Relevant bibliographies by topics / Institutional pharmacies (public and private)

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Institutional pharmacies (public and private)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Institutional pharmacies (public and private)"

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Mangir, Christina, Lori Schneider, Angie Santiago, Leigh Boehmer, Fitzgerald Draper, Elana Plotkin, and Lorna Lucas. "Assessing effectiveness of a self-guided training program for oncology financial advocates." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 28_suppl (October 1, 2021): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.39.28_suppl.271.

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271 Background: Financial toxicity can be a devastating side effect for patients with cancer and their families, and may impact access to and delivery of care, treatment compliance, and outcomes. Financial advocates mitigate financial toxicity for patients and their families, liaise between payers/providers/pharmacies/patients, support shared decision-making and care planning processes through provision of cost and coverage information, and mitigate institutional financial toxicity. Training on effective financial navigation interventions, financial health literacy, patient engagement, oncology fundamentals, and measurement of impact is critical for advocates. Methods: The Association of Community Cancer Centers (ACCC) Financial Advocacy Boot Camp is a self-paced eLearning program consisting of 9 modules designed to build knowledge and skills of financial advocates. Users interact with education across two levels within the ACCC Learning Management System. To evaluate effectiveness of this content, pre- and post-assessments and evaluation forms for registered learners from 1/1/2020 to 12/31/20 were exported and exploratory analysis was performed on this data set of 538 participants. Results: 51% of respondents are oncology financial advocates; 7% are industry representatives; and the remaining 42% are a mix of patient navigators, nurse navigators, social workers, pharmacists, APPs, and nurses. 363 participants fully completed at least one of two levels. Most participants agreed or strongly agreed that each of the modules improved their knowledge and skills: 94% increased their ability to incorporate effective screening methods to identify patients at risk of financial toxicity, 95% are better able to review the evolving landscape of health insurance provided by public and private payers, and 97% both increased their ability to find patient assistance programs and resources for patients and can describe how to guide patients through the process of improving insurance coverage. 79% identified specific examples of what they will do differently after the training, including implementing screening and follow-up protocols, adjusting communication approaches with patients, proposing quality improvement projects, and accessing resources. Conclusions: Training, such as the Financial Advocacy Boot Camp, that builds knowledge and skills in financial screening, communication, and navigation can help cancer programs improve staffs’ ability to mitigate patient and institutional financial toxicity. Future research efforts should further define financial advocacy competencies, measure patient and institutional impact of financial navigation interventions, and assess effective practices for implementation of financial advocacy training in cancer programs.
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Boateng, Rhonda, Lorna Renner, Kadia Petricca, Sumit Gupta, and Avram Denburg. "Health system determinants of access to essential medicines for children with cancer in Ghana." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 9 (September 2020): e002906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002906.

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BackgroundEvidence of the context-specific challenges related to childhood cancer drug (CCD) access is vital to improving outcomes for children with cancer in low- and middle-income countries, such as Ghana. We sought to determine the availability and cost of essential CCD in Ghana and identify the underlying determinants of access.MethodsOur study integrated quantitative data on drug prices and availability with qualitative insights into health system and sociopolitical determinants of CCD access in Ghana. We analysed retrospective monthly price and stock data for 41 cancer and supportive care drugs on the WHO Essential Medicines List (EML) from private retail and public institutional pharmacies. Non-parametric analyses evaluated relationships between drug price and availability, and impacts of drug class and formulation on availability and procurement efficiency. We assessed the determinants of drug access through thematic analysis of policy documents and semi-structured interviews (n=21) with key health system stakeholders.ResultsGhana lists only 47% of essential CCD on its National EML, revealing gaps in domestic formulary inclusion. Stock-outs occurred for 88% of essential CCD, with a 70-day median stock-out duration; 32% had median price ratios above internationally-accepted efficiency thresholds. Drugs procured inefficiently were more susceptible to stock-outs (p=0.0003). Principal determinants of drug access included: (1) lack of sociopolitical priority afforded childhood cancer and (2) the impact of policy and regulatory environments on drug affordability, availability and quality. Establishment of a population-based cancer registry, a nationally-coordinated procurement strategy for CCD, public financing for childhood cancer care and policies to control drug costs emerged as priority interventions to improve drug access in Ghana.ConclusionOur study provides context-specific evidence to enable responsive policy development for efficient drug procurement and supply management in Ghana and establishes a rigorous approach to the analysis of childhood cancer drug access in similar health system settings.
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Broom, J., A. Broom, and E. Kirby. "The drivers of antimicrobial use across institutions, stakeholders and economic settings: a paradigm shift is required for effective optimization." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 74, no. 9 (June 6, 2019): 2803–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz233.

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Abstract Objectives Significant antimicrobial overuse persists worldwide, despite overwhelming evidence of antimicrobial resistance and knowledge that optimization of antimicrobial use will slow the development of resistance. It is critical to understand why this occurs. This study aims to consider the social influences on antimicrobial use within hospitals in Australia, via an in-depth, multisite analysis. Methods We used a qualitative multisite design, involving 222 individual semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis. Participants (85 doctors, 79 nurses, 31 pharmacists and 27 hospital managers) were recruited from five hospitals in Australia, including four public hospitals (two metropolitan, one regional and one remote) and one private hospital. Results Analysis of the interviews identified social relationships and institutional structures that may have a strong influence on antimicrobial use, which must be addressed concurrently. (i) Social relationships that exist across settings: these include the influence of personal risk, hierarchies, inter- and intraprofessional dynamics and sense of futility in making a difference long term in relation to antimicrobial resistance. (ii) Institutional structures that offer context-specific influences: these include patient population factors (including socioeconomic factors, geographical isolation and local infection patterns), proximity and resource issues. Conclusions The success of antimicrobial optimization rests on adequate awareness and incorporation of multilevel influences. Analysis of the problem has tended to emphasize individual ‘behaviour improvement’ in prescribing rather than incorporating the problem of overuse as inherently multidimensional and necessarily incorporating personal, interpersonal and institutional variables. A paradigm shift is urgently needed to incorporate these critical factors in antimicrobial optimization strategies.
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Jeffres, Meghan, Wesley Kufel, Lauren Biehle, Jonathan Cho, Navaneeth Narayanan, and Conan Macdougall. "981. A Comprehensive Survey of Infectious Diseases Curriculum Among US Pharmacy Schools." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (November 2018): S41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy209.097.

