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1
Tóth, Anita Réka, Zsuzsanna Hideg, and László Institóris. "An old-new illicit drug – mephedrone." Orvosi Hetilap 152, no. 30 (July 2011): 1192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2011.29170.
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New natural and synthetic compounds are continuously introduced into the illicit drug market. Their origin, composition, main and side-effects are often not exactly known by the users themselves. Thus, the control of these substances is extremely difficult. Aims: In year 2008, a new synthetic drug called mephedrone (2-metilamino-1-(4-metilfenil) propan-1-on) appeared in Hungary. This work summarizes its frequency in biological samples investigated for illicit drugs, and experiences of the medical examination of mephedrone-users. Methods: Toxicological analyses of biological samples (urine and/or blood) were carried by GC-MS at the Institute of National Toxicology and at Department of Forensic Medicine, University Szeged. Results: Altogether 5386 samples were analyzed in 2010 (4922 in Budapest and 464 in Szeged), and mephedrone was identified in 363 cases (7%). Conclusions: mephedrone is banned in Hungary since 1st of January 2011 but it still present in the illegal drug market. At present we do not have sufficient experience with its long-term effects, tolerance, addiction, withdrawal symptoms or toxic dose. Thus, it is difficult to establish whether addiction and/or mental disorder occurred. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 1192–1196.
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Bailey, Megan Linnea, Shelby Wasson, and Brilynn Roberts. "Increasing Awareness of Substance Abuse and Addictions: Does Early Childhood Drug Education Provide Diversion from Using Drugs and/or Alcohol?" IU Journal of Undergraduate Research 4, no. 1 (December 16, 2018): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/iujur.v4i1.24553.
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According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, 70 percent of adolescents have experimented with alcohol, while 20 percent have experimented with prescription drugs before their senior year in high school. Alcohol and drug abuse has become a nationwide problem. A small rural community in southern Indiana reports that almost 12 percent of its population uses drugs daily. The authors hypothesize that current school-based alcohol and drug curriculums are not robust enough to divert risky behavior during adolescence. Surveys were administered to residents living in two separate transitional homes for people with addiction. The surveys consisted of questions regarding drug and alcohol abuse related to childhood education. The process was completed using a descriptive study. Participants in the study (n = 17) revealed valuable information confirming their rationales for substance abuse. Overwhelmingly, all participants agreed that drug education needs to be available in early childhood education. As substance abuse escalates, so must our efforts to research and understand the problem. The examination of current adolescent drug and alcohol prevention programs isessential to help promote program evaluation and in identifying potential education needs for our youth.
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Manchikanti, Laxmaiah. "Zohydro™ Approval by Food and Drug Administration: Controversial or Frightening?" Pain Physician 4;17, no. 4;7 (July 14, 2014): E437—E450. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2014/17/e437.
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The actions and regulations of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are crucial to the entire population of the US, specifically the public who take a multitude of drugs and providers who prescribe drugs and devices. Further, the FDA is relevant to investors, specifically in regards to biotech and pharmaceutical companies involved in developing new drugs. The FDA has been criticized for a lack of independence on the one hand and excessive regulatory and expanding authority without evidence and consistency of the actions on the other hand. The FDA approved a single-entity, long-acting, hydrocodone product (Zohydro™, Zogenix, San Diego, CA) on October 25, 2013, against the recommendation of the FDA’s own appointed scientific advisory panel, which voted 11 to 2 against the approval of Zohydro. Subsequent to the approval, multiple consumer safety organizations, health care agencies, addiction treatment providers, professional organizations, and other groups on the frontline of the opioid addiction epidemic have expressed concern. In addition, the US Congress and various state attorneys general raised serious concerns about the approval of Zohydro, which is highly addictive and may enhance the opioid addiction epidemic. Supporters of Zohydro contend that it is necessary and essential to manage chronic pain and improve functional status with no additional risk. Over the past 15 years, prescriptions for opioids have skyrocketed with the United States consuming more than 84% of the global oxycodone and more than 99% of the hydrocodone supply. The sharp increase in opioid prescribing has led to parallel increases in opioid addiction and overdose deaths, surpassing motor vehicle injuries in the US. Recent studies assessing the trends of medical use and misuse of opioid analgesics from 2000 to 2011 have concluded that the present trend of the continued increase in the medical use of opioid analgesics appears to contribute to increasing misuse, resulting in multiple health consequences, despite numerous regulations enforced by multiple organizations. The approval of Zohydro and its defense from the FDA were based on a misunderstanding of the prevalence of chronic severe disabling pain. Based on inaccurate data from the Institute of Medicine, in part caused by conflicts of interest, 100 million persons have been described to suffer from severe pain -- the correct number is 22.6 million. This manuscript analyzes 3 important principles of drug approval and utilization based on safety, efficacy, and medical necessity. Based on the limited literature that the authors were able to review including that which was submitted to the FDA by the manufacturers, it appears the safety, efficacy, and medical necessity were not demonstrated. In fact, the study submitted to the FDA showed a 50% pain improvement in only 48% of the patients in the treatment group and 21% of the patients in the placebo group at 85 day follow-up. This is a statistically significant result but its clinical relevance is unknown. The FDA approval decision occurring against the backdrop of the advisory panel recommendation is concerning and may result in serious consequences in the future. Key words: Chronic non-cancer pain, Food and Drug Administration, opioids, Zohydro, misuse, tolerance, addiction, dependency, medical necessity
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Musalek, M. "Ressource-Oriented Treatment of Addiction - the Orpheus Programme." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73720-8.
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Major problems in treating patients suffering from addictions derive from the fact that the diagnostic category dependence syndrome covers a highly inhomogeneous patient group. Therefore uniform therapeutic approaches inflexibly following treatment guidelines have not fulfilled prognostic expectations. This was the starting point for developing a new modular resource-oriented treatment program in the Anton Proksch Institute Vienna.Changing paradigms in the treatment of addiction, the Orpheus Programme offers a host of different modules designed to help patients to discover their own aims, objectives, values, and resources. The main task of the Orpheus modules is an increasing autonomous and joyful life. Abstinence represents no longer the only final goal of therapy, but is an important step to offer space and possibilities for the patients’ new life. When life becomes once again beautiful and filled with joy and meaning, addictive substances lose their seductive power: The more beautiful and attractive the patient's life, the less the drugs attractiveness. As illustrated by Orpheus, who defeated the sirens (as a symbol for addictive agents) by making the better, louder, and more attractive music, it becomes the patients’ main task to make a better “music of life”; the Orpheus modules are not training programs telling the patients how the better life looks like (as in former moral therapy); they intend to provide places, spaces and atmospheres encouraging and promoting the patients to make possible the possible.
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Severns, Jen Royce. "A Sociohistorical View of Addiction and Alcoholism." Janus Head 7, no. 1 (2004): 149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jh20047145.
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This essay is framed by the work of Edward Sampson (1993), and is a sociohistorical analysis of the institutional vicissitudes in American history that have formed the ground of our current version of the “truth” about drugs, alcohol, the drug addict and the alcoholic. The drug and alcohol discourse has been used throughout American history to institute and maintain normative ideals. These ideals are contoured by Western individualistic understandings of human being. They revolve around a theme of freedom seen as access to unlimited possibilities, which arises as a right for those individuals who are self-reliant. Alcoholics and addicts have been used as political identities, silently portraying the opposite and living out the underside of these normative ideals. As political identities they are used discursively to maintain mainstream illusions of self-reliance and to hide the falsehood of the capitalist promise of unfettered access to unlimited possibilities. Capitalist interests flourish through the maintenance of these illusions, and are able to disown responsibility via the silencing, through embodiment, of those who have been marginalized. This self-celebratory discourse is, hence, a monologue that undermines the possibility of hierarchical revolutions. Encapsulated in the embodiment of the alcoholic and addict are the covering over of political conflicts, the leveling down of difference, and the marginalizing of those who represent dialogical possibility. Twelve-step mutual help organizations participate in self-celebratory monologues that maintain the version of truth supportive of the agendas of the wealthy; however, they also offer an other-centered strategy by which dialogue again becomes possible.
