Journal articles on the topic 'Instituto Alberto Einstein'

El problema que William Molyneux planteó a la comunidad filosófica en 1688 (las capacidades sensoriales de un ciego que de pronto adquiere la visión) tuvo amplia resonancia para el análisis filosófico del tema de la percepción. Dicho problema alimentó la discusión entre diversos filósofos, conduciéndolos a tomar diferentes posiciones, como me interesa mostrarlo aquí. En este trabajo estudio el papel del ciego que adquiere la visión según la versión berkeleyana, la cual traslada al personaje desde el terreno de la psicologia experimental y de la epistemología, al metafísico. A su vez, Berkeley advierte la gran riqueza heurística del personaje que aprovecha en su obra Ensayo de una nueva teoría de la visión. Como se verá, el problema de Molyneux fue fundamental para el desarrollo del pensamiento berkeleyano. Palabras clav Problema de Molyneux, empirismo inmaterialista, psicología de la visión, heterogenidad de los sentidos, visión semiótica del mundo. Referencias Bauman, Peter. “Molyneux’s Question and the Berkeleian Answer”. En Perspectivas de la Modernidad Siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII, editado por Jean Paul Margot y Mauricio Zuluaga, 218-234. Cali: Universidad del Valle, 2011. Benítez, Laura y José Antonio Robles. “La vía de las ideas”. En Del Renacimiento a la Ilustración I, editado por Ezequiel de Olaso, 111-132. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1994. _______________ José Antonio Robles y Carmen Silva, coords. El problema de Molyneux. México: Instituto de Investigaciones Filosóficas, 1996. Berkeley, George. Ensayo de una nueva teoría de la visión, trad. y pról. Manuel Fuentes Benot. Buenos Aires: Aguilar, 1965, 1980. _______________ The Works of George Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, 9 vols, editados por Arthur Aston Luce y Thomas Edmund Jessop. Edimburgo y Londres: Thomas Nelson & Sons Ltd., 1948-57, 9 vols., 1948. _______________ Selections from Berkeley whit an Introduction and Notes, editado por Alexander Campbell Fraser. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1891. Bolton, Martha. “La verdadera pregunta de Molyneux y la base de la respuesta de Locke”. En El problema de Molyneux, coord. por Laura Benítez, José Antonio Robles y Carmen Silva, 229-252. México: Instituto de Investigaciones Filosóficas, 1996. Cassirer, Ernst. Filosofía de la Ilustración. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1943. Chottin, Marion. “El ciego de los bastones ante el ciego de Molyneux: el racionalismo puesto a prueba por el empirismo”. Diecisiete 1, no. 1 (2011): 75-99. Luis, Alberto. “Berkeley: el papel de Dios en la teoría de la visión”. Tópicos, Revista de Filosofía 49, (2015): 27-52. Locke, John. Ensayo sobre el entendimiento humano, traducido por Edmundo O’Gorman. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1986. Molyneux, William. Dioptrica nova. Un tratado de dióptricks en dos partes: donde los diversos efectos y apariencias de las gafas esféricas, tanto convexas como cóncavas, simples y combinadas, en telescopios y microscopios, junto con su utilidad en muchas preocupaciones de la vida humana, se explican por William Molyneux. Londres: Impreso para Benj. Tooke, 1692. https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A51133.0001.001/1:3?rgn=div1;view=fulltext Pitcher, George. Berkeley, traducido por José Antonio Robles. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1983. Robles, José Antonio. Estudios berkeleyanos. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1990. _______________ “Filosofía natural y causas ocultas, Berkeley, no sólo precursor de Mach y Einstein”. En Filosofía natural y lenguaje: homenaje a José Antonio Robles, editado por Alejandra Velázquez y Leonel Toledo, 13-35. México: Instituto de Investigaciones Filosóficas-unam, 2009. Ursom, James Ople, Berkeley. Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1982. Velázquez, Alejandra. “De lo visible y lo invisible. La teoría de la visión en Berkeley vs. Descartes”. En Repositorio de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, coord. por Carlos Oliva. Anuario no. 2 (2008). México: Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, unam, junio 2010. http://ru.ffyl.unam.mx

Heinrich Zangger, 1874-1957, an eminent professor of forensic medicine at the University of Zurich, was a scientist with far ranging interests in many fields. In the course of his own research in physics, he became a close friend of Albert Einstein. When a chair in physics at his university or the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH) was to be filled, Zangger was frequently actively involved in the search for a candidate. In particular, he engaged himself strongly, and in unconventional ways, in order to have Einstein appointed as professor at the ETH in 1912.

