Academic literature on the topic 'Instrument and determinants'

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Journal articles on the topic "Instrument and determinants"

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Fleuren, Margot A. H., Theo G. W. M. Paulussen, Paula Van Dommelen, and Stef Van Buuren. "Towards a measurement instrument for determinants of innovations." International Journal for Quality in Health Care 26, no. 5 (June 20, 2014): 501–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzu060.

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Fleuren, M., T. Paulussen, P. van Dommelen, and S. van Buuren. "093 Measurement Instrument for Determinants of Innovations (MIDI)." BMJ Quality & Safety 22, Suppl 1 (August 2013): A42.2—A42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2013-002293.124.

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Casal, Corrine S., Ann Lei, Sera L. Young, and Emily L. Tuthill. "A Critical Review of Instruments Measuring Breastfeeding Attitudes, Knowledge, and Social Support." Journal of Human Lactation 33, no. 1 (December 15, 2016): 21–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334416677029.

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Background: Breastfeeding provides beneficial health outcomes for infants and their mothers, and increasing its practice is a national priority in many countries. Despite increasing support to exclusively breastfeed, the prevalence at 6 months remains low. Breastfeeding behavior is influenced by a myriad of determinants, including breastfeeding attitudes, knowledge, and social support. Effective measurement of these determinants is critical to provide optimal support for women throughout the breastfeeding period. However, there are a multitude of available instruments measuring these constructs, which makes identification of an appropriate instrument challenging. Research aim: Our aim was to identify and critically examine the existing instruments measuring breastfeeding attitudes, knowledge, and social support. Methods: A total of 16 instruments was identified. Each instrument’s purpose, theoretical underpinnings, and validity were analyzed. Results: An overview, validation and adaptation for use in other settings was assessed for each instrument. Depth of reporting and validation testing differed greatly between instruments. Conclusion: Content, construct, and predictive validity were present for most but not all scales. When selecting and adapting instruments, attention should be paid to domains within the scale, number of items, and adaptation.
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Janata, Petr, Joshua Peterson, Clinton Ngan, Bokyoung Keum, Hannah Whiteside, and Sonia Ran. "Psychological and Musical Factors Underlying Engagement with Unfamiliar Music." Music Perception 36, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 175–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2018.36.2.175.

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What are the factors that determine how long a person chooses to listen to an unfamiliar piece of music? We examined this question across three experiments in which we played participants novel repeating multi-instrument stimuli and recorded their listening times and reasons for their decisions to either continue or stop listening. To influence the habituating effects of repeating musical material drawn from a large stimulus library (> 450 items), we manipulated novelty along several musical dimensions. In Experiment 1, all instruments entered simultaneously. In Experiment 2, instrument entrances were also offset in time. In Experiment 3, we composed core multi-instrument loops and manipulated them to further minimize harmonic variability, minimize rhythmic variability, introduce spatialization, or change timbral characteristics. Novelty introduced by instrument entrances was the strongest determinant of listening times, though harmonic variability and timbral features were also important. Subjective enjoyment was the best predictor of listening times, mediating the effects of the degree of perceived groove in a stimulus, the urge to move, interest in a stimulus, perceived complexity, and congruency with current mood. We conclude that naturalistic looping musical stimuli serve well to examine the diverse psychological and musical determinants of choice behavior underlying music consumption.
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-e-Sahar, Namood, and Irum Naqvi. "Psychological Determinants of Relapse Prevention." 2020, VOL. 35, NO. 2 35, no. 2 (July 7, 2020): 373–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33824/pjpr.2020.35.2.20.

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The present research aimed to study self-reflection, self-importance of moral identity, self-forgiveness, and personal growth initiative as the psychological determinants of relapse prevention among the drug addicts. Study instruments include Self-Reflection and Insight Scale (Grant, Franklin, & Langford, 2002), Self-Importance of Moral Identity Measure (Aquino & Reed, 2002), Two-factor Self-forgiveness Scale (Griffin et al., 2015), Personal Growth Initiative Scale II-Urdu (PGIS-II) (Zaman, 2018), and Advance Warning of Relapse (AWARE) Scale (Miller & Harris, 2000). The whole study is divided into two phases. Phase I underlies translation and validation of the research instrument into Urdu language; such that, translated versions possess significant reliability and possess good construct validity. Phase II studies the relationship between self-reflection, self-importance of moral identity, self-forgiveness, personal growth initiative, and relapse prevention among 240 drug addicts (M = 29.3, SD = 8.2). Sample was approached at different rehabilitation centers of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Results indicated that all translated instruments are valid for the sample. All the study variables are found to explain about 14% variance (R2 = .14) in warning of relapse such that personal growth initiative is the most significant predictor. The values of total, direct, and indirect effects demonstrate existence of mediation; such that, self-importance of moral identity, self-forgiveness, and personal growth initiative act as serial mediators in order as mentioned for the relationship of self-reflection and warning of relapse.
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Ph.D, Anna Onoyase. "Determinants of Marriage Stability among Married Couples in North-Central Nigeria Implication for Counselling." World Journal of Educational Research 4, no. 3 (June 6, 2017): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjer.v4n3p356.

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<em><em>The study investigated determinants of marriage stability among married couples in North Central Nigeria. In order to carry out this study, four hypotheses were formulated. An instrument known as “Determinants of Marriage Stability Questionnair (DOMSQ)” was constructed by the researcher and used to collect information from the field. The instrument had content and facial validity and its reliability coefficient is 0.87. The investigator used eight research assistants to administer nine hundred and ninety copies of the questionnaire on the respondents in Kogi and Benue States. Nine hundred and eighty three copies were retrieved from the respondents indicating 99.3 percent return rate. The researcher collated the information got from the field work and the Z statistics was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The findings showed that, there was no significant difference between male and female married couples in their identification of childlessness as determinant of marriage stability, there was no significant difference between married couples in the urban and rural areas in their identification of sexual satisfaction as determinant of marriage stability, there was no significant difference between old and young married couples in their identification of cultural background as determinant of marriage stability, there was no significant difference between married couples from Kogi and Benue States in their identification of communication as determinant of marriage stability. One of the recommendations is that couples who are faced with the problem of childlessness should seek medical assistance and also be positive about such outcome.</em></em>
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Et al., Bakaruddin. "The Lack of Financial Independent Elderly Peoples in the Backward Regions." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): 5235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.1777.