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Abstract Background Pharmacists are key partners in institutional antimicrobial stewardship and require adequate knowledge and skills in antimicrobial pharmacotherapy to fulfill this role, whether or not they have specialized postgraduate training in infectious diseases (ID). The objective of this study was to describe ID topics and teaching strategies across US schools of pharmacy. Methods A 23-question electronic survey was sent to ID faculty or curricular deans at all 137 US pharmacy schools. Results Surveys were collected from 106 schools (77% response rate). ID curriculum was allotted 60 (IQR 40–80) hours of classroom time and primarily taught in the third year. Respondents dedicated 33% of curriculum hours to ID fundamentals and 66% to disease states. Content was primarily delivered through traditional lectures compared with active learning (75% and 25%, respectively). Greater than 94% of schools taught all tier 1 ID topics from the 2016 American College of Clinical Pharmacy Pharmacotherapy Didactic Curriculum Toolkit. Utilization of active learning methods and time allocated to ID fundamentals differed across schools. Public schools dedicated more time to antimicrobial fundamentals than private schools (40 vs. 30 hours, P = 0.023). Schools using a block schedule allotted more classroom hours to ID content than schools using semester or quarter schedules (77.5 vs. 60 vs. 50 hours, P = 0.001). Schools established less than 5 years ago devoted more classroom hours to active learning than schools established 5 to 10, 11 to 20, and greater than 20 years ago (65 vs. 25 vs. 25 vs. 20, P = 0.012). Private schools were more likely to consistently or frequently use audience response systems (86% vs. 68%, P = 0.037) and concept maps (27% vs. 6%, P = 0.005) compared with public schools. Public schools were more likely to use debates (18% vs. 2%, P = 0.006). Schools established 10 or less years ago were more likely to use concept maps (28% vs. 12%, P = 0.050), games (38% vs. 19%, P = 0.050), and simulation (41% vs. 18%, P = 0.015). Conclusion Increased communication and collaboration between ID pharmacotherapy educators is warranted to increase consistency of ID education and distribution of educational innovations. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Osuafor, Nkeiruka Grace, Chinwe Victoria Ukwe, and Mathew Okonta. "Evaluation of availability, price, and affordability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines in Abuja, Nigeria." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): e0255567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255567.

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Objective To assess the availability, price, and affordability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines in Abuja, Nigeria. Methods A cross-sectional survey involving 27 private pharmacies, 13 public pharmacies, and 25 private hospital pharmacies in Abuja was conducted using the standardized World Health Organization/Health Action International methodology. The availability percentage for each pharmacy sector and each medicine was analyzed. The median price ratio (MPR) (ratio of the median price to the international reference prices) of the medicines were evaluated accordingly. Affordability was assessed by calculating the number of days’ wages the lowest-paid unskilled government worker required to purchase a month worth of the standard treatment for a chronic condition. Results The availability of cardiovascular (CV) medicines ranged from 28.4% (in private hospital pharmacies) to 59.9% (in private pharmacies). There was mixed variability in the mean availability of Originator Brands (OBs) and Lowest Priced Generics (LPGs) anti-diabetic drugs with the highest availability being OBs 36% and LPGs 40.2%, in private pharmacies and public pharmacies, respectively. The availability of global drugs ranged from 49.7% in private hospitals to 68.8% in private pharmacies. Two cardiovascular and four global medicines had greater than 80% availability across the pharmaceutical sectors. The median price ratio for OBs and LPGs was 9.60 and 1.72 for procurement, it was 8.08 and 2.60 in private pharmacies, 13.56 and 2.66 in public hospitals, and 16.38 and 7.89 in private hospitals. The percentage markup on LPG was 49.4% in public hospitals, 51.4% in private pharmacies, and 323% in private hospitals. Only nine medicines in both public hospitals and private pharmacies and two in the private hospital pharmacies required less than the daily wage of the lowest-paid government worker. Conclusion The availability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines was below 80% across the different pharmaceutical sectors in Abuja and the medicines were unaffordable. Although the prices were generally exorbitant, private pharmacies offered the best options in terms of availability, pricing, and affordability of medicines. Therefore, the results of this study emphasize the pertinence of enforcing policies that facilitate the availability, pricing, and affordability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines.
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Vinogradov, Dmitri, Elena Shadrina, and Larissa Kokareva. "Public procurement mechanisms for public-private partnerships." Journal of Public Procurement 14, no. 4 (March 1, 2014): 538–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-14-04-2014-b004.

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Why do some countries (often developing and emerging economies) adopt special laws on PPP, whilst in others PPPs are governed by the legislation on public procurement and related bylaws? This paper explains the above global discrepancies from an institutional perspective. In a contract-theoretical framework we demonstrate how PPPs can enable projects that are not feasible through standard public procurement arrangements. Incentives for private partners are created through extra benefits (often non-contractible) from their collaboration with the government (e.g. risk reduction, reputational gains, access to additional resources, lower bureaucratic burden, etc.). In a well-developed institutional environment these benefits are implicitly guaranteed, suggesting no need in a specialized PPP-enabling legislation. Otherwise, a PPP law should establish an institutional architecture to provide the above benefits.
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Melo, Angelita C., Guilherme M. Trindade, Alessandra R. Freitas, Karina A. Resende, and Tarcísio J. Palhano. "Community pharmacies and pharmacists in Brazil: A missed opportunity." Pharmacy Practice 19, no. 2 (June 22, 2021): 2467. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2021.2.2467.

