Academic literature on the topic 'Institution-based view'

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the differential effects of national export promotion policies (EPPs) on firms’ early internationalization using the institution-based view (IBV) as our theoretical foundation. Early or speedy internationalization is an important topic for academics, executives and policy makers. However, the effect of the regulatory dimension of institutions incorporating governmental policies on firms’ early internationalization remains unexplored in the literature. Design/methodology/approach The study was survey-based and the authors engaged in quantitative analysis using data drawn from the apparel industry in a least-developed country (LDC), i.e. Bangladesh. The authors employed 174 valid questionnaires in the analysis. To test the proposed hypotheses, an ordered-logistic regression modeling technique was used. Findings The findings reveal a positive effect of those national policies focusing on market development, guarantee-related and technical support schemes. Two individual elements of direct finance-related assistance, namely, bank loans and cash subsidy are also found to be influential. Originality/value The study contributes to the literature and extends the IBV by establishing that the industry-specific regulatory policies designed by home country governments can play a critical role in international expansion of new ventures from an LDC. In particular, the study established the critical role of national EPPs in driving firms’ early internationalization and thereby, contributing to the international marketing and international entrepreneurship (IE) literature. Least-developed countries provide different institutional environments for entrepreneurship. They thus provide an atypical context within the field of IE. By incorporating sample firms from an LDC, the authors address the knowledge gap related to those countries. The implications of the authors’ findings for national and enterprise development policies are also considered.

This article sketches the contours of an institution-based view of family ownership and control in large firms, with a focus on institutional roots, institutional relatedness, and institutional transitions. The institution-based view brings considerable continuity to family-firm research. It also offers significant novelty in helping resolve some puzzles. Specifically, it answers why the Berle and Means hypothesis on the “inevitability” of separation of ownership and control has not received support in many parts of the world. Finally, its broad scope enables us to integrate institution-based arguments with an important recent debate on the socioemotional wealth (SEW) priorities of family firms.

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Este estudo baseia-se na Visão baseada em instituições para explicar as decisões de posse das multinacionais da América Latina em aquisições internacionais. Analisamos especificamente (1) o efeito da distância institucional na posse adquirida, (2) os comportamentos miméticos relacionados com a posse das multinacionais da América Latina quando realizam aquisições internacionais e (3) se adquirir um negócio relacionado tem impacto na força da distância institucional e do isomorfismo mimético. Investigamos quatro níveis de fontes de imitação, incluindo a experiência anterior da própria empresa, empresas domésticas e estrangeiras, e competidores da mesma indústria. Os resultados dos testes empíricos, usando uma análise de regressão logística em uma amostra de 1.334 aquisições internacionais efetuadas por multinacionais da América Latina e uma amostra transversal de 567 aquisições internacionais da indústria da manufatura, durante um período de mais de 20 anos (1995-2015), apoiam o quadro baseado em instituições, com diferentes influências nas escolhas da posse nas aquisições internacionais. Os resultados mostram evidências de que as multinacionais preferem adquirir posse total quando investem em países institucionalmente mais distantes. Mais, confirmamos que os comportamentos miméticos das multinacionais relacionados à posse em aquisições internacionais ocorrem nos quatro níveis. Finalmente, a influência da distância institucional, imitação das empresas estrangeiras e dos competidores da mesma indústria são fortalecidos pela aquisição de um negócio relacionado, enquanto que o efeito de imitar as experiências anteriores da própria empresa e das empresas domésticas é enfraquecido pela aquisição de um negócio relacionado. Contribuímos para a Visão baseada em instituições da Estratégia internacional identificando os comportamentos miméticos específicos à posse adquirida pelas empresas quando se internacionalizam. Além disso, também contribuímos para a crescente literatura sobre multinacionais da América Latina, ou multilatinas, fornecendo um melhor entendimento acerca das suas estratégias em aquisições intenacionais. Usamos uma abordagem multinível para trazer uma nova compreensão de como as multinacionais da América Latina imitam as decisões de posse em aquisições internacionais. Para o estudo da posse, e especificamente da posse em aquisições internacionais, contribuímos com uma interpretação comportamental e consideramos o isomorfismo entre multinacionais, indo além dos determinantes convencionais como custos de transação, assimetria informacional ou incerteza.
This study draws upon the institution-based view to explain the ownership decisions by Latin American multinationals (LAMNCs) in cross-border acquisitions (CBAs). We specifically examine (1) the effect of institutional distance on the ownership acquired, (2) the mimicking behaviors regarding ownership of MNCs from Latin American countries when undertaking CBAs and (3) if acquiring a related business impact the strength of institutional distance and mimetic isomorphism. We endeavor into investigating four levels of imitation sources, including firms own prior experience, home and foreign firms, and industry competitors. The results of the empirical tests, using a logistic regression analysis on a sample of 1,334 CBAs by LAMNCs and a cross-sectional sample of 567 CBAs from the manufacturing industry, over a 20-year period (1995-2015), support an institutional-based framework with different influences in the ownership choices in CBAs. Our findings provide evidence that MNCs prefer to acquire full ownership when investing in institutionally distant countries. Furthermore, we confirmed that the mimicking behavior of MNCs pertaining to ownership in CBAs occurs at four levels. Finally, the influence of institutional distance, mimicking of foreign fims and industry competitors are strengthened by the acquisition of a related business, albeit the effect of mimicking own firm prior experiences and home firms is weakened by the acquisition of a related business. We contribute to the institution-based view of international strategy identifying the specific mimetic behaviors of firms’ internationalization ownership in foreign operations. Moreover, we also contribute to the burgeoning literature on LAMNCs, or multilatinas, by providing a better understanding of their strategies regarding CBAs. We use a multi level approach to bring a new understanding of how LAMNCs mimic ownership decisions in CBAs. To the study on ownership, and specifically ownership in CBAs, we contribute for a behavioral interpretation and consider isomorphism between MNCs, going beyond conventional determinants such as transaction costs, informational asymmetry or uncertainty.