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This study aims to reveal a number of determinants of financial not independent be the cause of the elderly in disadvantaged areas. The study was designed in the format of mixed method, wherein in the first stage of qualitative data collection to identify a number of determinants of the causes of the financial not independent elderly. All variables are declared invalid later developed into quantitative data collection instrument at a later stage. The results of different Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to see the differences between the determinants of independent elderly and elderly are not independent. Then performed logistic regression analysis to see the effect of each determinant to provide empirical evidence on the probability not independent elderly. The results showed that the only factor of land ownership, health
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Petruk, Oleksandr M., Oksana S. Novak, Anastasiia O. Petruk, and Nataliia H. Radchenko. "Determinants of Volatility of the Derivative Financial Instrument in Ukraine." Universal Journal of Accounting and Finance 9, no. 4 (August 2021): 653–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ujaf.2021.090412.

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Saxena, Mayank, and Sumeet Maru. "TO STUDY THE IMPACT OF DETERMINANTS OF GROWTH ON FIRM’S PERFORMANCE WITH RESPECT TO IT INDUSTRY." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 4, no. 1 (January 31, 2016): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i1.2016.2848.

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Firm growth is an important indicator of a thriving economy. Although the determinants of firm growth have been studied in various disciplines, an integrated analysis is still lacking. Many determinants of firm growth are summarized and classified into three dimensions: individual, organizational, and environmental determinants. The present paper attempts to provide an integrated analysis on the determinants of firm growth. It gives an opportunity to investigate the determinants of firm growth in a comprehensive way. The close-ended questionnaire was developed from standard questions of relevant literature as a research instrument. The sample size taken for the research is of 110 IT firms entrepreneurs. Among the individual determinants, need for achievement, risk taking propensity and self-efficacy are positively conducive to firm growth. Among the organizational determinants, formulation, preparedness to grow, organizational learning, financial performance have positive impacts on firm growth. Market orientation, Entrepreneurial orientation, competitive intensity shows a negative relationship. Among the Entrepreneurial determinants, munificence, heterogeneity has positive impacts on firm growth. Market dynamism shows a negative relationship. Growth Barriers shows negative relationship. Our study shows that firm growth is a complex phenomenon. It cannot be explained by one particular dimension or one determinant. The most important determinants have been identified from the individual, environmental and organizational dimensions. Organizational determinants have the greatest influence on firm growth.
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Kalantari, Naser, ArezooHaghighian Roudsari, AbouAli Vedadhir, Parisa Amiri, Nasrin Omidvar, and Hassan Eini-Zinab. "Developing and validating food choice determinants questionnaire: An instrument for exploring food choice determinants in Iran." International Journal of Preventive Medicine 11, no. 1 (2020): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_250_19.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Instrument and determinants"

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McKague, Meredith. "Assessing individual determinants of health, the development of a health determinant instrument for use in a Community Health Centre." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0019/MQ55285.pdf.

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Crossler, Robert E. "Protection Motivation Theory: Understanding the Determinants of Individual Security Behavior." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37511.

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Individuals are considered the weakest link when it comes to securing a personal computer system. All the technological solutions can be in place, but if individuals do not make appropriate security protection decisions they introduce holes that technological solutions cannot protect. This study investigates what personal characteristics influence differences in individual security behaviors, defined as behaviors to protect against security threats, by adapting Protection Motivation Theory into an information security context. This study developed and validated an instrument to measure individual security behaviors. It then tested the differences in these behaviors using the security research model, which built from Protection Motivation Theory, and consisted of perceived security vulnerability, perceived security threat, security self-efficacy, response efficacy, and protection cost. Participants, representing a sample population of home computer users with ages ranging from 20 to 83, provided 279 valid responses to surveys. The behaviors studied include using anti-virus software, utilizing access controls, backing up data, changing passwords frequently, securing access to personal computers, running software updates, securing wireless networks, using care when storing credit card information, educating others in one's house about security behaviors, using caution when following links in emails, running spyware software, updating a computer's operating system, using firewalls, and using pop-up blocking software. Testing the security research model found different characteristics had different impacts depending on the behavior studied. Implications for information security researchers and practitioners are provided, along with ideas for future research.
Ph. D.
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Simões, Carina Labbate Maugé. "Transparência na comunicação do sistema de remuneração: proposta de um instrumento de medida e identificação de fatores determinantes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-21012016-111614/.