OBJETIVO: A fim de simplificar a utilização das tabelas correspondentes aos fatores de qualidade no TRS-398 da International Atomic Energy Agency na calibração cruzada da câmara de placas paralelas por comparação com uma câmara cilíndrica calibrada em um feixe de elétrons de qualidade Qcross, é introduzida uma energia intermediária e arbitrária Qint na qual a câmara de placas paralelas deverá ser calibrada. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em avaliar a escolha desta energia intermediária. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Uma câmara de placas paralelas da Scanditronix, modelo NACP-02, e uma câmara PTW Markus foram calibradas em dois aceleradores lineares da Varian, Clinac 2100C e Clinac 23EX, nas energias de 16 e 20 MeV, respectivamente. Como câmara de referência foi utilizada uma câmara da Nuclear Enterprises, modelo 2571, previamente calibrada em termos de Dw no Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, para um feixe de 60Co. RESULTADOS: Os fatores de calibração N D,w assim obtidos apresentam uma variação de 0,07%, o que pode ser considerado desprezível. Os valores de dose absorvida na água determinados no Clinac 2100C para uma Qint de 16 MeV apresentam uma variação de 0,04% para a menor energia (4 MeV) e de 2,6% para a maior energia (16 MeV), em relação ao protocolo TRS-381. Já para uma Qint de 20 MeV, as variações observadas são de 1,3% e 3,5%. Por outro lado, as doses determinadas no Clinac 23EX para as Qint de 16 MeV e de 20 MeV são de 1,9% e 2,0% e de 2,8% e 3,0%, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: A escolha de Qint não é tão crítica assim, principalmente quando não de dispõem de feixes de elétrons que tenham na prática um valor de R50 exatamente igual a 7,5 g.cm-2.

In simple terms, gravitational waves are ripples in space-time caused by energetic processes in the Universe, such as the movement of mass. One of the exciting things about them is that they can be used to observe systems that are basically impossible to detect using other means. These ripples were predicted by Albert Einstein almost a century ago, but it wasn't until 2016 that scientists announced, for the first time, the detection of gravitational waves. The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) is the physics experiment responsible for this detection and it has since continued to make a significant impact in the field. LIGO collaborates closely with the Virgo interferometer; a large interferometer designed to detect gravitational waves, and the Japanese Gravitational Wave Detector in Kamioka Mine (KAGRA), the Large Scale Cryogenic Gravitational Wave Telescope; a project of the gravitational wave studies group led by the Institute for Cosmic Ray Research of The University of Tokyo. But there still remain many unknowns, such as challenges related to the data analysis of gravitational waves. Professor Hirotaka Takahashi is carrying out research on gravitational waves that is attempting to address these challenges by developing algorithms that can dramatically increase the speed and efficiency of gravitational wave searches, which he believes are currently insufficient. Takahashi is a member of the KAGRA collaboration, which, as of March 2020, consists of more than 390 researchers from 90 institutions in 14 countries and regions.

Introdução: Nos últimos anos tem havido um crescente interesse na investigação dos efeitos práticas de meditação na saúde mental e física. De alguma maneira, as habilidades treinadas durante as práticas meditativas, como o treinamento da atenção focada em um objeto específico, ou a monitoração dos padrões de pensamentos e emoções age modificando o funcionamento e a estrutura cerebrais. Recentemente, trabalhos na área de neuroimagem tem ajudado a elucidar possíveis mecanismo de ação das práticas meditativas no cérebro. Objetivo: revisar na literatura os estudos mais recentes sobre os efeitos da prática de meditação no cérebro e apresentar resultados de um protocolo com ressonância magnética funcional (fMRI) desenvolvido no Instituto do Cérebro do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (InCe-HIAE) sobre os efeitos da meditação na atenção. Método: revisão sobre estudos de neuroimagem funcional e estrutural e avaliação por fMRI de 39 sujeitos, 20 meditadores que realizam a prática há pelo menos 3 anos, por 3 vezes por semana e 20 sujeitos inexperientes em meditação. Resultados: estudos recentes têm mostrado alterações funcionais resultantes da prática de meditação, na atividade cerebral, bem como na estrutura do cérebro, como a espessura de áreas corticais. Nossos resultados preliminares corroboram com estes dados, mostrando que sujeitos que praticam meditação regularmente precisam recrutar menos áreas cerebrais, em especial frontais, do que pessoas inexperientes em meditação para ter o mesmo desempenho em uma tarefa atencional (o Stroop Word-Color Task). Conclusão: a prática de meditação pode trazer mudanças não apenas psicológicas, como mostram boa parte dos estudos, mas também modificações na fisiologia e anatomia cerebrais. Nosso estudo preliminar no InCe-HIAE indica que pessoas que praticam meditação regularmente podem apresentar um cérebro mais eficiente no desempenho de uma tarefa de atenção.

CONTEXT: Intrauterine growth curves are extremely useful for classifying newborn children and predicting neonatal diseases. However, such curves rely on knowledge of the gestational age, which is not always easily obtained. Therefore, the study of other anthropometric measurements and their interrelationship is always desirable, in order to attain such objectives. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether newborns' birth weight and length can identify neonatal diseases, independent of knowledge of the gestational age. TYPE OF STUDY: Retrospective study. SETTING: Institute of Teaching and Research of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: During the period from February 1995 to January 1998, 8,397 live newborns were studied in the hospital's maternity ward. PROCEDURES: The weight and length of live newborns were obtained at birth, thus allowing the analysis of weight-for-length adequacy, i.e. the distribution of birth weight for each class of birth lenght. These measurements were determined for the first 4,634 live newborns and the 10th and 90th percentiles were established. These parameters were applied to the next 3,763 consecutive newborns of the same population. The relationships between these variables and some neonatal diseases were investigated. The significance level adopted was p < 0.05. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Birth weight and length, weight-for-length adequacy (10th and 90th percentiles for weight distribution in each 1-cm length class), weight/length index (10th and 90th percentiles of newborn's weight divided by the length) and frequent neonatal diseases in this population. RESULTS: There was a significant association of adequacy and index with the following affections: asphyxia, jaundice, hypoglycemia, hypomagnesemia, congenital pneumonia, pulmonary hypertension and sepsis. Additionally, there was a relationship between the index and respiratory distress syndrome, transient tachypnea and persistent ductus arteriosus. CONCLUSIONS: Weight-for-length adequacy and weight/length index alone, without the knowledge of gestational age, were able to identify newborns at risk for some selected neonatal diseases.

