Academic literature on the topic 'Instructional Design Layers'
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Journal articles on the topic "Instructional Design Layers"
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Eagleton, Saramarie, and Anton Muller. "Development of a model for whole brain learning of physiology." Advances in Physiology Education 35, no. 4 (December 2011): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00007.2011.
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In this report, a model was developed for whole brain learning based on Curry's onion model. Curry described the effect of personality traits as the inner layer of learning, information-processing styles as the middle layer of learning, and environmental and instructional preferences as the outer layer of learning. The model that was developed elaborates on these layers by relating the personality traits central to learning to the different quadrants of brain preference, as described by Neethling's brain profile, as the inner layer of the onion. This layer is encircled by the learning styles that describe different information-processing preferences for each brain quadrant. For the middle layer, the different stages of Kolb's learning cycle are classified into the four brain quadrants associated with the different brain processing strategies within the information processing circle. Each of the stages of Kolb's learning cycle is also associated with a specific cognitive learning strategy. These two inner circles are enclosed by the circle representing the role of the environment and instruction on learning. It relates environmental factors that affect learning and distinguishes between face-to-face and technology-assisted learning. This model informs on the design of instructional interventions for physiology to encourage whole brain learning.
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Sebastián-López, María, and Rafael de Miguel González. "Mobile Learning for Sustainable Development and Environmental Teacher Education." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 23, 2020): 9757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229757.
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Outdoor learning has, for a long time, been an important instructional resource in school education, usually embedded in the natural sciences and social sciences curricula. Teaching geography, geology, or biology beyond the traditional classroom allows students to interact with physical and social environments for meaningful learning. Mobile devices that are based on geospatial technologies have provided more accurate data, but also a combined instructional design with other WebGIS, map viewers, or geographic information system (GIS) layers, which are useful to foster education for sustainable development. This paper analyzes the applications of mobile learning based on citizen science and volunteer geographic information, but also on the growing awareness that citizens and educators need a set of digital competencies to enhance and innovate lifelong learning and active citizenship. The empirical research aims to measure teacher–training experience, highlighting the potential of mobile devices and their applications in environmental education. Data collected from the research and results prove the positive impact of mobile learning in environmental education. Finally, a discussion about mobile learning and education for sustainable development is provided.
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Shanbari, Hamzah, Nathan Blinn, and Raja R. A. Issa. "Using augmented reality video in enhancing masonry and roof component comprehension for construction management students." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 23, no. 6 (November 21, 2016): 765–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-01-2016-0028.
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Purpose New methods to introduce topics in classrooms are needed to enhance the construction management educational experience. One of these new methods is showing real time videos that highlight the various elements of concern in the classroom lecture. The purpose of this paper is to use augmented reality technology (ART) and a layer of artificial visualizations to simulate the environmental context and spatio-temporal constraints of various construction processes. The superimposition of images serves as an instructional mechanism to virtually incorporate jobsite experiences into classrooms. This enhancement of spatio-temporal constraints enables learners to visualize context and hidden processes otherwise unattainable through traditional classroom lectures. Design/methodology/approach A significantly improved perception of reality is created through the combination of the learners’ ability to understand the complexity of construction products (e.g. assemblies) and associated jobsite processes by viewing the real environment augmented with computer-generated information layers. Findings Testing the ART video in a classroom with undergraduate construction management students showed that students who were exposed to the ART video were able to remember and identify the highlighted elements in the corresponding assembly more effectively than those who were not. Originality/value ART is a valuable tool in enhancing classroom learning and gives educators a teaching advantage when they combine traditional classroom lectures with ART enabled media.
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Mbirua, Margaret, Dr Ruth Thinguri, and Dr Reuben K. Kenei. "Influence of headteachers' communication planning practices on Management performance in public primary schools in Thika West sub-county, Kiambu county, Kenya." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 8, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 218–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss6.2393.