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Essa dissertação aborda o tema transparência na comunicação do sistema de remuneração aos funcionários (TCSR), que tem sido, por muito tempo, um assunto controverso nas empresas, sendo também considerado um dos tabus da nossa sociedade. O estudo desenvolveu um instrumento de mensuração da TCSR, bem como analisou como um conjunto de empresas no Brasil lida com a comunicação de suas práticas de remuneração e identificou fatores que influenciaram a decisão destas empresas quanto à maior ou menor transparência. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre o tema para dar consistência teórica ao desenvolvimento do instrumento de medida. Na etapa empírica, com o objetivo de validar e aprimorar o instrumento, foram realizadas dez entrevistas em profundidade, cinco delas com especialistas no tema de remuneração e em gestão de recursos humanos; e outras cinco com profissionais responsáveis pelo departamento de remuneração das empresas selecionadas. As entrevistas com os responsáveis pelo departamento de remuneração foram também utilizadas para um levantamento exploratório sobre como as empresas faziam a gestão da TCSR e os principais motivos que as levavam a adotar diferentes estratégias de comunicação com seus funcionários. Como resultado, considera-se que esse trabalho gerou uma alternativa promissora para medir as possíveis variações existentes nas práticas de comunicação do sistema de remuneração. O instrumento desenvolvido se restringe à parcela fixa da remuneração, que envolve salário base, aumento no salário base e análise de mercado. Quanto à postura das empresas pesquisadas frente à comunicação do sistema de remuneração, constatou-se que elas se mostram mais transparentes na divulgação de informações gerais sobre a estrutura de remuneração e seus critérios de funcionamento. Percebe-se também que as organizações suprem os gestores com informações sobre a remuneração de suas equipes, mas não é comum disponibilizar informações sobre a remuneração de outras equipes. O nível de transparência nas empresas declina quando se trata de comunicar para o funcionário informações específicas da estrutura remuneratória sobre o próprio profissional (ex. sua faixa salarial), ou sobre o cargo que representa seu próximo passo de carreira e, principalmente, sobre a remuneração dos demais cargos da empresa. Vale destacar que nenhuma das empresas pesquisadas divulga os salários dos funcionários para todo o quadro, limitando-se a informá-los unicamente ao gestor direto da equipe e àqueles que trabalham na própria área de RH. Por fim, foi possível identificar que os motivos que levam as empresas a serem mais transparentes na comunicação sobre remuneração são: estímulo a uma cultura organizacional participativa; crença no desenvolvimento do capital humano, manutenção de um clima organizacional positivo no que se refere à percepção de justiça dos critérios adotados para definição dos salários na empresa; a necessidade de alinhar as pessoas aos objetivos de negócio; a intenção de deixar claro que a empresa pratica salários acima do mercado. Já os fatores que influenciam as empresas a manterem sigilo sobre as práticas de remuneração foram: as organizações manterem uma cultura organizacional mais paternalista em que se acredita que as pessoas não têm condições de entender toda a complexidade envolvida no sistema de remuneração; a crença interna de que salários são confidenciais por definição; e, por fim, a necessidade de não divulgar inconsistências que persistem no sistema de remuneração para não fragilizar a imagem da empresa internamente.
This dissertation addresses the issue of transparency in compensation system communication to employees (TCSC), which has been, for a long time, a controversial issue in the companies, and is also considered one of the taboos of our society. The study developed a measurement instrument for TCSC, as well as analyzed how a group of companies in Brazil handles the communication of its compensation practices and identified factors that influence the decision of these companies as the greater or lesser transparency. A systematic review of literature on the subject was held to give theoretical consistency to the development of the measurement instrument. In the empirical step, in order to validate and refine the instrument, ten in-depth interviews were performed, five of them with experts on the subject of compensation and human resources management; and five with professionals responsible for the selected companies compensation department. Interviews with those responsible for the compensation department were also used for an exploratory research on how companies were managing TCSC and the main reasons that led to adopt different communication strategies with their employees. As a result, it is considered that this paperwork has generated a promising alternative to measure the possible variations existing in the compensation system practices communication. The instrument developed is limited to the fixed part of compensation that involves base salary, its increase and market analysis. As for the attitude of the companies researched about the compensation system communication, it was found that they are more transparent in the disclosure of general information about the compensation structure and its operating criteria. It is also noticed that organizations supply managers with information of their staff\'s compensation, but it is not common to provide information of other teams\' compensation. The companies\' level of transparency declines when it involves communicating to employees specific compensation structure information about the professional itself (for example, their salary range), or the position that represents the next step in employee\'s career and, especially, on the remuneration of other positions in the company. We must emphasize that none of the analyzed companies disclose for all staff the amounts of individual wages, this information is restricted only to direct manager of the team and HR staff. Finally, it was possible to identify the reasons that lead companies to be more transparent in the compensation communication: the encouragement of a participatory organizational culture; belief in the development of human capital, maintaining a positive organizational climate as it relates to the perceived fairness of the criteria adopted for the wages definition in the company; the need to align people to business goals; intent to make clear that the company is paying above-market wages. The factors that influence companies to maintain the secrecy of the compensation practices were: organizations maintenance of more paternalistic organizational culture in which it is believed that people is not able to understand all the complexity involved in the compensation system; the internal belief that wages are confidential by definition; and, finally, the necessity not to disclose inconsistencies that persist in the compensation system to not undermine the company\'s internal image
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Abu-Alhaija, Dania M. "The Development and Psychometric Testing of the Oncology Nurses Health Behaviors Determinants Scale." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin161710763068224.

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Rodrigues, Catarina Ferreira. "Percepções de saúde em pessoas idosas: Factores determinantes." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/864.

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Dissertação de Mestrado em Psicologia da Saúde
Desde os anos 50 que a temática das percepções de saúde tem sido uma das variáveis mais vezes utilizada na investigação no âmbito da Saúde e da Gerontologia. Embora seja uma variável revestida de alguma complexidade, é inegável a sua utilidade na construção de estratégias preventivas que mantenham e melhorem a saúde e a qualidade de vida das pessoas idosas, nomeadamente devido à sua estabilidade temporal. No actual contexto demográfico, esta é uma variável de fundamental importância já que a espelha a avaliação global da saúde que o próprio indivíduo elabora e sumariza os diferentes aspectos da sua saúde, combinados no seu quadro de referências. Neste trabalho, avaliámos as percepções de saúde das pessoas idosas, identificando os factores que se assumem como predictores de uma boa percepção de saúde, nomeadamente elementos sócio-demográficos (idade, género, estado civil, habilitações literárias), condições objectivas de saúde (função e desempenho funcional, dor, vitalidade, recurso a serviços de saúde, consumo de medicamentos, presença de doenças crónicas), saúde mental, problemas emocionais, depressão e funcionamento social e ainda a comparação social. Seleccionou-se uma amostra composta por pessoas idosas de ambos os sexos (n=272), com idades entre os 65 e os 84 anos, para despiste de défices cognitivos recorremos ao MMSE. Os instrumentos utilizados para o efeitos foram um questionário de avaliação de condições objectivas de saúde, por nós construído, o MOS SF-36, a Escala de Depressão Geriátrica e um questionário de caracterização da amostra. As variáveis idade, género, estado civil, habilitações literárias, recurso a serviços de saúde, consumo de medicamentos, presença de doenças crónicas, depressão, função física, saúde mental, vitalidade, dor, mudança e comparação social mostraram-se determinantes na elaboração da percepção de saúde das pessoas idosas participantes no nosso estudo.
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Badinger, Harald, and Wolf Heinrich Reuter. "Determinants of fiscal rules." Taylor & Francis, 2017. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5478/1/Manuscript.pdf.

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This paper empirically assesses determinants of countries' fiscal rules suggested by the political science, sociology, and economics literature. We find several of these variables to be related to the stringency of fiscal rules, providing indirect evidence for the relevance of governments' deficit bias. These determinants may also serve as instruments in models with (endogenous) fiscal rules as explanatory variable.
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Resende, Miguel Silva. "Principais determinantes das divulgações exigidas pela IFRS 7 : o caso das empresas cotadas em Portugal." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/7943.