Doutoramento em Economia
This thesis addresses the impacts of public policies on outward foreign direct investment, seeking to contribute to a better understanding of the interplay between pro-internationalisation policies and firm behaviour. Home country measures associated with these policies are explored in terms of use and awareness, as determinants of foreign direct investment, as drivers of policy objectives, in terms of perceived importance and impact in different scenarios of internationalisation. Using a comprehensive database of 441 Portuguese firms, being those that had participated at least in one of the 11 types of public support between 1994 and 2009. The empirical papers presented here reveal a moderating effect of firm capabilities and internationalisation conditions on policy objectives. In fact, firms’ resources and capabilities frame the awareness and use of home country support measures, the existence of public policy determinants of foreign direct investment, the decision to carry out more aggressive modes of entry and the choice of more demanding environments, the impact of policy objectives, and the perceived importance of incentives. In practical terms, the findings of this thesis points that firms’ resources and capabilities are negatively associated with the use of public support, contrasting with awareness, which is found to increase with firms’ resources and capabilities. This insight sheds light on a potential problem of incentives allocation. Our results support the established theorizing about the co-evolution of government and firms' policies, home country measures being found as determinants of foreign direct investment. It is also shown that prointernationalization policies reinforce the firms’ resources and capabilities, which seems to have a positive impact on international growth. An evaluation of public policy, from the foreign direct investor's lens, supports the argument that firms involved in more demanding projects tend to attribute more importance to public supports. Behind the specific and concrete contributions identified in each of the empirical papers, as a whole this thesis makes methodological contributions by introducing the evaluation of impacts of public policies to the field of international business through the firm perspective; these contributions are achieved by taking the pro-internationalisation policies of a small open economy to better understand the impacts of public policies, and by shedding light on co-evolution between resource and institutional-based views.
O presente trabalho propõe-se contribuir para a avaliação de políticas públicas com impacto nos investimentos diretos realizados no estrangeiro. Desta forma,esta tese permitirá uma melhor compreensão da ação recíproca entre politicas pro-internacionalização e o comportamento das empresas em presença das mesmas. Um conjunto de medidas implementadas pelo país de origem são exploradas para obter um melhor entendimento relativamente ao seu uso e conhecimento pelas empresas. Estas medidas também são analisadas como determinantes do investimento direto realizado no estrangeiro, como fortificantes de recursos e capacidades das empresas, em termos de importância percebida, e como apoio para os objetivos de política pública. Utilizando uma base de dados com 441 empresas Portuguesas que receberam apoios públicos entre 1994 e 2009 são apresentados quatro artigos empíricos que revelam um efeito considerável das características das empresas e das condições de internacionalização sobre os efeitos das políticas. De facto, as capacidades e os recursos das empresas são fundamentais para o conhecimento e uso dos apoios, para a existência de investimento direto realizado no estrangeiro, para absorver e canalizar os efeitos dos apoios e para a decisão de explorar mercados externos com modos mais agressivos de internacionalização. Para além das contribuições identificadas, em termos genéricos esta tese contribui também com aspetos metodológicos relevantes. Nomeadamente, usando uma perspetiva da empresa, é introduzida a avaliação de políticas com impacto no investimento direto estrangeiro. Estes impactos são analisados para melhor compreender a ação reciproca entre politicas e comportamentos da empresa tomando como pano de fundo uma pequena economia.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Kent State University, 2008.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Feb. 17, 2010). Advisor: Eunsook Hyun. Keywords: higher education curriculum; theological education curriculum; grounded theory; case study; comprehensive curriculum reform; faculty role in curriculum; administration role in curriculum; faculty and administration collaboration; curriculum model; organiz. Includes bibliographical references (p. 265-265).

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
A indústria calçadista brasileira tem perdido sua competitividade no mercado internacional em função da concorrência com as empresas asiáticas. Sendo assim, muitas empresas precisaram avaliar formas sustentar-se neste e/ou repensar seu posicionamento. Para tanto, formularam suas estratégias de internacionalização atendendo este contexto. Esta dissertação visa a analisar a configuração das estratégias de internacionalização de diferentes empresas calçadistas brasileiras, com base na análise da influência da indústria, das capacidades organizacionais e das instituições - os três elementos do tripé estratégico. Assim, a análise deste trabalho foi direcionada na compreensão de cada elemento do tripé e sua relação na configuração estratégica das empresas calçadistas ao buscar o mercado externo. Para isso, desenvolveu um estudo de caso incorporado, entrevistando executivos de quadro empresas calçadistas brasileiras. De forma complementar, entrevistaram-se cinco instituições, para ampliar o conhecimento sobre estas entidades e sua atuação em relação às empresas. No intuito de atender o objetivo central deste estudo, desenvolveu-se um instrumento para avaliar a possível influência dos elementos do tripé estratégico na formulação da estratégia empresarial. Esse artefato auxiliou na compreensão da influência de cada um dos elementos, e os resultados demonstraram que as categorias selecionadas encontraram verificação empírica, em sua grande maioria. O estudo ainda contribuiu ao identificar a interação entre os três elementos do tripé na formulação da estratégia, que não é apresentado no modelo original. Ou seja, um componente do elemento do tripé pode refletir na ação de outro elemento, sugerindo a interação entre os mesmos. Durante a análise dos dados verificou-se que existem fatos ou ações que podem ser explicados por diferentes elementos do tripé, dependendo do interesse do estudo.
The Brazilian footwear industry has decreasing its competitiveness recently mainly due to the emerging of the Asian related industry. Thus, many companies need to find ways to sustain themselves in the market, as well as re-evaluate their positioning. In order to do so, these companies have planned their internationalization embracing this new process. This dissertation intends to analyze the internationalization strategy configuration of different Brazilian footwear companies, based on the analysis of the influence in the industry, on the organizational capabilities and the institutions perspectives. Therefore, this study was directed to comprehend each of the elements of the strategic tripod and its relation to strategy configuration of the footwear industry when seeking overseas markets. It then developed an incorporated case study, interviewing executives of four Brazilian companies. Complementary, five institutions related to the sector were interviewed, in order to widen the knowledge about these entities and how they interact with the industry. With the intention to fulfill the goal of this study, we created an instrument entitled to evaluate the possible influence of the elements of the strategy tripod in the forming of the entrepreneurial strategy. This tool has helped to understand the influence of each of the elements, and the results have demonstrated that the selected categories met empirical verification, in its majority. The study also contributed to the literature on identifying the interaction among the tripod’s elements in the strategic configuration, aspect that was not covered in the original model. This interaction means that the component of one element from the tripod could reflect in other element’s action, suggesting their interaction. During the data analysis, it as verified that some actions could be explained by more than one tripod’s element, depending on the study interest.