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Communication is very critical in primary school management by ensuring that there is improved efficiency. However, in many primary schools in Thika West Sub-county encounter challenges which border on school management such as unhealthy staff relations, imprudent use of financial resources, poor maintenance of facilities, imprudent time management and under-utilization of instructional materials are on the rise. Thus, this study sought to assess the influence of headteachers’ communication planning practices on management performance in public primary schools in Thika West Sub-county, Kiambu County, Kenya. The study was guided by the communication theory and school management theory. The study adopted mixed methodology and concurrent triangulation research design. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically along the objectives and presented in narrative forms. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively using frequencies and percentages and inferentially using ANOVA Test Analysis using Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS Version 23) and presented using tables. The study established that headteachers’ communication planning practices influence on management performance in primary schools. The study recommends that headteachers should ensure that they design the content of message to be relayed and also identify the specific recipients of their information to be communicated. Headteachers should adopt layers of communication which are efficient and provide immediate and objective feedback. Headteachers should adopt forms of communication to suit every occasion to avoid interruptions. Headteachers should adopt a feedback mechanism which guarantees efficiency and prudence in school management.
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González, Pablo R. Velasco. "Superabundant design." A Peer-Reviewed Journal About 5, no. 1 (February 15, 2016): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/aprja.v5i1.116041.
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Tiziana Terranova draws attention to the necessity of questioning how algorithmically enabled automation works “in terms of control and monetization” and “what kind of time and energy” is being subsumed by it (Terranova 387). Cryptocurrencies are payment technologies that automate the production of money-like tokens (Bergstra and Weijland) following algorithmic rules to maintain a fixed production rate. Different kinds of energy and residues, which are not always acknowledged, are involved in this process. Here I distinguish between two closely linked layers in the Bitcoin token production: first, an algorithmic layer, which contains the instructions and rules for the creation of bitcoins; second, a hardware layer, which performs and embodies the former. While these layers work together, I will argue that they enact their own kind of logics of energy and waste. I will begin at the more visible end of the production cycle, the hardware layer, where the definition of waste and energy consumption is shared with many electronic devices; then I will trace back its algorithmic layer, which as I argue, follows a different logic.
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Schleicher, Andreas. "Thoughts on the Future of Teaching." Beijing International Review of Education 1, no. 2-3 (June 29, 2019): 273–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25902539-00102002.
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Top school systems select and educate their teaching staff carefully, they provide an environment in which teachers work together to frame good practice, they encourage teachers to grow in their careers; and they have moved on from administrative control and accountability to professional forms of work organisation. Still, the laws, regulations, structures and institutions on which education policy tends to focus are just like the small visible tip of an iceberg. The reason why it is so hard to move school systems is that there is a much larger invisible part under the waterline. This invisible part is about the interests, beliefs, motivations and fears of the people who are involved in education, parents and teachers included. This is where unexpected collisions occur, because this part of educational reform tends to evade the radar screen of public policy. That is why educational leaders are rarely successful with reform unless they build a shared understanding and collective ownership for change, and unless they build teacher capacity and create the right policy climate, with accountability measures designed to encourage innovation rather than compliance. The most essential reason why teachers’ ownership of the profession is a must-have rather than an optional extra lies in the pace of change in 21st century school systems. Even the most effective attempts to translate a central curriculum into local classroom practice will drag out over a decade, because it takes so much time to communicate the goals and methods through the different layers of the system and to build them into traditional methods of teacher education. In a fast-changing world, when what and how students need to learn changes so rapidly, such a slow process leads to a widening gap between what students need to learn and what and how teachers teach. The only way to shorten that pipeline is to professionalise teaching, that is to ensure that teachers not only have a deep understanding of the curriculum as a product, but equally with the process of curriculum and instructional design and the pedagogies to enact and enable the ideas behind the curriculum. The challenge is to build on the expertise of the teachers and school leaders and to enlist them in the design of superior policies and practices. Where systems fail to engage teachers in the design of change, teachers will rarely help systems in the implementation of change.
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Salama, M. M. A., R. Hackam, and A. Y. Chikhani. "Instructional design of multi-layer insulation of power cables." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 7, no. 1 (1992): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/59.141731.