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Silva Ochoa, Alfonso Daniel, José Alejandro Valdevila Figueira, Rocío Valdevila Santiesteban, Diego Javier Estrella Almeida, Luz Maria Valencia Erazo, and Andrea Katherine Orellana Manzano. "Drug abuse and serum nutritional biomarkers: A retrospective cohort study." Revista Española de Nutrición Humana y Dietética 25, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14306/renhyd.25.2.1157.
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Introduction: Drug abuse is a public health problem around the globe. Its implications in human health are harmful, compromising nutritional status. It has been shown that malnutrition is moderately prevalent in drug addicts, and a nutritional prescription is significantly beneficial for these patients. Available literature suggests altered blood serum biochemical data in drug addicts. Our study focused on blood serum nutritional biomarkers in drug addicts who did not have a nutritional assessment or treatment. This study aimed to analyze nutritional blood serum biomarkers in subjects diagnosed with drug addiction from January 2010 to June 2020.Methods: The research was a retrospective cohort, analytical, observational, and was based on a convenience sample. Data about blood serum AST, ALT, fasting glucose, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and hemoglobin were analyzed from a database of 103 subjects diagnosed with mental and behavioral disorders due to the use of drugs and other psychoactive substances (ICD-10: F10-F19) in the Institute of Neurosciences (INC). Consumed drugs were alcohol, cocaine, amphetamines, MDNA, opioids, marijuana, and psychotropic drugs. Results: The medians of hemoglobin, total cholesterol, HDL, and creatinine statistically differed between genders and age groups. There were more cases of low blood hemoglobin and hyperglycemia levels in men, (20.4, and 8.7%, respectively) than women (4.9%, and 0%, respectively). There were low levels of fasting glucose in 8.8% of our sample. Serum creatinine levels were significantly increased in subjects aged 30 or more. Conclusions:In our sample, there were statistically different medians of hemoglobin, total cholesterol, HDL, and creatinine among groups of gender and age in drug addicts. All medians were within the normal range.
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Wehr, Allison, and Lance O. Bauer. "Verbal Ability Predicts Abstinence from Drugs and Alcohol in a Residential Treatment Population." Psychological Reports 84, no. 3_suppl (June 1999): 1354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.3c.1354.
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Measures of cognitive ability, depression, anxiety, antisocial personality, as well as length, type and severity of addiction were obtained from 122 substance abusers enrolled in residential treatment programs. Over a subsequent 6-mo. monitoring period, relapse to substance use was detected in 46 subjects. 17 subjects withdrew from treatment for other reasons and their relapse status was unknown. The remaining 59 maintained abstinence from alcohol or drug use throughout the monitoring period. The only variables to differentiate the groups significantly on outcome were IQ and the Verbal subtest from the Shipley Institute of Living Scale. Stepwise discriminant function analysis indicated that the Verbal component alone correctly identified 64.4% of patients who would successfully remain abstinent.
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CICCHETTI, DANTE, and SUNIYA S. LUTHAR. "Developmental approaches to substance use and abuse." Development and Psychopathology 11, no. 4 (December 1999): 655–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579499002254.
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In 1996 the Institute of Medicine (IOM, 1996) issued a report on pathways to addiction. Although focused on the use of illegal drugs, the recommendations of the committee are equally applicable to more socially condoned, but still addictive, substances such as alcohol. The IOM (1996) report articulated the types of research that would be needed to expand the understanding of the etiology of drug use disorders, including the following: (a) multidisciplinary research to investigate the combined effects of biological, psychosocial, and contextual factors as they relate to the development of drug use, abuse, and dependence; (b) studies of sufficient duration to enable follow-up of participants in determining the role of risk and protective factors related to the transition from drug use to abuse to dependence; (c) research investigating the role of family factors in the etiology of drug use and abuse; (d) examination of psychopathology as a precursor to drug use and abuse in adolescents and adults; (e) studies of risk and protective factors related to drug use and abuse, especially during discrete developmental stages; and (f) investigation of childhood risk and protective factors that are associated with drug abuse and dependence. In reflecting on these comprehensive goals, striking similarities emerge with respect to these research foci and the field of developmental psychopathology (Cicchetti & Cohen, 1995; Cicchetti & Toth, 1991). Specifically, the principles that guide inquiries conceptualized within a developmental psychopathology framework can be applied toward the conduct of studies designed to address the agenda generated by the IOM (1996) report on substance abuse.
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Laranjeira, Ronaldo, and Sandro Sendin Mitsuhiro. "Addiction Research Centres and the Nurturing of Creativity. National Institute on Alcohol and Drugs Policies, Brazil." Addiction 107, no. 4 (March 7, 2011): 727–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03380.x.
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Matua, Linda, Guido Muharremi, Elizana Petrela, Mirnela Koçibelli, Gentian Vyshka, and Bledar Xhemali. "The Use of Psychoactive Substances and Illegal Drugs in the Albanian Society." Current Drug Research Reviews 11, no. 1 (February 26, 2019): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874473711666180719141731.
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Background: To create a representative picture of the prevalence and the total number of drug users in Albania from 2012 to 2016, and compare those numbers to previous years with other available data. Methods: The required data for the conductance of this study was collected from three different fronts, namely The Institute of Forensic Medicine (IFM), Clinical Toxicology and Addictions Service, University Hospital "Mother Theresa" Tirana (CTS) and Methadone Maintenance Treatment Centers. The study targets all individuals who have consumed at least once abusive drugs and psychotropic substances during the period 2012-2016 in the Republic of Albania. A total of 7050 reported cases over the given period were reviewed. Results: Overall, Cannabis Sativa was the highest consumed drug, present in 62.58% of the cases. Other substances with a noticeable prevalence of use were heroin (15.02%) and cocaine (5.1%). It was found out that there were 36 drug-related deaths from 2012 to 2016. During this period of time, only 9 individuals resulted positive for Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI), of which, one positive for Hepatitis C and the remaining 8 positives for HIV. About 25% of drug users in Albania belong to the young subgroup of the population (13-32 years old). Conclusion: Overall, taking into consideration all three databases, the number of drug users has significantly increased. There are more officially reported drug users today compared to 2012, however, different trends are observed during different periods. Youngsters are more eager and tempted to use and experiment more with safer and less harmful drugs like cannabis, meanwhile, as age increases, there is a tendency to shift towards more potent and dangerous drugs. Prevention and reducing the prevalence of use of psychoactive drugs is one of the main goals of public health.
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Alvarez, Elizabeth, Siddharth Joshi, Cynthia Lokker, Annie Wang, Sureka Pavalagantharajah, Yun Qiu, Hargun Sidhu, et al. "Health programmes and services addressing the prevention and management of infectious diseases in persons who inject drugs in Canada: a systematic integrative review protocol." BMJ Open 10, no. 8 (August 2020): e035188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035188.
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IntroductionInjection drug use (IDU) and intravenous drug use (IVDU) are of concern to the people using drugs, their families and health systems. One of the complications of IDU/IVDU is the risk of infection. Clinical experience has shown that persons who inject drugs (PWID) are hospitalised and re-hospitalised frequently. In Canada there are sparse data about the reasons for which PWID are admitted to hospital and their health trajectories, especially for infectious diseases. There are special concerns regarding PWID with infections who leave the hospital against medical advice and those who leave with a peripherally inserted central catheter line in place for administration of long-term antibiotics or other therapies. Improving our understanding of current programmes and services addressing the prevention and management of infectious diseases and their complications in PWID could lead to focused interventions to enhance care in this population.Methods and analysisAn integrative systematic review allows for inclusion of a variety of methodologies to understand a health issue from different viewpoints. PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science Databases and websites of the Public Health Agency of Canada, Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, and Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction will be searched using terms for infectious diseases, drug use and geography (Canada) and limited to the last 10 years (2009–2019). The Quality Appraisal Tool in Studies with Diverse Designs will be used to appraise the quality of identified studies and documents. Quantitative, qualitative or mixed methods data synthesis will be used as needed.Ethics and disseminationThis study is a secondary analysis of publicly available documents; therefore, no ethics approval is required. This information will inform a research agenda to further investigate interventions that aim to address these issues.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020142947.