Abstract Introduction: Patients undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation(HSCT) may have low vitamin D (VD) level because of decreased exposure to sunlight, the major cause of VD Deficiency (VDD), from prolonged hospital stays, limited outdoor activity, and sunscreen use, and decreased oral intake caused by gastrointestinal treatment toxicity. Besides that gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) limit absorption of VD. Some medications received during the HSCT can increased the VD catabolism, and alterate renal and kidney function. Objectives: To evaluate the reduction of number of patients with VD Deficiency in patients undergoing HSCT after educational classes for the multi-professional team (physicians, dietitians and nurses). Methods: We analyzed 72 patients undergoing HSCT May 2012 to January 2014 in the Hematology-Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center at Albert Einstein Hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. The serum levels of vitamin were measured in the first day of hospitalization of the patients adults (>= 18 years) who would be undergoing HSCT. All types of HSCT patients were included.We used in our study the VDD was defined and recommended by the Institute of Medicine as a 25(OH)D <=20 ng/ml, VD insufficiency of 21-29 ng/ml, and VD normal >=30 ng/ml.In the 2012 the multi-professional HSCT Team had 3 classes about VD and, everyone were informes about the VD research protocol. Results: 72 adult patients were observed in this study, aged between 18 and 74 years, with the majority (77.8%) with less than 65 years. Of the total, 59.7% were men and 41.7% had normal body mass index. 100% of the lymphoma patients had VDD. In 2012(n:33), 60% patients had VDD and in 2013 (n:39), 40% (p<0,05). Conclusions: When all of members of HSCT team were informed about the benefits of high VD levels in patients undergoing HSCT by classes and research protocol, we can reduce VDD. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

465 Background: Prospective studies with sunitinib in mRCC have shown median progression-free survival (mPFS) of 11 months (first line) and 8.3 months (second line). In order to identify patients with LTB with SU, we describe the clinical characteristics of patients with mRCC treated with SU with an mPFS of 15 months or more. Methods: This is a retrospective chart review of patients with mRCC treated with SU in two hospitals, Alexander Fleming Institute Buenos Aires in Argentina and Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Inclusion criteria included patients treated with SU who had a PFS of at least 15 months. Results: Between September 1995 and August 2009, 29 cases were identified. Patient demographics were: median age of 56 years, 65% male, 96% with previous nephrectomy, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (PS) of either 0 (52%) or 1 (48%), 93% had clear cell histology, 69% received prior systemic therapy, and 78% had ≤ 2 metastatic sites (mostly in the lungs, liver and bone). Patients were started on SU 50 mg 4 weeks on treatment/2 weeks off treatment (4/2) (n=26) or 37.5 mg 6 weeks continuous dosing (n=3). For those patients starting on 4/2, dose reduction was necessary in 59% of the patients to maintain SU therapy. Median duration of therapy was 23.7 months. During treatment, 24 patients (83%) developed hypertension. Response rates were as follows: complete response 7% (n=2), partial response 38% (n=11), stable disease 52% (n=15); data missing for one patient. Conclusions: LTB is seen in patients who are young, have good performance status, and either 1 or 2 metastatic sites. Dose reductions are common in order to maintain treatment while benefiting from SU. Treatment with SU as either first- or second-line therapy did not appear to influence outcome. Hypertension is a common finding and serves as a predictive marker during treatment, but study limitations preclude the identification of pre-treatment predictive factors.

Abstract Microbiota, Neutrophil Development, and Sickle Cell Disease Pathogenesis Paul S. Frenette RuthL. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA Real-time intravital microscopy analyses in humanized models of sickle cell disease (SCD) have uncovered a critical role for neutrophils in mediating vaso-occlusive episodes. Peripheral blood neutrophils are recruited in inflamed venules via the interactions of the selectin adhesion molecules (E- and P-selectin) with their ligands. These molecules mediate neutrophil rolling on the vessel wall allowing interactions with chemokines and integrins which lead to firm leukocyte adhesion. Firmly adherent neutrophils are functionally heterogenous. For example, only a subset of adherent neutrophils is capable of capturing free-flowing red blood cells (RBCs). The interactions between RBCs and adherent neutrophils lead to reductions of blood flow and promote vaso-occlusion. Recent studies show that neutrophil heterogeneity is dictated at least in part by the leukocyte's age. Older neutrophils that have spent more time in the circulation exhibit increased pro-inflammatory properties (e.g. adhesion, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, capacity to capture RBCs). The aging of neutrophils is regulated by the microbiota in that it is delayed in mice treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics. Wild-type mice kept in the germfree environment show lower aged neutrophil counts. SCD children (<5 years old) taking prophylactic Penicillin V have lower aged neutrophil counts than those off Penicillin V. Antibiotics also reduce chronic organ damage in SCD mice. Psychogenic stress is often reported by SCD patients as a trigger for vaso-occlusive episodes. We have recently tested the mechanisms of psychogenic stress on SCD vaso-occlusion and will present unpublished data linking signals from the brain regulating gut microbiota, hematopoiesis, and the innate immune response. Disclosures Frenette: Cygnal Therapeutics: Equity Ownership; GlaxoSmithKline: Consultancy, Research Funding; Ironwood Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Pfizer: Consultancy; Magenta Therapeutics: Consultancy.