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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais
A IFRS 7 exige que as entidades divulguem nos seus relatórios financeiros informações sobre os instrumentos financeiros uteis para os diversos usuários da informação contabilística. Este estudo teve por base a análise dos principais determinantes no cumprimento com as divulgações exigidas pela IFRS 7, pelas empresas cotadas em Portugal. Foram analisadas 35 empresas cotadas na Euronext Lisboa, entre 2010 e 2012, sendo recolhidos os dados a partir dos Relatórios e Contas das mesmas tendo como base a informação constante das demonstrações financeiras. Os resultados sugerem que os principais determinantes no cumprimento com as divulgações exigidas pela IFRS 7, pelas empresas cotadas em Portugal são, a dimensão, as diferenças temporárias entre a contabilidade e a fiscalidade (impostos diferidos) e o uso de instrumentos financeiros passivos. Existindo uma correlação positiva para a dimensão e uma correlação negativa para os restantes determinantes.
The present study was based on main components in compliance with the disclosures required by IFRS 7, by listed companies in Portugal. Thirty five companies listed on Euronext Lisbon were used for a period of analysis between 2010 and 2012, based on the financial reports issued by them. The results suggested that the main components in compliance with the disclosures required by IFRS 7, by listed companies in Portugal is the size, timing differences between accounting and taxation (deferred taxes) and the use of financial liabilities. Furthermore, there is a positive correlation associated to dimension and a negative correlation for the remaining components.
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Köhler, Sven. "Einsatz von Coupons als CRM-Instrument im Einzelhandel : Dimensionen, Determinanten und Wirkungen des wahrgenommenen Konsumentennutzens aus Coupons /." Merenschwand : Edubook, 2007. http://aleph.unisg.ch/hsgscan/hm00201055.pdf.

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Zorn, Thomas [Verfasser]. "Das Unionsrecht als Determinante für die Einführung von Ausschreibungen als Instrument zur Förderung der Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energien. / Thomas Zorn." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1238492088/34.

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Oliveira, Jos? Emerson Fernandes de. "Percep??o e a??es educativas em ambientes escolares: enfoques aos documentos legais determinantes em ?rea de prote??o ambiental." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/18242.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:55:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseEFO_DISSERT.pdf: 5131124 bytes, checksum: 267856ee1bdb7e23efc4ece79a186e92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-21
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
O homem, por vislumbrar a necessidade de crescer economicamente, trata a natureza como uma fonte inesgot?vel de mat?ria prima, afeta a biodiversidade e, destr?i a perspectiva de qualidade de vida das gera??es futuras. Como forma de compensar a biodiversidade perdida, foram criadas as Unidades de Conserva??o (UC). Por?m, com a cria??o de UC?s, sem a inser??o de um valor de conhecimento ambiental agregado, principalmente no que diz respeito ?s quest?es legais para o uso sustent?vel do meio, surgiram os primeiros conflitos sociais. Em fun??o desse aspeto, objetivou-se na pesquisa diagnosticar percep??es e avaliar os reflexos promovidos por meio de a??es educacionais sensibilizadoras, no que tange ao entendimento das leis que regem a implementa??o de ?rea de Prote??o Ambiental (APA). De forma mais espec?fica, intencionou-se: (i) verificar percep??es de professores acerca dos documentos legais que regem a educa??o nacional conectados ? conserva??o da natureza em APA?s; (ii) averiguar, junto aos pais dos alunos, o interesse sobre aspectos legais referentes ? conserva??o da ambiental; (iii) analisar alternativas de implementa??o de a??es educativas interdisciplinares em espa?os formais de ensino em coopera??o com professores e alunos sobre os inscritos oficiais de uma UC de uso sustent?vel. A pesquisa, envolvendo a diagnose referente ? percep??o ambiental, foi realizada em duas escolas situadas no interior da APA Jenipabu, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil: Escola Municipal S?rgio de Oliveira Aguiar e a Escola Municipal Vereador Ricardo Afonso de Lima (EMVRAL). J? a aplica??o e an?lise de a??o educativa foi efetivada na EMVRAL. Destaca-se na metodologia, a utiliza??o de question?rio para coleta de dados, e avalia??o segundo a an?lise de conte?do, no que se refere ao uso das categorias emergentes. Incluem-se tamb?m no processo, elementos da Investiga??o-A??o, na produ??o de conte?dos informativos para an?lise. As informa??es, pertinentes ? disserta??o, foram estruturadas em dois cap?tulos formatados no g?nero textual de um artigo cient?fico. O primeiro com o t?tulo: Diagnose acerca de documentos legais em unidades escolares: um ponto de partida para aproxima??o entre comunidade e gestores de ?rea de Prote??o Ambiental . Os dados diagn?sticos acerca da percep??o das comunidades escolares envolvidas na pesquisa explicitaram como se encontra o entendimento sobre documentos determinantes em ?rea de Prote??o Ambiental. Neste aspecto, verificou-se uma car?ncia de a??es educativas na Escola Municipal Vereador Ricardo Afonso de Lima. O segundo artigo intitulado: A efic?cia de a??es ambientais em institui??o escolar: an?lise sobre propostas educativas realizadas em Unidade de Conserva??o de uso sustent?vel . O enfoque principal encontra-se centrado na import?ncia de se obter dados sobre a??es ambientais, envolvendo quest?es jur?dicas, relevantes para uma comunidade escolar da APAJ. No percurso da a??o foram inseridas atividades l?dicas voltadas para o estudo de documentos determinantes de UC?s. Foi constatado que houve um aprendizado efetivo dos alunos e, um incremento nas atividades pedag?gicas dos docentes. N?o obstante, observa-se que, h? necessidade de mais a??es educativas duradouras voltadas para aprendizagem e sensibiliza??o comunit?ria em prol de um ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado
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Books on the topic "Instrument and determinants"

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Sen, Gupta Abhijit, Shah Ajay, and National Institute of Public Finance and Policy (India). Publications Unit, eds. Determinants of trade misinvoicing. New Delhi: Publications Unit, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, 2010.

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Czekaj, Jan. Financial markets in the period of transition: Determinants, perils, prospects. Warsaw: Institute of Finance, 1991.

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Ejaz, Mehak. The determinants of female labor force participation in Pakistan: An instrumental variable approach. Lahore: Centre for Research in Economics and Business, Lahore School of Economics, 2011.

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Construction of an instrument for identifying intentional determinants of selected behaviors related to sexually transmitted diseases. 1989.

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Construction of an instrument for identifying intentional determinants of selected behaviors related to sexually transmitted diseases. 1989.

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Construction of an instrument for identifying intentional determinants of selected behaviors related to sexually transmitted diseases. 1989.

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Construction of an instrument for identifying intentional determinants of selected behaviors related to sexually transmitted diseases. 1988.

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Rhodes, Ryan E., David M. Williams, and Mark T. Conner. Affective Determinants of Health Behavior. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0021.