83 p.
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A relação simbiótica entre o Estado brasileiro e a Petrobras antecede a própria criação da empresa. Assim como o ano de 1997 marcou a quebra do monopólio estatal sobre as atividades da indústria em questão, o ano de 2003 representa a mudança drástica das atitudes do governo frente à maior empresa do país. Este relacionamento chegou a tal ponto que, recentemente, por ocasião das discussões sobre o novo marco regulatório da indústria do petróleo, representantes da Petrobras fizeram parte das discussões, junto com alguns ministérios e a ANP, que resultaram na proposta de alteração do modelo regulatório para o setor. Em vista do exposto, é de relevância científica conhecer a atuação da Petrobras na reforma do marco regulatório do Pré-sal, à luz das perspectivas da análise estratégica. Mais ainda, identificar se os resultados alcançados com o novo marco regulatório foram fruto de ação intencional da empresa ou apenas reações a provocações externas (atuação do Governo Federal, por exemplo). Com base nas considerações iniciais, o objetivo geral do trabalho foi analisar em que medida os fatores institucionais, os fatores internos (recursos da firma) ou os fatores ligados à indústria moldaram a participação da Petrobras no processo de elaboração da proposta de alteração do novo marco regulatório (Projetos de Lei n. 5.938 a 5.941, 2009). Pretendeu-se investigar, igualmente, quais desses fatores se sobressaíram nas mudanças e na readequação das regras do jogo. Este trabalho argumenta, fundamentado nos resultados, que a participação da Petrobras nos trabalhos de elaboração da proposta de mudança no marco regulatório do setor foi viabilizada pela confluência de fatores institucionais (IBV) e fatores internos à firma (RBV). O presente estudo mostrou-se como oportunidade de aprofundar os conhecimentos sobre o relacionamento entre a Petrobras e Governo, de identificar e melhor conhecer aspectos pontuais da experiência regulatória brasileira, assim como testar a aplicabilidade das perspectivas estratégicas na análise de situações concretas da realidade organizacional.
Salvador

Although emerging economies have received increased attention by both firms and academia in recent decades, there is still more that can be done. Calls have been made by both academic authors and journals to conduct research within institutionally voided environments, a call that was answered by this study. Specifically, this study answers calls related to: examining institutional strategies; examining the relationship between nonmarket and market exchanges. The purpose of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of how the nonmarket-market relationship affects firm strategies and behavior in Cambodia, an especially voided country due to their turbulent recent history. A second layer of the purpose was to compare firms and explore their similarities and differences to understand the isomorphic pressures of Cambodia. A qualitative case study approach to the study was undertaken to achieve the study’s purpose. Thirteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with various managers who have the ability to make strategic decisions in their respective firms. All the interviewees were from the private sector but were scattered throughout different industries and were asked about their experiences and perception of the Cambodian business environment, mainly focusing on the institutional context. The data collected were then structured based on three main themes and corresponding subthemes. This thematic division was the basis for the analysis of the study as well as the conclusion. Based on the analysis of the data, it can be concluded that the nonmarket is indeed superordinate to the market environment in Cambodia. From a macro perspective, the institutional voids affect all firms in Cambodia, and the firms utilize similar variations of four institutional strategies: internalization, substitution, buffering, and bridging. Because the nonmarket environment in Cambodia is so strong, this results in both voids in the market environment and firms becoming more isomorphic. These four strategies were not the only ones identified, other strategies, namely outsourcing and institutional borrowing, were noted as well because of the institutional voids. Theoretically, this study contributes to revising and improving Institutional Theory and reinforcing both Institutional Theory and the Resource-Based View. Social contributions relate to assisting policymakers in Cambodia to understanding their most problematic institutions and developing or improving those institutions. Practical contributions are aimed at practitioners seeking to or doing business in Cambodia, assisting them in understanding the institutional context of Cambodia and knowing how to navigate within its boundaries. This practical contribution can also be considered a social contribution, as more businesses enter Cambodia and as firms grow, the combination of firm entrance and growth creates more jobs and stimulates the economy.

Critics suggest that the industry-based view has the five forces framework and the resource-based view converges on the VRIO framework, yet what specific propositions or frameworks does the institution-based view of IB strategy have? This article addresses this important and legitimate question, by identifying and articulating the two core propositions underpinning the institution-based view: (1) individuals and firms act rationally according to formal and informal institutional structures; (2) when formal institutions fail, informal institutions regulate exchange relationships. In other words, this article endeavours to advance the institution-based view of IB strategy by unbundling the broad proposition that ‘institutions matter’. It leverages and extends contemporary research to illustrate the explanatory and predictive power of the two propositions underpinning the institution-based view of IB strategy.

This chapter offers a general theory of institutional legitimacy, the Metacoordination view, according to which legitimacy assessments are best understood as being part of a social practice aimed at achieving consensus on whether an institution is worthy of our moral reason-based support—support not dependent solely on the fear of coercion or on a perfect fit between our own interests and what the institution demands of us. The Metacoordination view’s account of the practical function of legitimacy assessments is used to identify criteria of legitimacy that apply to a wide range of institutions and to show that, for institutions that back their rules with coercion, conformity to the requirements of the rule of law is a presumptive necessary condition of legitimacy. The Metacoordination view is shown to be superior to consent theories of legitimacy and attempts to use Raz’s “service” conception of authority as an account of institutional legitimacy.