James Tait Goodrich was born on April 16, 1946 in Portland, Oregon, United States, the son of Richard Goodrich and Gail (Josselyn) Goodrich. Dr. Goodrich served as a Marine officer during the Vietnam War, during which time he decided his next step would be to pursue a medical career. Not only was he an elite surgeon, but over the years he was also a generous mentor and teacher who shared his craft with many young surgeons who wanted to follow in his footsteps. During the Tet Offensive, he spotted a Vietnamese surgeon in a medical tent opening up a soldier’s head. “Cool,” he thought. “I want to do that” (1). Upon return to the USA, Jim married Judy Loudin on December 27, 1970, the love of his life who gave him the confidence and support to pursue his dreams. Dr. Goodrich completed his undergraduate work at the University of California, Irvine and his graduate studies at the School of Arts and Sciences of Columbia University (1972), receiving his Masters and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in 1978 and 1980, respectively. He received his Medical Degree from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. After an internship at Columbia- Presbyterian Medical Center (1980-1981), he completed his residency training at the Presbyterian Hospital in New York City and the New York Neurological Institute (1981-1986). He also holds the rank of Professor Contralto of Neurological Surgery at the University of Palermo in Palermo, Italy. He was Director of the Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery at the Children’s Hospital of Montefiore Health System and he served as a Professor of Clinical Neurological Surgery, Pediatrics, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine since 1998 (2). Dr. James T. Goodrich dedicated his life to saving children with complex neurological conditions. He had a particular interest in the treatment of craniofacial abnormalities. He was a pioneer in this field and developed a multi-stage approach for separating craniopagus twins who have their brain and skull conjoined. In 2016, he famously led a team of 40 doctors in a 27-hour procedure to separate the McDonald twins. Throughout his distinguished career, he became known as the world’s leading expert on this lifesaving procedure. He has been consulted on hundreds of cases, and he routinely traveled the world sharing his vast knowledge and expertise with colleagues (3,4). In Brazil, Dr. Goodrich played a very important role in leading the processes to successfully separate craniopagus sets in Ribeirao Preto (2017-2018), and in Brasilia (2019). A classical multistage surgery was performed to separate the Ribeirao Preto conjoined twins, and Dr. Goodrich participated on all the neurosurgical procedures as a great mentor. In the final operation, on October 28, 2019, some members of Montefiore Hospital medical staff (Dr. Oren Tepper, plastic surgeon, Dr. Carlene Broderick, pediatric anesthesiologist and Kamilah A. Dowling, nurse) also worked alongside Jim and the Brazilian team. An extraordinary and humble man, his words after the first surgical step, during an interview for a TV channel, were that in “this particular surgery we were able to do more than we expected because the anatomy was very good and the team had exceptional skills that made the difference”. Dr. Goodrich was a chief supporter of the Latin American Pediatric Neurosurgery Course (LACPN), having participated in all editions since 2004. In these events, he did not hesitate to share his knowledge during the hands-on sessions and, likewise, his wonderful conferences. Prof. Goodrich was officially honored by the Brazilian Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery during the “XII Brazilian Congress of Pediatric Neurosurgery”, in Florianopolis, Brazil. Dr. Goodrich was a gentle and truly caring man. He did not crave the limelight and was beloved by his colleagues and staff. He has authored numerous book chapters and articles on Pediatric Neurosurgery and is known worldwide as a prominent lecturer in this field. Outside his work, he was also known for his passion for historical artifacts, travelling, wine, and surfing. Dr. Goodrich was an incredible human being. In March 30th, 2020, he passed away after complications due to Covid-19 (5). In that day the world has become a little less bright without Jim. Our sympathy and prayers go to his wife Judy, his three sisters, and all those who were close to him

Abraham Pais, Niels Bohr’s Times, in Physics, Philosophy and Polity . Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1991. Pp. xvii + 565, £25.00. ISBN 019-85204-92 In 1982 Abraham Pais produced his much-acclaimed biography of Albert Einstein, entitled Subtle is the Lord .... Pais has now produced what is in effect a companion volume on Niels Bohr. The new book is planned on similar lines to the Einstein volume. Meticulously researched, biographical detail is interleaved with very clear and accurate presentations of the relevant physics, and interspersed with Pais’s own personal recollections and assessments. As with Einstein, Pais knew Bohr well in later life and so is ideally qualified to undertake both these biographies. In one of the most interesting sections of the new book, Pais compares and contrasts these two dominant figures in twentieth- century physics. Both were ‘possessed if not obsessed’ by physics, as Pais puts it. Einstein’s spectrum of scientific activities was the broader, comprehending, of course, statistical physics and quantum theory as well as relativity, while Bohr concentrated almost entirely on quantum theory and its ramifications. But there were two striking differences. Bohr identified very strongly with his native Denmark, and created a major research school in Copenhagen, the famous Niels Bohr Institute. Although he never supervised PhD students as such, he did his best work in endless discussion with the stream of visitors and research workers at the Institute. By contrast, Einstein never identified with any particular country, living and working in many different places, and although he had quite a number of collaborators on an individual basis, he never in any sense created a research school.