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Umnyakova, Nina P., and Adam Ujma. "Unventilated Air Layers with a Reflective Coating in the Building Envelope." Materials Science Forum 931 (September 2018): 496–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.931.496.
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Heat exchange through infrared radiation in air layers located inside building envelopes may be significantly modified in case of use of aluminium foil coatings therein. The intensity of conductive, convective and radiative heat exchange in these structures depends on the thickness of the air layer and the temperature difference on its surfaces. Generally speaking, application of aluminium foil in air layers of a building envelope improves its thermal insulation capacity. However, assessment of efficiency of such a solution and determination of the thermal resistance value of a given structure is often incorrectly determined and assumed for design calculations. The article analyzes the instructions and principles of determination of thermal insulation capacity of unventilated air layers. Provisions of two standards have been compared with results of tests of air layer parameters. The effect of different factors on heat exchange and insulation capacity of air layers with reflective coatings has been considered and assessed.
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Li, Rui. "Framework Structure Design on College English Assisted Instruction System." Advanced Materials Research 846-847 (November 2013): 1776–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.846-847.1776.
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Faculty shortage of college English teaching which is caused by the reform, limit the improvements of students English proficiency, and an effective mechanism to resolve this contradiction is the English assisted instruction system. This paper makes research on the frame structure, aiming at the problems in the process of system development and maintenance. First, study the functional framework composed by three roles, students, teachers, administrators, based on the analysis of system function; Then, research framework, on the presentation layer, business logic layer, data access layer, so it is easy for developers to complete the business process specific in the framework; Finally, research on security framework composed by ASP.NET, IIS, .NET Framework, the operating system. College English assisted instruction system, based on the construction of the framework structure, can achieve the ability of sharing teaching resources, enriching teaching mode, and improving the quality of teaching.
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Sledevič, Tomyslav, and Artūras Serackis. "mNet2FPGA: A Design Flow for Mapping a Fixed-Point CNN to Zynq SoC FPGA." Electronics 9, no. 11 (November 2, 2020): 1823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9111823.
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The convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are a computation and memory demanding class of deep neural networks. The field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are often used to accelerate the networks deployed in embedded platforms due to the high computational complexity of CNNs. In most cases, the CNNs are trained with existing deep learning frameworks and then mapped to FPGAs with specialized toolflows. In this paper, we propose a CNN core architecture called mNet2FPGA that places a trained CNN on a SoC FPGA. The processing system (PS) is responsible for convolution and fully connected core configuration according to the list of prescheduled instructions. The programmable logic holds cores of convolution and fully connected layers. The hardware architecture is based on the advanced extensible interface (AXI) stream processing with simultaneous bidirectional transfers between RAM and the CNN core. The core was tested on a cost-optimized Z-7020 FPGA with 16-bit fixed-point VGG networks. The kernel binarization and merging with the batch normalization layer were applied to reduce the number of DSPs in the multi-channel convolutional core. The convolutional core processes eight input feature maps at once and generates eight output channels of the same size and composition at 50 MHz. The core of the fully connected (FC) layer works at 100 MHz with up to 4096 neurons per layer. In a current version of the CNN core, the size of the convolutional kernel is fixed to 3×3. The estimated average performance is 8.6 GOPS for VGG13 and near 8.4 GOPS for VGG16/19 networks.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Instructional Design Layers"
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Helps, C. Richard G. "Evolving Information Technology: A Case Study of the Effects of Constant Change on Information Technology Instructional Design Architecture." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2388.