To most philosophers, unmet claims based on distributive justice imply a political injustice—some have a complaint of justice against their political system. This article explores a variety of views about how this connection may be grounded or qualified: political institutions may be one tool among others to realize an independent good, distributive principles might regulate the distributive activities of political institutions, or distributive principles might apply in light of a special relation of a political institution and its members. We also consider a view prevalent in the social contract tradition that, in light of reasonable disagreement, one cannot demand that shared political institutions conform to one’s own contentious distributive theory: members must seek terms with which all can live, even though such terms may not be anyone’s most preferred possibility.

This book argues that Clark Kerr, Gaylord P. Harnwell, and other post-World War II academic leaders set the American research university on a new course by creating the instrumental university. With its emphasis on procedural rationality, organized research, and project-based funding by external patrons, the instrumental university would provide technical and managerial knowledge to shape the social order. Its leaders hoped that by solving the nation’s pressing social problems, the research university would become the essential institution of postwar America. On this view, the university’s leading purposes included promoting economic development and coordinating research from many fields in order to attack social problems. Reorienting institutions to prioritize these activities had numerous consequences. One was to inject more capitalistic and managerial tendencies into universities. Today, those who decry universities’ corporatizing and market-driven tendencies often trace them to the rise of neoliberalism in the 1970s. This book suggests that a fuller explanation of these tendencies must highlight their deeper roots in the technocratic progressive tradition that originated in the 1910s, particularly the organizational changes within universities that this tradition spawned from the 1940s onward as part of the instrumental university.

This book marries two fields of law: negotiable instruments and choice-of-law. Bills of exchange, cheques, and promissory notes are the main classical negotiable instruments. For centuries, these have played a vital role in the smooth operation of domestic and international commerce. The rapid technological progress of payment mechanisms has embraced the traditional institution of negotiable instruments leading to their adaptation in order to meet the challenges of the frequent mobility of people, goods, and high volumes of cross-border transactions. While the principles governing negotiable instruments tend to be based on a common set of ideas, detailed rules vary from place to place, which requires knowledge of the national law that should govern an international negotiable instrument. The book offers a thorough analysis of the choice-of-law rules applicable to negotiable instruments. The internal structure of negotiable instruments law is complex, which has given rise to a popular view favouring the exclusion of negotiable instruments from the scope of general contract and property law doctrines, and their subsequent exclusion from ordinary choice-of-law analysis. The book contests this view. Indeed, the complex structure of negotiable instruments creates a significant challenge for traditional contract and property doctrines and the choice-of-law analysis applicable to them. Nevertheless, the book contends that the complex case of international negotiable instruments should be analysed through the lens of traditional contract and property choice-of-law doctrines. It concludes that choice-of-law rules in the area of international negotiable instruments need to be dramatically revised and harmonized.

Could understanding whether elections make people happy and bring them closure matter more than who they vote for? What if people did not vote for what they want but for what they believe is right based on roles they implicitly assume? Do elections make people cry? This book invites readers on a unique journey inside the mind of a voter using unprecedented data from the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, South Africa, and Georgia throughout a period when the world evolved from the centrist dominance of Barack Obama and Nelson Mandela to the shock victories of Brexit and Donald Trump. The book explores three interrelated aspects of the heart and mind of voters: the psychological bases of their behaviour, how they experience elections and the emotions this entails, and how and when elections bring democratic resolution. The book examines unique concepts including electoral identity, atmosphere, ergonomics, and hostility. The book unveils insights into the conscious and subconscious sides of citizens' psychology throughout a unique decade for electoral democracy. It highlights how citizens' personality, memory, and identity affect their vote and experience of elections, when elections generate hope or hopelessness, and how subtle differences in electoral arrangements interact with voters' psychology to trigger different emotions. The book radically shifts electoral science, moving away from implicitly institution-centric visions of behaviour to understand elections from the point of view of voters.

This chapter summarizes the early postoperative and long-term complications of biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD-DS) procedures. Perioperative mortality for BPD-DS is currently around 0.1%, with an early complication rate of 7%. The standard follow-up required for the prevention of nutritional deficiencies as well as the management of short- and long-term complications specific to metabolic surgeries are also discussed. The data and clinical views expressed in this chapter are based to a large extent on the authors’ experience with 5,000 BPD-DS surgeries in our institution over the last 25 years, and which have been reported extensively in the literature. In our experience, severe protein malnutrition occurred in 10% patients, of whom 5% required readmission and 1.5% a surgical revision to correct the problem.

W. Arthur Lewis was one of the foremost intellectuals, economists, and political activists of the twentieth century. This book, the first intellectual biography of Lewis, traces Lewis's life from its beginnings on the small island of St. Lucia to Lewis's arrival at Princeton University in the early 1960s. A chronicle of Lewis's unfailing efforts to promote racial justice and decolonization, it provides a history of development economics as seen through the life of one of its most important founders. If there were a record for the number of “firsts” achieved by one man during his lifetime, Lewis would be a contender. He was the first black professor in a British university and also at Princeton University and the first person of African descent to win a Nobel Prize in a field other than literature or peace. His writings, which included his book The Theory of Economic Growth, were among the first to describe the field of development economics. Quickly gaining the attention of the leadership of colonized territories, he helped develop blueprints for the changing relationship between the former colonies and their former rulers. He made significant contributions to Ghana's quest for economic growth and the West Indies' desire to create a first-class institution of higher learning serving all of the Anglophone territories in the Caribbean. This book, based on Lewis's personal papers, provides a new view of this renowned economist and his impact on economic growth in the twentieth century. It will intrigue not only students of development economics but also anyone interested in colonialism and decolonization, and justice for the poor in third-world countries.

Seeing law as an artifact might raise concerns about a metaphysical clash between this view and one in which law is described as a practice. Many have argued that seeing law as an artifact is compatible with, or even demanded by, H.L.A. Hart’s legal positivism, in which law is based on a practice theory rule (and which this chapter shows to fit nicely with Raimo Tuomela’s understanding of social practices). However, Scott Shapiro has attacked Hart’s view for committing a category mistake, claiming rules and practices are ontologically distinct. Seeing law as a kind of artifact helps to show how practices can be normative in that artifacts come bundled with (weak) norms of usage and (stronger) norms of recognition. Lingering doubts about seeing law as a kind of artifact are addressed in this chapter by understanding its institutional nature.