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Cowan, Matthew L., and James D. Maxwell. "Treatment of hepatitis C virus infection in intravenous drug users." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 18, no. 5 (October 2006): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5215.2006.00136.x.
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Background:Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is common among intravenous drug users, and because of the long latent period, HCV liver disease is set to increase.Objectives:We sought to examine practice guidelines regarding treatment of HCV in drug users and to review the evidence for current practices.Methods:A structured search of the Pubmed database, websites of the National Institute for Clinical Excellence and national and international expert groups and opinion of independent experts in the field.Results and Conclusions:All those infected with HCV need to be assessed to ascertain whether they have active ongoing viral replication and the extent of liver damage. HCV-infected individuals should be educated about the modes of transmission and means of reducing the risk of infecting others. They should also be advised to avoid cofactors (especially alcohol) that accelerate the progression of liver disease. Specific treatment with antivirals can cause viral clearance and prevent the progression of liver disease. Therapy is effective in those on opiate-replacement treatments and also in motivated individuals who continue to use intravenous drugs. The decision whether to treat drug users should be made jointly by specialists in the management of viral hepatitis and addiction on a case-by-case basis. Current combination drug regimens are expensive but are claimed to be cost-effective, and are certainly much less costly than managing end-stage liver disease. In addition to satisfactory sustained viral response rates, other benefits such as a beneficial effect on drug habit, self-esteem and rehabilitation have been reported. Encouraging suitable drug users to take-up and comply with treatment seems to be more easily achieved in supportive drug dependency unit settings (rather than the more formal surroundings of a hospital clinic).
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Saddichha, Sahoo, Baxi Neeraj Prasad Sinha, and C. R. J. Khess. "The Role of Gateway Drugs and Psychosocial Factors in Substance Dependence in Eastern India." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 37, no. 3 (September 2007): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/pm.37.3.b.
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Objective: Western studies have identified the gateway patterns of substance use which lead the way from the so called “Soft Drugs” (like nicotine, etc.) to the “Hard Drugs” (like Opioids) [the Gateway hypothesis]. Nicotine and alcohol have been implicated as the most common initiating drugs in studies from different places, however, studies are lacking from this region. This study was designed to find the drugs of initiation and to understand the factors for initiation, maintenance, and relapse of these substances in persons dependent on them in Eastern India. Method: Seventy subjects with ICD 10 DCR diagnosis of substance dependence admitted consecutively in Center for Addiction Psychiatry, Central Institute of Psychiatry (CIP), Ranchi, were taken up for the study after taking written informed consent. A semi-structured questionnaire including the substance use part of Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory (MINI) was administered. Results: Alcohol and opioids were the most common drugs of dependence but nicotine and alcohol were found to be the most common initiating drugs in both alcohol and opioid groups. Persons dependent on opioids presented earlier for treatment, with earlier development of withdrawal symptoms and having completed lesser years of formal education, and had higher monthly incomes as compared to those dependent on alcohol. The most common psychosocial factors determining initiation and maintenance were peer pressure or curiosity. Conclusions: If adolescents and youth can be motivated to stay away even from the “gateway drugs” by targeting common initiation factors, it may lead to delay in dependence or possibly avoidance of development of dependence.
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Auriacombe, Marc, Perrine Roux, Laélia Briand Madrid, Sébastien Kirchherr, Charlotte Kervran, Carole Chauvin, Marie Gutowski, et al. "Impact of drug consumption rooms on risk practices and access to care in people who inject drugs in France: the COSINUS prospective cohort study protocol." BMJ Open 9, no. 2 (February 2019): e023683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023683.
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IntroductionThe high prevalence of hepatitis C and the persistence of HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) risk practices in people who inject drugs (PWID) in France underlines the need for innovative prevention interventions. The main objective of this article is to describe the design of the COSINUS cohort study and outline the issues it will explore to evaluate the impact of drug consumption rooms (DCR) on PWID outcomes. Secondary objectives are to assess how DCR (a) influence other drug-related practices, such as the transition from intravenous to less risky modes of use, (b) reduce drug use frequency/quantity, (c) increase access to treatment for addiction and comorbidities (infectious, psychiatric and other), (d) improve social conditions and (e) reduce levels of violence experienced and drug-related offences. COSINUS will also give us the opportunity to investigate the impact of other harm reduction tools in France and their combined effect with DCR on reducing HIV-HCV risk practices. Furthermore, we will be better able to identify PWID needs.Methods and analysisEnrollment in this prospective multi-site cohort study started in June 2016. Overall, 680 PWID in four different cities (Bordeaux, Marseilles, Paris and Strasbourg) will be enrolled and followed up for 12 months through face-to-face structured interviews administered by trained staff to all eligible participants at baseline (M0), 3 month (M3), 6 month (M6) and 12 month (M12) follow-up visits. These interviews gather data on socio-demographic characteristics, past and current drug and alcohol consumption, drug-use related practices, access to care and social services, experience of violence (as victims), offences, other psychosocial issues and perception and needs about harm reduction interventions and services. Longitudinal data analysis will use a mixed logistic model to assess the impact of individual and structural factors, including DCR attendance and exposure to other harm reduction services, on the main outcome (HIV-HCV risk practices).Ethics and disseminationThis study was reviewed and approved by the institutional review board of the French Institute of Medical Research and Health (opinion number: 14–166). The findings of this cohort study will help to assess the impact of DCR on HIV-HCV risk practices and other psycho-social outcomes and trajectories. Moreover, they will enable health authorities to shape health and harm reduction policies according to PWID needs. Finally, they will also help to improve current harm reduction and therapeutic interventions and to create novel ones.
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Chernaia, M. I., A. B. Kholmogorova, O. V. Zubareva, and T. V. Zhuravleva. "Clinical and socio-psychological characteristics of patients with suicidal attempts." Консультативная психология и психотерапия 24, no. 3 (2016): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2016240305.
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The article presents a retrospective analysis of medical records of 192 patients with suicide attempts who were treated in somatopsychology department for surgical patients in Scientific Research Institute of Emergency Care named after N.V. Sklifosovsky. The sample consisted of 64% men and 36% women. Most patients didn’t have higher education (82%), were not married (71%), and were in active working age from 15 to 45 years old (74%). The analysis of the medical records revealed that most patients were diagnosed with affective and personality disorder (56%), suffered from addiction and consumed alcohol and drugs regularly (11%), gave themselves stab and incision wounds of different localization (74%), a lot of them had hepatitis C virus (65%). Exasperation of severity of their mental state and growth of psychological and social maladjustment of patients after the initial auto-aggressive action often act as the factors of repetitive and multiple suicide attempts. We conclude that it is necessary to create special centers for the rehabilitation of patients who committed a suicide attempt and for the prevention of repeated auto-aggressive actions based on the model of centers of dialectical behavioral therapy, which provide specialized care for patients with chronic suicidal behavior.
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Sheth, Shabinabegam A. M., Bhavya Bairy, Aurobind Ganesh, Sumi Jain, Prabhat Chand, Pratima Murthy, and Sanjeev Arora. "Impact of mental health and addiction NIMHANS ECHO on primary care physicians: study from a rural state of India." BJPsych Open 7, S1 (June 2021): S157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.438.
