To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Institutional pharmacies (public and private).
Journal articles on the topic 'Institutional pharmacies (public and private)'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Institutional pharmacies (public and private).'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Mangir, Christina, Lori Schneider, Angie Santiago, Leigh Boehmer, Fitzgerald Draper, Elana Plotkin, and Lorna Lucas. "Assessing effectiveness of a self-guided training program for oncology financial advocates." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 28_suppl (October 1, 2021): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.39.28_suppl.271.
Full textAbstract:
271 Background: Financial toxicity can be a devastating side effect for patients with cancer and their families, and may impact access to and delivery of care, treatment compliance, and outcomes. Financial advocates mitigate financial toxicity for patients and their families, liaise between payers/providers/pharmacies/patients, support shared decision-making and care planning processes through provision of cost and coverage information, and mitigate institutional financial toxicity. Training on effective financial navigation interventions, financial health literacy, patient engagement, oncology fundamentals, and measurement of impact is critical for advocates. Methods: The Association of Community Cancer Centers (ACCC) Financial Advocacy Boot Camp is a self-paced eLearning program consisting of 9 modules designed to build knowledge and skills of financial advocates. Users interact with education across two levels within the ACCC Learning Management System. To evaluate effectiveness of this content, pre- and post-assessments and evaluation forms for registered learners from 1/1/2020 to 12/31/20 were exported and exploratory analysis was performed on this data set of 538 participants. Results: 51% of respondents are oncology financial advocates; 7% are industry representatives; and the remaining 42% are a mix of patient navigators, nurse navigators, social workers, pharmacists, APPs, and nurses. 363 participants fully completed at least one of two levels. Most participants agreed or strongly agreed that each of the modules improved their knowledge and skills: 94% increased their ability to incorporate effective screening methods to identify patients at risk of financial toxicity, 95% are better able to review the evolving landscape of health insurance provided by public and private payers, and 97% both increased their ability to find patient assistance programs and resources for patients and can describe how to guide patients through the process of improving insurance coverage. 79% identified specific examples of what they will do differently after the training, including implementing screening and follow-up protocols, adjusting communication approaches with patients, proposing quality improvement projects, and accessing resources. Conclusions: Training, such as the Financial Advocacy Boot Camp, that builds knowledge and skills in financial screening, communication, and navigation can help cancer programs improve staffs’ ability to mitigate patient and institutional financial toxicity. Future research efforts should further define financial advocacy competencies, measure patient and institutional impact of financial navigation interventions, and assess effective practices for implementation of financial advocacy training in cancer programs.
2
Boateng, Rhonda, Lorna Renner, Kadia Petricca, Sumit Gupta, and Avram Denburg. "Health system determinants of access to essential medicines for children with cancer in Ghana." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 9 (September 2020): e002906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002906.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundEvidence of the context-specific challenges related to childhood cancer drug (CCD) access is vital to improving outcomes for children with cancer in low- and middle-income countries, such as Ghana. We sought to determine the availability and cost of essential CCD in Ghana and identify the underlying determinants of access.MethodsOur study integrated quantitative data on drug prices and availability with qualitative insights into health system and sociopolitical determinants of CCD access in Ghana. We analysed retrospective monthly price and stock data for 41 cancer and supportive care drugs on the WHO Essential Medicines List (EML) from private retail and public institutional pharmacies. Non-parametric analyses evaluated relationships between drug price and availability, and impacts of drug class and formulation on availability and procurement efficiency. We assessed the determinants of drug access through thematic analysis of policy documents and semi-structured interviews (n=21) with key health system stakeholders.ResultsGhana lists only 47% of essential CCD on its National EML, revealing gaps in domestic formulary inclusion. Stock-outs occurred for 88% of essential CCD, with a 70-day median stock-out duration; 32% had median price ratios above internationally-accepted efficiency thresholds. Drugs procured inefficiently were more susceptible to stock-outs (p=0.0003). Principal determinants of drug access included: (1) lack of sociopolitical priority afforded childhood cancer and (2) the impact of policy and regulatory environments on drug affordability, availability and quality. Establishment of a population-based cancer registry, a nationally-coordinated procurement strategy for CCD, public financing for childhood cancer care and policies to control drug costs emerged as priority interventions to improve drug access in Ghana.ConclusionOur study provides context-specific evidence to enable responsive policy development for efficient drug procurement and supply management in Ghana and establishes a rigorous approach to the analysis of childhood cancer drug access in similar health system settings.
3
Broom, J., A. Broom, and E. Kirby. "The drivers of antimicrobial use across institutions, stakeholders and economic settings: a paradigm shift is required for effective optimization." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 74, no. 9 (June 6, 2019): 2803–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz233.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Objectives Significant antimicrobial overuse persists worldwide, despite overwhelming evidence of antimicrobial resistance and knowledge that optimization of antimicrobial use will slow the development of resistance. It is critical to understand why this occurs. This study aims to consider the social influences on antimicrobial use within hospitals in Australia, via an in-depth, multisite analysis. Methods We used a qualitative multisite design, involving 222 individual semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis. Participants (85 doctors, 79 nurses, 31 pharmacists and 27 hospital managers) were recruited from five hospitals in Australia, including four public hospitals (two metropolitan, one regional and one remote) and one private hospital. Results Analysis of the interviews identified social relationships and institutional structures that may have a strong influence on antimicrobial use, which must be addressed concurrently. (i) Social relationships that exist across settings: these include the influence of personal risk, hierarchies, inter- and intraprofessional dynamics and sense of futility in making a difference long term in relation to antimicrobial resistance. (ii) Institutional structures that offer context-specific influences: these include patient population factors (including socioeconomic factors, geographical isolation and local infection patterns), proximity and resource issues. Conclusions The success of antimicrobial optimization rests on adequate awareness and incorporation of multilevel influences. Analysis of the problem has tended to emphasize individual ‘behaviour improvement’ in prescribing rather than incorporating the problem of overuse as inherently multidimensional and necessarily incorporating personal, interpersonal and institutional variables. A paradigm shift is urgently needed to incorporate these critical factors in antimicrobial optimization strategies.