This chapter discusses informing politics (infopolitics), which is defined in terms of power, agendas, and flight/fight behaviors related to organizational informing agents. The phenomena of infopolitics are tracked back to the relevant literature in the fields of information systems and organization theory. The central concept in infopolitics is that of infopower. Infopower is defined, illustrated by examples from the literature, and grounded in structuration theory. Manipulative communication techniques, which may go unnoticed in organizations, are discussed and their relationships with infopolitics demonstrated. The discussion further covers a three-member categorization of resource-based infopower: data/IT control, expert power, and meaning management. In addition, alternative ontological views based on the premises of symbol, institution and object are proposed as a way of expanding theorizing on infopower. It is argued that information systems could impose themselves as the symbols of autonomy and domination (symbol infopower), and act adrift from designer's intentions (actant's informing influence). The chapter also discusses other elements of infopolitics. Infopolitical agenda is conceptualized in terms of goals, strategies, and tactics related to achieving and maintaining infopower. Infopolitical fight is defined in terms of a struggle for achieving one's infopolitical agenda, and infopolitical flight is referred to negotiations and coalition making aiming at achieving one's infopolitical agenda. All these concepts are traced to the relevant literature and demonstrated by a case study.

Chapter title: Santi Romano and the Juristic Point of ViewChapter abstract: This chapter illustrates Romano’s groundbreaking theory by presenting his conceptions of institutionalism and pluralism as coherently glued together. All that is organized is an institution; all institutions are legal entities. No privileged legal entity exists that can claim other entities are not legal. Based on this radical view, Romano’s overall contribution comes down to the conclusion that the only way to make social and political pluralism work is to provide a purely jurisprudential account of it—one that remains within the boundaries of the juristic practice and downplays politics as an ancillary, contextual activity of governing. The chapter then makes the case that Romano intended to put forward a conception of legal theory as a technique of description that is capable of engendering particular social outcomes—as well as effects of domestication and compatibility in so far as social pluralism is concerned.

The foundation for a productive, efficient and effective workforce is high quality and relevant training and ideally, educators, policy makers and the industry practitioners should agree on what should be included in training programs. This chapter discusses views of automotive trainees about whether or not they believed their training was directed appropriately towards work within the automotive industry of the future. Data was collected from automotive trainees located in Kenya and Australia. Data was obtained by use of questionnaires and analyzed with both quantitative and qualitative foci. The questions asked regarded the emphasis of training, the content of training, the facilities in training and coping with technological change in the workplace. Data were discussed according to three themes on generic skills, adequacy of training to work requirements and training facilities. In both countries, it was found that there is a need for more realignment of training offering to the future industry requirements. It is recommended that a consultative approach should be used in the training programs design with a view to reducing the gap between industry requirements and training offerings.

For over a thousand years the banya has been a crucial institution to a wide variety of people: men and women, rich and poor, straight and gay, religious and atheist. The omnipresence of the banya makes it a lens through which to view many aspects of Russia history—hygiene, intimacy, sociability, the relationship of Russia to the West. The banya is full of contradictions. It can clean bodies and spread disease. It can purify and befoul. It can create community and provide a means of excluding others. The argument is based on thousands of sources ranging from archival documents and municipal regulations to idioms, films, art, cartoons, memoirs, diaries, songs, novels, poems, and plays. Inevitably, some aspects of Russia’s past come through stronger than others in these sources. But, taken together, they provide a brand new portrait of the institution of the banya and of the history of Russia.

This chapter offers a normative account of the threat political corruption poses to institutional well-functioning. When political corruption occurs against the background of legitimate or nearly just institutions, it is inherently wrong because it constitutes a wrongful form of interaction between officeholders. The idea of interactive injustice is used to qualify this kind of relational wrong. The way officeholders treat each other in their institutional interactions should be governed by a regulative principle of office accountability. When officeholders fail office accountability by acting in a corrupt way or by participating in corrupt institutional practices, they alter ipso facto the normative order of just interactions constitutive of their institution. This alteration indicates how political corruption is inherently unjust as a violation of the duty of office accountability, even in the absence of identifiable consequences. This normative view of political corruption is distinguished from other views based on impartiality or political equality.

Winnicott looks at the area of medicine known as Child Psychiatry. He sees psychiatry as based on the emotional growth of the normal infant, child, adolescent, and adult, and their developing relationship to external reality. Psychiatry covers the area that is at the borderline between physical and emotional growth in children. The paediatrician who knows the physical side of child care, in Winnicott’s view, cannot just ‘slip over’ to understanding and practising child psychiatry. As a psychoanalyst Winnicott advocates psychotherapy in order to study the whole child. As an analyst who is also a child psychiatrist, Winnicott values his understanding of the emotional development of the individual. He advocates the specialist teaching and training of child psychiatry, because in the individual’s emotional development is contained society’s potential for family functioning and for the institution and maintenance of social groupings.

Basaglia anticipated, more than 50 years ago, the paradigm shift from ‘illness’ to the ‘person’—a shift that the recovery movement proposes today, both from a theoretical and a practical point of view. Mental illness can be seen as an artefact, shaped by the institution, and can be defined as a double that conceals human experience. Deinstitutionalization is underlined as the main strategy to overturn the oppression of people with psychosocial disabilities in the asylum and beyond, to mobilize resources for their recovery and social integration, as well as to create services and supports in the community. The passage from needs to citizenship rights, the social dimension of recovery, and the issue of empowerment are mediated by the role of community-based services. The experience of Trieste, begun in 1971, can be seen as the ‘practically true’ invoked by Franco Basaglia. The legislation of 1978 was based on the recognition of human rights as conformed today by the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD).