ABSTRACT First Person is a series of interviews with the first authors of a selection of papers published in Journal of Cell Science, helping early-career researchers promote themselves alongside their papers. Pragya Chandrakar is first author on ‘Jagged–Notch-mediated divergence of immune cell crosstalk maintains the anti-inflammatory response in visceral leishmaniasis’, published in JCS. Pragya conducted the research described in this article while a Senior Research Fellow in Dr Susanta Kar's lab at the CSIR Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India. She is now a Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the lab of Dr John Chan at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA, investigating the different possible mechanisms by which foreign pathogens breach the immune system.

A demência é uma das mais importantes causas de morbimortalidade entre os idosos e se caracteriza pelo declínio progressivo em múltiplos domínios cognitivos. Paciente do sexo feminino, 56 anos, iniciou quadro há 3 anos, caracterizado por apatia, anedonia e isolamento social. Procurou atendimento com médico que atribuiu sintomas a depressão. Contudo, não houve melhora. Há dois anos evoluiu com delírios persecutórios, confabulações, alucinação visual. Acompanhante notou que a paciente tinha dificuldades em se expressar e na compreensão. Devido à refratariedade ao tratamento foi solicitada avaliação de neurologista. À consulta inicial, paciente apresentava-se orientada no tempo, espaço. Mini exame do estado mental 26/30 pontos. Fluência verbal semântica. Após 6 meses, evoluiu com empobrecimento do vocabulário. À época estava dependente de familiares para realização de atividades de vida diária. Na ressonância magnética encefálica apresentou atrofia cortical difusa, com predomínio em regiões frontais e temporais à esquerda. Atualmente está em uso de risperidona e memantina. A atrofia cerebral dos lobos frontais e temporais ou demência fronto temporal (DFT) afeta predominantemente o lobo frontal do cérebro, podendo se estender para o temporal. A patologia caracteriza-se por significativa alteração da personalidade e do comportamento, com relativa preservação das funções mnésticas e visuoespaciais. A linguagem é progressivamente afetada. A memória encontra-se preservada no início da doença e as alterações comportamentais e da personalidade são bastante significativas. A variante comportamental é a mais comum. Ela apresenta uma deterioração gradual da função executiva e da personalidade, enquanto a capacidade visuoespacial é afetada apenas em estádios avançados.Descritores: Transtornos Neurocognitivos; Demência Frontotemporal; Testes de Estado Mental e Demência.ReferênciasCarrabba LHG, Menta C, Fasolin EM, Loureiro F, Gomes I. Características psicométricas das versões completa e reduzida do IQCODE-BR em idosos de baixa renda e escolaridade. Rev bras geriatr gerontol. 2015;18(4):715-23.Lopes MCBT, Lage JSS, Vancini-Campanharo CR, Okuno MFP, Batista REA. Factors associated with functional impairment of elderly patients in the emergency departments. Einstein. 2015;13(2):209-14.Trindade APNT, Barboza MA, Oliveira FB, Borges APO. Repercussão do declínio cognitivo na capacidade funcional em idosos institucionalizados e não institucionalizados. Fisioter mov. 2013;26(2):281-89.Santos JI, Rodrigues Junior C, Zogheib JB, Malachias MVB, Rezende BA. Assessment of hemodynamic and vascular parameters in Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and mild cognitive abnormalities: a pilot study. Rev bras geriatr gerontol. 2017;20(5):670-78.Burlá C, Camarano AA, Kanso S, Fernandes D, Nunes R. Panorama prospectivo das demências no Brasil: um enfoque demográfico. Ciênc saúde coletiva. 2013;18(10):2949-56.Costa GD, Souza RA, Yamashita CH, Pinheiro JCF, Alvarenga MRM, Oliveira MAC. Evaluation of professional knowledge and attitudes on dementia patient care: a trans-cultural adaptation of an evaluation instrument. Rev esc enferm USP. 2015;49(2):298-308.Bosch B, Isidro R, Zayas Ll, Hernández T, Ulloa E. Algunos determinantes sociales y su impacto en las demencias. Rev Cubana Salud Pública. 2017;43(3):449-60.Josviak ND, Batistela MS, Simão-Silva DP, Bono GF, Furtado-Alle L, Souza RLR. Revisão dos principais genes e proteínas associadas à demência frontotemporal tau-positiva. Rev bras geriatr gerontol. 2015;18(1):201-11.McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, Hyman BT, Jack CR Jr, Kawas CH, et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7(3):263-69.Pires FRO, Santos SMA, Mello ALSF, Silva KM. Mutual Help Group for Family Members of Older Adults with Dementia: Unveiling perspectives. Texto contexto - enferm.. 2017;26(2):e00310016.Storti LB, Quintino DT, Silva NM, Kusumota L, Marques S. Neuropsychiatric symptoms of the elderly with Alzheimer's disease and the family caregivers' distress. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2016;24:e2751.Teixeira-Jr AL, Salgado JV. Demência fronto-temporal: aspectos clínicos e terapêuticos. Rev psiquiatr Rio Gd Sul. 2006;28(1):69-76.Mendes RAB. Demência Frontotemporal. Evolução do conceito e desafios diagnósticos [dissertação]. Covilhã: Faculdade de Medicina,Universidade da Beira Interior (UBI); 2015.Moreira S, Duarte S, Moreira I, Santos E. et al. Variante comportamental da demência frontotemporal: relato de caso. Rev Port Med Geral Fam. 2017;33(2):155-61.McKhann GM, Albert MS, Grossman M, Miller B, Dickson D, Trojanowski JQ et al. Clinical and pathological diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia: Report of the work group on frontotemporal dementia and pick's disease. Arch Neurol. 2001;58(11):1803-9.Rivas Nieto JC. Frontotemporal dementia: clinical, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging description. Colomb. Med (Cali). 2014;45(3):122-26.Fernádez-Matarrubia M, Matías-Guiu JA, Moreno-Ramos T, Matías-Guiu J. Demencia frontotemporal variante conductual: aproximación clínica y terapéutica. Neurología. 2014;29(8):464-72.Lanata SC, Miller BL. The behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) syndrome in psychiatry. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016;87(5):501-11.

