens die terapeutiese intervensie. In hierdie studie is gepoog om die benuttingswaarde van Gestalthulpmiddels ten opsigte van die verhoging van bewuswording by die dwelmafhanklike adolessent, tydens die terapeutiese proses vas te stel. Die navorsingsproses is deur kwalitatiewe navorsing gering om in hierdie doel te slaag. Die navorsingsinligting is met behulp van 'n uitgebreide literatuurstudie, asook deur middel van die waarneming en bestudering van twaalf gevallestudies bekom. Die benuttingswaarde en die toepassingsmoontlikhede van die Gestalthulpmiddels binne die Gestaltterapeutiese proses met die dwelmafhanklike adolessent, is verken en beskryf. Deur middel van die prossesering en integrering van die bevindinge wat tydens die empiries ondersoek verkry is, kon die data vir praktiese doeleindes toegepas word. 'n Riglyn wat vir die verhoging van bewuswording by die dwelmafhanklike adolessent gebruik kan word is aanbeveel. SUMMARY Existing research on the therapeutic intervention with the drug-addicted adolescent is limited, especially research that focused on the awareness process during therapeutic involvement. This study attempt to determine the face value of Gestalt helping aids throughout the improved awareness of the drug-addicted adolescent during the therapeutic process. A qualitative research approach was followed to achieve this goal. The research data is gained by a detailed literature study, as well as by the observation and study of twelve case studies. The value and the possibilities of application of the Gestalt helping aids in the Gestalt therapeutic process with the drug-addicted adolescent, is examined and described. By processing and integrating the assumptions obtained during the empirical study, the data could have been practically applied. As suggested out of this study a guideline can be developed for the improvement of awareness of the drug addicted adolescent.
Social work
M.Diac (Play Therapy)