The public's perception of police legitimacy is viewed through the lens of procedural justice (Tyler, 2003). Legitimacy it is a perception held by an audience (Tankebe & Liebling, 2013). Tyler (2006, p. 375) defines legitimacy as “a psychological property of an authority, institution, or social arrangement that leads those connected to it to believe that it is appropriate, proper, and just.” Four aspects of the police contact that affects a citizen's view: active participation in the decision-making, the decision-making is neutral and objective, trustworthy motives, and being treated with dignity and respect (Tyler, 2004). Accordingly an officer should act in a way that supports citizen's active participation, conveys an air of neutrality, and enhances dignity and respect. One way an officer can transmit his intent is through communicative intelligence. Communicative intelligence is a communication theory based on five capabilities (Zoller, 2015). These authors intend to link communicative intelligence to behaviors officers should engage in to enhance PJ and improve PL.

Through the critical analysis of some case studies, this paper intends to investigate different tools useful to the ecological education,to analyse didactic activities which have more influence in the development of an individual and collective awareness and which of them can get closer students to the systemic approach. The systemic design is one of many actors that takes place inside a well-structured social network that presents always more frequently complex problems, which are difficult to solve by the application of linear approach. Always more it's clear that the way applied by the actual system to solve problems around not only ecological area, but also economic and cultural, it's not enough to answer to real needs. It's necessary a change of paradigm, from an approach based on the competition and on the logic of continuous growth, to a systemic vision, based on the collaboration, on the awareness and on the rediscovery of qualitative values. The ecological emergency demands more and more the development of sustainable and resilient communities; for this reason we have to change the way of thinking processes and relations, in other words we have to become ecoliterate: we have to be able to understand the organizational principles of ecosystems and the way of manage complexity. So ecoliteracy represent the starting point of innovative processes: it gives importance to the relations and to the multidisciplinary team-work. It's clear that next to the cultural change we have to rearrange the schooling system which now represents the official institution appointed of knowledge communication. The current academic system has been defined by the same linear and competitive approach used to delineate our economic systems, in this way, inside its structure, it usually reproduces the same social hierarchy and inequality that we can observe in our society. In practice, to achieve some important changes, it is necessary to extend precepts of systemic view to a huge group of people (starting from students of primary school to college students and over). Others two key points are the discussion around the strict hierarchy between teacher and student and the support of collaborative behaviour. Different experiences, academic and not, are compared, considering actors involved, activities, team-working and final outcome. For this reason the role of project-based-learning and practical academic activities is considered inside an education whose aim is to train people eco-competent and who are able to enhance their active role available to the community.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.3712

The research conducted by lecturers and students at a university has a strong correlation with the quality of the institution. Unfortunately, the culture of writing and researching is still far from expectation. Meanwhile, some departments in the institution still manually collected the articles from the lecturer or researchers that takes big effort and time to produce a single volume of the journal. This research was conducted to improve research culture in the Petroleum Engineering Department by optimizing a well-known online submission system called Open Journal System (OJS) that has been used in several departments. OJS is configured and optimized based on lessons learned from existing journals so that it could ease the lecturers to submit and the reviewers to examine the articles. The methodology in this research includes identifying existing problems and constraints, creating questionnaires that were distributed to lecturers and students, analyzing the results of the questionnaire and the obstacles, developing and introducing this system to students and lecturers. From the questionnaire result, some problems were identified and subjected to be solved. At the end of the research, the lecturers gave good feedback to the online journal system for its simple view and easiness of publication.

Educational programme for lab-lectures of Business Information Systems module is presented. There, first year undergraduate business students of Faculty of Economics Ljubljana University Business School acquire important hands-on knowledge, which is expected from them by future employers in business practice and by lecturers during their studies. The programme evolved over a course of years of instructors performing both seminars and consulting in real-life businesses and performing lab lectures in afore mentioned institution. The content is strategically rooted in combination of market- and resource-based view of the programme, and nature of performing the lectures is based on experiential education. Content of the programme along with mode of delivery (experiential learning) are presented.

There are close relationships between the cultural structures of societies and residential areas. The place where the society chooses to live and the ways it is organized is an expression of the cultural structure. Traditional houses are accepted as the most obvious indicator of this situation. One of the ways of preserving cultural sustainability today is to read the design principles of these houses correctly. Culture is about what kind of environment people live in and how they live. Human behaviors are based on cultural references. Religion, view of life and perceptions of the environment are both dialectically shaped culture and shaped by culture. Culture is about where and how human meets his needs throughout his life. It can be said that culture is one of the basic factors that direct human behavior and life. Therefore, the cultural embedding of sustainability thought is important in shaping the world in which future generations will live. Regarding various cultures in the literature; the structure of the society, their way of life and how they shape their places of residence, etc. there are many studies. The riches that each culture possesses are considered to be indisputable. These important studies are mostly based on an in-depth analysis of that culture, concentrating on a single specific culture. In this study, it is aimed to make a more holistic analysis by examining more than one culture. Thanks to this holistic perspective, it is thought that it will be possible to make inferences that can be considered as common to all societies. This study, which especially focuses on Asian and African societies, is the tendency of these societies to maintain their cultural structure compared to other societies. The reflections of cultural practices on residential spaces are examined through various examples. The dialectical structure of Berber houses, integration of Chinese houses with natural environmental references, Toroja houses associated with the genealogy in Indonesia, etc. examples will be examined in the context of cultural sustainability in this study. With this holistic approach, where the basic philosophy of cultural sustainability can be obtained, important references can be obtained in the design of today's residences. This paper was produced from an incomplete PhD dissertation named Evaluation of Cultural Sustainability in the Application of House Design at Yildiz Technical University, Social Sciences Institution, Art and Design Program

Export education forms a major part of the Australian economy. Australian universities are now not only accepting overseas students into Australian campuses; they are setting up overseas-based campuses. This is often through an arrangement with a local educational institution or organisation. Subjects in these institutions are delivered by a combination of Victoria University Australian-based staff and local faculty. One of the primary programs being delivered overseas by many Australian institutions is the Master of Business Administration (MBA). This paper examines the delivery of the core information technology units, Management Information Systems (MIS), by Victoria University in Australia and overseas (in Bangladesh). The structure of the MBA at Victoria University in Australia and overseas is examined and the MIS subject explained. Results of a survey of MBA students’ views of the content of MIS, conducted in Australia (1997-2000) and Bangladesh (2001) are reported. There is little difference in the attitudes of students of both countries in relation to the topics covered in the subject, nor on the breakdown of the subject between ‘hands-on’ applications and more formal instruction. There are some differences in relation to the level of Internet and e-mail usage, with Australian students tending to use these technologies on a greater basis as a proportion of their overall computer usage.