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The Brazilian National Health System (BR-NHS) is one of the largest public health systems in the world. In 2019 Brazil had 114,352 community pharmacies (76.8% private owned), that represent the first point of access to healthcare in Brazil due to their wide distribution. Unfortunately, from the government's point of view, the main expected activity of private and public community pharmacies is related to dispensing medicines and other health products. Public community pharmacies can be part of a healthcare center or be in a separate location, sometimes without the presence of a pharmacist. Pharmacists working in these separated locations do not have access to patients’ medical records, and they have difficulty in accessing other members of the patient care team. Pharmacists working in public pharmacies located in healthcare centers may have access to patients’ medical records, but pharmacy activities are frequently under other professional’s supervision (e.g., nurses). Private pharmacies are usually open 24/7 with the presence of a pharmacist for 8 hours on business days. Private community pharmacies have a very limited integration in the BR-NHS and pharmacists are the third largest healthcare workforce in Brazil with more than 221,000 registered in the Brazilian Federal Pharmacist Association [CFF - Conselho Federal de Farmácia]. A University degree in pharmacy is the only requirement to entry into the profession, without any proficiency exam for maintenance or career progression. The Brazilian pharmacist's annual income is ranked as the 2nd better-paid profession with an annual average income of € 5502.37 (in 2020). Description of clinical activities for pharmacies by the CFF increased in the recent years, however there is still a long way to effectively implement them into practice.
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Martinez-Mardones, Francisco, Antonio Ahumada-Canale, Loreto Gonzalez-Machuca, and Jose C. Plaza-Plaza. "Primary health care pharmacists and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in Chile." Pharmacy Practice 18, no. 3 (August 28, 2020): 2142. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.3.2142.

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The Chilean healthcare system is composed of public and private sectors, with most of the higher-income population being covered privately. Primary healthcare in the public system is provided in more than 2,500 public primary care centers of different sizes with assigned populations within territories. Private insurance companies have their own healthcare networks or buy services from individual health providers. Patients from the public system receive most medications free of charge in primary care pharmacies embedded in each care center. Private patients must purchase their medicines from community pharmacies. Some government policies subsidize part of the cost of medications, but original medicines remain as the most expensive of Latin America. Three chain pharmacies have more than 90% of the market share, and these pharmacies have negative public perception because of price collusion court sentences. A non-profit, municipal pharmacy model was developed but has limited implementation. Most privately owned independent and chain community pharmacies do not provide pharmaceutical services as there is no remuneration or cover by insurers. The limited number of publicly owned Municipal pharmacies could implement pharmaceutical services in community settings as they are non-profit establishments and have full-time pharmacists but are not resourced for these services. A limited number of pharmaceutical services are almost exclusively provided in public primary care, including medication reviews, pharmaceutical education, home visits and pharmacovigilance services, but several barriers to their implementation remain. A risk-based multimorbidity care model was implemented in 2020 for public primary care with additional employment of part-time pharmacists to provide services. We believe that this model will help pharmacists to optimize their time by prioritizing the much-needed clinical tasks. We propose within this multimorbidity care model that the more time-consuming services are provided to higher risk patients. Pharmacy prescribing i.e. amending or approving changes in medications in primary care for chronic conditions could also be useful for the health system, but pharmacists would require additional training. The landscape for pharmaceutical services for primary care in Chile is promising, but the integration with community pharmacies will not be possible until they are funded by public and private insurance, and the public perception of these establishments is improved.
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Fonseca, Joseph, Richard Violette, Sherilyn K. D. Houle, and Nancy M. Waite. "Distributing Publicly-Funded Influenza Vaccine—Community Pharmacies’ Perspectives on Acquiring Vaccines from Public Health and from Private Distributors in Ontario, Canada." Pharmacy 9, no. 2 (April 24, 2021): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy9020094.

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Objectives: To explore community pharmacies’ experience with two models of distribution for publicly-funded influenza vaccines in Ontario, Canada—one being publicly-managed (2015–2016 influenza season) and one involving private pharmaceutical distributors (2016–2017 season). Methods: Online surveys were distributed to community pharmacies across Ontario during the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 influenza seasons with sampling proportional to Ontario Public Health Unit catchment populations. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially and qualitative data were summarized for additional context. Results: Order fulfillment appeared more responsive with the addition of private distributors in 2016–2017, as more pharmacies reported shorter order fulfillment times (p < 0.01); however, pharmacies reported significantly more days with zero on-hand inventory in 2016–2017 (p < 0.01), as well as more instances of patients being turned away due to vaccine unavailability (p < 0.05). In both seasons, a similar proportion of pharmacies reported slower order fulfillment and limited order quantities early in the season. Improved availability early in the season when patient demand is highest, more vaccines in a pre-filled syringe format, and better communication from distributors on product availability dates were recommended in qualitative responses. Conclusions: Introducing private distributors for the management and fulfillment of pharmacies’ orders for the publicly funded influenza vaccine appeared to have mixed results. While key concerns surrounding the frequency, responsiveness, and method of delivery were addressed by this change, challenges remain—in particular, acquiring sufficient vaccine early in the season to meet patient demand. As pharmacies become more prominent as vaccination sites, there are several opportunities to ensure that patient demand is met in this setting.
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Sullivan, Meghan. "Public Conversion, Private Reason, and Institutional Crisis." Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophical Association 92 (2018): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/acpaproc201892100.