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This chapter summarizes common themes and some ongoing controversies addressed in this volume. Common themes include the growing agreement regarding distinctions between affect proper and cognition about affect, between incidental and integral affect, between implicit and explicit affective attitudes, and between instrumental and affective outcome expectancies/attitudes. The need for a common taxonomy of affect constructs is clear, and this chapter provides preliminary distinctions as a starting point for further refinement. It overviews aspects that require more in-depth theorizing such as behavior-specificity in affect–behavior relationships, and the relationship among affect, social processes, and behavior. Finally, it highlights how the impact of affective determinants on health behavior may be intervened on via three separate routes (independent, direct, moderated), using examples across various chapters within the volume.
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Borrás, Susana, and Charles Edquist. Holistic Innovation Policy. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809807.001.0001.

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This book is about holistic innovation policy: its theoretical foundations, its problem-oriented approach, and its instrument choices. We start with the observation that most of the current innovation policies are not holistic because they only focus on a few determinants of innovation processes. This book provides a theoretically anchored foundation for the design of holistic innovation policy by identifying the core policy problems that tend to afflict the activities of innovation systems, including the unintended consequences of policy itself. This is a necessary stepping stone for the identification of viable, relevant, and down-to-earth policy solutions. The book also offers a critical analysis of policy instruments and their choice in innovation policy design. It is not a ‘recipe’ nor a ‘how-to’ guide. Instead, it provides analytical depth and substantial considerations about the ways in which policy might be providing solutions to problems in systems of innovation. After introducing its conceptual framework about innovation and innovation policy, the book delves into the following areas of innovation policy-making: knowledge production and research and development; education, training, and skills development; functional procurement as demand-side; change of organizations through entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship; interaction and innovation networks; changing institutions and regulations; and the public financing of early stage innovations. Its critical and novel perspective serves policy-makers, scholars, and anyone interested in the design of innovation policy. The summary chapter (Chapter 12) can be read independently of the rest of the book.
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Strategic Plan of the Pan American Health Organization 2020-2025: Equity at the Heart of Health. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275173619.

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The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) Strategic Plan sets out the Organization’s strategic direction, based on the collective priorities of its Member States, and specifies the public health results to be achieved during the period 2020-2025. The Plan establishes the joint commitment of PAHO Member States and the Pan American Sanitary Bureau for the next six years. PAHO Member States have clearly stated that the Strategic Plan is a principal instrument for implementation of the Sustainable Health Agenda for the Americas 2018-2030 (SHAA2030) and thus for realizing the health-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the Region of the Americas. The 11 SHAA2030 goals form the impact-level objectives of this Plan. Under the theme Equity at the Heart of Health, this Plan seeks to catalyze efforts in Member States to reduce inequities in health within and between countries and territories in order to improve health outcomes. The Plan identifies specific actions to tackle health inequality, including those recommended by the Commission on Equity and Health Inequalities in the Americas, with guidance from the High-level Commission for Universal Health. Four cross-cutting themes are central to this Plan’s approach to addressing the determinants of health: equity, gender, ethnicity, and human rights. In addition to highlighting an integrated multisectoral approach, this Plan applies evidence-based public health strategies, such as health promotion, the primary health care approach, and social protection in health, to address the social determinants. In addition to directly addressing the regional priorities established in the SHAA2030, this Plan aligns with the World Health Organization (WHO) 13th General Programme of Work (GPW13) and with other regional and global mandates in force during the planning period.
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Book chapters on the topic "Instrument and determinants"

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Mayntz, Renate. "Political Intentions and Legal Measures: The Determinants of Policy Decisions." In Law as an Instrument of Economic Policy – Comparative and Critical Approaches, edited by Terence Daintith, 56–72. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110876437-003.

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Taylor, Grantley, and Greg Tower. "Capital Management Determinants of Financial Instrument Disclosures in the Extractive Industries: Evidence from Australian Firms." In Contemporary Issues in Mining, 158–73. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137025807_10.

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Ikwuka, Ugo. "Help-Seeking Determinants and Instrumental Barriers." In Living with Mental Illness in a Globalised World, 81–99. New York, NY: Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003143475-8-14.

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Wagner, Ralf. "Determinanten der Entscheidung über den Einsatz von Promotion-Instrumenten im Wettbewerb." In Multiple Wettbewerbsreaktionen im Produktmanagement, 97–126. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitätsverlag, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-85211-3_4.

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Bennett, Stuart. "The Use of Measuring and Controlling Instruments in the Chemical Industry in Great Britain and the USA during the Period 1900–1939." In Determinants in the Evolution of the European Chemical Industry, 1900–1939, 215–37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1233-0_10.

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Vogel, Lars. "Illiberal and Anti-EU Politics in the Name of the People? Euroscepticism in East Central Europe 2004–2019 in Comparative Perspective." In Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics, 29–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54674-8_2.

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Abstract This chapter describes patterns, trends and determinants of public Euroscepticism in East Central Europe (ECE). It investigates whether public opinion on European integration in this region is connected to the contestation of both the immigration policies and the constitutional principles of the EU by the respective national governments. By applying longitudinal and comparative analyses based on European Election Studies from 2004 to 2019, it shows public support for European integration in ECE as more closely linked to instrumental performance assessments than in the EU average and as structured by country-specific rather than region-specific patterns. Cultural issues, like immigration and conceptions of democracy, which dominate ECE governmental politics, are only related to public Euroscepticism in some of those countries. Based on these results, the chapter suggests that the connection between the illiberal and anti-EU politics of ECE national governments and public Euroscepticism is loose and conditional upon the national context.
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Dehon, Catherine, Rodolphe Desbordes, and Vincenzo Verardi. "The Pitfalls of Ignoring Outliers in Instrumental Variables Estimations: An Application to the Deep Determinants of Development." In Empirical Economic and Financial Research, 195–213. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03122-4_12.

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Sidebotham, David, Alan Merry, Malcolm Legget, and Gavin Wright. "Resolution, instrument controls, and artefacts." In Practical Perioperative Transoesophageal Echocardiography. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759089.003.0002.

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In Chapter 2, the factors that influence image quality are reviewed. The first part of the chapter deals with the determinants of spatial and temporal resolution, particularly with respect to 2D and 3D imaging. Next, instrument controls for different ultrasound imaging modes are discussed. Here the emphasis is on adjusting the machine settings to optimize image quality, and recognizing and avoiding aliasing with PW Doppler imaging. Finally, common artefacts that may lead to misdiagnosis are discussed.
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Borrás, Susana, and Charles Edquist. "Why We Need an Holistic Innovation Policy." In Holistic Innovation Policy, 1–14. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809807.003.0001.