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A major challenge for Information Technology (IT) programs is that the rapid pace of evolution of computing technology leads to frequent redesign of IT courses. The problem is exacerbated by several factors. Firstly, the changing technology is the subject matter of the discipline and is also frequently used to support instruction; secondly, this discipline has only been formalized as a four-year university program within recent years and there is a lack of established textbooks and curriculum models; finally, updating courses is seldom rewarded in a higher education system that favors research and teaching for promotion and tenure. Thus, continuously updating their courses place a significant burden on the faculty. A case study approach was used to describe and explain the change processes in updating IT courses. Several faculty members at two institutions were interviewed and course changes were identified and analyzed. The analysis revealed a set of recurrent themes in change processes. An instructional design architecture approach also revealed a set of design domains representing the structure of the change processes. The design domains were analyzed in terms of the design decisions they represented, and also in terms of structures, functions and activities, which are related to Structures-Behaviors-Functions (SBF) analysis. The design domains model helped to explain both negative and positive outcomes that were observed in the data. When design efforts impact multiple domains the design is likely to be more difficult. Understanding the design domain architecture will assist future designers in this discipline.
Book chapters on the topic "Instructional Design Layers"
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Herkersdorf, Andreas, Michael Engel, Michael Glaß, Jörg Henkel, Veit B. Kleeberger, Johannes M. Kühn, Peter Marwedel, et al. "RAP Model—Enabling Cross-Layer Analysis and Optimization for System-on-Chip Resilience." In Dependable Embedded Systems, 1–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52017-5_1.
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AbstractThe Resilience Articulation Point (RAP) model aims to provision a probabilistic fault abstraction and error propagation concept for various forms of variability related faults in deep sub-micron CMOS technologies at the semiconductor material or device levels. RAP assumes that each of such physical faults will eventually manifest as a single- or multi-bit binary signal inversion or out-of-specification delay in a signal transition between bit values. When probabilistic error functions for specific fault origins are known at the bit or signal level, knowledge about the unit of design and its environment allow the transformation of the bit-related error functions into characteristic higher layer representations, such as error functions for data words, finite state machine (FSM) states, IP macro-interfaces, or software variables. Thus, design concerns can be investigated at higher abstraction layers without the necessity to further consider the full details of lower levels of design. This chapter introduces the ideas of RAP based on examples of particle strike, noise and voltage drop induced bit errors in SRAM cells. Furthermore, we show by different examples how probabilistic bit flips are systematically abstracted and propagated towards instruction and data vulnerability at MPSoC architecture level, and how RAP can be applied for dynamic testing and application-level optimizations in an autonomous robot scenario.
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"Design Layers." In An Architectural Approach to Instructional Design, 31–62. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203075203-9.
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"Layers and Modularity." In An Architectural Approach to Instructional Design, 377–98. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203075203-24.
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Prakash, Lakshmi Sunil, and Dinesh Kumar Saini. "Instructional Design Technology in Higher Education System." In Multicultural Instructional Design, 812–39. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9279-2.ch038.
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Higher educational Institutions all over the world are grappling with increased student population, several domains of learning and varied disciplines and instructors with varied experiences in using instructional design technologies. The chapter focuses on how it is possible to facilitate instructional design experiences for the stakeholders in higher education for creative learning. The chapter addresses the emergence of Instructional Design Technology (IDT). The role of IDT and its importance in higher educational institutions is studied with current practices in the field. The impact that this field had made in the evolution of instructional frameworks across the different layers of tertiary educational system is studied especially with regard to improving the teaching and learning experiences of educators and students respectively. The role of Creative Learning technologies' is discussed based on the success that these systems have enjoyed in improving instructional design.
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Stubbs, S. Todd, and Andrew S. Gibbons. "The Pervasiveness of Design Drawing in ID." In Handbook of Visual Languages for Instructional Design, 345–65. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-729-4.ch017.
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This chapter is a survey of the literature of ID to look at the breadth and usage of design drawings in this discipline to better understand the emerging use of VIDLs to improve designs. To conduct this research, we sampled several ID textbooks, ID journals, software, and case studies looking for examples of design drawing. Design drawings found were then categorized using Gibbons’ (2003) seven ID layers as a taxonomy to understand the drawings purposes. We did not find the same pervasiveness or level of self-awareness as found in other design fields. Examples of design drawings were found, but were somewhat rare. Furthermore, we discovered that those examples we found tended to document only two of Gibbons’ seven layers, indicating narrow application. We believe this gap represents a serious shortcoming in ID, indicating a lack of tradition, skill, and standards for visual representations of design except in limited ways. At present, design drawing is a rare but growing phenomenon in ID, which, when fully understood and implemented, can only benefit the practice of ID.