4
Jeffres, Meghan, Wesley Kufel, Lauren Biehle, Jonathan Cho, Navaneeth Narayanan, and Conan Macdougall. "981. A Comprehensive Survey of Infectious Diseases Curriculum Among US Pharmacy Schools." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (November 2018): S41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy209.097.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Pharmacists are key partners in institutional antimicrobial stewardship and require adequate knowledge and skills in antimicrobial pharmacotherapy to fulfill this role, whether or not they have specialized postgraduate training in infectious diseases (ID). The objective of this study was to describe ID topics and teaching strategies across US schools of pharmacy. Methods A 23-question electronic survey was sent to ID faculty or curricular deans at all 137 US pharmacy schools. Results Surveys were collected from 106 schools (77% response rate). ID curriculum was allotted 60 (IQR 40–80) hours of classroom time and primarily taught in the third year. Respondents dedicated 33% of curriculum hours to ID fundamentals and 66% to disease states. Content was primarily delivered through traditional lectures compared with active learning (75% and 25%, respectively). Greater than 94% of schools taught all tier 1 ID topics from the 2016 American College of Clinical Pharmacy Pharmacotherapy Didactic Curriculum Toolkit. Utilization of active learning methods and time allocated to ID fundamentals differed across schools. Public schools dedicated more time to antimicrobial fundamentals than private schools (40 vs. 30 hours, P = 0.023). Schools using a block schedule allotted more classroom hours to ID content than schools using semester or quarter schedules (77.5 vs. 60 vs. 50 hours, P = 0.001). Schools established less than 5 years ago devoted more classroom hours to active learning than schools established 5 to 10, 11 to 20, and greater than 20 years ago (65 vs. 25 vs. 25 vs. 20, P = 0.012). Private schools were more likely to consistently or frequently use audience response systems (86% vs. 68%, P = 0.037) and concept maps (27% vs. 6%, P = 0.005) compared with public schools. Public schools were more likely to use debates (18% vs. 2%, P = 0.006). Schools established 10 or less years ago were more likely to use concept maps (28% vs. 12%, P = 0.050), games (38% vs. 19%, P = 0.050), and simulation (41% vs. 18%, P = 0.015). Conclusion Increased communication and collaboration between ID pharmacotherapy educators is warranted to increase consistency of ID education and distribution of educational innovations. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
5
Osuafor, Nkeiruka Grace, Chinwe Victoria Ukwe, and Mathew Okonta. "Evaluation of availability, price, and affordability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines in Abuja, Nigeria." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): e0255567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255567.
Full textAbstract:
Objective To assess the availability, price, and affordability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines in Abuja, Nigeria. Methods A cross-sectional survey involving 27 private pharmacies, 13 public pharmacies, and 25 private hospital pharmacies in Abuja was conducted using the standardized World Health Organization/Health Action International methodology. The availability percentage for each pharmacy sector and each medicine was analyzed. The median price ratio (MPR) (ratio of the median price to the international reference prices) of the medicines were evaluated accordingly. Affordability was assessed by calculating the number of days’ wages the lowest-paid unskilled government worker required to purchase a month worth of the standard treatment for a chronic condition. Results The availability of cardiovascular (CV) medicines ranged from 28.4% (in private hospital pharmacies) to 59.9% (in private pharmacies). There was mixed variability in the mean availability of Originator Brands (OBs) and Lowest Priced Generics (LPGs) anti-diabetic drugs with the highest availability being OBs 36% and LPGs 40.2%, in private pharmacies and public pharmacies, respectively. The availability of global drugs ranged from 49.7% in private hospitals to 68.8% in private pharmacies. Two cardiovascular and four global medicines had greater than 80% availability across the pharmaceutical sectors. The median price ratio for OBs and LPGs was 9.60 and 1.72 for procurement, it was 8.08 and 2.60 in private pharmacies, 13.56 and 2.66 in public hospitals, and 16.38 and 7.89 in private hospitals. The percentage markup on LPG was 49.4% in public hospitals, 51.4% in private pharmacies, and 323% in private hospitals. Only nine medicines in both public hospitals and private pharmacies and two in the private hospital pharmacies required less than the daily wage of the lowest-paid government worker. Conclusion The availability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines was below 80% across the different pharmaceutical sectors in Abuja and the medicines were unaffordable. Although the prices were generally exorbitant, private pharmacies offered the best options in terms of availability, pricing, and affordability of medicines. Therefore, the results of this study emphasize the pertinence of enforcing policies that facilitate the availability, pricing, and affordability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines.
6
Vinogradov, Dmitri, Elena Shadrina, and Larissa Kokareva. "Public procurement mechanisms for public-private partnerships." Journal of Public Procurement 14, no. 4 (March 1, 2014): 538–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-14-04-2014-b004.
Full textAbstract:
Why do some countries (often developing and emerging economies) adopt special laws on PPP, whilst in others PPPs are governed by the legislation on public procurement and related bylaws? This paper explains the above global discrepancies from an institutional perspective. In a contract-theoretical framework we demonstrate how PPPs can enable projects that are not feasible through standard public procurement arrangements. Incentives for private partners are created through extra benefits (often non-contractible) from their collaboration with the government (e.g. risk reduction, reputational gains, access to additional resources, lower bureaucratic burden, etc.). In a well-developed institutional environment these benefits are implicitly guaranteed, suggesting no need in a specialized PPP-enabling legislation. Otherwise, a PPP law should establish an institutional architecture to provide the above benefits.
7
Melo, Angelita C., Guilherme M. Trindade, Alessandra R. Freitas, Karina A. Resende, and Tarcísio J. Palhano. "Community pharmacies and pharmacists in Brazil: A missed opportunity." Pharmacy Practice 19, no. 2 (June 22, 2021): 2467. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2021.2.2467.
Full textAbstract:
The Brazilian National Health System (BR-NHS) is one of the largest public health systems in the world. In 2019 Brazil had 114,352 community pharmacies (76.8% private owned), that represent the first point of access to healthcare in Brazil due to their wide distribution. Unfortunately, from the government's point of view, the main expected activity of private and public community pharmacies is related to dispensing medicines and other health products. Public community pharmacies can be part of a healthcare center or be in a separate location, sometimes without the presence of a pharmacist. Pharmacists working in these separated locations do not have access to patients’ medical records, and they have difficulty in accessing other members of the patient care team. Pharmacists working in public pharmacies located in healthcare centers may have access to patients’ medical records, but pharmacy activities are frequently under other professional’s supervision (e.g., nurses). Private pharmacies are usually open 24/7 with the presence of a pharmacist for 8 hours on business days. Private community pharmacies have a very limited integration in the BR-NHS and pharmacists are the third largest healthcare workforce in Brazil with more than 221,000 registered in the Brazilian Federal Pharmacist Association [CFF - Conselho Federal de Farmácia]. A University degree in pharmacy is the only requirement to entry into the profession, without any proficiency exam for maintenance or career progression. The Brazilian pharmacist's annual income is ranked as the 2nd better-paid profession with an annual average income of € 5502.37 (in 2020). Description of clinical activities for pharmacies by the CFF increased in the recent years, however there is still a long way to effectively implement them into practice.