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This chapter introduces the main idea of the book, namely, the theoretical foundations, the problem-oriented approach, and the focus on the instrument choices of an holistic innovation policy. The chapter argues that innovation studies have left unfinished the theoretical foundations for the design of innovation policy. The chapter also argues that a starting point for developing it is the identification of the problems that tend to afflict the performance of innovation systems and the ten determinants of innovation processes. This provides the basis for the choice of innovation policy instruments. The chapter provides a road map of the contents of the book.
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Reykowski, Janusz. "Political Dialogue as an Instrument of the Democratic Policymaking." In Disenchantment with Democracy, 183–220. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190078584.003.0007.

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In democratic states, the decisions concerning important social problems may be attained by means of two different modes: by means of political competition and struggle, in which the winners can impose a solution according to its own interests and values (the adversarial mode), or through dialogue aimed at solving the problem collectively (the deliberative approach). The adversarial approach assumes that there are winners and losers, whereas the deliberative approach creates a potential opportunity to consider the interests and perspectives of different parties. Critics regard the deliberative approach as unrealistic and point to its limitations. This chapter explores the example of the Round Table talks in Poland, which led to a peaceful transformation of the sociopolitical system, to discuss the psychological and social determinants of the effectiveness of this approach in politics.
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Conference papers on the topic "Instrument and determinants"

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Tufaner, Mustafa Batuhan, Kamil Uslu, and İlyas Sözen. "The Effect of the Interest Rate Corridor Implementation to Central Bank Policies." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01666.

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Central banks fulfill missions like financing governments, contributing the improvement of the financial market and implement monetary policy. Because of these important functions, instruments of the central bank has become a subject of ongoing debate over the years. The Central Bank's monetary policies instruments are important in terms of achieving the set macroeconomics targets. In recent years to become a major focus of attention of the interest rate corridor instrument has led to examine the structure of the central banks. The interest rate corridor primarily, provides flexibility advantages through interest rate to the central banks. The opinion that the central banks which have a flexible structure are more successful on ensuring the price stability and implementing macro policies with evading the political effects became stronger. In this context, in this study to examine the contributions of a flexible central bank to price stability and financial stability. In this bulletin different policy instruments of central banks are compared and critically assessed various determinants of central bank flexibility. In addition, comparing of the legislation of major central banks and various interest rate corridor implementations are examined.
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Abanum, Andrew Monday, Ibidabo David Alebere, and Chinemerem Patricks-E. "Determinants of IOGP Life-Saving Rules Compliance Among Nigerian Petroleum Industry Workers." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208227-ms.

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Abstract Life-saving rules (LSRs) are a set of defined rules that support and complement general site-specific safety rules and procedures (SRPs). LSRs are popular in the oil & gas (O&G) industry and are part of the safety management system framework designed to prevent incidents in the workplace. Complying with LSRs ensures its intent of incident prevention, drives the goal of creating decent work, economic growth and sustainable development. With the continuum of incidents in the industry, total compliance with LSRs and SRPs still remains a mirage. Even though the introduction of LSRs in the O&G caused a paradigm shift from fair to better safety performance, incident investigations continue to unveil cases of violations/non-compliance. In the space of continuous improvement, it becomes expedient to determine possible causes of these LSRs and SRPs non-compliance, with a view to nipping the causal factors in the bud. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the factors affecting the level of workers compliance with IOGP LSRs in selected O&G companies operating in Delta State, Nigeria. The research recruited 317 sharp end workers and selected leaders, through a multistage sampling technique. A semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire was used as instrument for data collection. The study in its findings was able to elicit numerous compliance determinants arising from socio-demography, occupational and organisational factors. These factors are barriers to strengthen if the goal of total compliance and zero incident must be achieved in the workplace. The study recommends that management should comply with Thomas Legge's aphorisms 1 & 4 on SRPs and design training programmes for employees to be imparted with requisite knowledge needed for compliance, commit to safety and lead a positive safety culture to drive continuous improvement. Furthermore, there is the need to pursue total compliance with LSRs, SRPs and any site-specific safety rules to achieve zero incidents in the O&G industry.
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Anne Taylor, Virginia. "Information Technology Applications in the Material Handling Equipment Industry." In 2002 Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2580.

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This study is an exploratory review of the determinants and extent of information technology’s influence on the operations of material handling dealerships in the USA. The goal is to develop an analysis framework specifying which factors contribute to the transformation of the material handling industry’s practices in relation to using information technology to optimize transactions in goods, knowledge, and services. Knowledge management, sales force automation, customer relationship management, demand chain management, customer service automation, inventory management, and enterprise resource planning, will be investigated. A survey instrument will be used to elicit both information technology ideas that have already changed operations and those that are expected to impact future approaches to informing clients effectively and efficiently. The primary objectives of this research are to identify relevant issues, develop a pilot case study, and provide an analysis of the participant’s responses to an initial survey questionnaire about these topics.
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Adaji, J. J., R. U. Onolemhemhen, S. O. Isehunwa, and A. Adenikinju. "Forecasting the Domestic Utilization of Natural Gas in Nigeria (2015-2020)." In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2560895-ms.

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ABSTRACT Domestic utilization of natural gas in Nigeria is being hampered by the poor developments in the natural gas sector over the years, with low level of electricity (generation) consumption per capital, weak legal, commercial and regulatory framework amidst poor infrastructural developments in natural gas as compared to that which exists for oil. Nigeria ranks the second in gas flaring and shows low volumes of domestic gas utilization, consuming only about 11% out of the 8.25 billion cubic feet produced per day in 2014 despite its natural gas resource endowment. This paper examines the determinants of domestic utilization of natural gas in Nigeria from 1990-2013. It investigates its relationship as a function of price of natural gas, price of alternative fuels, foreign direct investment, volumes of gas flared, electricity generated from natural gas sources and per capital real GDP. Going further, it forecasts its likely growth rate for a short-term period, using an econometric methodology of ordinary least squares and an ARIMA model, it estimates the relationship between the variables and uses the historical trend to forecast into the future. The result of the study showed that the determinants jointly explain the pattern of domestic gas utilization in Nigeria by 98%. Individually, per capital real GDP, electricity generated from natural gas sources and changes in the volume of domestic utilization of natural gas was found to have a positive and significant effect on domestic gas utilization. Further, the forecast values show evidence of a slow but gradual increase in utilization pattern in the near future from 2015-2020. A best-case scenario of an increase of 0.15% and a worst-case scenario of a decrease of 0.14% was presented. In conclusion, having identified significant influences on domestic gas utilization patterns in Nigeria it is imperative that the government uses economic instrument to enhance the utilization patterns in Nigeria by improving economic activities and developing the power sector which shows significant influence in domestic natural gas utilization patterns.
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Caballero, Gloria, Paula Álvarez, and Mª Jesús López-Miguens. "Internal determinants of university student employability. Construction and validation of scales." In Third International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head17.2017.5491.