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Rogers, Patricia L. "Layers of Navigation for Hypermedia Environments." In Instructional and Cognitive Impacts of Web-Based Education, 217–26. IGI Global, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-878289-59-9.ch014.
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As an instructional medium, computer-based hypermedia environments (e.g., Web sites or CD-ROM materials) enable distinct and enriched activities that facilitate learning. With the pressure on educators to produce Web-based courseware and other distance educational materials, more and more instructional Web sites have been developed. However, simple access to the World Wide Web (WWW) in any course does not guarantee that learning takes place: “No computer technology in and of itself can be made to affect thinking” (Salomon, Perkins, & Globerson, 1991, p. 3). Too often, Web sites are developed for instructional uses without the aid of sound instructional design principles. Content is presented as static, verbal information pages linked to other information pages that may or may not include obvious or intuitive navigational cues for making the cognitive connections necessary for knowledge construction. That is, critical information is delivered in a potentially rich learning environment but the format of the presentation confuses or “loses” the novice learner. Such environments are most often the result of an educator’s first few attempts at Web site development. Even with the use of Web site builders and intranet templates, designing instruction for instructional hypermedia requires thoughtful attention to certain aspects of learning. Over-simplification of the complexities of an ill-structured or even a well-defined domain encourages novices to reduce the “solutions” of domain-specific problems to simplified or cookbook answers, which is known as reductive bias (Spiro, Feltovich, & Coulson, 1992). Thus what is learned from some Web sites is often not what the designer or educator intended. A deliberate instructional design strategy for educational hypermedia environments is needed.
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Young, Patricia A. "The Culture-Based Model Framework." In Instructional Design Frameworks and Intercultural Models, 37–53. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-426-2.ch003.
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The incorporation of culture in the design process is not a simple task. It is one with multiple layers of depth and complexity. But it is also not impossible. CBM captures the nature of culture in design by providing designers with guidance in creating, replicating, modeling, planning, understanding, monitoring, researching, analyzing, integrating, enhancing, communicating, managing, and assessing culture in ICTs.
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Holland, Janet L., Sungwoong Lee, Mohammad Daouk, and Daniel A. Agbaji. "Higher Education Teaching and Learning With Augmented Reality." In Handbook of Research on Fostering Student Engagement With Instructional Technology in Higher Education, 229–48. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0119-1.ch013.
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This chapter is based on a review of the literature, initial lab examinations, and experiences teaching university undergraduate pre-service teachers and master degree students in Instructional Design and Technology. The authors analyzed the literature, benefits, drawbacks, experiences, and educational implications of integrating augmented reality in higher education to prepare students for eventual workplace success. Using augmented reality, three-dimensional interactive digital imaging provides an immersive, engaging learning environment to interact with content in new ways not previously possible. The 3D models can impart significant content information by viewing digital objects from any angle, sometimes peeling back the layers, all in real time. In addition, they consider the educational implications for integrating and evaluating augmented reality.
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"Design Within the Message Layer." In An Architectural Approach to Instructional Design, 217–40. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203075203-16.
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"Design Within the Control Layer." In An Architectural Approach to Instructional Design, 241–68. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203075203-17.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Instructional Design Layers"
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Farahani, B. J., A. Azarpeyvand, S. Safari, and S. M. Fakhraie. "Reliability-aware cross-layer custom instruction screening." In 2013 IEEE 16th International Symposium on Design and Diagnostics of Electronic Circuits & Systems (DDECS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ddecs.2013.6549829.
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Chiang, Chien-De, and Juinn-Dar Huang. "Efficient two-layered cycle-accurate modeling technique for processor family with same instruction set architecture." In 2009 International Symposium on VLSI Design, Automation and Test (VLSI-DAT). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vdat.2009.5158138.