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Following the 2018 Pennsylvania grand jury report, which detailed the sexual abuse of clergy members, many have questioned the value of personal institutional commitment to the Catholic Church, preferring instead more individualistic expressions of faith. Alongside the sex abuse crisis, the age of free information makes the Church’s epistemology appear antiquated. This article explores the individualistic versus community-based practice of Catholicism, drawing a distinction between private conversion versus public conversion. The article offers a defense of public conversion, arguing it explains the rationality of conversion and offers a solution to the problem of divine hiddenness. Using details from her own faith journey, Sullivan explores why God graces us with less perspicuous knowledge, causing subluminous conversions, as opposed to the more glaring, which leads to luminous conversions. Sullivan suggests that we obtain knowledge of God by loving one another, which takes place in the framework of the institutional Church. She subsequently uses this Church-making theodicy to offer five ideas about how we might engage the Church institutionally as Catholic philosophers.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Institutional pharmacies (public and private)"

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Adsetts, Jacqueline. "Aspects of the demographic profile and standard of pharmaceutical services in South Africa / J. Adsetts." Thesis, North-West University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/82.

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The objects of the South African Pharmacy Council in terms of the Pharmacy Act, 1974 (5311974) as amended are, inter alia, "to uphold and safeguard the rights of the general public to universally acceptable standards of pharmacy practice in both the private and the public sector" as well as "to establish, develop, maintain and control universally acceptable standards of practice of the various categories of persons required to be registered.. ." One of the major difficulties health care providers worldwide are faced with is how to maintain a proper balance between the trio goals of health care, namely adequate access, high quality and acceptable costs (Li, 2003:192-193). Relatively little is known about such problems as do exist for patients regarding access to pharmaceutical services (Doucette et al., 1999:1268). Two main objectives were identified for this study, namely to investigate the demographic profile of community and institutional pharmacies registered with the South African Pharmacy Council; and to determine the standard of pharmaceutical services provided by these pharmacies. Inspection results of community and institutional pharmacies were obtained from the South African Pharmacy Council and extracted for the time period 1 January 2004 to 31 May 2005. To determine the demographic and geographic profile of these pharmacies, data of the Register of Pharmacies of the South African Pharmacy Council for August 2003, 2004 and 2005 were merged with the Census data of South Africa of 2001. It was found that the total number of pharmacies in both the public and private sectors increased with 2.1% (n=68) from August 2003 to August 2005. Public and private pharmacies that provided services directly to patients increased with 6.3% (n=33) and 1.3% (n=35) from August 2003 to 2005. It was found that the Gauteng province was the best provided with registered pharmacies in South Africa, as only 0.06% (n=5 783) of the population did not have any registered pharmacy available on municipality level. It was also revealed that the majority of inspections were carried out in Gauteng, whilst this province accounts for only 19.7% of the total population of South Africa. During the study period a total of 1178 community pharmacy inspections were carried out in 1103 community pharmacies (one or more inspections per pharmacy) representing 43% (n=2 550) of the total number of community pharmacies registered with the South African Pharmacy Council during May 2005. Nationally community pharmacies achieved a score of 92.27 (+ 6.65 per cent) for compliance with Good Pharmacy Practice guidelines. The lowest compliance score (73.34 + 27.49 per cent) was obtained for the availability of written standard operating procedures and the highest was for the promotion of public health (99.02 + 6.30 per cent). No practical significant differences (dc0.8) were found between the overall compliance scores obtained by community pharmacies of the different provinces. The highest compliance score was obtained by community pharmacies in the Free State (93.09 + 4.90 per cent), followed by Western Cape, Eastern Cape, Kwazulu Natal, Limpopo, Northern Cape, Gauteng, Mpumalanga and the North West. A total of 343 institutional pharmacy inspections (one or more inspections per pharmacy) were carried out in public and state subsidised institutions (n=245), private institutions (n=90) and mine hospitals (n=5). These pharmacies represented 46% of the total number of institutional pharmacies registered with the South African Pharmacy Council during May 2005. Nationally all institutional pharmacies (both private and public) achieved a score of 92.49 + 8.33 per cent for compliance with Good Pharmacy Practice guidelines for all above-mentioned aspects. Nationally public and state subsidised institutional pharmacies obtained a lower compliance score (91.02 + 9.08 per cent) than private institutional pharmacies (96.39 + 3.91 per cent). Lastly, a grading system was developed that was based on the results obtained through this study, in order to quantify the standard of pharmaceutical services provided by pharmacies in South Africa.
Thesis (M.Pharm. (Pharmacy Practice))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.
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Grillo, Christopher C. (Christopher Charles). "Sustainable metropolitan mobility and public-private partnerships : a highway to institutional reform?" Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67651.

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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning; and, (S.M. in Transportation)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, June 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 150-165).
The "sustainability" literature generally acknowledges a critical role for transportation infrastructure planning, finance, investment, design, construction, operation, and management for addressing the long-term viability of cities and metropolitan areas. At the same time, governments have increasingly employed public-private partnerships (PPPs) for metropolitan transportation infrastructure with the goal of improving project finance, delivery, and long-term management and operation. While proponents of "sustainability" often imply a more collectivist and public-sector-led paradigm and proponents of liberalization often argue for greater private sector intervention and market competition, theory suggests that both sectors offer unique institutional attributes critical to achieving sustainable metropolitan mobility (SMM). The question is how to optimally configure institutions to address the challenge of SMM for metropolitan transportation infrastructure delivery? Focusing on highways, this thesis adopts a broad definition of SMM that compasses efficient road pricing and regulation, integration of metropolitan transportation policy, public acceptability, and technology. It employs a qualitative case study analysis to test theories on optimal institutional configurations against seven cases across the world where PPPs were used to deliver highway infrastructure in metropolitan areas. The results suggest that the distribution of network, traffic, and demand risks; the spatial configuration of highways within metropolitan areas; and political factors play key roles in achieving SMM. Additionally, issues of vertical devolution and integration of government institutions and contract regulation likely play important roles but require more in-depth research.
by Christopher C. Grillo.
S.M.in Transportation
M.C.P.
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Buttkereit, Sören. "Intersectoral alliances : an institutional economics perspective /." Berlin : wvb, Wiss. Verl, 2009. http://www.wvberlin.de/data/inhalt/buttkereit.html.