It all started with a tweet. On the afternoon of 2 June 2013, Professor Geoffrey Miller, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of New Mexico (UNM) and visiting instructor at New York University (NYU), tweeted out a message that would go on to generate a significant social media controversy. Addressing aspiring doctoral program applicants, Miller wrote:Dear obese PhD applicants: if you didn’t have the willpower to stop eating carbs, you won't have the willpower to do a dissertation #truthThe response to Miller’s tweet was swift and fiery. Social media users began engaging with him on Twitter, and in the early hours of the controversy Miller defended the tweet. When one critic described his message as “judgmental,” Miller replied that doing a dissertation is “about willpower/conscientiousness, not just smarts” (Trotter). The tweet above, now screen captured, was shared widely and debated by journalists, Fat Acceptance activists, and academic social media users. Within hours Miller had deleted the tweet and replaced it with two new ones:My sincere apologies to all for that idiotic, impulsive, and badly judged tweet. It does not reflect my true views, values, or standards andObviously my previous tweet does not represent the selection policies of any university, or my own selection criteriaHe then made his Twitter account private. The captured image, however, continued to spread. Across social media, users began to circulate a campaign that called for Miller to be formally disciplined (Trotter). There was also widespread talk about potential lawsuits from prospective students who were not selected for admission at UNM (Kirby). Indeed, the Fat Chick Sings blogger Jeanette DePatie offered her own advice to Miller: #findagoodlawyer.Soon after the controversy emerged a response appeared on UNM’s website in the form of a video statement by Professor Jane Ellen Smith, the Chair of the UNM Psychology Department. Smith reiterated that Miller’s statements did not reflect the “policies and admissions standards of UNM”. She also stated that Miller had defended his actions by claiming the tweet was part of a “research project” where he would deliberately send out provocative messages in order to measure the public response to them. This claim was met with incredulity by a number of bloggers and columnists, and was later determined to be incorrect in an Institutional Review Board inquiry at UNM, which concluded Miller’s tweets were “self-promotional” in nature. Following a formal investigation, the UNM committee found no evidence that Miller had discriminated against overweight students. It did however pass a motion of censure that included a number of restrictions, including prohibiting Miller from sitting on any graduate admission committee at UNM.The #truth about Fat PhDs?Readers may be wondering why Miller’s tweet continues to matter as I write this article in 2015. It is my belief that the tweet is important insofar as it affords an insight into the cultural scene that surrounds the fat body in higher education. The vigorous debate generated by Miller’s tweet offers researchers a diverse array of media texts that are available to help build a more comprehensive picture of fat embodiment within higher education.Looking at the tweet in the cold light of day it is difficult to imagine any logical links one might infer between a person’s carbohydrate consumption and their ability to excel in doctoral education. And there’s the rub. Of course Miller’s tweet does not represent a careful evaluation of the properties of doctoral willpower. In order to make sense of the tweet we need to understand the ways cultural assumptions about fatness operate. For decades now, researchers have documented the existence of anti-fat attitudes (Crandall & Martinez). Increasingly, scholars and Fat Acceptance activists have described a “thinness norm” that is reproduced across contemporary Western cultures, which discerns normatively slender bodies as “both healthy and beautiful” (Eller 220) and those whose bodies depart from this norm, as “socially acceptable targets for shaming and hate speech” (Eller 220). In order to be intelligible Miller’s tweet relies on a number of deeply entrenched cultural meanings attributed to fatness and fat people.The first is that body-size is primarily a matter of self-control. Although Critical Fat Studies researchers have argued for some time that body weight is determined by complex interactions between the biological and environmental, the belief that a large body size is caused by limited self-control remains prevalent. This in turn supports a host of cultural connotations, which tend to constitute fat people as “lazy, gluttonous, greedy, immoral, uncontrolled, stupid, ugly and lacking in willpower” (Farrell 4).In light of the above, Miller’s message ought to be read as a moral one. I have paraphrased its logic as such: if you [the fat doctoral student] lack the willpower to discipline your body into normatively desired slimness, you will also likely lack the strength of character required to discipline your body-mind into producing a doctoral dissertation. The sad irony here is that, if anything, the attitudes that might hamper fat students from pursuing a doctoral education would be those espoused in Miller’s own tweet. As Critical Fat Studies researchers have illuminated, the anti-fat attitudes the tweet reproduces generate challenging higher education climates for fat people to navigate (Pausé, Express Yourself 6).Indeed, while Miller’s tweet is one case that arose to media prominence, there is evidence that it sits inside a wider pattern of weight discrimination within higher education. For example, Caning and Mayer (“Obesity: Its Possible”, “Obesity: An Influence”) found that despite similar high school performances, ‘obese’ students were less likely to be accepted to elite universities, than their non-obese peers. In a more recent US-based study, Burmeister and colleagues found evidence of weight bias in graduate school admissions. In particular, they found that higher body mass index (BMI) applicants received fewer post-interview offers into psychology graduate programs than