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Adams, Davis W., and Cameron J. Turner. "Effect of Implicitly Derived Infill Patterns on Mechanical Properties." In ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-67572.
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One of the most important steps in the preprocessing stage of fused deposition modeling is the generation of a set of instructions that control every movement of the tool head, known as GCode, which is created by a slicer software. The tool path is dependent on various user defined inputs including infill pattern, infill density, layer height, and feed rate. All current slicers generate the path explicitly and do not consider certain geometries that will create critical voids such as thin walls and small corners. This work replicates a new implicit slicing method in which functionally derived infill patterns are overlaid onto each layer of a part reducing the possibility of voids and flaws. Further research investigating the effects of varying implicit infill patterns have on mechanical properties is also included. Stress and strain data is gathered for three different test cases, and the resulting mechanical properties for each case are compared.
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Starly, Binil, Lauren Shor, Wei Sun, and Andrew Darling. "Space Filling Curves: Its Design and Fabrication for Extrusion Based SFF Systems." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-79742.
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Scaffolds with designed interior pore architecture, predefined porosity and a well interconnected predetermined network has been the most favored design approach for tissue engineering applications. Solid freeform fabrication technologies have provided the capability of fabricating tissue scaffolds with desired characteristics due to its integration with CAD enabled tools. However, currently the interior macro pore design of scaffolds have been limited to simple regular shapes of either squares or circles due to limited CAD capability. In this paper we seek to enhance the design of the scaffold architecture by using space filling curves within its interior space. The process involves: definition and characterization of space filling curves such as the Hilbert Curve and Sierpinski Curves, applying the principle of layered manufacturing to determine the scaffold individual layered process planes and layered contours; Feasibility studies applying the curve generators to sample models and the generation of fabrication planning instructions for extrusion based SFF systems is presented.
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Mueller-Gritschneder, Daniel, Martin Dittrich, Josef Weinzierl, Eric Cheng, Subhasish Mitra, and Ulf Schlichtmann. "ETISS-ML: A multi-level instruction set simulator with RTL-level fault injection support for the evaluation of cross-layer resiliency techniques." In 2018 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/date.2018.8342081.
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Darmohammadi, Anis, Hamid Reza Naeimi, and Mahdi Agheli. "Effect of Fiber Angle Variation on Bending Behavior of Semi-Cylindrical Fiber-Reinforced Soft Actuator." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-86400.
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Soft robots are a specific type of robots that are made of elastomeric materials. A specific type of soft actuators (soft robots) are called fiber-reinforced soft actuators. Effective parameters in the motion of fiber-reinforced soft actuators are cross-section area, thickness of the actuator, number of threads wrapped around the actuator, angle of threads, and if the fiber is wrapped one-way or two-way. Some of these parameters are already studied by researchers in the field. In this research, the aim is to investigate the effect of the angle of the fiber on the motion of a semi-cylindrical fiber-reinforced soft actuator with an inextensible layer attached to its flat surface. This paper studies the behavior analysis of the actuator, which is modeled in a finite element software. The behavior of the actuator in terms of bending is then studied by changing the angle of the fiber wrapped around the outer surface of the actuator. Results show that the bending behavior of the actuator highly depends on the fiber angle. Simulation results are then validated with experiment. The results presented in this paper provides an instruction on how one can improve or optimize the bending workspace of the actuator as needed.
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Xiao, He, Wen Yueh, Saibal Mukhopadhyay, and Sudhakar Yalamanchili. "Multi-Physics Driven Co-Design of 3D Multicore Architectures." In ASME 2015 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2015-48533.