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Buttkereit, Sören. "Intersectoral alliances an institutional economics perspective." Berlin wvb, Wiss. Verl, 2008. http://d-nb.info/995593477/04.

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Sidahmed, Fatima. "Management of sexually transmitted infections in private pharmancies in Limpopo Province : practice and knowledge of pharmacies." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1425.

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Thesis (M.Pharm.(Pharmacology)) --University of Limpopo, 2014.
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) in Private Pharmacies in Limpopo Province: Practice and Knowledge of Pharmacists Background: In 2001, the South African Pharmacy Council (SAPC) developed a strategic plan, which recognised the crucial role that pharmacists could play in controlling sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and the spread of HIV infection. In South Africa, patients seek and receive treatment for STIs from pharmacies despite a legal restriction (Ward, Pharm, Butler, Mugao, Klausner, Mcfarland, Chen & Schwarcz, 2003). Current legislation bars people to seek treatment from the pharmacists for certain acute illnesses, thus significantly influencing the spread of some infections with the view that the longer infections remain untreated, the more opportunities for transmissions to occur. The perceived lack of treatment options in private pharmacies may even prevent patients from accessing advice or preventative measures at the pharmacy level (Gupta, Sane, Gurbani, Bollinger, Mehendale & Godbole, 2010). It is against this background that the study was carried out with the aim of assessing the knowledge and practice of private pharmacists in management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the Limpopo Province and ultimately assist in the reduction of the spread of HIV infections. Objectives: The objectives of the study were; to identify areas of weakness in services provided by pharmacists in management of STIs in private pharmacies; to identify possible pharmaceutical care of HIV; to determine the level of use of Department of Health Standard Treatment Guidelines of sexually transmitted infections by private pharmacy; to determine the availability of sexually transmitted infection drugs for treatment of STIs; and to identify the type of information given to clients with STI. Method: A cross-sectional design was used in this study. The study was carried out in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Out of the population of 130 pharmacies registered with the SAPC in Limpopo, a sample of 23 was selected. The pharmacies were stratified according to where they were located. This study used a questionnaire designed as an instrument of data collection. The data was collected through a face-to-face interview with the responsible pharmacist in each pharmacy outlet. This study used Simulated Client Method to evaluate the practice. In this method, simulated male and female clients visited randomly selected Pharmacies. Two scenarios were developed for a male patient with urethral discharge and a female patient with vaginal discharge. The simulated clients on a standardised reporting form, outside the pharmacy, carefully recorded all observations made during the simulated scenario. Data analysis: The data were analysed using cross-tabulation techniques and chi-square test was used to check existence of association. Compliance with Standard Treatment Guidelines in terms of treating STI syndrome was used as dependent variable. Location (Rural and urban) of private pharmacies, the gender of the client in the simulated client method, treating genital ulcer syndrome (GUS), treating male urethritis syndrome (MUS) and treating female vaginal discharge syndrome were used as independent variables. The existence of association between the dependent and variable was tested using the Chi-square test of independence. Result: The results showed that 27% of private pharmacies in Limpopo treated and managed STIs clients in accordance with Standard Treatment Guidelines. The structured interviews results showed that 78% of private pharmacists in Limpopo knew the linkage between HIV and STIs. Only 39% of the private pharmacists knew about the existence of Standard Treatment Guidelines and used them in daily client consultations. Cross tabulation of data on compliance with Standard Treatment Guidelines in terms of treating STI syndrome (the dependent variable) and the location of private pharmacies (the independent variable) produced a Chi-square value of 1.31. This showed that the dependent variable had no association with location of independent private pharmacies. The study found that the treatment and management of GUS, MUS and female discharge varied according to location of the private pharmacies. The medicines stocked were in line with the Standard Treatment Guidelines in both rural and urban pharmacies in the Limpopo Province. There was very high demand for STI medication without a prescription averaging of 150 clients per week. Private pharmacies in both areas gave the necessary information to their clients focused on use condom with 54%, partner notification with 38% and only 27% of pharmacists advised client to consult the physician. The simulated client visits showed the discrepancy between knowledge and actual practice of the private pharmacists. Conclusion: The majority of private pharmacies operating in the Limpopo Province do not comply with the Standard Treatment Guidelines for treatment and management of STIs due to inadequate knowledge. While there is a need to train some pharmacists in the provision of primary health care for syndromic STI treatment in order to reduce STIs and HIV transmission, the lifting of current legal restriction in South Africa that prevents pharmacists from prescribing STI medication may be necessary. The knowledge and practice of incidence of specific infections in communities served by the specific pharmacy should be part of the pharmaceutical care provision.
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Homkes, Rebecca. "Analysing the role of public-private partnerships in global governance : institutional dynamics, variation and effects." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/269/.

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While the promotion and growth of global public-private partnerships (PPPs) is indisputable, the same enthusiasm has not fuelled their disciplined study; thus, their potential to deliver on their promise of being effective and legitimate governance entities is far from established. Addressing this lack, this work investigates the universe of transnational PPPs in form, functioning and effects. It suggests that as PPPs are institutional innovations, partnership analysis can benefit from applying theoretical constructs from international regime research complemented with adjacent literature from management and organisational studies. Building an analytical framework based on the notions of input and output legitimacy, the work analyses how variation in partnership inputs (focus, actors involved, organisational dynamics and institutionalisation) interacts with varying internal management processes to result in varying outputs. The thesis utilises the operational notion of effects rather than the more subjective notion of partnership effectiveness, and considers effects related to goal attainment and problem solving. Applying a systematic methodology, the work also defines and describes the universe of PPPs, creating a transnational partnership database (TPD) which pulls together all existing sources, thus encompassing 757 partnerships. The resultant analysis reveals a marked variation across the universe of transnational partnerships as well as distinct differences in their operational capacity. It also highlights that while highly institutionalised PPPs are more likely to produce tangible outputs and effects, the extent of these is highly dependent upon internal management. By building a cumulative understanding of these institutional models, the work furthers debates regarding the role of PPPs as legitimate and effective governing actors.
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Said, Mona Abdel Salam. "Labour market segmentation and institutional change : the public-private pay differential in Egypt, 1960-1998." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621034.