8
Martinez-Mardones, Francisco, Antonio Ahumada-Canale, Loreto Gonzalez-Machuca, and Jose C. Plaza-Plaza. "Primary health care pharmacists and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in Chile." Pharmacy Practice 18, no. 3 (August 28, 2020): 2142. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.3.2142.
Full textAbstract:
The Chilean healthcare system is composed of public and private sectors, with most of the higher-income population being covered privately. Primary healthcare in the public system is provided in more than 2,500 public primary care centers of different sizes with assigned populations within territories. Private insurance companies have their own healthcare networks or buy services from individual health providers. Patients from the public system receive most medications free of charge in primary care pharmacies embedded in each care center. Private patients must purchase their medicines from community pharmacies. Some government policies subsidize part of the cost of medications, but original medicines remain as the most expensive of Latin America. Three chain pharmacies have more than 90% of the market share, and these pharmacies have negative public perception because of price collusion court sentences. A non-profit, municipal pharmacy model was developed but has limited implementation. Most privately owned independent and chain community pharmacies do not provide pharmaceutical services as there is no remuneration or cover by insurers. The limited number of publicly owned Municipal pharmacies could implement pharmaceutical services in community settings as they are non-profit establishments and have full-time pharmacists but are not resourced for these services. A limited number of pharmaceutical services are almost exclusively provided in public primary care, including medication reviews, pharmaceutical education, home visits and pharmacovigilance services, but several barriers to their implementation remain. A risk-based multimorbidity care model was implemented in 2020 for public primary care with additional employment of part-time pharmacists to provide services. We believe that this model will help pharmacists to optimize their time by prioritizing the much-needed clinical tasks. We propose within this multimorbidity care model that the more time-consuming services are provided to higher risk patients. Pharmacy prescribing i.e. amending or approving changes in medications in primary care for chronic conditions could also be useful for the health system, but pharmacists would require additional training. The landscape for pharmaceutical services for primary care in Chile is promising, but the integration with community pharmacies will not be possible until they are funded by public and private insurance, and the public perception of these establishments is improved.
9
Fonseca, Joseph, Richard Violette, Sherilyn K. D. Houle, and Nancy M. Waite. "Distributing Publicly-Funded Influenza Vaccine—Community Pharmacies’ Perspectives on Acquiring Vaccines from Public Health and from Private Distributors in Ontario, Canada." Pharmacy 9, no. 2 (April 24, 2021): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy9020094.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives: To explore community pharmacies’ experience with two models of distribution for publicly-funded influenza vaccines in Ontario, Canada—one being publicly-managed (2015–2016 influenza season) and one involving private pharmaceutical distributors (2016–2017 season). Methods: Online surveys were distributed to community pharmacies across Ontario during the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 influenza seasons with sampling proportional to Ontario Public Health Unit catchment populations. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially and qualitative data were summarized for additional context. Results: Order fulfillment appeared more responsive with the addition of private distributors in 2016–2017, as more pharmacies reported shorter order fulfillment times (p < 0.01); however, pharmacies reported significantly more days with zero on-hand inventory in 2016–2017 (p < 0.01), as well as more instances of patients being turned away due to vaccine unavailability (p < 0.05). In both seasons, a similar proportion of pharmacies reported slower order fulfillment and limited order quantities early in the season. Improved availability early in the season when patient demand is highest, more vaccines in a pre-filled syringe format, and better communication from distributors on product availability dates were recommended in qualitative responses. Conclusions: Introducing private distributors for the management and fulfillment of pharmacies’ orders for the publicly funded influenza vaccine appeared to have mixed results. While key concerns surrounding the frequency, responsiveness, and method of delivery were addressed by this change, challenges remain—in particular, acquiring sufficient vaccine early in the season to meet patient demand. As pharmacies become more prominent as vaccination sites, there are several opportunities to ensure that patient demand is met in this setting.
10
Sullivan, Meghan. "Public Conversion, Private Reason, and Institutional Crisis." Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophical Association 92 (2018): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/acpaproc201892100.
Full textAbstract:
Following the 2018 Pennsylvania grand jury report, which detailed the sexual abuse of clergy members, many have questioned the value of personal institutional commitment to the Catholic Church, preferring instead more individualistic expressions of faith. Alongside the sex abuse crisis, the age of free information makes the Church’s epistemology appear antiquated. This article explores the individualistic versus community-based practice of Catholicism, drawing a distinction between private conversion versus public conversion. The article offers a defense of public conversion, arguing it explains the rationality of conversion and offers a solution to the problem of divine hiddenness. Using details from her own faith journey, Sullivan explores why God graces us with less perspicuous knowledge, causing subluminous conversions, as opposed to the more glaring, which leads to luminous conversions. Sullivan suggests that we obtain knowledge of God by loving one another, which takes place in the framework of the institutional Church. She subsequently uses this Church-making theodicy to offer five ideas about how we might engage the Church institutionally as Catholic philosophers.
11
Faruqui, Neha, Alexandra Martiniuk, Abhishek Sharma, Chanchal Sharma, Bhumika Rathore, Ramandeep Singh Arora, and Rohina Joshi. "Evaluating access to essential medicines for treating childhood cancers: a medicines availability, price and affordability study in New Delhi, India." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 2 (April 2019): e001379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001379.