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The high heat flux and strong thermal coupling in the 3D ICs has limited the performance gains that would otherwise be feasible in 3D structures. The common practice of adopting worst-case design margins is in part responsible for this limitation since average-case performance would be limited by worst-case thermal design margins. The coupling between temperature and leakage power exacerbates this effect. However, worst-case thermal conditions are not the common state across the package at runtime. We argue for the co-design of the package, architecture, and power management based on the multi-physics interactions between temperature, power consumption and system performance. This approach suggests an adaptive architecture that accommodates the thermal coupling between layers and leads to increased energy efficiency over a wider operating voltage range and therefore higher performance. In this paper, we target at a 3D multicore architecture where the cores reside on one die and the last level cache (LLC) resides on the other. The DRAM stack may be stacked on top of the package (e.g., 3D) or in the same package (e.g., 2.5D). We propose a novel adaptive cache structure — the constant performance model (CPM) cache — based on voltage adaptations to temperature variations. We construct a HSPICE model for the SRAM to explore the relationship between temperature, supply voltage, and the circuit delay in the context of the LLC. This model is used to investigate, characterize, and analyze the effect of the temperature-delay dependence of the SRAM LLC configuration on the system-level performance and energy efficiency. This analysis gives rise to an intelligent scheme for dynamic voltage regulation in the LLC cache that is sensitive to the temperature of the individual cache banks. Each cache bank is thermally coupled to the associated cores and thus is sensitive to the local core-level power management. We show that this local adaptation to the temperature-delay dependence leads to a significant power reduction in the LLC cache, and improvement of system energy efficiency computed as energy per instruction (EPI). We evaluate our approach using a cycle-level, full system simulation model of a 16-core x86 homogenous microarchitecture in 16nm technology that boots a full Linux operating system and executes application binaries. The advantages of the proposed adaptive LLC structure illustrate the potential of the co-design of the package, architecture, and power management in future 3D multicore architectures.
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Rodríguez Casas, José Antonio. "“L’emploi du quatrième mur sur le pan de verre”. Apariciones del concepto de cuarta pared en los libros, textos y documentos de Le Corbusier." In LC2015 - Le Corbusier, 50 years later. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/lc2015.2015.661.
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Resumen: La cuarta pared de Le Corbusier es un modelo teórico que ve por primera vez la luz en La Ville Radieuse en 1935. Su aparición, tras la fachada libre, abre el campo de posibilidades de diseño del cerramiento de los edificios tras la fachada libre. Desde su primer enunciado, la teoría tiene un carácter eminentemente práctico, ya que define con claridad un conjunto de instrucciones y una herramienta de proyecto. Esta herramienta permite el diseño de cerramientos de vidrio divididos de acuerdo a la geometría del Modulor, siendo capaz cada una de estas divisiones de asumir una función diferente (ventilación, iluminación, vistas). Además, mediante el aumento del espesor de la fachada, la herramienta de la cuarta pared posibilita alojar módulos de equipamiento en su interior, disponer el vidrio en distintas posiciones de protección o exposición e incluso colocar pantallas y capas de protección dentro del espesor del cerramiento. Aunque tuvo escasas apariciones en los escritos de Le Corbusier, la teoría fue en su vertiente práctica de uso frecuente en el estudio de Rue de Sèvres, 35 tanto en proyectos como en edificios construidos. El presente trabajo recorre la presencia de la cuarta pared en los escritos del arquitecto y analiza el contenido de la misma, intentando desentrañar el “manual de instrucciones” que supone. El artículo sintetiza además la deriva que sufrió la cuarta pared a lo largo de la carrera del arquitecto, poniendo de manifiesto su capacidad de adaptación al avance técnico constante en su arquitectura. Abstract: Le Corbusier’s fourth wall is a theoretical model that first appears in “La Ville Radieuse” in 1935, opening, after the free façade, a full range of possibilities to the design of the building’s envelope. It has mainly a practical character from its first wording, as the fourth wall clearly defines a set of instructions and a tool for projecting, The tool allows for the enclosures to be divided according the Modulor’s geometry, with each of these divisions being able to take on different functions (ventilation, illumination or views). In addition to this, the fourth wall’s tool is able to accommodate equipment modules inside the façade by increasing its thickness, place the glass in different protection or exposure positions or even placing screens or protection layers inside the building envelope’s thickness. While the theory seldom appeared in Le Corbusier’s writings, it was frequently used by the Rue de Sèvres 35 office due to its practical implications, either in projects or in completed buildings. The present work visits and analyses the fourth wall’s few appearances in the architect’s theoretical documents and attempts to untangle its “instruction manual. The article summarises as well the drift that the fourth wall theory experimented through the architect’s career, evidencing its ability to adapt to the constant technical development of his architecture. Palabras clave: quatrième mur, cuarta pared, façade libre, fachada libre, pan de verre. Keywords: quatrième mur, fourth wall, façade libre, free façade, pan de verre. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.661
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Kaisare, Abhijit, Dereje Agonafer, A. Haji-Sheikh, Greg Chrysler, and Ravi Mahajan. "Thermal Based Optimization of Functional Block Distributions in a Non-Uniformly Powered Die." In ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems collocated with the ASME 2005 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2005-73486.