other students (920), and this relationship appeared to be stronger for female applicants (920). This picture is supported by a study by Swami and Monk, who examined weight bias against women in a hypothetical scenario about university acceptance. In this study, 198 volunteers in the UK were asked to identify the women they were most and least likely to select for a place at university. Swami and Monk found that participants were biased against fat women, a finding which the authors interpreted as evidence of broader public beliefs about body size and access to higher education.In my examination of the media scene surrounding the Miller case I observed that most commentators associated the tweet with a particular affective formation – shame. Miller’s actions were widely described as “fat-shaming” (Bennet-Smith; Ingeno; Martin; Trotter; Walsh) with Miller himself often referred to simply as the “fat-shaming professor” (King; ThinkTank). In this article I wish to consider the affective-political dimensions of Miller’s tweet, by focusing on one digital community’s response to it: Fuck Yeah! Fat PhDs. In following this path I am building on the work of other researchers who have considered fat activisms and Web 2.0 (Pausé, Express Yourself); fat visual activism (Gurrieri); and the emotional politics of fat acceptance blogging (Kargbo; Bronstein).Imaging Alternatives: Fuck Yeah! Fat PhDsBy 3 June 2013 – just one day after Miller’s tweet was published – New Zealand-based academic Cat Pausé had created the Tumblr Fuck Yeah! Fat PhDs. This was billed as a photo-blog about “being fatlicious in academia”. Writing on her Friend of Marilyn blog, Pausé explained the rationale behind the Tumblr:I decided that what I wanted to do was to highlight all the amazing fat individuals who are in graduate school, or have completed graduate school – to provide a visual repository … and to celebrate the amazing work being done by these rad fatties!Pausé sent out calls for participants on Twitter, Tumblr and Facebook, and emailed a Fat Studies listserv. She asked submitters to send “a photo, along with their name, degree, and awarding institution” (Pausé Express Yourself, 6). Images were submitted thick and fast. Twenty-three were published in the first day of the project, and twenty in the second. At the time of writing, just over 150 images had been submitted, the most recent being November 2013.The Fuck Yeah! Fat PhDs project ought to be understood as part the turn away from the textual toward the digital in fat activist movements (Kargbo). This has seen a growth in online communities that are interested in developing “counter-images in response to the fat body’s position as the abject, excluded Other of the socially acceptable body” (Kargbo 162). Examples include a multitude of Fatshion photo-blogs, Tumblrs like Exciting Fat People or the Stocky Bodies image library, which responds to the limited diversity of visual representations of fat people in the mainstream media (Gurrieri).For this article, I have read the images on the Fuck Yeah! Fat PhDs Tumblr in order to gain an impression about the affective-political work accomplished by this collective of self-identified fat academic bodies. As I indicated earlier, much of the commentary following Miller’s tweet characterised it as an attempt to ‘shame’ fat doctoral students. As Elspeth Probyn has identified, shame frequently manifests itself on the body “most experiences of shame make you want to disappear, to hide away and to cover yourself” (Probyn 329). I suggest that the core work of the Fuck Yeah! Fat PhDs Tumblr is to address the spectre of shame Miller’s tweet projects with visibility, rather than it’s opposite. This visibility also enables the project to proliferate a host of different ways of (feeling about) being fat and doctoral.The first image posted on the Tumblr is Pausé’s own. She is pictured smiling at the 2007 graduation ceremony where she received her own PhD, surrounded by fellow graduates in academic regalia. Her image is followed by many others, mostly white women, who attest to the academic attainments of fat individuals. My first impression as I scrolled through the Tumblr was to note that many of the images (51) referenced scenes of graduation, where subjects wore robes, caps or posed with higher degree certificates. Many more were the kinds of photographs that one might expect to be taken at an academic event. Together, these images attest to the viability of the living, breathing doctoral body - a particularly relevant response given Miller’s tweet. This work to legitimate the fat doctoral body was also accomplished through the submission of two historical photographs of Albert Einstein, a figure who is neither living nor breathing, but highly unlikely to be described as lacking academic ability or willpower.As I read through the Tumblr subsequent times, I noticed that many of the submitters offered images that challenge stereotypical representations of the fat body. As a number of writers have noted, fat people tend to be visually represented as “solitary, lonely figures whose expressions are downcast and dejected” (Gurrieri 202). That is if they aren’t already decapitated in the visual convention of the “headless fatty” used across news media (Kargbo 160). Like the Stocky Bodies project, the Fuck Yeah! Fat PhDs Tumblr facilitated a more diverse and less pathologising representation of fat (doctoral) embodiment.Across the images there is little evidence of the downcast eyes of shame and dejection that Miller’s tweet seems to invite of aspiring fat doctoral candidates. Scrolling through the Tumblr one encounters images of fat people singing, swimming, creating art, playing sport, smoking, smiling, dressing up, and making music. A number of images (12) emphasise the social nature of fat doctoral life, by picturing multiple subjects at once, some holding hands, others posing with colleagues, loved ones, and a puppy. Another category of submissions took a playful stance vis-à-vis some representational conventions of imaging fatness. Where portrayals of the fat body from side or rear angles, or images of fat people eating and drinking typically code