Full textAbstract:
IntroductionLimited access to essential medicines (EMs) for treating chronic diseases is a major challenge in low-income and middle-income countries. Although India is the largest manufacturer of generic medicines, there is a paucity of information on availability, price and affordability of anti-neoplastic EMs, which this study evaluates.MethodsUsing a modified WHO/Health Action International methodology, data were collected on availability and price of 33 strength-specific anti-neoplastic EMs and 4 non-cancer EMs. Seven ‘survey anchor’ hospitals (4 public and 3 private) and 32 private-sector retail pharmacies were surveyed. Median price ratios (MPRs) were calculated by comparing consumer prices with international reference prices (IRPs).ResultsOn average, across survey anchor areas (hospital and private-sector retail pharmacies combined), the mean availability of anti-neoplastic EMs and non-cancer medicines was 70% and 100%, respectively. Mean availability of anti-neoplastic EMs was 38% in private-sector retail pharmacies, 43% in public hospital pharmacies and 71% in private hospital pharmacies. Median MPR of lowest-priced generic versions was 0.71 in retail pharmacies. The estimated cost of chemotherapy medicines needed for treating a 30 kg child with standard-risk leukaemia was INR 27 850 (US$442) and INR 17 500 (US$278) for Hodgkin’s lymphoma, requiring 88 and 55 days’ wages, respectively, for the lowest paid government worker.ConclusionMost anti-neoplastic EMs are found in survey anchor areas, however, mean availability was less than non-cancer medicines; not meeting the WHO target of 80%. Medicine prices were relatively low in New Delhi compared with IRPs. However, the cost of chemotherapy medicines seems unaffordable in the local context.
12
Uddin, Zahava, and Robert A. Bear. "Public-Private Partnerships in the Canadian Environment: Options for Hospital Pharmacies." Healthcare Management Forum 10, no. 4 (December 1997): 45–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0840-4704(10)60985-4.
Full textAbstract:
This brief report explores the direction being pursued by hospitals interested in outsourcing non-core activities within the pharmacy department. Private sector logistics companies are looking to position themselves in the drug product supply chain to facilitate seamless transfers of drug products, ordering information and payments between drug manufacturers and hospitals. Opportunities for implementing consolidated purchasing, unit dosing, just-in-time inventory and electronic commerce systems are discussed.
13
Mendoza, Roger Lee. "Internet medicine and pharmacies: Private choice, public risks, and healthcare business." International Journal of Healthcare Management 7, no. 3 (May 26, 2014): 185–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/2047971914y.0000000082.
Full text
14
D'Hollander, David, and Axel Marx. "Strengthening private certification systems through public regulation." Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal 5, no. 1 (February 11, 2014): 2–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sampj-04-2013-0016.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – Private certification systems (PCS) have emerged as governance tools for sustainable development, regulating social and environmental standards through global supply chains. PCS are seen as essentially private and market-driven, but governments have engaged with them in various ways. There are also substantial differences in the institutional design of PCS with regard to the standard-setting process, ex-ante conformity assessment and ex-post verification procedures. Consequently, what determines the institutional design of PCS has attracted growing attention. This article argues that governments, through public regulation, influence the design of PCS, which in turn affects their effectiveness. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – First, a review of academic literature, policy and legal documents presents how PCS have become institutionalized in government policy, focusing on sustainable public procurement (SPP) regulation. Second, the authors explore the link between effectiveness and the institutional design of PCS by empirically assessing the variations between institutional parameters conducive to effectiveness. Data from the Ecolabel Index database were used to assess the presence or absence of four institutional design parameters related to the rule-making and monitoring mechanisms of PCS. Findings – Public procurement regulations are important drivers influencing the institutional design of PCS. The buying power and market share of government spending is a potential tool for policy-makers not only to stimulate the adoption of PCS, but also for shaping their design and effectiveness. However, the impact of such policies is highly dependent upon the market-share of public procurement within a given sector. In addition to public procurement frameworks, other factors drive the institutional evolution of PCS. Originality/value – The article connects two themes within the study of non-state market regulation; the growing interaction of governments with PCS, and the institutional variety and development of these systems.
15
Dong, Zuojun, Qiucheng Tao, Bobo Yan, and Guojun Sun. "Availability, prices and affordability of essential medicines in Zhejiang Province, China." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 24, 2020): e0241761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241761.
Full textAbstract:
Objective To evaluate the availability, prices, and affordability of essential medicines in Zhejiang Province, China. Methods The survey was carried out in Zhejiang Province in 2018 following the methodology of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Health Action International (HAI). This method is an international standard method.Data on 50 medicines were collected from public health facilities and private pharmacies. Medication prices were compared with international reference prices to obtain a median price ratio. The affordability of medicines was measured based on the daily wage of the lowest-paid unskilled government worker. In private pharmacies, the mean availability of Originator Brands (OBs) and Lowest-priced Generics (LPGs) was 36.7% and 40.3%, respectively. Findings The effects of the mean availability of OBs and LPGs were seen in private pharmacies. Correspondingly, the average availability of OBs and LPGs was 41.8% and 35.1% in the public sector, respectively. In the public sector, the median price ratios (MPRs) were 5.21 for generics and 13.49 for OBs. In the private sector, the MPRs were 4.94 for generics and 14.75 for OBs. Treating common diseases with LPGs was generally affordable, while treatment with OBs was less affordable. Conclusions In Zhejiang Province, low availability was observed for medicines surveyed in the public and private sectors. Price differences between originator brands and generics in both sectors are apparent. OBs were more expensive than LPGs in both the public and private sectors. Low availability affects access to essential medicines. Policy measures should be taken to improve the availability of essential medicines.
16
Armando, Pedro D., Sonia A. Uema, and Elena M. Vega. "Integration of Community pharmacy and pharmacists in primary health care policies in Argentina." Pharmacy Practice 18, no. 4 (October 22, 2020): 2173. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.4.2173.
Full textAbstract:
Argentina is a federal republic with approximately 44 million people, divided into 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. The health system is segmented into public, social security and private subsystems. The social security and private sectors cover more than 60% of the population. Total health expenditure in 2017 was 9.4% of gross domestic product. Primary health care (PHC) was considered as the principal strategy for universal coverage policy for health system reform in Latin America at the end of 20th century. The most remarkable characteristics of the Argentinian health system are its fragmentation and disorganization. An increase of public sector demands, due to a socioeconomic crisis, led to the subsequent collapse of the system, caused primarily by a sustained lack of investment. First care level decentralization to the Integral Health Service Delivery Networks (IHSDN) becomes the cornerstone of a PHC-based system. Pharmacists and community pharmacies are not formally mentioned in PHC policies or IHSDN. However, pharmacies are recognized as healthcare establishments as part of the first care level. Community pharmacists are the only health care professional whose profit comes from the margin on product sales. Contracts with social security and private insurances provide small margins which reduce the viability of community pharmacies. There is a preference by community pharmacies to diversify product sales instead of providing professional services. This is driven by marketing and economic pressures rather than patient care and health policies. Dispensing is the main professional activity followed by management of minor illness and associated product recommendations. Currently, there are no national practice guidelines or standard operating procedures for the provision of pharmaceutical services and there is no nationally agreed portfolio of services. National pharmacy organizations appear to have no official strategic statements or plans which would guide community pharmacies. There are some isolated experiences in community pharmacies and in public first care level pharmacies that demonstrate the possibilities and opportunities for implementing pharmaceutical services under the PHC approach. There is a real lack of integration of community pharmacies and pharmacists in the healthcare system.