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AimsAs per National Mental Health Survey-2015-16, 83 out of 100 people having mental health problems do not have access to care in India. Further, primary health care providers (PCPs) have not been adequately trained in the screening, diagnosis, and initial management of common mental health conditions. There is thus a need to train health care providers at the State level to incorporate mental health into primary health care. In this paper, we report the findings of a collaborative project between the National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS) Bangalore India, and the state of Chhattisgarh incorporating mental health into primary care and addressing urban-rural disparities through tele-mentoring.MethodWe assessed the impact of the NIMHANS Extended Community Health Care Outcome (ECHO), an online, blended training program on participants' knowledge and competence (primary outcome) and commitment, satisfaction, and performance (Secondary outcomes) using Moore's evaluation framework. Primary and secondary outcomes were determined through a pre-post evaluation, assessment of trainee participation in the quarterly tele ECHO clinic as well as periodic assignments, respectively.ResultOver ten months of the NIMHANS ECHO program, there was a significant improvement in the participants' knowledge post-ECHO (p < 0.05, t = −3.52). Self-efficacy in diagnosis and management of mental health problems approached significance; p < 0.001. Increased engagement in tele-ECHO sessions was associated with better performance for declarative and procedural knowledge. The attrition rate was low (5 out of 30 dropped out), and satisfaction ratings of the course were high across all fields. The participants reported a 10- fold increase in the number of patients with mental health problems they had seen, following the training. A statistically significant increase in the number of psychotropic drugs prescribed post ECHO with t = −3.295, p = 0.01.ConclusionThe outcomes indicate that the NIMHANS ECHO with high participant commitment is a model with capacity building potential in mental health and addiction for remote and rural areas by leveraging technology. This model has the potential to be expanded to other states in the country in providing mental health care to persons in need of care.
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Rafiq, Ali, Saba Fatima, Beenish Masood, Rizwan Ahmed Khan, Fareeha Ahmed Khan, Aimen Liaquat, Aelia Fatima, et al. "Awareness of hepatitis B and C among students of nonmedical universities in Karachi." Asian Biomedicine 9, no. 2 (January 31, 2017): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5372/1905-7415.0902.381.
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Abstract Background Pakistan is highly endemic with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the incidence of HBV infection is rising steadily. The reasons may include poor public awareness about the transmission of HBV and HCV. Objectives To assess the awareness of HBV and HCV among students in nonmedical universities. Methods The study instrument was a structured 36 item questionnaire. After obtaining permission from the respective administrations, students were approached within their university campuses and were included by convenience sampling. The results were expressed as frequencies. Results Five hundred students from 5 different institutions participated in the survey, with 100 students representing each institute. Most students did not recognize the possible modes of infection of hepatitis B that include reuse of syringes (57.2%), blood transfusions (62.6%), and sexual contact (57.4%). However, most (67.8%) students correctly believe that there is a vaccination available for the prevention of HBV. Most students did not recognize the possible modes of infection of hepatitis C that include reuse of syringes (61.8%), use of intravenous drugs of addiction (71.4%), sexual contact (55.6%), and blood transfusions (55.2%) as possible modes of transmission. Most students (51.8%) incorrectly believed that there is a vaccination available for the prevention of HCV. Conclusions There is a prominent lack of awareness regarding the risk factors for HBV and HCV infection among the student community of nonmedical universities in Karachi, and an immediate need to conduct nationwide awareness programs to raise the awareness of HBV and HCV transmission in the Pakistani population exists.
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Nordstrom, Benjamin R., and Charles A. Dackis. "Drugs and Crime." Journal of Psychiatry & Law 39, no. 4 (December 2011): 663–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009318531103900407.
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Drug law violations and other crimes related to substance abuse incur dire costs in terms of both financial outlay and human suffering. This review of the current professional literature addresses the identification of risk factors and the longitudinal course of addiction and criminal behavior. Results indicate that neither criminally active drug users nor drug users in general are monolithic groups in terms of manifestations of criminal behavior. Drug use and criminal activity are depicted as mutually facilitative behaviors, with research outcomes tending to convey that although drug addiction does not turn nonviolent criminals into violent criminals, active addiction does increase the frequency of criminal activity.
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Uhl, George R., David J. Vandenbergh, and Lucinda L. Miner. "Drug addiction: Knockout mice and dirty drugs." Current Biology 6, no. 8 (August 1996): 935–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(02)00630-9.
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Di Francesco, Gabrilele. "Researching sexuality and drug addiction." Journal of the International Network for Sexual Ethics & Politics 3, no. 1-2015 (July 16, 2019): 80–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/insep.v3i1.07.
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The paper presents the methodological and technical aspects of a research project that set out to explore the relationship between sexuality and drugs addiction, with the twofold aim of a better focusing of the phenomenon which is hidden and difficult to read and at preparing appropriate strategies for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. The survey was carried out in the border area between the Italian regions Marche and Abruzzo, which is identified as the “pole of sex” [Ricci S., 1998:23] and where there are high rates of drug addiction. The survey involved the population of prostitutes, transvestites and transsexual who regularly attend the road called “Bonifica del Tronto”, between the provinces of Ascoli Piceno and Teramo and who are regular users of drugs (heroin, cocaine and others). It is a marginal population with various ethnic backgrounds, coming from Eastern Europe, Africa and Latin America, which now has a quite stable settlement in this area and is perceived almost as a “subculture of sex”. The majority of the subjects recruited for the research are users of the local Services for drugs addiction. This made the initial contact and recruitment less difficult as it was done through the mediation of the Service operators. The research adopted a qualitative methodological approach and has been carried out through individual interviews – mostly in the headquarters of the Services.
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Luty, Jason. "Drug and alcohol addiction: new challenges." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 20, no. 6 (November 2014): 413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.114.012583.
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SummaryThere have been many developments in addiction psychiatry over the past decade. Some of these are political, such as preference for recovery-/ abstinence-based programmes. Prohibition is becoming increasingly unrealistic, especially considering the effective legalisation of recreational cannabis in Uruguay and two US states. Legal highs and diversion of prescribed drugs (such as methadone, gabapentinoids, methylphenidate and benzodiazepines) are now a major problem. Furthermore, diversion of opioid drugs that are prescribed for pain is reaching epidemic proportions, causing a significant change in the nature of patients being referred to addiction services.Learning Objectives•Be aware of political issues regarding abstinence-based treatment and prohibition.•Be aware of risks and increased prevalence of diversion of drugs of misuse, especially opioid pain killers, gabapentinoids and benzodiazepines.•Update knowledge of problems with methadone such as cardiac arrhythmias and diversion.
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Siegel, Shepard. "Drug Tolerance, Drug Addiction, and Drug Anticipation." Current Directions in Psychological Science 14, no. 6 (December 2005): 296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00384.x.
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Environmental cues associated with drugs often elicit withdrawal symptoms and relapse to drug use. Such cues also modulate drug tolerance. The contribution of drug-associated stimuli to withdrawal and tolerance is emphasized in a Pavlovian-conditioning analysis of drug administration. Conditional responses occur in the presence of cues that have been associated with the drug in the past, such as the setting in which the drug was taken. These conditional responses mediate the expression of tolerance and withdrawal symptoms. Recently, it has become apparent that internal predrug cues, as well as environmental cues, elicit pharmacological conditional responses that contribute to tolerance and withdrawal. Such internal cues include cognitive or proprioceptive cues incidental to self-administration, drug-onset cues that are experienced shortly after administration, and emotional cues. According to the conditioning analysis, addiction treatment should incorporate learning principles to extinguish the association between stimuli (environmental and internal) present at the time of drug administration and the effects of the addictive drug.
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Tahjiba, Faiqua. "Drug abuse and drug addiction among students of University of Rajshahi." Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 11, no. 3 (December 8, 2020): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v11i3.50595.
