Academic literature on the topic 'Institutional incongruence'

Lay politics lies at the heart of democracy. Political offices are the only offices for which no formal qualifications are required. Contemporary political practices are diametrically opposed to this constitutional ideal. Most contemporary democracies in Western Europe are diploma democracies—ruled by those with the highest formal qualifications. Citizens with low or medium educational qualification levels currently make up about 70 per cent of the electorates, yet they have become virtually absent from almost all political arenas. University graduates have come to dominate all relevant politi

This chapter discusses multiple identity organizations and the implications this holds for multi-level mission-driven institutions. This review examines congruency between organizational mission statements as an identity utilitarian element, and rules and regulations as an identity normative element. In addition, the authors argue that organizational outcomes should be aligned with each of these multiple identities. The review uses a sample of Catholic universities and higher education institutions within the United States for analysis. The scholarly research emphasis of business departments/schools among these institutions is the common element used to measure this relationship. Bibliometrics and written language analysis were utilized. The findings provide initial evidence for misalignment and incongruence between their multiple identities and organizational outcomes.

Chapter 13 expands on the idea of incongruence between political community and labor force by presenting a historical overview of the relationship between Israel and the Palestinians in the field of labor and worker representation. Beginning with Mandatory Palestine, through the establishment of Israel in 1948, the territorial conquest of 1967, the Oslo Accords, and the ongoing occupation, the chapter underscores the Histadrut’s “nationalist” role and charts the incremental incorporation of Palestinian citizens and non-citizens as laborers, but with limited access to political institutions, including the Histadrut and Labor Party. It closes by overviewing Israel’s textile industry as epitomizing the development of the economy according to the requirements of the Jewish state and its relations with the Palestinians. This constitutes the basis for the assertion, explored in the subsequent chapter, that since 1948 Israel has increasingly struggled with the conflicting imperatives of economic incorporation and political exclusion of Palestinians.