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union has generated a great deal of attention and controversy among research community, practitioners and the wider population. The aim of this study is to overview and to discuss the thoughts and comments on the CAP which have been addressed by both its proponents and its opponents in the scientific publications, political commentaries, official reports, pubic opinion surveys and social-media-based public forums. While on the one hand, recent public opinion poll (Eurobarometer 2016) indicated broad support among EU citizens for the CAP; on the other hand, other sources give some strong arguments in favour of reducing or even scrapping the CAP. The CAP supporters (including European Commission itself) highlight, among others, the benefits of this policy (environmental; cultural; social vitality; food variety, quality and security; maintaining of rural employment, etc.) for all European citizens and not only for farmers, while CAP opponents stress its unfairness both to non-farmers (e.g. huge financial costs of its policy for taxpayers) and small farmers (large farmers benefit most), heavy administrative burden for farmers as well as the CAP’s destructing impact both on the EU states’ agriculture systems and developing countries’ agricultural markets. The CAP is basically the same for all EU member states but the EU countries differ considerably in terms of their rural development. According to some views, the CAP does not fit the Central and Eastern European countries. It represents a failure of the EU to adjust adequately from an exclusively Western European institution into a proper pan-European organization.

[The final form of this paper was published in the journal Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology.] An E-Portfolio Assessment Management System (EAMS) can be an innovative tool that provides students with flexible opportunities to demonstrate the acquisition of skills and abilities in an outcome-based institution. The system has been developed and used for the past ten years to create, reflect, revise, and structure students’ work. It is a repository management system that facilitates collecting, sharing, and presenting artifacts of student learning outcomes via a digital medium. Therefore, it provides students with flexible opportunities to demonstrate the acquisition of skills and abilities to demonstrate growth of achieving learning outcomes. The rationale of the EAMS is to allow students to demonstrate competences and reflect upon experiences to improve their learning and career readiness; hence, they are accountable for their learning. The system was built around two defined set of learning outcomes: institutionally agreed upon set of learning outcomes, and learning objectives that are related to major requirements. The purpose of this study is to analyze students’ perceptions and attitudes when using an e-portfolio to support their employment opportunities. The participants were 217 students in the College of Technological Innovation. The students reported that the developing of e-portfolios was extremely helpful. The results showed that students have positive opinions about using e-portfolios as a beneficial tool to support their readiness for employment; they believe an e-portfolio increases their confidence to find a job in the IT field because it can allow them to showcase artifacts that demonstrate competencies and reflect upon experiences, and they can provide their supervisors during their industrial training with an e-resume that includes views of their actual work of what they have learned and are able to do when they complete their degree. Employers then can review e-portfolios to select prospective employees work readiness skills; hence, graduates are more likely to obtain a job in their workplaces. In conclusion, students do like the idea of e-portfolios when it is presented to them as a career showcase rather than a process for documenting learning. A career center can use e-portfolios as a tool to help students find a job. Furthermore, our analysis and evaluation uncovered learning issues involved in moving from the traditional approach of learning toward an integrated learning system that can be used after graduation.