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Harries, Andrew William. "Public dimensions of private contracting : the institutional ordering of trans-sectoral exchange in the NHS." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2002. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/19049/.

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Socio-legal studies of the role of legal institutions in ordering contracting behaviour in both commercial and government sectors are in broad agreement that exchange is effected by a variety of legal, extra-legal and economic norms and modes of enforcement. The present study evaluates the adequacy of current socio-legal analyses of the use, function and relevance of legal institutions in contracting practice in the particular trans-sectoral context of NIHS purchasing of cleaning, catering, and computing services involving a regional health authority in the North of England. Rejecting an instrumentalist conception of the relationship between law and social action, the thesis analyses the static and dynamic dimensions of order in these transactions with reference to an institutionalist theoretical model distinguishing: first, institutional environment (formal structure); second, institutional arrangements (relational structure); and third, the processes through which these institutional levels are mediated and negotiated. The case studies demonstrate in depth how the NHS policy-regulatory context affected the form and degree of performance and risk planning; how the planning of contract contents was oriented to both rights-in-law and the business deal; how different co-operative outcomes resulted from the use, displacement and supplementation of contract in the governance of the transactions; and how decisionmaking in regard to the various uses and non-uses of contract was guided by common understandings ('norms about norms') about the institutional environment and governance of institutional arrangements. Two types of contractual orientation with different governance implications are distinguished: first, circumstances where contracting was regarded as part of NHS administration, and where the contract was supplemented mainly by administrative hierarchical norms; and second, where contract management occurred more independently of hierarchical influences, and where the contract was supplemented by norms more akin to those of ordinary commercial dealing. Generally, the key factor accounting for the quality of the newly established exchange relationships in the case studies is shown to be the influence of the NHS as a public purchasing organisation on the institutional environment of trans-sectoral exchange and on the institutional arrangements made within it.
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Ridzi, Frank Michael DeVault Marjorie L. "Processing private lives in public: an institutional ethnography of front-line welfare intake staff post welfare reform." Related Electronic Resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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Liu, Ying. "Institutional characteristics and environmental factors that influence private giving to public colleges and universities a longitudinal analysis." Diss., Saarbrücken VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2007. http://etd.library.vanderbilt.edu/ETD-db/available/etd-03282007-175455/.

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Books on the topic "Institutional pharmacies (public and private)"

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Lenk, Thomas, 1958- editor of compilation, ed. Public-private partnership: An appropriate institutional arrangement for public services? Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2011.

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Organisation for economic co-operation and development. Dedicated public-private partnership units: A survey of institutional and governance structures. Paris: OECD, 2010.

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Schlager, Daniel B. Institutional and legal barriers to ecosystem management. [Walla Walla, Wash: The Project, 1994.

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The Routledge companion to public-private partnerships. New York: Routledge, 2012.

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Global projects: Institutional and political challenges. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

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Larder, Duncan. Institutional care for the elderly: The geographical distribution of the public/private mix in England. Bath: University of Bath, 1986.

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Larder, Duncan. Institutional care for the elderly: The geographical distribution of the public/private mix in England. Bath: Centre for the Analysis of Social Policy, University of Bath, 1986.

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Institutional frameworks of community health and safety legislation: Committees, agencies, and private bodies. Oxford: Hart Pub., 1999.

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M, Peace Sheila, and Kellaher Leonie A, eds. Private lives in public places: A research-based critique of residential life in local authority old people's homes. London: Tavistock Publications, 1987.

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Jakubiak, Susan Cowan. Wireless shared resources: Sharing right-of-way for wireless telecommunications : guidance on legal and institutional issues. Washington, D.C: FHWA, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Institutional pharmacies (public and private)"

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Klijn, Erik-Hans, and Geert R. Teisman. "Managing Public-Private Partnerships: Influencing Processes and Institutional Context of Public-Private Partnerships." In Library of Public Policy and Public Administration, 329–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9486-8_16.

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Nwangwu, George. "The Legal and Institutional Framework for PPPs in Nigeria." In Public Private Partnerships in Nigeria, 27–48. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-54242-7_2.

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Bathla, Seema, and Shiv Jee. "Public and Private Capital Formation in Agriculture and Contribution of Institutional Credit to Private Investment." In India Studies in Business and Economics, 243–59. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6443-3_11.

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Balbachevsky, Elizabeth, and Simon Schwartzman. "Brazil: Diverse Experiences in Institutional Governance in the Public and Private Sectors." In Changing Governance and Management in Higher Education, 35–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1140-2_3.

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Friedländer, Benjamin, Manfred Röber, and Christina Schaefer. "Institutional Differentiation of Public Service Provision in Germany: Corporatisation, Privatisation and Re-Municipalisation." In Public Administration in Germany, 291–309. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53697-8_17.

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AbstractIn recent decades, the provision of public services in Germany has increasingly been transferred to institutions outside the core administration. The process has resulted in a considerably changed institutional landscape with multiple effects on its steering, governance and management. The aim of this chapter is to highlight experiences with the four different institutional arrangements of corporatisation, outsourcing, privatisation and re-municipalisation in Germany. Against this background, we provide some lessons learnt for public administration and finally shift attention to the discussion on public versus private service provision.
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Beisheim, Marianne, and Christopher Kaan. "Transnational Standard-Setting Partnerships in the Field of Social Rights: The Interplay of Legitimacy, Institutional Design, and Process Management." In Democracy and Public-Private Partnerships in Global Governance, 122–44. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230283237_7.