17
Lamo, Ana, Javier J. Pérez, and A. Jesús Sánchez-Fuentes. "Institutional determinants of public–private sector wages’ linkages." Applied Economics Letters 20, no. 12 (August 2013): 1165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2013.797550.
Full text
18
Dunn, John A. "Retrench or else: Public and private institutional responses." New Directions for Institutional Research 1992, no. 75 (1992): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ir.37019927503.
Full text
19
Sorsa, Ville-Pekka, and Jan-Erik Johanson. "Institutional work and accountability in public–private partnerships." International Review of Public Administration 19, no. 2 (April 3, 2014): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12294659.2014.915497.
Full text
20
Daftary, Amrita, Srinath Satyanarayana, Nita Jha, Mugdha Singh, Shinjini Mondal, Caroline Vadnais, and Madhukar Pai. "Can community pharmacists improve tuberculosis case finding? A mixed methods intervention study in India." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 3 (May 2019): e001417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001417.
Full textAbstract:
IntroductionIndia has the world’s highest burden of tuberculosis (TB). Private retail pharmacies are the preferred provider for 40% of patients with TB symptoms and up to 25% of diagnosed patients. Engaging pharmacies in TB screening services could improve case detection.MethodsA novel TB screening and referral intervention was piloted over 18 months, under the pragmatic staggered recruitment of 105 pharmacies in Patna, India. The intervention was integrated into an ongoing public–private mix (PPM) programme, with five added components: pharmacy training in TB screening, referral of patients with TB symptoms for a chest radiograph (CXR) followed by a doctor consultation, incentives for referral completion and TB diagnosis, short message service (SMS) reminders and field support. The intervention was evaluated using mixed methods.Results81% of pharmacies actively participated in the intervention. Over 132.49 pharmacy person-years of observation in the intervention group, 1674 referrals were made and 255 cases of TB were diagnosed. The rate of registration of symptomatic patients was 62 times higher in the intervention group compared with the control group (95% CI: 54 to 72). TB diagnosis was 25 times higher (95% CI: 20 to 32). Microbiological testing and test confirmation were also significantly higher among patients diagnosed in the intervention group (p<0.001). Perceived professional credibility, patient trust, symptom severity and providing access to a free screening test were seen to improve pharmacists’ engagement in the intervention. Workload, patient demand for over-the-counter medicines, doctor consultation fees and programme documentation impeded engagement. An additional 240 cases of TB were attributed to the intervention, and the approximate cost incurred per case detected due to the intervention was US$100.ConclusionsIt is feasible and impactful to engage pharmacies in TB screening and referral activities, especially if working within existing public-private mix (PPM) programmes, appealing to pharmacies’ business mindset and among pharmacies with strong community ties.
21
Magowska, Anita. "Pharmacy chains versus private pharmacies in Poland, 1989-2015." Debater a Europa, no. 14 (February 1, 2016): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_14_7.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this paper is to analyse trends in the development of pharmacy chains belonging to pharmaceutical wholesalers in Poland in the years 1989-2014. After the collapse of the Soviet bloc, the Polish pharmaceutical market, as in all of Central and Eastern Europe, followed in the footsteps of the global market and became highly commercial. It was a significant change as in the communist system the state had a monopoly on the whole of the medicines and dressing materials market. What is more, there was no such thing as private property. After 1989, pharmacies and pharmaceutical wholesalers, which were nationalized in 1951, were gradually replaced by private pharmacies and pharmaceutical wholesalers. It was a hopeful perspective for pharmacists, but their share in the pharmaceutical market has been steadily decreasing. There are several factors that contributed to this situation: a shortage of capital, unfavourable rules for the reimbursement of medicines, liberal pharmaceutical legislation, pharmacists’ lack of preparation for managing their pharmacies and strong competition from pharmacy chains owned by enterprises registered as public companies. In 2014 the Polish pharmacy market was dominated by pharmacy chains.http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_14_7
22
Munene, Ishmael I. "Private Twilight: Wither Private Universities in Kenya." International Higher Education, no. 79 (January 1, 2015): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2015.79.5844.
Full textAbstract:
It is a trying time for private universities in Kenya. Declining market share and attendant financial woes are ominous signs for the once vibrant sector. The article identifies the blurring of institutional distinctiveness, government policy promoting public growth and public sector resurgence through the privatization as factors precipitating the private decline.
23
Patluang, Kritsada. "Public and Private Institutional Elements for Inclusive and Sustainable Development." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 12, no. 4 (October 2021): 92–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsesd.2021100108.
Full textAbstract:
This article contributes to sustainable development literature by extending the investigation on diversified public and private institutional elements and the link between them and a broader spectrum of inclusive and sustainable features. The study utilizes the World Economic Forum's data of related variables for 30 developed countries. The countries are competitively ranked based on the quality of each of the above institutional and development elements. Then, nonparametric Spearman's rank correlation tests are performed for the pairs of each institutional and respective development constituent. The assumption behind the tests is that a country with better qualities of institutional factors is also in a position with higher levels of inclusive and sustainable development. Significant positive associations are found for most of the institutional factors, and employment and eco-adjusted savings elements while significant negative relationships are found for most of the institutional factors and poverty, Gini coefficient (inequality), and carbon intensity elements.
24
Mishra, Shiva Raj, Nirajan Kandel, Narayan Subedi, and Vishnu Khanal. "Variation in Prices of Cardiovascular Drugs in Public and Private Pharmacies in Nepal." Health Services Research and Managerial Epidemiology 2 (January 26, 2015): 233339281456650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333392814566508.
Full text
25
ONISHI, Masamitsu, and Lei SHI. "Institutional Design of Public-Private Partnerships for Infrastructure Projects." INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING REVIEW 24 (2007): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalip.24.29.
Full text
26
Painter, Anthony. "Institutional thinking: A new settlement between public and private." Juncture 20, no. 4 (March 2014): 292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2050-5876.2014.00768.x.