Aim/Purpose: This paper provides the results of the preliminary analysis of the findings of an ongoing study that seeks to examine the social media use, cultural and political awareness, civic engagement, issue prioritization, and social activism of Gen Z students enrolled at four different institutional types located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The aim of this study is to look at the group as a whole as well as compare findings across populations. The institutional types under consideration include a mid-sized majority serving or otherwise referred to as a traditionally white institution (TWI) located in a small coastal city on the Atlantic Ocean, a small Historically Black University (HBCU) located in a rural area, a large community college located in a county that is a mixture of rural and suburban and which sits on the border of Maryland and Pennsylvania, and graduating high school students enrolled in career and technical education (CTE) programs in a large urban area. This exploration is purposed to examine the behaviors and expectations of Gen Z students within a representative American region during a time of tremendous turmoil and civil unrest in the United States. Background: Over 74 million strong, Gen Z makes up almost one-quarter of the U.S. population. They already outnumber any current living generation and are the first true digital natives. Born after 1996 and through 2012, they are known for their short attention spans and heightened ability to multi-task. Raised in the age of the smart phone, they have been tethered to digital devices from a young age with most having the preponderance of their childhood milestones commemorated online. Often called Zoomers, they are more racially and ethnically diverse than any previous generation and are on track to be the most well-educated generation in history. Gen Zers in the United States have been found in the research to be progressive and pro-government and viewing increasing racial and ethnic diversity as positive change. Finally, they are less likely to hold xenophobic beliefs such as the notion of American exceptionalism and superiority that have been popular with by prior generations. The United States has been in a period of social and civil unrest in recent years with concerns over systematic racism, rampant inequalities, political polarization, xenophobia, police violence, sexual assault and harassment, and the growing epidemic of gun violence. Anxieties stirred by the COVID-19 pandemic further compounded these issues resulting in a powder keg explosion occurring throughout the summer of 2020 and leading well into 2021. As a result, the United States has deteriorated significantly in the Civil Unrest Index falling from 91st to 34th. The vitriol, polarization, protests, murders, and shootings have all occurred during Gen Z’s formative years, and the limited research available indicates that it has shaped their values and political views. Methodology: The Mid-Atlantic region is a portion of the United States that exists as the overlap between the northeastern and southeastern portions of the country. It includes the nation’s capital, as well as large urban centers, small cities, suburbs, and rural enclaves. It is one of the most socially, economically, racially, and culturally diverse parts of the United States and is often referred to as the “typically American region.” An electronic survey was administered to students from 2019 through 2021 attending a high school dual enrollment program, a minority serving institution, a majority serving institution, and a community college all located within the larger mid-Atlantic region. The survey included a combination of multiple response, Likert scaled, dichotomous, open ended, and ordinal questions. It was developed in the Survey Monkey system and reviewed by several content and methodological experts in order to examine bias, vagueness, or potential semantic problems. Finally, the survey was pilot tested prior to implementation in order to explore the efficacy of the research methodology. It was then modified accordingly prior to widespread distribution to potential participants. The surveys were administered to students enrolled in classes taught by the authors all of whom are educators. Participation was voluntary, optional, and anonymous. Over 800 individuals completed the survey with just over 700 usable results, after partial completes and the responses of individuals outside of the 18-24 age range were removed. Findings: Participants in this study overwhelmingly were users of social media. In descending order, YouTube, Instagram, Snapchat, Twitter, Facebook, Pinterest, WhatsApp, LinkedIn and Tik Tok were the most popular social media services reported as being used. When volume of use was considered, Instagram, Snapchat, YouTube and Twitter were the most cited with most participants reporting using Instagram and Snapchat multiple times a day. When asked to select which social media service they would use if forced to choose just one, the number one choice was YouTube followed by Instagram and Snapchat. Additionally, more than half of participants responded that they have uploaded a video to a video sharing site such as YouTube or Tik Tok. When asked about their familiarity with different technologies, participants overwhelmingly responded that they are “very familiar” with smart phones, searching the Web, social media, and email. About half the respondents said that they were “very familiar” with common computer applications such as the Microsoft Office Suite or Google Suite with another third saying that they were “somewhat familiar.” When asked about Learning Management Systems (LMS) like Blackboard, Course Compass, Canvas, Edmodo, Moodle, Course Sites, Google Classroom, Mindtap, Schoology, Absorb, D2L, itslearning, Otus, PowerSchool, or WizIQ, only 43% said they were “very familiar” with 31% responding that they were “somewhat familiar.” Finally, about half the students were either “very” or “somewhat” familiar with operating systems such as Windows. A few preferences with respect to technology in the teaching and learning process were explored in the survey. Most students (85%) responded that they want course announcements and reminders sent to their phones, 76% expect their courses to incorporate the use of technology, 71% want their courses to have course websites, and 71% said that they would rather watch a video than read a book chapter. When asked to consider the future, over 81% or respondents reported that technology will play a major role in their future career. Most participants considered themselves “informed” or “well informed” about current events although few considered themselves “very informed” or “well informed” about politics. When asked how they get their news, the most common forum reported for getting news and information about current events and politics was social media with 81% of respondents reporting. Gen Z is known to be an engaged generation and the participants in this study were not an exception. As such, it came as no surprise to discover that, in the past year more than 78% of respondents had educated friends or family about an important social or political issue, about half (48%) had donated to a cause of importance to them, more than a quarter (26%) had participated in a march or rally, and a quarter (26%) had actively boycotted a product or company. Further, about 37% consider themselves to be a social activist with another 41% responding that aren’t sure if they would consider themselves an activist and only 22% saying that they would not consider themselves an activist. When asked what issues were important to them, the most frequently cited were Black Lives Matter (75%), human trafficking (68%), sexual assault/harassment/Me Too (66.49%), gun violence (65.82%), women’s rights (65.15%), climate change (55.4%), immigration reform/deferred action for childhood arrivals (DACA) (48.8%), and LGBTQ+ rights (47.39%). When the schools were compared, there were only minor differences in social media use with the high school students indicating slightly more use of Tik Tok than the other participants. All groups were virtually equal when it came to how informed they perceived themselves about current events and politics. Consensus among groups existed with respect to how they get their news, and the community college and high school students were slightly more likely to have participated in a march, protest, or rally in the last 12 months than the university students. The community college and high school students were also slightly more likely to consider themselves social activists than the participants from either of the universities. When the importance of the issues was considered, significant differences based on institutional type were noted. Black Lives Matter (BLM) was identified as important by the largest portion of students attending the HBCU followed by the community college students and high school students. Less than half of the students attending the TWI considered BLM an important issue. Human trafficking was cited as important by a higher percentage of students attending the HBCU and urban high school than at the suburban and rural community college or the TWI. Sexual assault was considered important by the majority of students at all the schools with the percentage a bit smaller from the majority serving institution. About two thirds of the students at the high school, community college, and HBCU considered gun violence important versus about half the students at the majority serving institution. Women’s rights were reported as being important by more of the high school and HBCU participants than the community college or TWI. Climate change was considered important by about half the students at all schools with a slightly smaller portion reporting out the HBCU. Immigration reform/DACA was reported as important by half the high school, community college, and HBCU participants with only a third of the students from the majority serving institution citing it as an important issue. With respect to LGBTQ rights approximately half of the high school and community college participants cited it as important, 44.53% of the HBCU students, and only about a quarter of the students attending the majority serving institution. Contribution and Conclusion: This paper provides a timely investigation into the mindset of generation Z students living in the United States during a period of heightened civic unrest. This insight is useful to educators who should be informed about the generation of students that is currently populating higher education. The findings of this study are consistent with public opinion polls by Pew Research Center. According to the findings, the Gen Z students participating in this study are heavy users of multiple social media, expect technology to be integrated into teaching and learning, anticipate a future career where technology will play an important role, informed about current and political events, use social media as their main source for getting news and information, and fairly engaged in social activism. When institutional type was compared the students from the university with the more affluent and less diverse population were less likely to find social justice issues important than the other groups. Recommendations for Practitioners: During disruptive and contentious times, it is negligent to think that the abounding issues plaguing society are not important to our students. Gauging the issues of importance and levels of civic engagement provides us crucial information towards understanding the attitudes of students. Further, knowing how our students gain information, their social media usage, as well as how informed they are about current events and political issues can be used to more effectively communicate and educate. Recommendations for Researchers: As social media continues to proliferate daily life and become a vital means of news and information gathering, additional studies such as the one presented here are needed. Additionally, in other countries facing similarly turbulent times, measuring student interest, awareness, and engagement is highly informative. Impact on Society: During a highly contentious period replete with a large volume of civil unrest and compounded by a global pandemic, understanding the behaviors and attitudes of students can help us as higher education faculty be more attuned when it comes to the design and delivery of curriculum. Future Research This presentation presents preliminary findings. Data is still being collected and much more extensive statistical analyses will be performed.