an affective scene of disgust (Gurrieri), a number of images on the Tumblr appear to reinscribe these scenes with new meaning. Viewers are offered pictures of smiling and contented fat graduates unashamed to eat and drink, or be represented from ‘unflattering’ angles.Furthermore, a number of images offered alternatives to the conventional representation of the fat subject as ugly and sexually unattractive by posing in glamorous shots bubbling with allure and desire. In one memorable picture, blogger and educator Virgie Tovar is snapped wearing a “sex instructor” badge and laughs while holding two sex toys.Reading across the images it becomes clear that the Tumblr offers a powerful response to the visual convention of representing the solitary, lonely fat person. Rather than presenting isolated fat doctoral students the act of holding the images together generates a sense of fat higher education community, as Kargbo notes:A single image posted online amidst vast Internet ephemera is just a fleeting document of a moment in a stranger’s life. But in the plural, as one scrolls through hundreds of images eager to hit the ‘next’ button for what will be a repetition of the same, the image takes on a new function: it becomes an insistent testament to the liveness of fat embodiment in the present. (164)Obesity Timebomb blogger Charlotte Cooper (2013) commented on the significance of the project: “It is pretty amazing to see the names and faces as I scroll through Fuck yeah! Fat PhDs. Many of us are friends and collaborators and the site represents a new community of power.”Concluding Thoughts: Fat Embodiment and Higher Education CulturesThis article has examined a cultural event that that saw the figure of the fat doctoral student rise to international media prominence in 2013. I have argued that while Miller’s tweet can be read as illustrative of the affective scene of shame that surrounds the fat body in higher education, the images offered by the Fuck Yeah! photo submitters work to re-negotiate implication in social discourses of abjection. Indeed, the images assert that alternative ways of feeling about being fat and doctoral remain viable. Fat students can be contented, ambivalent, sultry, pissed off, passionate and proud – and Fuck Yeah! Fat PhDs provides submitters with a platform to perform a wide array of these affects. This is not to say that shame is shut out of the project, or the lives of submitters’ altogether. Instead, I am suggesting that the Tumblr generates a more open field of possibilities, providing “a space for re-imagining new forms of attachments and identifications.” (Kargbo 171). Critics might argue that this Tumblr is not particularly novel when set in the context of a range of fat photo-blogs that have sprung up across the Internet in recent years. I would argue, however, that when we consider the kinds of questions Fuck Yeah! Fat PhDs might ask of university cultures, and the prompts it offers to higher education researchers, the Tumblr can be seen to make an important contribution. I am in agreement with Kargbo (2013) when she argues that fat photo-blogs “have the potential to alter the conditions of visual reception and perception”. That is, through their “codes and conventions, styles of lighting and modes of address, photographs literally show us how to relate to another person” (Singer 602). When read together, the Fuck Yeah! images insist that a different kind of relationship to fat PhDs is possible, one that exceeds the shaming visible in Miller’s tweet. Ultimately then, the Tumblr is a call to take fat doctoral students seriously, not as problems in need of fixing, but as a diverse group of scholars who make important contributions to the academy and beyond.I would like to use the occasion of concluding this article to call for further conversations about fat embodiment and higher education cultures. The area is significantly under-researched, with higher education scholars largely failing to engage with the material and affective experiences of fat embodiment. Indeed, I would argue that if nothing else, this paper has demonstrated that public scenes of knowledge creation have done a much more comprehensive job of analysing the intersection of ‘fat + university’ than academic books and articles to date. While not offering an exhaustive sketch, I would like to gesture toward some areas that might contribute to a future research agenda. For example, researchers might begin to approach the experience of living, working and studying as a fat person in the contemporary university. Such research might examine whose body the university is imagined and designed for, as well as the campus climate experienced by fat individuals. Researchers might consider how body size could become a part of broader conversations about embodiment and privilege in higher education, alongside race, ability, gender identity, and other categories of social difference.Thinking about the intersection of ‘fat + university’ would also involve tracing possibilities. For example, what role do university campuses play as spaces of fat activism and solidarity? And, what is the contribution made by Critical Fat Studies as a newly established interdisciplinary field of inquiry?Taken together, I hope the questions I have raised in this article demonstrate that the intersection of ‘fat’ and higher education cultures represents a rich and valuable area that warrants further inquiry.ReferencesBennet-Smith, Meredith. “Geoffrey Miller, Visiting NYU Professor, Slammed for Fat-Shaming Obese PhD Candidates.” 6 Apr. 2013. The Huffington Post. ‹http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/04/geoffrey-miller-fat-shaming-nyu-phd_n_3385641.html›.Bronstein, Carolyn. “Fat Acceptance Blogging, Female Bodies and the Politics of Emotion.” Feral Feminisms 3 (2015): 106-118. Burmeister, Jacob, Allison Kiefner, Robert Carels, and Dara Mushner-Eizenman. “Weight Bias in Graduate School Admissions.” Obesity 21 (2013): 918-920.Canning, Helen, and Jean Mayer. “Obesity: Its Possible Effect on College Acceptance.” The New England Journal of Medicine 275 (1966): 1172-1174. 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