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Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the actual condition of the students of University of Rajshahi (RU) regarding drug abuse and addiction. Using case study method the research was conducted with four objectives: (a) to find out how respondents began drug abuse; (b) to discover the causes of their drug addiction; (c) to understand the process of their drug abuse; and (d) to find out the economic, social and health effects of drug abuse. Methods: Case study method was used in this research. Through snowball sampling 18 drug- addicted students of RU were selected as respondents. In-depth interview with a schedule was used to collect data from the respondents in January 2019. Results: Findings of the study show that the causes of drug addiction included curiosity, frustration, friends’ request, neglect from family and friends etc. The drugs which they usually abused were Yaba, Phensydyle, Ganja (Weed), Chuani etc. Their average monthly expenditure for collecting drugs was in between Taka 8,000-10,000. They collected those drugs from rickshaw pullers at different points within the campus and from Mizaner Mor, Budhpara slum and other places outside the campus. The respondents opined that drugs were available if sufficient money could be spent. The respondents had senior and junior fellow students and local boys as companions while taking drugs. Most of them faced physical problems after taking drugs, and some of them tried to get rid of this curse of drug addiction. Conclusion: The findings of this research show that the rate of drug addiction among the students of RU was quite alarming. Therefore, all stakeholders including the students, guardians, teachers, university authority, the law makers and law enforcing agencies, researchers, civil society, NGO’s and the state must come forward together to combat this formidable foe.
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Bocharova, Inna Anatolevna, Vadim Agadzhanov, and Vadim Sagalaev. "Drug addiction. Drugs and their effects on man." Vestnik Volgogradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. Serija 11. Estestvennye nauki, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu11.2013.2.3.
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Wilcox, James Allen. "Addiction Potential of Abused Drugs and Drug Classes." Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 23, no. 3 (July 1, 1991): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1991.10471598.
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Kippin, Tod E. "Does drug mis-instrumentalization lead to drug abuse?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 34, no. 6 (November 10, 2011): 316–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x11000859.
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AbstractUnderstanding the perceived benefits of using drugs to achieve specific mental states will provide novel insights into the reasons individuals seek to use drugs. However, the precision of attempts to instrumentalize drugs is unclear both across drugs and individuals. Moreover, mis-instrumentalization, defined as discrepancies between such endpoints, may have relevance to understanding the relation among use, abuse, and addiction.
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Watson, Judith, Paul Toner, Ed Day, Donna Back, Louca-Mai Brady, Caroline Fairhurst, Charlotte Renwick, et al. "Youth social behaviour and network therapy (Y-SBNT): adaptation of a family and social network intervention for young people who misuse alcohol and drugs – a randomised controlled feasibility trial." Health Technology Assessment 21, no. 15 (March 2017): 1–260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta21150.
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BackgroundFamily interventions appear to be effective at treating young people’s substance misuse. However, implementation of family approaches in UK services is low. This study aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of recruiting young people to an intervention based on an adaptation of adult social behaviour and network therapy. It also sought to involve young people with experience of using substance misuse services in the research process.ObjectivesTo demonstrate the feasibility of recruiting young people to family and social network therapy and to explore ways in which young people with experience of using substance misuse services could be involved in a study of this nature.DesignA pragmatic, two-armed, randomised controlled open feasibility trial.SettingTwo UK-based treatment services for young people with substance use problems, with recruitment taking place from May to November 2014.ParticipantsYoung people aged 12–18 years, newly referred and accepted for structured interventions for drug and/or alcohol problems.InterventionsA remote, web-based computer randomisation system allocated young people to adapted youth social behaviour and network therapy (Y-SBNT) or treatment as usual (TAU). Y-SBNT participants were intended to receive up to six 50-minute sessions over a maximum of 12 weeks. TAU participants continued to receive usual care delivered by their service.Main outcome measuresFeasibility was measured by recruitment rates, retention in treatment and follow-up completion rates. The main clinical outcome was the proportion of days on which the main problem substance was used in the preceding 90-day period as captured by the Timeline Follow-Back interview at 3 and 12 months.ResultsIn total, 53 young people were randomised (Y-SBNT,n = 26; TAU,n = 27) against a target of 60 (88.3%). Forty-two young people attended at least one treatment session [Y-SBNT 22/26 (84.6%); TAU 20/27 (74.1%)]; follow-up rates were 77.4% at month 3 and 73.6% at month 12. Data for nine young people were missing at both months 3 and 12, so the main clinical outcome analysis was based on 24 young people (92.3%) in the Y-SBNT group and 20 young people (74.1%) in the TAU group. At month 12, the average proportion of days that the main problem substance was used in the preceding 90 days was higher in the Y-SBNT group than in the TAU group (0.54 vs. 0.41; adjusted mean difference 0.13, 95% confidence interval –0.12 to 0.39;p = 0.30). No adverse events were reported. Seventeen young people with experience of substance misuse services were actively involved throughout the study. They informed key elements of the intervention and research process, ensuring that the intervention was acceptable and relevant to our target groups; contributing to the design of key trial documents, ideas for a new model of public involvement and this report. Two parents were also involved.ConclusionsThe adapted intervention could be delivered in young people’s services, and qualitative interviews found that Y-SBNT was acceptable to young people, family members and staff. Engagement of family and network members proved difficult within the intervention and research aspects. The study proved the feasibility of this work in routine services but outcome measurement based on narrow substance use variables may be limited and may fail to capture other important changes in wider areas of functioning for young people. Validation of the EuroQol-5 Dimensions for young people aged 12–18 years should be considered and flexible models for involvement of young people in research are required to achieve inclusive representation throughout all aspects of the research process. Although recommendation of a full trial of the Y-SBNT intervention compared with TAU is not supported, this study can inform future intervention development and UK research within routine addiction services.Trial registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN93446265.FundingThis project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full inHealth Technology Assessment; Vol. 21, No. 15. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Reid, Alastair. "Drug addiction finds its own niche." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 34, no. 6 (November 10, 2011): 321–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x11000781.
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AbstractThe evolutionary framework suggested by Müller & Schumann (M&S) can be extended further by considering drug-taking in terms of Niche Construction Theory (NCT). It is suggested here that genetic and environmental components of addiction are modified by cultural acceptance of the advantages of non-addicted drug taking and the legitimate supply of performance-enhancing drugs. This may then reduce the prevalence of addiction.
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Biryukov, Pavel N. "The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction." Drug control 1 (April 1, 2020): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2072-4160-2020-1-38-41.
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Sun, Jingchun, Liang-Chin Huang, Hua Xu, and Zhongming Zhao. "Network-Assisted Prediction of Potential Drugs for Addiction." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/258784.
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Drug addiction is a chronic and complex brain disease, adding much burden on the community. Though numerous efforts have been made to identify the effective treatment, it is necessary to find more novel therapeutics for this complex disease. As network pharmacology has become a promising approach for drug repurposing, we proposed to apply the approach to drug addiction, which might provide new clues for the development of effective addiction treatment drugs. We first extracted 44 addictive drugs from the NIDA and their targets from DrugBank. Then, we constructed two networks: an addictive drug-target network and an expanded addictive drug-target network by adding other drugs that have at least one common target with these addictive drugs. By performing network analyses, we found that those addictive drugs with similar actions tended to cluster together. Additionally, we predicted 94 nonaddictive drugs with potential pharmacological functions to the addictive drugs. By examining the PubMed data, 51 drugs significantly cooccurred with addictive keywords than expected. Thus, the network analyses provide a list of candidate drugs for further investigation of their potential in addiction treatment or risk.
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Islam, RN, NE Tabessum, AKM Safiuzzaman, and MMI Sarker. "A Case Study of Drug Abuse." Medicine Today 24, no. 2 (May 18, 2013): 82–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v24i2.15014.