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Yatsechko, S. S. "Building an Institutional Model of Interaction Between Government and Business in Public-Private Partnership." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 709–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15160-7_71.

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Itoh, Motoshige, Shujiro Urata, and Jong-Wha Lee. "Upgrading Technological Capabilities of Small and Medium Size Enterprises: Public and Private Support in the Japanese and Korean Auto Parts Industries." In The Institutional Foundations of East Asian Economic Development, 318–54. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26928-0_11.

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Kuhlmann, Sabine, Isabella Proeller, Dieter Schimanke, and Jan Ziekow. "German Public Administration: Background and Key Issues." In Public Administration in Germany, 1–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53697-8_1.

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AbstractThe international community of public administration and administrative sciences shows a great interest in the basic features of the German administrative system. The German public administration with its formative decentralisation (called: administrative federalism) is regarded as a prime example of multilevel governance and strong local self-government. Furthermore, over the past decades, the traditional profile of the German administrative system has significantly been reshaped and remoulded through reforms, processes of modernisation and the transformation process in East Germany. Studies on the German administrative system should focus especially on key institutional features of public administration; changing relationships between public administration, society and the private sector; administrative reforms at different levels of the federal system; and new challenges and modernisation approaches, such as digitalisation, open government and better regulation. The publication is following this structure in four parts with 22 chapters.
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Horta, Korinna. "Public-Private Partnership and Institutional Capture: The State, International Institutions, and Indigenous Peoples in Chad and Cameroon." In The Politics of Resource Extraction, 204–29. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230368798_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Institutional pharmacies (public and private)"

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Pérez-D’Oleo, J., C. Castro, I. Herraiz, and S. Carpintero. "The influence of the institutional environment on public–private partnership transport projects." In URBAN TRANSPORT 2015. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ut150321.

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Sun, YanHua, and Erbin Li. "Breaking through the Institutional Barriers of Private Capital Entering Urban Public Utilities." In 2016 1st International Symposium on Business Cooperation and Development. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/isbcd-16.2016.5.

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Devkar, Ganesh A., Ashwin Mahalingam, and Satyanarayana N. Kalidindi. "Analyzing the Institutional Framework for Urban Public Private Partnerships in Indian States." In Construction Research Congress 2009. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41020(339)21.

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Petkovšek, Veronika, and Primož Pevcin. "Institutional Effects of Public-Private Partnership Act on the Status of Municipal Public Enterprises in Slovenia." In 36. mednarodna konferenca o razvoju organizacijskih znanosti, Portorož, Slovenija / 36th International Conference on Organizational Science Development, Portorož, Slovenia. Univerzitetna založba Univerze v Mariboru / University of Maribor Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-020-2.58.

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Audouy, Claude, Geneviève Campan, David Andrews, and Richard Van Holtz. "GALILEO LEOP - Institutional Experiences and Facilities Integrated in a Private/Public Project Team." In SpaceOps 2006 Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2006-5808.

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Lupi, Lucia, Alessio Antonini, Guido Boella, Claudio Schifanella, and Luigi Sanasi. "Back to public: Rethinking the public dimension of institutional and private initiatives on an urban data platform." In 2016 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isc2.2016.7580813.

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Xu, Jia. "Centralization and Fragmentation: Analysis on the Institutional Environment of Public-Private Partnership in China." In International Conference on Construction and Real Estate Management 2016. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480274.098.

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Pankevich, Natalia. "Governmental Expansionism: Autonomy Protective Mechanism of Private Sphere & Individual Freedom." In The Public/Private in Modern Civilization, the 22nd Russian Scientific-Practical Conference (with international participation) (Yekaterinburg, April 16-17, 2020). Liberal Arts University – University for Humanities, Yekaterinburg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35853/ufh-public/private-2020-05.

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The article covers expansionism of governmental agencies into key segments of social relations. Conventionally, this activity has been interpreted as destructive and blurring the divide between the private and the public spheres in attempts to minimise the scope and institutional autonomy of the private sphere. As opposed to the aforesaid interpretations, the article demonstrates that this explanation needs to be corrected due to its origination from not quite true and full ideas of structural specificity of the private sphere, the mechanisms of social relations regulation, the availability of unaccounted social asymmetries, and the dominance structure within its framework. Based on a retrospective analysis of the structurisation of political forms, the article shows that the differentiation between publicity and privacy is rooted in the structural formula of the contemporary state as political unity delineated against the background of the ambient world, and is the principial for it as an authority technology that gives priority to protecting the political community. By accomplishing this goal, the article complements existing concepts interpreting the private sphere as a platform for implementing the principles of individual autonomy, legal and social equity between the social entities acting within it. In this optic, state expansionism is a protective strategy aimed at gaining control of entity groups able to dominate the private sphere. Thus, far from restricting the potential of individuals to implement private strategies, state expansionism directly facilitates the retention of the institutional autonomy of an individual in the framework of the private sphere, which is a fundamental structural precondition for the functioning of modern societies.
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Strizhkova, Natalia. "Museum as an Institutional Form of Personal & Social Experiments: Project of Russian Avantgardism Artists." In The Public/Private in Modern Civilization, the 22nd Russian Scientific-Practical Conference (with international participation) (Yekaterinburg, April 16-17, 2020). Liberal Arts University – University for Humanities, Yekaterinburg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35853/ufh-public/private-2020-10.