Full text
27
Мамонтова, Yuliya Mamontova, Морозова, and Anastasiya Morozova. "PUBLIC AND PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP IN MANAGEMENT OF INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS." Central Russian Journal of Social Sciences 10, no. 6 (November 27, 2015): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/16825.
Full textAbstract:
The article determines the role of public and private partnerships in conditions of institutional reforms of modern Russia. The analysis of specific characteristics, the most important features, concepts and basic directions of realization of PPP projects allows to declare the effectiveness of this management institution.
The authors demonstrated that a condition for the effectiveness of public-private partnership projects is the focus on the satisfaction of social needs on the basis of the connection of experience and resources of all entities of the PPP project, the implementation of cost-effective and socially significant risk project provided that the economic operators of high quality services. The authors proved that state intervention is aimed at reducing market failures related to the monopolization, lack of profitability of some significant activities, structural imbalances, etc. Developed backward and forward linkages are a prerequisite for identifying social needs and the degree of their satisfaction.
28
Saz-Carranza, Angel, and Francisco Longo. "Managing Competing Institutional Logics in Public–Private Joint Ventures." Public Management Review 14, no. 3 (March 2012): 331–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2011.637407.
Full text
29
Sheppard, Gail, and Matthias Beck. "The evolution of public–private partnership in Ireland: a sustainable pathway?" International Review of Administrative Sciences 84, no. 3 (July 7, 2016): 579–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852316641494.
Full textAbstract:
Ireland is a latecomer to public–private partnerships, having only adopted them in 1998. Prior to the credit crisis, Ireland followed the UK model, with public–private partnerships being implemented in transport, education, housing/urban regeneration and water/wastewater. Having stalled during the credit crisis, public–private partnerships have recently been reactivated with the domestic infrastructure stimulus programme. The focus of this article is on Ireland as a younger participant in public–private partnerships and the nexus between adoption patterns and the sustainability characteristics of Irish public–private partnerships. Using document analysis and exploratory interviews, the article examines the reasons for Ireland's interest in public–private partnerships, which cannot be attributed to economic rationales alone. We consider three explanations: voluntary adoption – where the UK model was closely followed as part of a domestic modernisation agenda; coercive adoption – where public–private partnership policy was forced upon public sector organisations; and institutional isomorphism – where institutional creation and change around public–private partnerships were promoted to help public sector organisations gain institutional legitimacy. We find evidence of all three patterns, with coercive adoption becoming more relevant in recent years, which is likely to adversely affect sustainability unless incentives for voluntary adoption are strengthened and institutional capacity building is boosted. Points for practitioners There are many reasons why public sector organisations procure via public–private partnerships, and motivations can change over time. In Ireland, public–private partnership adoption changed from being largely voluntary to increasingly coercive. Irrespective of motives, public–private partnership procurement must be underpinned by incentives and institutional enabling mechanisms, which should be strengthened to make Ireland's public–private partnership strategy sustainable.
30
Quelin, Bertrand V., Sandro Cabral, Sergio Lazzarini, and Ilze Kivleniece. "The Private Scope in Public–Private Collaborations: An Institutional and Capability-Based Perspective." Organization Science 30, no. 4 (July 2019): 831–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2018.1251.
Full text
31
Calliess, Gralf-Peter, and Moritz Renner. "Transnationalizing Private Law – The Public and the Private Dimensions of Transnational Commercial Law." German Law Journal 10, no. 10 (October 1, 2009): 1341–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200018253.
Full textAbstract:
Transnational Commercial Law is an interdisciplinary research field which is concerned with the institutional organization of global economic exchange processes. From the perspective of institutional economics there are basically four different types of governance mechanisms which may be employed to institutionally support exchange. These are (1) uniform governance, where exchange is organized outside the market as intra-firm-trade and problems are solved by virtue of hierarchical coordination, (2) bilateral governance, where exchange between independent parties is self-stabilizing as long as the value of a continued relationship is higher than the profit from defecting, (3) trilateral private governance, where third-party institutions such as arbitration, reputation-based sanctions, and private norms are involved, and finally (4) trilateral public governance, where conflicts are solved by reference to state commercial law, courts, and public enforcement.
32
Andonov, Aleksandar, Roman Kräussl, and Joshua Rauh. "Institutional Investors and Infrastructure Investing." Review of Financial Studies 34, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 3880–934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhab048.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Institutional investors expect infrastructure to deliver long-term stable returns but gain exposure to infrastructure predominantly through finite-horizon closed private funds. The cash flows delivered by infrastructure funds display similar volatility and cyclicality as other private equity investments, and their performance similarly depends on quick deal exits. Despite weak risk-adjusted performance and failure to match the supposed characteristics of infrastructure assets, closed funds have received more commitments over time, particularly from public investors. Public institutional investors perform worse than private institutional investors. ESG preferences and regulations explain 25$\%$–40$\%$ of their increased allocation to infrastructure and 30$\%$ of their underperformance.
33
Alruwaili, Nahar, Mohammed Alomar, Ismaeel Sabei, and Abdelmoneim Eldali. "Safety of dispensing prescribed iron formulation in childresistant containers among pharmacies in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional survey." Healthcare in Low-resource Settings 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2013): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/hls.2013.e6.
Full textAbstract:
Iron overdose remains a significant public health threat to young children. Unit dose packaging of potent iron supplements is expected to reduce the frequency of severe pediatric iron overdose incidents. Interna - tional regulations require child-resistant iron packages. We aim to know if iron is dispensed in child-resistant containers (CRCs) and to emphasize the importance of using them. A prospective cross-sectional observational study assessing the proper dispensing of ferrous sulfate tablets in CRCs from major city pharmacies. Forty government and private pharmacies were visited. Ferrous sulfates with a total of 600 to 6500 mg elemental iron per package were found. The package of 6000 mg was the most commonly found. Most of the packages with high concentrations are dispensed from the government hospitals and primary healthcare centers pharmacies. None of the pharmacies dispensed iron in CRCs. To conclude, pharmacies dispensed iron in non-CRCs. Public health efforts on increasing awareness and improving packaging are highly needed. Authority regulations to use child-resistant iron packaging are required.
34
Khatidze, George. "Private Law Issues of Concession and Investment within the Framework of Public-Private Partnership." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 4 (February 28, 2018): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n4p91.