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There has been increasing the incidence of addiction to certain drugs amongst people belonging to various strata of society particularly amongst young people in our country as well as western countries. Our patient is a 24 year old male with a history of phensidyl addiction for 4.5 years. Without having it he cant do anything. If he cannot take it, peevish temperament occurs and he doesnt wish to work or even talk. He collects drugs from the local spots or a particular person. This condition is very much dangerous both to the individual and socio-economic condition of a country. Drugs addiction is a condition of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by the repeated consumption of a drug or drugs by and individual effect of which is detrimental to the individual or to the society. A more intensive research, action program, and social movement are needed. It is also needed to strengthen family and social values and religious ethics in order to maintain a stable and drug-free society.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v24i2.15014 Medicine Today 2012 Vol.24(2): 82-84
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Ascoli, Giorgio A., and Kevin A. McCabe. "Scarcity begets addiction." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 29, no. 2 (April 2006): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x06249045.
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As prototypical incentive with biological meaning, food illustrates the distinction between money as tool and money as drug. However, consistent neuroscience results challenge this view of food as intrinsic value and opposite to drugs of abuse. The scarce availability over evolutionary time of both food and money may explain their similar drug-like non-satiability, suggesting an integrated mechanism for generalized reinforcers.
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Bechara, Antoine, Kent C. Berridge, Warren K. Bickel, Jose A. Morón, Sidney B. Williams, and Jeffrey S. Stein. "A Neurobehavioral Approach to Addiction: Implications for the Opioid Epidemic and the Psychology of Addiction." Psychological Science in the Public Interest 20, no. 2 (October 2019): 96–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1529100619860513.
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Two major questions about addictive behaviors need to be explained by any worthwhile neurobiological theory. First, why do people seek drugs in the first place? Second, why do some people who use drugs seem to eventually become unable to resist drug temptation and so become “addicted”? We will review the theories of addiction that address negative-reinforcement views of drug use (i.e., taking opioids to alleviate distress or withdrawal), positive-reinforcement views (i.e., taking drugs for euphoria), habit views (i.e., growth of automatic drug-use routines), incentive-sensitization views (i.e., growth of excessive “wanting” to take drugs as a result of dopamine-related sensitization), and cognitive-dysfunction views (i.e., impaired prefrontal top-down control), including those involving competing neurobehavioral decision systems (CNDS), and the role of the insula in modulating addictive drug craving. In the special case of opioids, particular attention is paid to whether their analgesic effects overlap with their reinforcing effects and whether the perceived low risk of taking legal medicinal opioids, which are often prescribed by a health professional, could play a role in the decision to use. Specifically, we will address the issue of predisposition or vulnerability to becoming addicted to drugs (i.e., the question of why some people who experiment with drugs develop an addiction, while others do not). Finally, we review attempts to develop novel therapeutic strategies and policy ideas that could help prevent opioid and other substance abuse.
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Ersche, Karen D., Chun Meng, Hisham Ziauddeen, Jan Stochl, Guy B. Williams, Edward T. Bullmore, and Trevor W. Robbins. "Brain networks underlying vulnerability and resilience to drug addiction." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 26 (June 15, 2020): 15253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002509117.
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Regular drug use can lead to addiction, but not everyone who takes drugs makes this transition. How exactly drugs of abuse interact with individual vulnerability is not fully understood, nor is it clear how individuals defy the risks associated with drugs or addiction vulnerability. We used resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) in 162 participants to characterize risk- and resilience-related changes in corticostriatal functional circuits in individuals exposed to stimulant drugs both with and without clinically diagnosed drug addiction, siblings of addicted individuals, and control volunteers. The likelihood of developing addiction, whether due to familial vulnerability or drug use, was associated with significant hypoconnectivity in orbitofrontal and ventromedial prefrontal cortical-striatal circuits—pathways critically implicated in goal-directed decision-making. By contrast, resilience against a diagnosis of substance use disorder was associated with hyperconnectivity in two networks involving 1) the lateral prefrontal cortex and medial caudate nucleus and 2) the supplementary motor area, superior medial frontal cortex, and putamen—brain circuits respectively implicated in top-down inhibitory control and the regulation of habits. These findings point toward a predisposing vulnerability in the causation of addiction, related to impaired goal-directed actions, as well as countervailing resilience systems implicated in behavioral regulation, and may inform novel strategies for therapeutic and preventative interventions.
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Mahir, Isma Lebbe Mohamed, and Thaseem Mohamed Fathima Wazeema. "Social Aspects of Drug Addiction in Sri Lanka." Journal of Politics and Law 13, no. 2 (May 19, 2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v13n2p54.
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Social problems are rapidly increasing in modern societies due to various reasons. One of these is drug addiction, which has become a major issue in the contemporary world, as it is proving to be a serious social problem in both developing and underdeveloped countries. This review article that focuses on the social aspects of drug addiction in Sri Lanka is based on secondary data obtained from the published works of different authors; they provide details about the identity of drugs, drug addiction and the increasing number of addicts in Sri Lanka. Drug addiction has become an important issue due to its severe impact on public health, its tendency to encourage crime, cause diseases, poverty and destruction of family life in Sri Lanka. Heroin and cannabis (marijuana) are found to be the most commonly used drugs in Sri Lanka. Laws and policies designed to control drug abuse and regulations on drug addicts have not brought any major change or desired outcome in the Sri Lankan drug scene. Drug users in Sri Lanka get their supply of drugs from the underground drug market, which has its internal and external sources. Rehabilitation of drug addicts has become an urgent need in the country to protect its valuable citizens who are needed to build a sustainable nation that is free from drugs. Drug addiction is preventable and can be managed successfully if every citizen of the country gives his/ her full support and contribution.
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Podolian, V. M. "Adolescent drug addiction in Ukraine: social and psychological aspects." Shidnoevropejskij zurnal vnutrisnoi ta simejnoi medicini 2021, no. 2 (2021): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/internalmed2021.02.062.
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Adolescent drug addiction in Ukraine is a serious problem that requires proper attention and evaluation from modern society. Timely public reaction to this issue determines the methods of its solution and ways to prevent adolescent drug addiction in Ukraine in the future. The urgency of the subject matter is determined by the danger of drug addiction among Ukrainian adolescents and the lack of attention paid by parents to the study of this problem and the lack of proper attention to this issue in most Ukrainian schools. Prospects for research in this area are determined by the need to identify the main social and psychological aspects that motivate modern Ukrainian adolescents to use drugs. This will allow to redirect the situation and create conditions to prevent a situation in society where drug use by Ukrainian adolescents would be possible. The purpose of the paper is to identify the dominant psychological and social factors that motivate adolescents to start using drugs. The main research method is the method of analysis, which was used to comprehensively consider and describe the factors that push young people to use drugs, despite the obvious threat to their health and life. Authors consider issues of social and psychological aspects of adolescent drug addiction, problems of relations in society and families where adolescents begin to use drugs. The study covers the types of family relations and the nature of intrafamily relations, in which adolescents start using drugs. The main social and psychological factors that push modern young people to take drugs are identified. The practical value of the study in this area is to identify and state opportunities to create methods to combat adolescent drug addiction and the complete elimination of the harmful effects of drugs on modern Ukrainian schoolchildren.
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Podolian, V. M. "Adolescent Drug Addiction in Ukraine: Social and Psychological Aspects." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 6, no. 3 (June 26, 2021): 256–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs06.03.256.
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Adolescent drug addiction in Ukraine is a serious problem that requires proper attention and evaluation from modern society. Timely public reaction to this issue determines the methods of its solution and ways to prevent adolescent drug addiction in Ukraine in the future. The urgency of the subject matter is determined by the danger of drug addiction among Ukrainian adolescents and the lack of attention paid by parents to the study of this problem and the lack of proper attention to this issue in most Ukrainian schools. Prospects for research in this area are determined by the need to identify the main social and psychological aspects that motivate modern Ukrainian adolescents to use drugs. This will allow to redirect the situation and create conditions to prevent a situation in society where drug use by Ukrainian adolescents would be possible. The purpose of the study is to identify the dominant psychological and social factors that motivate adolescents to start using drugs. Materials and methods. The main research method is the method of analysis, which was used to comprehensively consider and describe the factors that push young people to use drugs, despite the obvious threat to their health and life. Authors consider issues of social and psychological aspects of adolescent drug addiction, problems of relations in society and families where adolescents begin to use drugs. The study covers the types of family relations and the nature of intra-family relations, in which adolescents start using drugs. Conclusion. The main social and psychological factors that push modern young people to take drugs are identified. In the course of this study, conclusions were drawn about the significant role of existing problems in modern Ukrainian families, where children begin to use drugs early. Preventive conversations in schools, other educational institutions and at home are effective tools in the fight against adolescent drug addiction. Competitions in various sports among teenagers and mass cross-country races also have pronounced influence. The practical value of the study in this area is to identify and state opportunities to create methods to combat adolescent drug addiction and the complete elimination of the harmful effects of drugs on modern Ukrainian schoolchildren
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SHAHBAZ, INTISAR. "Drugs and their impact on the individual and society." Journal Ishraqat Tanmawya 27 (June 2021): 63–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.51424/ishq.27.3.