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Microprocessors continue to grow in capabilities, complexity and performance. The current generation of microprocessors integrates functional components such as logic and level two (L2) cache memory into the microprocessor architecture. The functional integration of the microprocessor has resulted in better performance of the microprocessor as the clock speed has increased and the instruction execution time has decreased. However, the integration has introduced a layer of complexity to the thermal design and management of microprocessors. As a direct result of function integration, the power map on a microprocessor is highly non-uniform and the assumption of a uniform heat flux across the chip surface is not valid. The objective of this paper is to minimize the thermal resistance of the package by optimizing the distribution of the uniformly powered functional blocks. In order to model the non-uniform power dissipation on the silicon chip, the chip surface area is divided into a 4 × 4 and 6×6 matrix with a matrix space representing a distinct functional block with a constant heat flux. Finally, using a FEM code, an optimization of the positioning of the functional blocks relative to each other was carried out in order to minimize the junction temperature Tj. This analysis has no constraints placed on the redistribution of functional blocks. The best possible Tjmax reduction could thus be found. In reality (and at a later date) constraints must be placed regarding the maximum separation of any 2 (or more) functional blocks to satisfy electrical timing and compute performance requirements. Design guidelines are then suggested regarding the thermal based optimal distribution for any number of functional blocks. The commercial finite element code ANSYS® is used for this analysis.
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Kaisare, Abhijit, Dereje Agonafer, A. Haji-Sheikh, Greg Chrysler, and Ravi Mahajan. "Approximate Analytical Model for a First Level Package With Non-Uniformly Powered Die." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-13436.
Full textAbstract:
Microprocessors continue to grow in capabilities, complexity and performance. Microprocessors typically integrate functional components such as logic and level two (L2) cache memory in their architecture. This functional integration of logic and memory results in improved performance of the microprocessor as the clock speed increases and the instruction execution time has decreased. However, the integration also introduces a layer of complexity to the thermal design and management of microprocessors. As a direct result of function integration, the power map on a microprocessor is typically highly non-uniform and the assumption of a uniform heat flux across the chip surface is not valid. The active side of the die is divided into several functional blocks with distinct power assigned to each functional block. Previous work [1,2] has been done to minimize the thermal resistance of the package by optimizing the distribution of the non-uniform powered functional blocks with different power matrices. This study further gives design guideline and key pointers to minimized thermal resistance for any number of functional blocks for a given non-uniformly powered microprocessor. In this paper, initially (Part I) temperature distribution of a typical package consisting of a uniformly powered die, heat spreader, TIM 1 & 2 and the base of the heat sink is calculated using an approximate analytical model. The results are then compared with a detailed numerical model and the agreement is within 5%. This study follows (Part II) with a thermal investigation of non-uniform powered functional blocks with a different power matrices with focus on distribution of power over die surface with an application of maximum, minimum and average uniform junction temperature over a given die area. This will help to predict the trend of the calculated distribution of power that will lead to the least thermal gradient over a given die area. This trend will further help to come up with design correlations for minimizing thermal resistance for any number of functional blocks for a given non-uniformly powered microprocessor numerically as well as analytically. The commercial finite element code ANSYS® is used for this analysis as a numerical tool.