Full textAbstract:
Concession is one of the forms of public-private partnership. Financial sources, on the other hand, for many public-private partnership projects are generated by private investment. Both concession and investment play a significant role within the public-private partnership. Analysis of the Law of Georgia on Concession with relevant laws of the other countries clearly underlies that institutional and legal mechanism of concession relations in Georgia do not comply with the best international standards established in many other countries. Law of Georgia on Investment also contains certain shortcomings in that respect. Therefore, it is necessary to improve and further develop private law norms of concession and investment in order to create those institutional and private law basis which are vital for implementation of public-private partnership.
35
Ikyanyon, Darius, Phil Johnson, and Jeremy Dawson. "Institutional context and human resource management in Nigeria." Employee Relations: The International Journal 42, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-03-2017-0056.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how the institutional context influences human resource management (HRM) policies in the public and private sector in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach The convergent parallel mixed methods approach was adopted for this study. Survey data were collected from 122 HR managers across public and private sector organizations in Nigeria as well as 13 qualitative interviews. ANCOVA was used to analyse quantitative data while thematic analysis was used to analyse qualitative data in order to understand the influence of institutions on HRM in the public and private sector in Nigeria. Findings Findings indicate that while coercive, mimetic and normative institutional mechanisms influenced HRM in both the public and private sector, the influence of coercive mechanisms was significantly higher in the public sector, largely due to the poor enforcement of labour legislation and attempts by private sector organizations to adopt neo-liberal approaches to HRM. Originality/value The study provides an understanding of the institutional context of HRM in Nigeria by highlighting how varying degrees of pressures from the environment create internal diversity in HRM approaches in the public and private sector.
36
Islas-Hernández, Iveth. "Quality of Care in Doctor's Office Adjacent to Pharmacies." Mexican Journal of Medical Research ICSA 9, no. 17 (January 5, 2021): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.29057/mjmr.v9i17.5575.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: In recent years, the use of private outpatient services, specifically Doctor’s Office Adjacent to Pharmacies (CAF) has had a remarkable growth, therefore, the objetive of the present study is to determine if they meet the requirements to provide quality service.
Methods: A systematic review was conducted on the Internet based on articles published in scientific journals. We included studies that provide information on the quality of care in CAF and comparing public and private services.
Results: Of the 15 articles selected, the 53.3% correspond to structure evaluation concluding that Medical personal of CAF faces a difficult employment situation, 60% of articles evaluate the process referring to the preference of usuarios is due to dissatisfactions produced in public services and 26.6% are evaluating the result mentioning that there is a conflict of interest that impact assessments.
Conclusion: The limit information on CAF highlights the need for more research to know the quality of care in its operation. It is therefore important to consider the CAF as part of the health system and create specific and standardized indicators that can measure
and evaluate objectively their care process.
37
Buchner, Michael. "Private club or public marketplace?" Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 62, no. 2 (September 4, 2017): 205–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zug-2017-1011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract:This paper contributes to the literature on the organisation and governance of stock exchanges by taking the perspective of property rights theory. Focusing on the examples of the London and Berlin stock exchanges, which followed quite opposite paths of development during the second half of the 19th century, the paper provides three major results. First, it shows that historical stock exchanges were much more characterised by institutional variety and evolution than recent economic accounts tend to suggest. Secondly, drawing on a theoretical model developed by Oliver Hart and John Moore, the paper argues that differences in membership structure as well as in the competitive environment constituted the main driving forces behind organisational change both in London and in Berlin. Finally, it is claimed that future research should take the public dimension of Continental bourses more strongly into account, which, for example, has important implications for the question of whether stock exchanges established property rights in prices or not.
38
Mouraviev, Nikolai, and Nada K. Kakabadse. "Conceptualising public-private partnerships." Society and Business Review 11, no. 2 (July 11, 2016): 155–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbr-04-2016-0024.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to survey various meanings attached to a public–private partnership (PPP) and related aspects in Western literature and to identify commonalities and differences between them. Additionally, the article intends to critically assess conflicting and overlapping views on contractual and institutional PPPs, their forms and models and to draw insights for transitional economies. Design/methodology/approach The article contrasts and compares views on PPP meanings, forms and models within Western PPP literature and also draws comparisons with understanding of partnership aspects in the Russian language sources. The paper examines theories underpinning PPPs, builds connections to PPP advantages and drawbacks and provides critical assessment of net benefits that PPPs may bring along to the society. Findings The article concludes that future PPP research in transitional countries such as Kazakhstan and Russia, particularly in the area of organisational and power arrangements in partnerships, may delineate new concepts such as government as a guarantor of a PPP project, social significance of a PPP project and risk management in a country’s contextual environment. Originality/value Research in the field of PPPs in transitional countries such as Russia and Kazakhstan is in its infancy. The paper intends to contribute to the body of knowledge about PPPs by providing detailed account and categorisation of their principal meanings, forms, models and underpinning theories and by drawing insights for future research in transitional countries.
39
Beck, Roman, Robert Wayne Gregory, and Oliver Marschollek. "The Interplay of Institutional Logics in it Public-Private Partnerships." ACM SIGMIS Database: the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems 46, no. 1 (March 19, 2015): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2747544.2747547.
Full text
40
Fuglie, Keith O., and Andrew A. Toole. "The Evolving Institutional Structure of Public and Private Agricultural Research." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 96, no. 3 (January 20, 2014): 862–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aat107.
Full text
41
Washko, Michelle M., John E. Snyder, and George Zangaro. "Where Do Physicians Train? Investigating Public And Private Institutional Pipelines." Health Affairs 34, no. 5 (May 2015): 852–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2014.1356.
Full text
42
Nystrom, Robert G., and Michelle L. Brahaney. "INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES IN PUBLIC/ PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS: LESSONS LEARNED FROM TRAVTEK." I V H S Journal 2, no. 1 (January 1994): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10248079408903815.
Full text
43
Bajo, Emanuele, Massimiliano Barbi, Marco Bigelli, and David Hillier. "The role of institutional investors in public-to-private transactions." Journal of Banking & Finance 37, no. 11 (November 2013): 4327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2013.07.004.
Full text
44
Goridko, Nina P., and Robert M. Nizhegorodtsev. "Public Losses – Private Gains: Some Institutional Filters for Russian Economy." IFAC-PapersOnLine 51, no. 11 (2018): 868–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.08.448.
Full text
45
Chou, Jui-Sheng, H. Ping Tserng, Chieh Lin, and Wen-Haw Huang. "Strategic governance for modeling institutional framework of public–private partnerships." Cities 42 (February 2015): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2014.07.003.