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Abstract The problem of drug addiction for individuals, especially young people, is one of the most dangerous pests that cause many problems in various health, social and psychological aspects facing every society, but rather the whole world. The phenomenon of drug addiction often leaves individuals with dangerous negative effects on their behavior, whether towards themselves or towards others, and this requires the relevant institutions to strive for important and constructive solutions to reform such individuals, and then rid them of their negative behaviors, rehabilitate them and integrate them into society, to become active and effective individuals through their adoption of positive behaviors that are acceptable in line with the values, customs and traditions of their societies to which they belong. Therefore, our current study came to shed light on the most important effects resulting from the phenomenon of drug addiction among individuals through achieving the two research objectives which seek to know: 1- Causes of addiction to drug use among individuals 2- The effect of drug abuse on society. Upon verifying the two research objectives by relying on the analytical method of literature and previous studies, the two researchers reached the following results: First - The most important causes of youth addiction to drugs are poverty, begging, loss of one or both parents, the presence of a criminal in his family, invalid education and other various phenomena and deviations. Second - The symptoms of drug addiction push the addicted person to adopt deviant behaviors, as well as afflicting the addicted individual to psychological and mental pressures, and then afflicting his family with chronic diseases, in addition to the family breakdown occurring in the homes of drug addicts. Key words: drugs; Drug effect; The individual and society.
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Avchalumov, Yosef, and Chitra D. Mandyam. "Plasticity in the Hippocampus, Neurogenesis and Drugs of Abuse." Brain Sciences 11, no. 3 (March 22, 2021): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11030404.
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Synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus assists with consolidation and storage of long-lasting memories. Decades of research has provided substantial information on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, and this review discusses these mechanisms in brief. Addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder with loss of control over drug taking and drug seeking that is caused by long-lasting memories of drug experience. Relapse to drug use is caused by exposure to context and cues associated with the drug experience, and is a major clinical problem that contributes to the persistence of addiction. This review also briefly discusses some evidence that drugs of abuse alter plasticity in the hippocampus, and that development of novel treatment strategies that reverse or prevent drug-induced synaptic alterations in the hippocampus may reduce relapse behaviors associated with addiction.
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Litvincev, B. S., D. P. Konstantinov, A. Yu Efimcev, A. D. Petrov, A. V. Fomichev, A. E. Sosyukin, E. V. Malysheva, and M. N. Vorob'eva. "Neurological aspects of modern drug addiction." Toxicological Review, no. 2 (May 15, 2020): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36946/0869-7922-2020-2-24-28.
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The article presents the results of neurological examination of 95 patients with drug dependence. Neurological symptoms were evaluated comparatively in patients with non-injecting and injecting forms of dependence (n=17 and n=78, respectively). The obtained data of clinical neurological examination were compared with the indicators of magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and neurophysiological assessment of the state of peripheral nerves. A comprehensive analysis of the results of the study indicated that chronic intoxication with injecting drugs leads to the development of more pronounced and polymorphic neurological symptoms. It is also necessary to take into account the key role of intoxication in the formation of a cascade of reactions that change the functions of the nervous system.
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No authorship indicated. "Review of Addiction Potential of Abused Drugs and Drug Classes." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 37, no. 2 (February 1992): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/031941.
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Maguire, Denise. "Drug Addiction in Pregnancy: Disease Not Moral Failure." Neonatal Network 33, no. 1 (2013): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.33.1.11.
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Nurses have demonstrated concern for years about their interactions with pregnant women who abuse drugs. Reports of nurses’ concern with substance abuse have been reported in the literature since the 1980s. As with any chronic disease, drug addiction causes physiologic changes, and the pathology that occurs in the brain drives characteristic behaviors. Research suggests that choices that addicts make are driven by pathology rather than by failure of a moral compass. This article reviews the theoretical explanations for addictive behaviors, describes the pathophysiology of drug addiction that is responsible for the predictable symptoms and behaviors exhibited by women who abuse prescription drugs and other opioids, and identifies nursing interventions to impact positive outcomes. Nurses who have a working knowledge of this disease will provide more effective nursing care to the women they encounter and are better prepared to make a difference in the lives of both women and their children.
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Iyengar, Smriti, Sarah A. Woller, Rebecca Hommer, Jennifer Beierlein, Clinton B. Wright, Amir P. Tamiz, and Barbara I. Karp. "Critical NIH Resources to Advance Therapies for Pain: Preclinical Screening Program and Phase II Human Clinical Trial Network." Neurotherapeutics 17, no. 3 (July 2020): 932–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13311-020-00918-2.
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Abstract Opioid-related death and overdose have now reached epidemic proportions. In response to this public health crisis, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) launched the Helping to End Addiction Long-term InitiativeSM, or NIH HEAL InitiativeSM, an aggressive, trans-agency effort to speed scientific solutions to stem the national opioid public health crisis. Herein, we describe two NIH HEAL Initiative programs to accelerate development of non-opioid, non-addictive pain treatments: The Preclinical Screening Platform for Pain (PSPP) and Early Phase Pain Investigation Clinical Network (EPPIC-Net). These resources are provided at no cost to investigators, whether in academia or industry and whether within the USA or internationally. Both programs consider small molecules, biologics, devices, and natural products for acute and chronic pain, including repurposed and combination drugs. Importantly, confidentiality and intellectual property are protected. The PSPP provides a rigorous platform to identify and profile non-opioid, non-addictive therapeutics for pain. Accepted assets are evaluated in in vitro functional assays to rule out opioid receptor activity and to assess abuse liability. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies measure plasma and brain exposure to guide the dose range and pretreatment times for the side effect profile, efficacy, and abuse liability. Studies are conducted in accordance with published rigor criteria. EPPIC-Net provides academic and industry investigators with expert infrastructure for phase II testing of pain therapeutics across populations and the lifespan. For assets accepted after a rigorous, objective scientific review process, EPPIC-Net provides clinical trial design, management, implementation, and analysis.
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Radulovic, Dragan. "Definition and classification of drug addiction and drug misuse issues." Sociologija 45, no. 1 (2003): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc0301001r.
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In the paper author points out conceptual and terminological inconsistency of drug vocabulary and influence of value and moralistic elements. Most illustrative example for this represents term narcomany, which is still widely used by domestic authors to refer to drug use, in spite of its obvious insufficiency and impreciseness. Similar case is with terms toxicomany, habituation and addiction. Drug classification issue has been also analyzed in totality of viewing of drug use as a social and individual phenomenon. Author emphasizes that optimal strategy of drug control have to aim to differentiated approach to specific drugs, but also points out to unjustified referring to any drug as "soft" or harmless.
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Kohlmeier, Kristi A. "Off the Beaten Path: Drug Addiction and the Pontine Laterodorsal Tegmentum." ISRN Neuroscience 2013 (June 23, 2013): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/604847.