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One of the challenges faced by European universities today is to ensure that their graduates find employment in line with their attributes. Graduate employability depends, among other factors, on many internal determinants in individuals. However, there is no consensus on how to measure them, and the scales developed to date have not been properly validated. The purpose of this paper is to construct and validate, at confirmatory level, a set of instruments for measuring the internal determinants of graduate employability. The results, based on a sample of 816 students, show the structure of the scales resulting from checking content validity, dimensionality, reliability, and convergent, discriminant and nomological validity.
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Mohammadi, Abdolvahid, and Ghassan H. Mardini. "Determinants Of Financial Instruments Disclosure Under Ifrs 7: The Case Of Qatari Listed Banks." In Qatar Foundation Annual Research Conference Proceedings. Hamad bin Khalifa University Press (HBKU Press), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/qfarc.2014.sspp0921.

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SANTOS, VINÍCIUS FARIAS, DANIELA MARTINS DINIZ, JAANA FLÁVIA FERNANDES NOGUEIRA, and FÁTIMA BAYMA DE OLIVEIRA. "AVALIAÇÃO DE PROGRAMAS DE FORMAÇÃO EM GESTÃO: A PERSPECTIVA DE DIRETORES DE ESCOLAS DA EDUCAÇÃO BÁSICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO." In 26º CIAED Congresso Internacional ABED de Educação a Distância. Associação Brasileira de Educação a Distância - ABED, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17143/ciaed.xxviciaed.2020.52691.

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ESTE ESTUDO TEVE COMO OBJETIVO IDENTIFICAR COMO INSTITUIÇÕES PODEM AVALIAR AS CONTRIBUIÇÕES DE PROGRAMAS DE FORMAÇÃO EM GESTÃO NO CONTEXTO DA EDUCAÇÃO BÁSICA BRASILEIRA. QUANTO AO MÉTODO, O ESTUDO PODE SER CARACTERIZADO COMO MISTO ENVOLVENDO ASPECTOS DE NATUREZA QUANTITATIVA E QUALITATIVA, COM O INTUITO DE TESTAR O MODELO DE GROHMANN E KAUFFELD (2013), PARA AVALIAR UM CURSO SEMIPRESENCIAL DE GESTÃO ESCOLAR. COMO INSTRUMENTOS DE COLETA, FORAM UTILIZADOS 126 QUESTIONÁRIOS PARA UMA ANÁLISE QUANTITATIVA E 8 ENTREVISTAS COM DIRETORES DE ESCOLAS PARA APROFUNDAR AS VARIÁVEIS QUE INFLUENCIAM A AVALIAÇÃO DA FORMAÇÃO. OS ACHADOS INDICAM QUE A FERRAMENTA CRIADA POR GROHMANN E KAUFFELD (2013) SE MOSTROU ADEQUADA PARA A AVALIAÇÃO DE PROGRAMAS DE FORMAÇÃO. OS RESULTADOS APONTAM, TAMBÉM, PARA UMA AVALIAÇÃO POSITIVA DOS INDICADORES DE CURTO PRAZO, TENDO VARIÁVEIS COMO IDADE, ESCOLARIDADE E LOCALIZAÇÃO COMO DETERMINANTES; UMA AVALIAÇÃO NEUTRA A LONGO PRAZO, TENDO VARIÁVEIS COMO CARGO E LOCALIZAÇÃO COMO DETERMINANTES; A NECESSIDADE DE FORMAÇÕES MAIS APROFUNDADAS E DE MAIOR DURAÇÃO, QUE ABORDEM SITUAÇÕES PRÁTICAS DO COTIDIANO ESCOLAR E A ADEQUAÇÃO DO CONTEÚDO AO NÍVEL DE EXPERIÊNCIA DO PÚBLICO NO CARGO.
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Lusena-Ezera, Inese, and Diana Liduma. "TEAMWORK IN MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISE PERFORMANCE ACHIEVEMENT." In Business and Management 2018. VGTU Technika, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2018.13.

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Even though various work organization forms and instruments exist for efficient manufacturing pro-cess and economic efficiency achievement in manufacturing enterprises, the issue is still topical which of the factors in production management – human resources or technologies is the main impellent in performance achievement in manufacturing enterprises. Research aim is to find out whether ap-proach based on teamwork is applied in performance achievement. Different level managers of eight manufacturing enterprises (total 21 managers) from Liepaja City (Latvia) and suburban area were questioned. Research results prove that in manufacturing enterprise performance characteristics of teamwork can be noticed in general. However, size of manufacturing enterprise (number of employ-ees) is the determinant factor to whether employees’ strive for a common goal and believe in team-work in
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Garrido Maza, Laura. "EUROPEAN FINANCIAL SUPPORT AND SUCCESFUL ROAD PPP PROJECTS." In CIT2016. Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cit2016.2016.3492.

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The EU has been promoting the use of PPPs in order to accelerate the development of the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) for ensuring economic, social and territorial cohesion and increasing accessibility throughout the Union. To encourage the use of PPPs, the European Commission has put several financing mechanisms at the disposal of the Member States, including a series of innovative financial instruments developed along with the European Investment Bank. The Bank has in turn played a major role in the promotion and financing of PPPs across the EU. The paper undertakes a review of the main financial instruments developed by the EU that are available to PPPs so as to determinate to what extent the European financial support has been channelled to road projects under that scheme in Spain. On the basis of the results obtained, a multiple regression model has been developed to analyse whether the PPP projects which enjoyed the financial support of the European Union tend to be significantly more successful from an economic point of view. The paper concludes that there is a positive correlation between receiving European financial support and the success of the PPP road projects.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3492
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Contreras-Pacheco, Orlando E., Alejandra Maria Pirazan Parra, and Maira Alejandra Villareal. "¿Son la Misión y Visión Verdaderos Promotores de Ventaja Competitiva e Innovación?" In INNODOCT 2020. Valencia: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/inn2020.2020.11828.