Full text
46
Saad, Samar K., Ibrahim A. Elshaer, and Marwa Ghanem. "Relational risk and public-private partnership performance: An institutional perspective." Journal of Destination Marketing & Management 20 (June 2021): 100614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100614.
Full text
47
Melville, Duncan. "Public–Private Partnerships in Developing Countries." Review of Market Integration 8, no. 3 (December 2016): 152–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974929217714673.
Full textAbstract:
First used in developed markets, public–private partnerships (or PPPs) are being increasingly used to deliver critical infrastructure projects within developing countries. The success in developed markets is, however, unlikely to be easily transferrable to developing markets, and the usefulness of the contractual framework unpinning PPPs in such countries is worth questioning. In particular, a number of important developmental questions need to be answered. Are developing countries’ economic objectives best achieved through PPPs? Can developing country’s institutions support successful PPP procurement? Does a pipeline of PPP projects in a developing country ensure the growth of high-skilled jobs in the country? By exploring the experiences of PPP procurement in Chile, this article draws the conclusion that it would be in the best interest of developing countries to require domestic or local involvement within PPP consortiums, either through domestic ownership or in domestic/foreign construction partnering. Such local involvement is most likely to ensure the development of domestic engineering and construction companies and mitigate the potentially negative effects of an infrastructure market dominated by foreign influence. PPPs have been lauded for providing the ‘best of both worlds’ of private and public involvement. But the complex contractual structuring, sophisticated financing and robust institutional support involved, make PPPs an inaccessible tool for many developing countries. Outside of Australasia, Europe and North America, Chile has enjoyed some of the greatest success in promoting infrastructure development through PPPs. Since 1991, Chile has completed more than 50 PPPs, totalling over US$12 billion in capital investment in its roads, hospitals, ports and electricity system, and has been held out as a model for other less developed nations to follow (Hill, 2011, p. 189). What institutional prerequisites do developing countries need before PPPs become a viable option for infrastructure procurement? What can developing countries learn from Chile’s experiences with PPPs? From a developmental perspective, what could Chile have improved in designing its PPP programme? Split into three parts, this article seeks to answer each of these questions. ‘PPP Overview’ outlines relevant definitions, the various PPP contractual structures, which prerequisites make PPPs most effective and how PPPs encourage competition. ‘The Chilean PPP Case Study’ explores in greater detail the history of PPPs in Chile, the country’s institutional framework and some of the key outcomes from its concessions programme. Finally, ‘The Case for Domestic Involvement’ focuses on a noteworthy omission from the Chilean PPP model, requirements for local involvement. It is the author’s view that other developing countries will enjoy longer term benefits from PPPs by establishing a stance supporting the meaningful involvement of domestic companies and should, therefore, encourage PPPs not only for the public–private collaboration but also for the domestic–foreign cooperation they can foster.
48
Sabry, Mohamed Ismail. "Good governance, institutions and performance of public private partnerships." International Journal of Public Sector Management 28, no. 7 (October 12, 2015): 566–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-01-2015-0005.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore theoretically and empirically which institutional factors (including good governance ones) help public-private partnerships (PPP) in providing better infrastructural services, which would then in their turn lead to attracting more private investment for the whole economy. Design/methodology/approach – On the theoretical level, while a focus is put on discussing the institutions that should be responsible for PPP success, reconciliation is being attempted between institutional economics from one side and the new public management and networks management perspectives from the other. Empirically, OLS multivariate panel regressions test the suggestions of the theoretical discussion with emphasis on interaction terms between PPP and the studied institutions. Findings – Evidence is found that good governance institutions, and specifically good regulatory quality, bureaucratic efficiency and independence, help PPP in performing well as evident from their positive effect on investment growth. Research limitations/implications – The limitations of this paper are mainly empirical. Further results with great policy implications could have been obtained if better proxies were developed for a number of variables. Certainly this is the case for the proxies used for cronyism and public-private dialogues (PPD). Practical implications – Tackling bureaucratic efficiency and independence and higher regulatory quality should be a top priority if the great positive externalities resulting from PPP in infrastructure are to be realized. Originality/value – The novelty of this research is attributed to constructing a proxy for PPP, as well as testing empirically the effect of the interactions of PPP with other institutional variables on the performance of infrastructural services (as evident from attracting more investment). The synthesis between the literature on PPP, new public management, networks, good governance, and institutional economics is another aspect of this work. The obtained results suggest important policy recommendations, and, the author hopes to, add to the literature on PPP.
49
Zhang, Yanlong. "The formation of public-private partnerships in China: an institutional perspective." Journal of Public Policy 35, no. 2 (May 11, 2015): 329–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x15000185.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis study offers a sociopolitical perspective on the worldwide diffusion of liberalisation reforms in infrastructure industries. It unpacks the heterogeneity in the extent to which the private sector is allowed to participate in these industries through an analysis of the formation of public-private partnerships in Chinese cities. This study considers the effects of horizontal and vertical diffusion mechanisms on the adoption of different types of public-private partnerships in different infrastructure sectors. An analysis of projects with private participation in 333 Chinese cities between 1992 and 2008 reveals that the spatial effects appear to be significantly modulated when the influence from structurally equivalent peer cities are considered; moreover, the effects of the vertical diffusion mechanisms are moderated by the liberalisation index of the contract forms, and the horizontal diffusion mechanisms are moderated by the marketability of the infrastructure segments.
50
Green, Jessica F. "Order out of Chaos: Public and Private Rules for Managing Carbon." Global Environmental Politics 13, no. 2 (May 2013): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00164.
Full textAbstract:
To date, much of the work on “regime complexes”—loosely connected nonhierarchical institutions—has excluded an important part of the institutional picture: the role of private authority. This paper seeks to remedy this shortcoming by examining privately created standards within the regime complex for climate change and their relationship to public authority. Public rules in the Kyoto Protocol serve as a “coral reef,” attracting private rulemakers whose governance activities come to form part of the regime complex. Using original data, I conduct a network analysis of public and private standards for carbon management. Surprisingly, I find evidence of policy convergence—both around public rules and a subset of privately created rules: there is an emerging order in the complex institutional landscape that governs climate change. The observed convergence arises from private standards' concerns about demonstrating credibility and providing benefits for users. These findings are important for scholars of institutional complexity and climate politics: public rules on carbon accounting have the potential to outlast their current incarnation in the Kyoto Protocol, as perpetuated through private authority.