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Drug addiction is a multileveled behavior controlled by interactions among many diverse neuronal groups involving several neurotransmitter systems. The involvement of brainstem-sourced, cholinergic neurotransmission in the development of addiction and in the persistent physiological processes that drive this maladaptive behavior has not been widely investigated. The major cholinergic input to neurons in the midbrain which are instrumental in assessment of reward and assignment of salience to stimuli, including drugs of abuse, sources from acetylcholine- (ACh-) containing pontine neurons of the laterodorsal tegmentum (LDT). Excitatory LDT input, likely cholinergic, is critical in allowing behaviorally relevant neuronal firing patterns within midbrain reward circuitry. Via this control, the LDT is positioned to be importantly involved in development of compulsive, addictive patterns of behavior. The goal of this review is to present the anatomical, physiological, and behavioral evidence suggesting a role of the LDT in the neurobiology underlying addiction to drugs of abuse. Although focus is directed on the evidence supporting a vital participation of the cholinergic neurons of the LDT, data indicating a contribution of noncholinergic LDT neurons to processes underlying addiction are also reviewed. While sparse, available information of actions of drugs of abuse on LDT cells and the output of these neurons as well as their influence on addiction-related behavior are also presented. Taken together, data from studies presented in this review strongly support the position that the LDT is a major player in the neurobiology of drug addiction. Accordingly, the LDT may serve as a future treatment target for efficacious pharmaceutical combat of drug addiction.
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Rahman, Farial Naima, Mushtaq Ahmad, Md Zubaidur Rahman, and Mohammad Ali. "Common Drugs Abused by The Drug Addicted Young People in Dhaka City." KYAMC Journal 11, no. 2 (July 26, 2020): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/kyamcj.v11i2.48418.
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Background: Drug addiction is a burning problem in Bangladesh affecting a majority of population especially the youths. Multiple drug use has aggravated the overall situation affecting our personal, economical, social life and impairing health status.
Objective: The objective of this study was to find out the variety of common drugs used by drug addicted young population in Dhaka City.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study was performed during July 2016 to December 2016 at five drug addiction treatment and rehabilitation centre in Dhaka. A total of 57 habitual drug addicted young people aged 15 to 24 years were selected by purposive and convenient method of sampling. The primary data was collected by repeated visit to centers and face to face interview with addicts and their family members using a pre tested semi structured questionnaire containing both closed and open ended query. Collected data were compiled and analyzed.
Results: Most 45(78.95%) of the drug addicted were male and among them 12(21.05%) belonged to age group 15-17 years. Considering occupation, majority were students 14(24.56%) followed by unemployed 12(21.05%). Thirty five (61.40%) were the lone earning member of the family. Thirty seven (75.51%) collected money for drug from family members and stealing from house followed by criminal activities 26(53.06%). Majority of the addicts (85.96%) started taking drugs after being influenced by friends. Causes of drug addiction included unemployment 12(21.05%) followed by peer pressure 9(15.79%). The commonly used drugs included-Barbiturates/Sedatives 32(56.14%), Yaba 28(49.12%), Toluene/Aica 22(38.59%).
Conclusion: The dangers of drug addiction have affected all class population of our country. Preventive measures for drug smuggling and addiction are needed to be taken. More drug addiction treatment and rehabilitation centres are required to combat present situation.
KYAMC Journal Vol. 11, No.-2, July 2020, Page 73-76
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Shaffer, John W., David N. Nurco, John C. Ball, and Timothy W. Kinlock. "Patterns of Non-Narcotic Drug Use among Male Narcotic Addicts." Journal of Drug Issues 16, no. 3 (July 1986): 435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204268601600309.
Full textAbstract:
In the course of lengthy, confidential interviews conducted with 354 male narcotic addicts (195 Black, 159 White) living in the Baltimore metropolitan area, detailed information was obtained concerning their use of non-narcotic drugs during periods of active addiction to narcotics (principally heroin) as well as during periods of non-addiction to narcotics. A wide variety of non-narcotic substances were found to have a nonzero incidence of use; however, both the types and amounts of non-narcotic drugs used, as well as the combinations (patterns) in which they were used, were found to be a joint function of race (Black/White) and narcotic addiction status (actively addicted/not addicted to narcotics). Factor analysis revealed three major patterns among Blacks during periods of active narcotic addiction, and a different three patterns during periods of nonaddiction. Among Whites, four major patterns were identified during periods of active narcotic addiction, and five during periods of nonaddiction. Subsequent applications of cluster analysis revealed several different types of addicts based on patterns of non-narcotic drug use.
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Rudavka, S. I. "SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF DRUG ADDICTION IN UKRAINE AND IMPACT OF IT ON HEALTH OF HUMAN." Reports of Vinnytsia National Medical University 22, no. 4 (December 28, 2018): 752–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31393/reports-vnmedical-2018-22(4)-31.
Full textAbstract:
The main factor of the disease of the psyche and the entire human body, which leads to the degradation of the individual, to complete disability and premature death, is the use of drugs. The purpose of the work is to consider the state of drug addiction in Ukraine, impact of it on human health, to determine socio-economic losses from drug use and to outline measures to prevent and combat drug addiction. According to information sources, in Ukraine consumption of drugs are from 1 to 1.5 million people, their number annually increases by 8-10%. This trend is one of the highest in the world. About 1,000 people in the country every year die from drug addiction, and 120,000 people die from drug addiction and related illnesses. 74% of drug addicts do not work or study anywhere. Among drug addicted 2% - students of technical schools and vocational schools, 0.4% - students of higher educational institutions. 70% of drug addicts in Ukraine are young people aged over 25 years. 73% of drug users are urban residents. Drug addicted patients spent significant funds on the purchase drugs and drug addiction dispensaries of the country - on their examination and treatment. So, in order to prevent and prohibition the use drugs by citizens of Ukraine it is necessary in each administrative- territorial region of the country inform the population, especially young people, about the dangers of drug use, and for state authorities need to ensure prevented illicit circulation and distribution the drags in the country.
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Slaker, Megan, Jordan M. Blacktop, and Barbara A. Sorg. "Caught in the Net: Perineuronal Nets and Addiction." Neural Plasticity 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7538208.
Full textAbstract:
Exposure to drugs of abuse induces plasticity in the brain and creates persistent drug-related memories. These changes in plasticity and persistent drug memories are believed to produce aberrant motivation and reinforcement contributing to addiction. Most studies have explored the effect drugs of abuse have on pre- and postsynaptic cells and astrocytes; however, more recently, attention has shifted to explore the effect these drugs have on the extracellular matrix (ECM). Within the ECM are unique structures arranged in a net-like manner, surrounding a subset of neurons called perineuronal nets (PNNs). This review focuses on drug-induced changes in PNNs, the molecules that regulate PNNs, and the expression of PNNs within brain circuitry mediating motivation, reward, and reinforcement as it pertains to addiction.
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Nestler, Eric J. "Transcriptional mechanisms of addiction: role of ΔFosB." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1507 (July 18, 2008): 3245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0067.
Full textAbstract:
Regulation of gene expression is considered a plausible mechanism of drug addiction, given the stability of behavioural abnormalities that define an addicted state. Among many transcription factors known to influence the addiction process, one of the best characterized is ΔFosB, which is induced in the brain's reward regions by chronic exposure to virtually all drugs of abuse and mediates sensitized responses to drug exposure. Since ΔFosB is a highly stable protein, it represents a mechanism by which drugs produce lasting changes in gene expression long after the cessation of drug use. Studies are underway to explore the detailed molecular mechanisms by which ΔFosB regulates target genes and produces its behavioural effects. We are approaching this question using DNA expression arrays coupled with the analysis of chromatin remodelling—changes in the posttranslational modifications of histones at drug-regulated gene promoters—to identify genes that are regulated by drugs of abuse via the induction of ΔFosB and to gain insight into the detailed molecular mechanisms involved. Our findings establish chromatin remodelling as an important regulatory mechanism underlying drug-induced behavioural plasticity, and promise to reveal fundamentally new insight into how ΔFosB contributes to addiction by regulating the expression of specific target genes in brain reward pathways.