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Durante años, expertos en Estrategia han resaltado la importancia de definir claramente el marco estratégico de una empresa debido a que éste le permite crear su identidad, propósito y dirección. Asimismo, porque a la vez dicho marco sirve como instrumento para apropiarse de una mayor porción de valor creado a partir de, por ejemplo, la implementación de más y mejores prácticas de innovación empresarial. Sin embargo, ¿es realmente determinante la construcción acuciosa de un marco estratégico para efectos de generar resultados adecuados en términos de innovación y competitividad? El presente trabajo tiene como propósito abordar dicho cuestionamiento. Para ello se pretende desplegar un planteamiento teórico y conceptual sobre el impacto de la calidad del marco estratégico (i.e., misión y visión organizacional) sobre la creación de ventaja competitiva y posterior consecución de una cultura de innovación en las organizaciones. Para ello, en principio se desarrollará una revisión sistemática sobre el impacto de estos dos componentes sobre los resultados organizacionales, y se propondrá el vínculo teórico que puede existir entre las variables involucradas. Los resultados obtenidos serán proposiciones teóricas susceptibles de ser comprobadas empíricamente en un estudio posterior.
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Reports on the topic "Instrument and determinants"

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Vargas-Herrera, Hernando, Pamela Andrea Cardozo-Ortiz, Daniel Esteban Osorio-Rodríguez, Wilmar Alexander Cabrera-Rodríguez, Nathali Cardozo-Alvarado, Jorge Cely, Felipe Clavijo, et al. Reporte de Estabilidad Financiera - II semestre 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2-2020.

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El sistema financiero colombiano no ha sufrido mayores traumatismos estructurales durante estos meses de profunda contracción económica, y ha continuado prestando con normalidad sus funciones básicas, facilitando la respuesta de la economía a condiciones extremas. Ello es el resultado de la solidez de las entidades financieras al inicio de la crisis, reflejada en elevados indicadores de liquidez y solvencia, y de la oportuna respuesta de distintas entidades. El Banco de la República redujo 250 puntos sus tasas de interés de política, hasta 1,75%, el menor nivel desde la creación del nuevo Banco independiente en 1991, y otorgó amplia liquidez transitoria y permanente, tanto en pesos como en moneda extranjera. Por su parte, la Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia adoptó medidas prudenciales para facilitar cambios en las condiciones de los créditos vigentes y reglas transitorias de calificación y constitución de provisiones. Finalmente, el Gobierno Nacional expandió las transferencias y los programas de créditos garantizados a la economía. El acervo de crédito real (i.e. descontando la inflación) en la economía supera hoy en 4% el de hace 12 meses, con crecimientos especialmente marcados en la cartera de vivienda (5,6%) y comercial (4,7%) (2,3% en consumo y -0,1% en microcrédito), pero ha habido cambios importantes en el tiempo. En los meses iniciales de la cuarentena las firmas elevaron fuertemente sus demandas por liquidez, y los consumidores las redujeron, mientras que en los meses recientes la dinámica del crédito a las firmas ha tendido a desacelerarse, y la del crédito a los consumidores y a la vivienda ha crecido. El sistema financiero ha respondido satisfactoriamente a la evolución de la demanda relativa de cada grupo o sector, y el crédito posiblemente crecerá a tasas altas en 2021 si el PIB crece a tasas cercanas a 4,6% como lo espera el equipo técnico del Banco, pero los pronósticos son altamente inciertos. Luego de la fuerte cuarentena implementada por las autoridades en Colombia, las turbulencias observadas en marzo y comienzos de abril, evidentes en el enrojecimiento repentino de variables macroeconómicas en el mapa de riesgos del Gráfico A , y la caída en los precios del petróleo y el carbón (nótese las altas volatilidades registradas en la región de riesgo de mercado del Gráfico A), los mercados financieros locales se estabilizaron con relativa rapidez. En esta estabilización tuvo un papel determinante la respuesta de política creíble y sostenida del Banco de la República en lo referente a la provisión de liquidez, con una fuerte expansión de operaciones repo (y variaciones en montos, plazos, contrapartes e instrumentos admisibles), la compra definitiva de deuda pública y privada, y la reducción del encaje de los bancos. En este sentido, hoy se observa abundante liquidez agregada y mejoras importantes en la posición de liquidez de los fondos de inversión colectiva. En este contexto, el principal factor de incertidumbre para la estabilidad financiera en el corto plazo continúa siendo el alto grado de incertidumbre que rodea a la calidad de la cartera. En primer lugar, es incierta la trayectoria futura del número de contagiados y fallecidos como consecuencia del virus y la eventual necesidad de medidas sanitarias adicionales. Por tal razón, también existe incertidumbre sobre la senda de recuperación de la economía en el corto y mediano plazo. En segundo lugar, es incierto el grado en que el choque actual se reflejará en la calidad de la cartera una vez se materialice el riesgo en los estados financieros. De momento, el mapa de riesgos (Gráfico B) indica que la cartera vencida y la cartera riesgosa no han mostrado mayores deterioros, pero la experiencia histórica indica que períodos de fuerte desaceleración económica tienden a coincidir eventualmente con aumentos de la cartera vencida: los cálculos incluidos en este reporte sugieren que el impacto de la recesión sobre la calidad del crédito en el corto plazo podría ser significativo. Ello es particularmente preocupante teniendo en cuenta que la rentabilidad de los establecimientos de crédito ha venido reduciéndose en meses recientes, lo cual podría afectar su capacidad para otorgar crédito al sector real de la economía. Con el fin de adoptar un enfoque prospectivo de cara a las vulnerabilidades identificadas, este reporte presenta varios ejercicios de sensibilidad (stress tests) que evalúan la resiliencia de la liquidez y la solvencia de los establecimientos de crédito y de los fondos de inversión colectiva ante escenarios hipotéticos que buscan aproximarse a una versión extrema de las condiciones económicas actuales. Los resultados sugieren que, en tales escenarios, se observarían fuertes impactos sobre el volumen de crédito y la rentabilidad de los establecimientos de crédito, aunque los indicadores agregados de solvencia total y básica permanecerían en niveles superiores a los límites regulatorios durante el horizonte de los ejercicios. Al tiempo, los ejercicios resaltan la alta capacidad que tiene la liquidez del sistema para enfrentar escenarios adversos. En cumplimiento de sus objetivos constitucionales y en coordinación con la red de seguridad del sistema financiero, el Banco de la República continuará monitoreando de cerca el panorama de estabilidad financiera en esta coyuntura y tomará aquellas decisiones que sean necesarias para garantizar el adecuado funcionamiento de la economía, facilitar los flujos de recursos suficientes de crédito y liquidez, y promover el buen funcionamiento del sistema de pagos. Juan José Echavarría Gerente General
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