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Museums as cultural institutions certainly reflect the sociocultural transformations of the new era and are changing with the new reality. Except for that, a museum is, by definition, an institution of memory, a keeper of history, it is based on adoption: the collection, successiveness and actualisation of past experience. What is perceived as innovation by contemporary society may have historical roots and be an actualisation of innovations of a bygone era. Modern museum development recalls a global project undertaken by Russian avant-garde artists in the early 20th century, and implying the institutional modernisation of museums. This study addresses a project taken on by avant-garde artists for the modernisation of museums in the context of general cultural construction, in cooperation with the Soviet Government. The research methodology is based on a conjunction of a historical study and culturological analysis, primarily the concept of the institutional approach. The study consisted in looking through archival documents: The Fund of the People’s Commissariat for Education and its departments (declarations, provisions, resolutions, decrees, minutes of meetings, correspondence, protocols and statements of estimates, inventory books of the State Museum Fund etc.), personal funds of artists and cultural figures, their theoretical works, articles, correspondence. A holistic inter-disciplinary approach combining historical and culturological analysis with prospects for contemporary sociocultural development and the role of museums is seen as a promising novelty of the research. Russian avantgardism as an artistic and sociocultural phenomenon has remained of great interest for a century. Different studies shed light only on separate aspects of this vast topic in different scientific contexts. The examination of the museum project by avant-garde artists under this study allows us to conclude that they were the first to undertake the institutional modernisation of museums by considering them in the focus of new demands of time and society, innovative programmes as forms of personal initiatives and experiments expressed in the broad public space of artistic culture.
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Ramsina, Snezhana. "Integration of Public and Private Aspects in Business Models 4.0 of the Tourism Market." In The Public/Private in Modern Civilization, the 22nd Russian Scientific-Practical Conference (with international participation) (Yekaterinburg, April 16-17, 2020). Liberal Arts University – University for Humanities, Yekaterinburg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35853/ufh-public/private-2020-58.

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The current digital opportunities that have spawned the upgrade of the business versions of tourism and hospitality have been actualised due to the hard-to-predict pandemic nature of the COVID-19 coronavirus threat and travel bans. In Business Model 4.0. the usual forms of the relationship between the public (institutional) and the private, individual in tourism and hospitality are transformed. Research objective: to characterise the integration capabilities of automated (AI-based) travel industry business processes that personalise the tourism offers to the needs and preferences of travel lers and guests. The value-based marketing 4.0 approach, supplemented by structural, network and functional approaches to the analysis of the structure, multi-level, dynamics of commercial opportunities, consumer value of business models of organisation and the implementation of tourism products, allowed the integration possibilities of Internet services in satisfying individualised consumer demands to be satisfied. Soft culture blurs the boundaries between the public and the personal, making actors’ informational behaviour transparent, transforming existing business strategies, and giving rise to ‘mass individuality’ in tourism and hospitality. The forms of correlation between the public (group, communal) and the private, individual in the practice of tourist services at all stages of a tourist trip or guest visits to HoReCa enterprises change under the influence of BigData technologies regarding operational processes; modelling and forecasting strategies; horizontal and vertical integration. The marketplace is won by those who practise personalisation, customisation and marketing authenticity of the market offer distributed on the P2P network. The basis of a stable competitive advantage of a company able to create a unique customer value in the tourism and hospitality market is represented by predictive or prognostic analytics of big data and smart technologies.
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Reports on the topic "Institutional pharmacies (public and private)"

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Prats, Joan, Helen Harris, and Juan Andrés Pérez. Political Determinants of Public-Private Partnerships. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003619.

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During the last three decades, Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) have emerged as a new contractual arrangement to provide infrastructure investment and services. Examining the evolution of PPPs contracts in emerging countries, this paper analyses the role played by political institutions and partisanship showing that: (i) PPPs are more used when governmental and legislative transaction costs increase; and (ii) political partisanship does not explain the use and consolidation of PPPs as a contractual arrangement. The paper also confirms the relevance of macroeconomic and institutional quality variability variables found in previous literature and sheds new light regarding the political economy of PPPs, especially on how political governance structures shape incentives for using PPPs as a contractual mechanism.
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Flagg, Melissa, and Zachary Arnold. A New Institutional Approach to Research Security in the United States: Defending a Diverse R&D Ecosystem. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20200051.

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U.S. research security requires trust and collaboration between those conducting R&D and the federal government. Most R&D takes place in the private sector, outside of government authority and control, and researchers are wary of federal government or law enforcement involvement in their work. Despite these challenges, as adversaries work to extract science, technology, data and know-how from the United States, the U.S. government is pursuing an ambitious research security initiative. In order to secure the 78 percent of U.S. R&D funded outside the government, authors Melissa Flagg and Zachary Arnold propose a new, public-private research security clearinghouse, with leadership from academia, business, philanthropy, and government and a presence in the most active R&D hubs across the United States.
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Demaestri, Edgardo C., Cynthia Moskovits, and Jimena Chiara. Management of Fiscal and Financial Risks Generated by PPPs: Conceptual Issues and Country Experiences. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0001470.

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This paper discusses the main issues concerning sovereign fiscal and financial risks from public–private partnerships (PPPs) with a focus on contingent liabilities (CLs). It is based on the presentations and discussions that took place during the XI Annual Meeting of the Group of Latin American and the Caribbean Debt Management Specialists (LAC Debt Group), held in Barbados in August 2015. The main issues discussed include PPP risks assessment, institutional framework for PPP risk management, and accounting and reporting of CLs generated by PPPs. Six country cases (Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Suriname, and Turkey) are presented to illustrate experiences with different degrees of development regarding the management of risks and CLs related to PPPs. The document concludes that PPP risk management should encompass the whole lifecycle of a PPP project, risks need to be identified and CLs must be estimated and monitored, and the institutional capacity of governments to evaluate and manage PPP risks plays a central role in the successful development of PPP contracts. Although institutional capacities in this regard have improved in recent years, estimations of CLs involved in PPPs are not regularly performed, and there is still room for improvement on the assessment, measurement, registration, budgeting, and reporting of risks and CLs related to PPPs.
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